Overall Outline
1000. Introduction 2000. Federal Regulations, Guides, and Reports Training Course on 3000. Site Investigation Civil/Structural Codes and Inspection 4000. Loads, Load Factors, and Load Combinations 5000. Concrete Structures and Construction 6000. Steel Structures and Construction 7000. General Construction Methods BMA Engineering, Inc. 8000. Exams and Course Evaluation 9000. References and Sources
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 1 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 2
6000. STEEL 6000. STEEL • 6130 ‐ Design Data, Principles and Tools • Objective and Scope 6100 & 6200 • 6140 ‐ Codes and Standards – Provide an intermediate level review and practical • 6200 ‐ Material application of structural analysis and design to • 6310 ‐ Members and Components steel buildings and nuclear power plant steel 6300 • 6320 ‐ Connections, Joints and Details structures • 6330 ‐ Frames and Assembles • 6410 ‐ AISC Specifications for Structural Joints – Present and discuss 6400 • 6420 ‐ AISC 303 CCdode of Stan dar d PtiPractice • Structural Steel Design Data, Principles and Tools • 6430 ‐ AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code • Materials 6500 • 6510 ‐ Nondestructive Testing Methods • Design and Behavior • 6520 ‐ AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code Tests
• Fabrication and Construction 6600 • 6610 ‐ Steel Construction • Construction Testing and Examination • 6620/6630 ‐ NUREG‐0800 / RG 1.94 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 3 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 4 6000. STEEL 6000. STEEL • • Applicable Codes and Specifications, and applicable Applicable Codes and Specifications, and NRC Publications applicable NRC Publications – AISC N690 Specification for the Design, Fabrication and – AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code Erection of Steel Safety‐Related Structures for Nuclear – ASTM Applicable Sections Fac ilities ((hihwhich uses the 2005 AISC SSifitipecification for Structural Steel Buildings as the baseline document and – NUREG‐0800 Standard Review Plan (SRP) for the modifies the specific portions of the specification for Review of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear nuclear facilities) Power Plants – Specifications for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or – RG 1941.94 Quality Assurance Requirements for A490 Bolts Installation, Inspection, and Testing of Structural – AISC 303 Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Concrete and Structural Steel During the Bridges Construction Phase of Nuclear Power Plants BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 5 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 6
6000. STEEL 6100. Introduction ‐ Structural Steel Design Data, Principles, and Tools • 6130 ‐ Design Data, Principles and Tools 6100 & 6200 • 6140 ‐ Codes and Standards • Structural Steel Types, Mechlhanical and • 6200 ‐ Material Physical Properties, and Steel Sections • 6310 ‐ Members and Components • Selecting Design Principles for Steel Structures 6300 • 6320 ‐ Connections, Joints and Details • 6330 ‐ Frames and Assembles • Selecting Computational Methods For Steel • 6410 ‐ AISC Specifications for Structural Joints Structure Design 6400 • 6420 ‐ AISC 303 CCdode of Stan dar d PtiPractice • Primary Design Considerations in the Design • 6430 ‐ AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code of Steel Structures 6500 • 6510 ‐ Nondestructive Testing Methods • 6520 ‐ AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code Tests 6200. Materials 6600 • 6610 ‐ Steel Construction • ASTM Related Sections • 6620/6630 ‐ NUREG‐0800 / RG 1.94 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 7 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 8 His tory of Struc tura l Stee l His tory of Struc tura l Stee l
