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Shear Wave Velocity Database and Its Application for Analysis of Non-Ergodic Site Amplification Effects

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Shear Wave Velocity Database and Its Application for Analysis of Non-Ergodic Site Amplification Effects Shear Wave Velocity Database and Its Application for Analysis of Non-Ergodic Site Amplification Effects Pengfei Wang Paolo Zimmaro, Ph.D. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Sean K. Ahdi, Ph.D. Exponent Los Angeles, CA Dong Youp Kwak, Ph.D. Hanyang University Ansan, South Korea Principal Investigator: Jonathan P. Stewart, Ph.D., PE Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Los Angeles A report on research conducted with support from the US Geological Survey, California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program, and Consortium of Organizations for Strong Motion Observation Systems Civil & Environmental Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles December 2019 ABSTRACT This project was comprised of two distinct yet mutually beneficial tasks. The first was the establishment of a United States Community VS Profile Database (PDB). The second involved the use of that database to support ground motion studies that establish observation-based site response at ground motion recording stations and then seek to establish the degree to which it can be estimated using alternate prediction approaches. The development of the PDB has been, and continues as, a major multi-institutional effort to develop an open-access VS profile database for sites in the United States. The data described herein was collected from diverse sources that include consulting engineering reports from private industry, university research reports and other documents, federal open-file and similar reports, California state agency documents, and reports provided by electric utilities for selected sites. All data are strictly within the public domain, but much of it was for practical purposes inaccessible to most potential users. The VS data sources encompass a wide array of geophysical techniques, are presented in many different formats, and are accompanied by widely divergent supplementary data, including P-wave velocities, geotechnical logs and other data, and penetration test data. A relational database schema of sufficient breadth and flexibility was developed to accommodate this diverse data set. The data are digitized and otherwise prepared in the standardized format specified by the database schema. A web interface (www.uclageo.com/VPDB) was developed for data query, visualization, and download. This resource is anticipated to be useful to geotechnical engineers and engineering seismologists for diverse applications in research and industry practice. We derive non-ergodic site response for California sites using an expanded version of the NGA-West2 database. We then investigate the degree to which different site response analysis methods capture observations. An ergodic site term conditioned on time-averaged shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m of sites (VS30) and basin depth provides a baseline against which other models are compared. In this study, we have investigated two site-specific models: ground response analysis (GRA) and square root impedance (SRI) method. These analyses are performed for sites meeting certain data availability requirements pertaining to number of recorded events and availability of site-specific VS measurements from the PDB. We describe procedures developed to implement each approach, including protocols developed to assign unknown soil parameters. We describe a series of representative results for site with and without good fits of model predictions to observations. We compile results across sites to identify parameters that influence the effectiveness of ground response analyses and the epistemic uncertainty associated with different methods of site response prediction. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Funding for this study was provided by the US Geological Survey under contract number G17AP00018, as well as the California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program, California Geological Survey, under Agreement Number 1016-985. Profile database work was also partially funded by the Consortium of Organizations for Strong Motion Observation Systems. Partial support for the first and third authors was also provided by the UCLA Civil & Environmental Engineering Department. This support is gratefully acknowledged. The work presented here represents the views and opinions of the authors and does not reflect the policy, expressed or implied, of the US Government. iii CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................... III CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................IV LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ VII LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. VIII 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Overview ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Project Motivation of Vs Profile Database ....................................................... 1 1.3 Project Motivation of Site Response Analysis................................................... 2 2 A UNITED STATES COMMUNITY SHEAR-WAVE VELOCITY PROFILE DATABASE ................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Introduction and Project Motivation ................................................................ 4 2.2 Data Types ......................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Metadata .................................................................................................. 7 2.2.2 Geophysical Testing Methods .................................................................. 8 2.2.3 Computed Metadata ............................................................................... 10 2.3 Data Sources .................................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Data Access Policies .............................................................................. 12 2.3.2 Federal Data Sources .............................................................................. 12 2.3.3 California State Data Sources ................................................................. 22 2.3.4 University Research and Other Reports .................................................. 24 2.3.5 Industry Data Sources ............................................................................ 27 2.4 Database Structure .......................................................................................... 31 2.4.1 Overview of Data Preparation and Processing Methods .......................... 32 2.4.2 Description of VS Profile Database Schema ............................................ 32 2.4.3 Data Organization and Transfer to Relational Database .......................... 36 2.4.4 Other Data Organization Methods and Schemas ..................................... 38 2.4.5 Other Back-End Considerations ............................................................. 39 iv 2.5 Online Interface ............................................................................................... 39 2.6 Summary and Conclusions .............................................................................. 42 3 DATABASE FOR GROUND MOTION STUDIES ................................................... 44 3.1 Full Database ................................................................................................... 44 3.2 Assignment of site parameters for full database ............................................. 47 3.3 Database Subset for Site Response Studies ..................................................... 49 4 MODEL INPUTS ........................................................................................................ 51 4.1 Inference of Unit Weight and Material Damping ........................................... 51 4.1.1 Unit Weight ........................................................................................... 51 4.1.2 Stratigraphy and Soil Type to Estimate !"#$ in Soil Layers ................. 52 4.1.3 !"#$ in Firm Rock Layers .................................................................... 56 4.2 %-Informed Damping Model ........................................................................... 56 4.2.1 Approach ............................................................................................... 56 4.2.2 Fitting of % from Ground Motions .......................................................... 58 4.2.3 Analysis of Path- and Site Contributions to % ......................................... 59 4.2.4 Base of Profile Site Decay Parameter, %&, ( ........................................... 61 4.3 Q-VS Damping Model ...................................................................................... 62 5 OBSERVATION-TO-MODEL COMPARISONS ..................................................... 64 5.1 Evaluation of Observed Site Response ............................................................ 64 5.2 Ground Response Analysis .............................................................................. 68 5.2.1
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