Iron Structural Steel • • Chief component of steel Steel is an alloy of primarily iron, carbon (1 to 2%) and small amount of other components (manganese, • Wrought iron first used for tools around 4000 BC niklickel, …) • Produced by heating ore in a charcoal fire • Fewer impurities and less carbon than cast iron • Cast and wrought iron used in the late 18C and • Carbon contributes to strength but reduces ductility. early 19C • Began to replace iron in construction in the mid • in bridges 1800s • First steel railroad bridge in 1874 • First steel framed building in 1884
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 9 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 10
GdGrades of Stee l Applicable Numerous grades of steel are available in the ASTM marketplace. The choice is dependent on Specifications/ • Application Shapes
• Yield strength
•Composition
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 11 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 12 Types of Steel Applicable ASTM • Ordinary grades Specifications/ Fasteners • High‐strength
• Special purpose
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 13 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 14
Structural Shape Size Groupings for Tensile Property Classification
Structural Shapes Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5
W Shapes W 24 x 55, 62 W 44 x 244 W 44 x 248, W 40 x 362 to W 36 x 848 W 21 x 44 to W 40 x 49 to 285 655 incl. W 14 x 6O5 to Ordinary Grades of Steel 57 incl. 268 incl. W 40 x 227 to W 36 x 328 to 730 incl. W 18 x 35 to W 36 x 135 to 328 incl. 798 incl. 71 incl. 210 incl. W 36 x 230 to W 33 x 318 to W 16 x 26 to W 33 x118 to 300 incl. 619 incl. 57 incl. 152 incl. W 33 x 201 to W 30 x 292 to W 14 x 22 to W 30 x 90 to 291 incl. 581 incl. 53 incl. 211 incl. W 30 x 235 to W 27 x 281 to W 12 x 14 to W 27 x 84 to 261 incl. 539 incl. Availability of Shapes, Plates and Bars According to 58 incl. 178 incl. W 27 x 194 to W 24 X 250 to ASTM Structure Steel Specifications W 8 x 10 to W 24 x 68 to 258 incl. 492 incl. Size 48 incl. 162 incl. W 24 x 176 to W 21 x 248 to W 0 x 9 to W 21 x 62 to 229 incl. 402 incl. 25 incl. 117 incl. W 21 x 166 to W 18 x 211 to Shapes W 5 x 16, 19 W 18 x 78 to 223 incl. 311 incl. Plates and Bars 143 incl. W 18 x 158 to W 12 x 210 to W 4 x 13 W 16 x 67 to 192 incl. 336 incl. Fy Group per Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Groupings 100 incl. W 14 x 145 to Mini- F u ASTM A6 W 14 x 61 to 211 incl. ASTM Mum Ten- 1/2” 3/4” 1 1/4” 1 1/2” 2” 2 1/2” 4” 5” 6” 132 incl. W 12 x 120 to
de Steel de Des- Yield sile To To To To To To To To To To W 12 x 65 to 190 incl.
aa 106 incl. Steel igna- Stress Stressa 1/2” 3/4” 1 1/4” 1 1/2” 2” 2 1/2” 4” 5” 6” 8” Over W 10 x 49 to Type tion (ksi) (ksi) b 112 incl. 12345 Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. 8” M Shapes to 37.7 lb/ft W 8 x 58, 67 incl. 32 58-80 S Shapes to 35 lb/ft
nary Gr A36 incl. ii c Carbon 36 58-80 HP Shapes to 102 lb/ft over 102 American to 20.7 lb/ft incl. lb/ft Ord A529 42 60-85 Standards incl. over 20.7 Channels (C) to 28.5 lb/ft lb/ft a Minimum unless a range is shown. Miscellaneous incl. over 28.5 Channels (MC) to 1/2 in incl. lb/ft b Includes bar-size shapes. Angles (L) over 1/2 to 3/4 over 3/4 in. c Structural in. incl. For shapes over 426 lbs./ft, minimum of 58 ksi only applies. Bar-size
Available Notes: Structural tees from W, M, and S shapes fall into same group as the structural shape from which they are cut. For details, see AISC Steel Construction Group 4 and Group 5 shapes are generally contemplated as columns or compression components. When used in other applications Not Available th (e.g., trusses) and when thermal cutting or welding is required, special material specification and fabrication procedures apply to Manual 13 Ed. Table 2-4, page 2-40 minimize the possibility of cracking
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 15 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 16 High‐Strength Steels Special Purpose Steels
Availability of Shapes, Plates and Bars According to Availabilityyp of Shapes, Plates and Bars Accordin g to ASTM Structural Steel Specifications ASTM Structural Steel Specifications Fy Shapes Plates and Bars Mini- F ASTM u Over Over Over Over Over OverOver Over Over Shapes Plates and Bars Mum Ten- Group per Fy Des- 1/2” 3/4” 1 1/4” 1 1/2” 2” 2 1/2” 4” 5” 6” Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Yield sile ASTM A6 Mini- Fu igna- To to to to to to to to to to l Group per a ASTM 1/2” 3/4” 11/41 1/4” 11/21 1/2” 2” 21/22 1/2” 4” 5” 6” Steel ee Ten- Stress Stress 1/2” 3/4” 1 1/4” 1 1/2” 2” 2 1/2” 4” 5” 6” 8” Over Mum tion b Des- ASTM A6 Type (ksi) (ksi) 1 234 5 Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. 8” Yield sile To To To To To To To To To To 40 60 Steel igna- Stres Stressa 1/2” 3/4” 1 1/4” 1 1/2” 2” 2 1/2” 4” 5” 6” 8” Over 42 63 Type tion s (ksi) (ksi) b1234 5 Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. 8”
teel A441 46 67 ose Ste Quenched pp SS 50 70 & High- 42 42 60 Tem- d 90 - A852 70 Strength 50 50 65 pered 110 Low- Low- 60 60 75 alloy rength A572 Grade alloy 65 ecial Pur tt 65 80 pp Quenched 42 63 100 - S & A242 46 67 90 130 Tem- d 50 A514 70 pered
High-S 42 63 100 - Low- 100 A588 46 67 alloy 130 50 70 a Minimum unless a range is shown. a Minimum unless a range is shown. b Includes bar-size shapes. b Includes bar-size shapes. c For shapes over 426 lbs./ft, minimum of 58 ksi only applies. d Plates only Available Available For details, see AISC Steel Construction For details, see AISC Steel Construction Not Available Manual 13th Ed. Table 2-4, page 2-40 Not Available Manual 13th Ed. Table 2-4, page 2-40 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 17 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 18
Mechanical Properties
Factors • Tensile and compressive strength Affecting • Yield strength Choice • Shear strength • Elongation • Ductility • Hardness • Chemical composition
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 19 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 20 Tensile and compressive strength Stress and Strain Formulas
Normal Stress Strain Tensile strength • Resistance to a force acting to pull the material apart P ΔL σ = ε = • Determined by testing a specimen A Lo
Compressive Strength: Where: σ = Stress ε = Strain P = Applied load ΔL = Beam deflection • Point at material under load experience crush failure A = Area L = Starting length • For normal design practice, it is assumed to be equal to o tensile strength
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 21 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 22
Stress Strain Relationship Stee l PtiProperties
• The important characteristics of steel for didesign purposes are:
– yield stress (Fy)
– ultimate stress (Fu) – modulus of elasticity (E) – percent elongation (ε) – coefficient of thermal expansion (α)
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 23 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 24 The TiTension TTtest Yield Strength
4 Ranges of responses: • Elastic • Yield point is the point beyond which the material • Plastic (yield plateau) stretches briefly without an increase in load • Strain hardening
• Necking and failure • The stress at the yield point is the material’s tensile (strain softening) yields strength
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 25 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 26
Shear Strength Elongation
The resistance to tearing or ripping of the material. The formula for computing elongation is: The formula for comppguting shear stress is: V L - L τ = u o eu = 100 A Lo [ which is an approximation of τ = VQ/ (It)] Where: eu = Elongation in percent Lu = Lengggth after elongation where : = Shear stress τ Lo = Starting length V = Applied shear force A = Cross‐sectional area
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 27 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 28 Elongation Ductility
• Ductility is the ability of a material to
stthtretch and become permanently
deformed without breaking or cracking.
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 29 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 30
Hardness Chemical Composition
70
60 well C Hardness is the ability of a material th, ksi kk gg
50 255 Maximum Hardness for Carbon s, Roc to resist indentation or penetration Stren ss andAlld Alloy St eel s ee 40 180
as measured by a hardness tester. ardne t Tensil HH 30 140
20 uivalen ximum qq aa E M 10 0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.0 Carbon, Percent
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 31 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 32 MtMateri ilal TThoughness MtMateri ilal TThoughness
• Charpy V‐notch test was introduced Charpy V-notch test • Result of the test is a value for notch toughness (CVN) given by xx ft‐lb at yy F. This is a characterization of the energy absorbed by the notched specimen (See AISC Manual pp 2‐50 thru 2‐53)
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 33 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 34
Physical Properties Therma l EEixpansion
3 Formal for thermal expansion are: • Density (490 lb/ft ) Mass (M) Density = Volume (V) Strain = α ΔT e = α ΔTL • Elastic Modulus or Young’s Modulus (29,000 Ksi) Where: α = Coefficient e = Change in of thermal length • Thermal expansion (.00065 /100⁰F) eexpansionxpansion – Example: 40’ long medium steel, find the change of length ΔT = Change in L = Original from 60 ⁰F to 90 ⁰F temperature length Change in length=αΔTl = (.00065/100) x 30 x 40 = .0078 ft
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 35 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 36 Effect of Temperature on the Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Steel Properties of Steel • Elevated temperatures generally degrade the • For sample information on the effect of temperature ppproperties of structural steel. Threshold on yield stress, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus temperatures vary as a function of mechanical property under consideration. • Temperatures below room temperature do not have an adverse effect on Fy but can have a significant effect on ductility. • Behavior will transform from ductile to brittle at a threshold temperature rang e known as the Ductile‐to‐ Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT) range.
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 37 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 38
PtiProperties StiSection Area of Section
Area of cross‐section (A) is applied to • Area of the section computtitations off:
• Moment of inertia • Simple tension
• Section modulus • Compression
• Radius of gyration • Shear
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 39 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 40 MtMoment of IItinertia & SStiection MMdlodules Section Modules
Moment of inertia (I) of the cross section measures the resistance to rotation offered The formula for section modulus (S) is: by the section:
• Geometry yy I y y S = • Size C c c xx xx Where: c is the distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber of the section Iyy >I> Ixx Iyy = Ixx
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 41 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 42
Radius of Gyration Stee l Shapes
The formula for radius of gyration (r) is: Hot‐rolled shapes are produced from molten steel in a furnace that is poured into a continuous casting where the steel solidifies but does not cool completely. The partially Ι r = cool ed steel is tethen passed tougthrough roesollers to Α achieve the desired shape. (On the other hand, cold‐formed steel (CFS) is from steel sheet, strip, plate, or flat bar in roll forming machines or by press brake or bending operations. The material thicknesses for such thin‐walled steel members usually range from 0.0147 to about ¼”. (gage 6 = .2031”; gage 29 = .0141”))
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 43 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 44 Stan dar d Cross‐StilSectional Shapes Stan dar d Cross‐StilSectional Shapes
W4 - W44 HSS2x1 – 20x12 M3 – M12.5 S3 – S24 HSS1.660 – 20.000 H8 – H14 C3 – C15 Pipe ½ Std. – 12 Std. MC3 – MC18 (x-Strong, xx-Strong) L2½xL1½ - L8x8 WT2 – WT22 MT2 – MT6.25 ST1.5 – ST12
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 45 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 46
Standard Cross‐Sectional Shapes CbCamber and Sweep
2L (LLBB or SLBB): 2L2x2 – 2L8x8
2C: 2C3 – 2C15 2MC: 2MC3 – 2MC18
48 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 47 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 Stan dar d Mill PPtiractices TlTolerances
• Mill TTlolerances ((babove ) Variations are limited by the dimensional and profile tolerances summarized in: • Fabrication Tolerances –AISC Specification Section M2 & Code of Standard Practices Section 6.4 • Hot‐rolled Structural Shapes –ASTM A6 Section 13 & AISC Tables 1‐22 through 1‐26 • Erection Tolerances ‐ AISC Specification Section M4 & Code of Standard Practices Section 7.13 • Hollow Structural Sections (HSS) –ASTM A500 Section 10, A501 Section 11, A618 Section 8 or A847 Section 10 • Building Façade Tolerances ‐ Code of Standard & AISC Tables 1‐27 & 1‐28 Practices Section 7.13.1.3 • Pipe – ASTM A53 Section 12 & AISC Table 1‐28 Accumulation of the mill tolerances and fabrication tolerances shall not cause the erection tolerances to • Plate Products –ASTM Section 13 & AISC Table 1‐29 be exceeded per Code of Standard Practices Section 7.12 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 49 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 50
Wide‐flange (W) Shapes Wide‐flange (W) Shapes
Major (strong) axis Flange •Most widely used section
•Two flanges held apart by a web Web
• Essentially parallel inner and outer flange surfaces Minor (weak) axis Section designation
W24x55 Weight per foot
NilNominal ddthepth Designation BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 51 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 52 Wide‐flange (W) Shapes Wide‐flange (W) Shapes
Web thickness Cross-sectional area Flange properties
Actual depth
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 53 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 54
Wide‐flange (W) Shapes Wide‐flange (W) Shapes
Second moment, elastic section modulus, radius of gyration, plastic section modulus End of fillet transition for strong and weak axes between web and flange Flange and web stability Flat portion of web Weight per foot parameters
Spacing between rows of bolts in flange Used for beam strength BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 55 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 calculations 56 Wide‐flange (W) Shapes M Shapes
VQ •Not classified in ASTM 6 as W‐, S‐ or HP‐ shapes Ib •Same properties (A, d, tw, bf, etc) as W‐ shapes HP‐Shapes •Also known as bearing piles • Similar to W‐shapes, except their webs and flanges are of equal thickness and the depth and flange width are nominally equal for a given designation
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 57 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 58
M Shapes M Shapes American Standard (S) Shapes Narrow flange
•16‐2/3% slope on inner flange surface Section designation
S24x121 Weight per foot Note sloppge on inside of flange Nominal depth • Relatively narrow flange when compared to W shapes
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 59 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 60 M Shapes Channe ls
Same properties as for W shapes •16‐2/3% slope on inner flange surface Section designation
C15x50 Weight per foot
Actual depth
MC – Miscellaneous channel –2 on 12 slope on inner flange
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 61 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 62
Channe ls AlAngles
Section designation Short leg llhength
Proppyerty for desig n L6x4x3/4 Thic kness Actual depth Property for detailing Long leg length
• MjMajor axes do not correspond to X and Y axes
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 63 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 64 Angles Angles
Location of plastic centroid
Location of elastic centroid Minor (weak) axis
X axis properties Y axis properties
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 Designation 65 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 66
Tees Tees Tees
•WT –cut from W shape
WT22x131 is cut from W44x262 Stem, not web
• ST – cut from S shape
•MT – cut from M shape
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 67 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 68 Tees Hollow Structural Shapes ()(HSS)
• Rectangular (or square) • Round Steel Pipe
•Pipe diameter (Std., X‐Strong, XX‐Strong) For example, Pipe 5 SSdtd. (steel pipe is dimensioned and classed differently than HSS) Reduction factor for slender stiffened compression elements BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 69 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 70
Hollow Structural Shapes (HSS) Hollow Structural Shapes (HSS)
Torsion and warping constants
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 71 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 72 Hollow Structural Shapes (HSS) Double Angles
Diameter over design thickness 2L6x4x3/4
Nominal versus design thickness • Major axes are now x and y
•X axis properties may be obtained from x axis properties of single angle
• Y axis properties dddepend on separation btbetween bkbacks angles and whether LLBB or SLBB
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 73 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 74
Eqqggual leg anDoublegles Angles Double Angles
Long legs back-to-back Short legs back-to-back
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 75 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 76 DblDouble Channe ls Double Channels
•Designated as 2C or 2MC Y axis properties depend on back-to-back distance between 2C15x50 individual channels
•Y axis properties depend on back‐to‐back separation
•X axis properties can be obtained from x axis properties of single channel
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 77 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 78
6200. Material ‐ ASTM A36/A36M & A992/A992M ASTM A6/A6M
• General Requirements for Rolled Steel Plates, • Carbon steel shapes, plates, and bars of Shapp,es, Sheet Piling and Bars for Structural Use structural qqyuality for use in riveted, bolted, or welded construction • Requirements are included for ordering, heat • For general structural pppurposes treatment, chemical analysis, metallurgical • Minimum yield point of 36 ksi and tensile structure, qqy,uality, test methods, tension tests, strength of 58 to 80 ksi identifications of material, permissible variations • ASTM A992/A992M ‐ The new 50 ksi steel for in dimensions or weigg,ht, inspection and testing, wide‐flange shapes (y)(only) that replaces ASTM retests, rejection, retreatment, test reports, A36, ASTM A572 grade 50 and the similar dual‐ ppgg,ackaging, marking and loading for shipment certified products for wide‐flange shapes (y)(only).
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 79 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 80 ASTM A500 & A501 ASTM A572/A572M
• ASTM A500 – • 4 grades of high strength low‐alloy structural steel – Cold‐formed welded and seamless carbon steel shapes, plates, sheet piling, and bars. structural tubing in rounds and squares – Grades 42 and 50 are intended for riveted, bolted, or – Both welded and seamless sizes with a maximum welded construction of bridges, buildings, and other perihiphery of 64” and a maximum wall thic kness of stttructures 0.625”. Grade D requires for heat treatment. – Grades 60 and 65 are intended for riveted or bolted • ASTM A501 – construction of bridges or for riveted, bolted, or welded construction of other structures – Hot‐formed welded and seamless carbon steel strctralstructural tbingtubing – The requirements of Grade 50 are equivalent to ASTM A709, Grade 50 – Round tubing is furnished in NPS ½ to 24” incl. with nominal (average) wall thickness 0.109 to 1.000 ” depending on size. BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 81 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 82
ASTM A588/A588M ASTM A618
• High strength low‐alloy “weathering” structural • Hot‐formed welded and seamless high‐strength steel with 50 ksi minimum yield point to 4” thick. low‐alloy structural tubing – "Weathering" means that due to their chemical – 3 grades of square, rectangular, round, or special shape compositions, these steels exhibit increased resistance for welded, riveted, or bolted construction of bridges to athitmospheric corrosion compared to unalloye d sttleels. and bu ildings and for general sttltructural purposes – This is because the steel forms a protective layer on its – Grade II has atmospheric corrosion resistance equivalent surface under the influence of the weather. to that of carbon steel wit copper (0.2 minimum Cu) – “Challenges” are requiring special welding techniques or – Grades Ia and Ib have atmospheric corrosion resistance material; not rustproof in itself needing provision for substantially better than that of Grade II drainage; preventing stain needing better detailing
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 83 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 84 ASTM A108 ASTM A109/A109M , A635/A635M
• Standard quality cold‐finished carbon steel bars • ASTM A109/A109M ‐ Cold rolled carbon steel strip in cut lengths or coils In sizes as • Suitable for heat treatment, for machining into follows: compp,onents, or for use in the as‐finished – Width – over ½ to 23 ‐15/16 condition as shafting, or in constructional – Thickness – 0.2499 and under applications , or for other similar pppurposes • ASTM A635 / A635M ‐ Steel, Sheet and • Grades of steel are identified by grade numbers Strip, Heavy‐Thickness Coils, Hot‐Rolled, or by chemical composition Alloy, Carbon, Structural, High‐Strength Low‐Alloy, and High‐Strength Low‐Alloy with Improved Formability
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 85 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 86
ASTM A123 & A153 Galvanization
• ASTM A123 – • Galvanizing Steel (video) – Zinc (Hot‐Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel YouTube ‐ Galvanizing Steel.mht Products – For steel forggging and iron castings incorporated into pieces fabricated before galvanizing or which are too • Galvanizing Process (d(video ) large to be centrifuged YouTube ‐ Galvanizing Process.mht • ASTM A153 – – Zinc Coating (Hot‐Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware – Applicable to hardware items that are centrifuged or otherwise handled to remove excess galvanizing bath metal (free zinc)
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 87 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 88 ASTM A328/A328M ASTM A307, A325/A325M & A449
• For carbon steel sheet piling • ASTM A307 – Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60,000 Psi Tensile Strength (Grade A: minimum strength 60 ksi; B: 60‐ • For use in the construction of dock walls, sea 100 ksi; C: nonheaded anchor bolts) walls, cofferdams, excavations, and like applica tions • ASTM A325/A325M – Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 Ksi Minimum Tensile Strength (Type 1: medium • Minimum yield point of 39 ksi and a carbon, carbon boron, or medium carbon alloy steel; 2: minimum tensile strength of 70 ksi withdrawn; Type 3 – weathering steel)
• ASTM A449 – Quenched and Tempered Steel Bolts and Studs (Type 1: medium‐carbon steel ¼ to 2” incl. in diameters)
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 89 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 90
ASTM A563/A563M, F436/F436M & ASTM A354 & A490/A490M F606/F606M
• ASTM 354 ‐ Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, • ASTM A563/A563M – Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners 4” and – 8 grades of carbon and alloy steel nuts under (Grade BC and BD; up through 1 ½” in diameter are – Grades C3 and DH3 nuts for atmospheric corrosion covered in ASTM A490; pver 1 ½” covered in Grade BD here) resistance and weathering characteristics • ASTM F436/F436M – • ASTM A490/A490M –Heat‐Treated Steel Structural Bolts, – Hardened Steel Washers diameters of ¼ to 4”, incl. 150 Minimum Tensile Strength (Type 1: alloy steel ½ to 1 ½” incl. in diameters; 2: low‐carbon martensite steel, ½ to 1” – Type 1: Carbon steel; 3: weathering steel incl.; 3: ½ to 1 ½” in diameters weathering) • ASTM F606/F606M – Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners, Washers, and Rivets
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 91 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 92 ASTM F959, F1852 & F2250 Pretension Methods Bolt Installation: • ASTM F959 – Compressible‐Washer‐Type Direct • Tension Indicators for Use with Structural Fasteners Turn‐of‐nut method • Direct tension indicator • Ca libra te d wrench • ASTM F1852 & F2250 Standard Specification for • Alternative design bolt “Twist Off” Type Tension Control Structural – Twist‐off type tension‐control bolt assemblies Bolt/Nut/Washer Assemblies, Steel, Heat Treated, (F1852 & F2250 ) 120/105 & 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength – Compressible washer‐type direct tension indicator (ASTM F959/F959M)
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 93 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 94
6200. Material (N690) ‐ 6200. Material (N690) ‐ ASTM A167, A217/A217M & Stainless Steel and Material A240/A240M Enhancement • A167 Standard Specification for Stainless and Heat‐ • Outokumpu's Stainless steel production process (Video) Resisting Chromium‐Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet, and YouTube ‐ Outokumpu's Stainless steel production Strip process.mht • A217/A217M SddStandard SifiiSpecification for SlSteel – Austenitization means to heat the iron, iron‐based metal, or steel to a Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure‐ temperature at which it changes crystal structure from ferrite to austenite CiiContaining Parts, SiSuita ble for Hig h‐Temperature – The martensite is formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of austenite which traps carbon atoms that do not have time to diffuse out of the crystal Service structure • A240/A240M Standard Specification for Chromium – Annealing, in metallurgy and materials science, is a heat treatment wherein a material is altered, causing changes in its properties such as and Chromium‐Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and strength and hardness Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications – A quench refers to a rapid cooling
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 95 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 96 6200. Material (N690) ‐ ASTM A479/A479M, A515/A515M, 6100. Introduction/6200. Material A516/A516M & D3843 • A479/A479M Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and • Objective and Scope Met Shapes for Use in Boilers and Other Pressure Vessels – Structural Steel Types, Mechanical and Physical Properties, and Steel Sections • A515/A515M Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Intermediate‐ and Higher‐Temperature – Selecting Design Principles for Steel Structures Service – Selecting Computational Methods For Steel Structure Design • A516/A51 6M SifiiSpecification for Pressure Vessel Plates, – Primary Design Considerations in the Design of Carbon Steel, for Moderate‐ and Lower‐Temperature Steel Structures SiService – ASTM Steel Material • D3843 Standard Practice for Quality Assurance for Protective Coatings Applied to Nuclear Facilities
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 97 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 98