Visualising Charisma: Representations of the Charismatic Touch
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Visual Studies ISSN: 1472-586X (Print) 1472-5878 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rvst20 Visualising charisma: representations of the charismatic touch Matthew Immergut & Mary Kosut To cite this article: Matthew Immergut & Mary Kosut (2014) Visualising charisma: representations of the charismatic touch, Visual Studies, 29:3, 272-284, DOI: 10.1080/1472586X.2014.941561 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2014.941561 Published online: 16 Oct 2014. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 215 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rvst20 Download by: [Martina Gleissenebner-Teskey] Date: 08 October 2016, At: 09:45 Visual Studies, 2014 Vol. 29, No. 3, 272–284, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2014.941561 Visualising charisma: representations of the charismatic touch MATTHEW IMMERGUT and MARY KOSUT Although sociologists regard charisma as a social mutual recognition through verbal, visual and physical construct, few studies look at the explicit interactions that touch. Through this somatic exchange, charisma create and maintain this type of authority. This article becomes palpable, the bond with followers enlivened examines one specific, but ubiquitous social interaction and the authority of the leader reconstituted. Beyond between leader and follower – the charismatic touch. The this main assertion, we also argue that the touch charismatic touch is a semi-formal interaction in which balances the critical dynamic of intimacy and distance. leader and followers exchange mutual recognition That is, the touch provides a moment of physical through verbal, visual and physical touch. Through intimacy that enlivens followers and cements the bond touching each other this way, charisma becomes palpable, to a leader who is customarily socially removed and very the bond with followers enlivened and the authority of the often seen in god-like terms. At the same time, the touch leader reconstituted. By analysing photographs from a reaffirms the leader’s distance and their salient visual ethnographic study of Diamond Mountain, a uniqueness, as they remain the focus of collective Western convert Buddhist community, and images of attention and the one to be touched or touched by. political leaders culled from mass media, one can observe a dynamic of intimacy and distance in maintaining and Our examination of the charismatic touch stems from a performing charisma. As data, visual representations of larger visual ethnography of Diamond Mountain, a the charismatic touch capture evidence of its micro- community of Western converts to Tibetan Buddhism interactional nature and offer a new approach to the field under the charismatic leadership of Geshe Michael of charisma in the digital age. Roach and Lama Christie McNally. We use video stills culled from this research to illustrate moments in which the touch is enacted between leader and follower. The INTRODUCTION Diamond Mountain fieldwork enables us to pinpoint a In the popular imagination, charisma is seen as an particular act of charisma within the framework of an individual attribute that certain extraordinary people understudied new religious movement. However, by possess (Turner 2003). Charisma signifies a personality shifting focus from religion to politics, we show how the trait, ineffable quality or natural disposition that makes charismatic touch works as a more general interaction an individual stand apart from others. Sociologists, occurring between other charismatic leaders and their however, have challenged this common understanding, followers. The charismatic touch, in other words, maintaining that charisma is socially constructed (Finlay operates similarly in different social contexts. To 2002; Wallis 1982; Weber 1958b, 295; 1968, 48). From demonstrate its general utility, we begin with an analysis this perspective, charisma is a form of authority and as of images produced in the process of fieldwork within a such is inherently relational – the product of an ongoing religious community and then turn our focus to iconic interaction between leaders and followers. images of charismatic political figures that are easily accessible via an Internet search. We underscore how the Yet, even with this agreement, few sociological studies performance of the charismatic touch works in different actually focus on the specific micro-interactions by social realms as an intimate and theatrical exchange. which charismatic power is built up. In particular, there is a lack of analysis of the intimate embodied exchanges Although we will address issues pertaining to the that contribute to making charisma a substantial force. charismatic leaders we selected in greater detail below, a To fill this gap, this visual essay uses a micro- few words are in order about our sample. Our selection interactional framework to examine what we could have consisted of a variety of other political and conceptualise as the charismatic touch – a semi-formal religious figures precisely because the charismatic touch interaction in which leader and followers exchange is so ubiquitous. We simply had to limit our selection for Matthew Immergut is assistant professor of Sociology at Purchase College, State University of New York. He is currently working on a documentary film about a group of Western converts to Tibetan Buddhism under the spiritual guidance of two charismatic leaders. Mary Kosut is associate professor of Media, Society and the Arts at Purchase College, State University of New York. She is the editor of The Encyclopedia of Gender in Media, co-editor of The Body Reader: Essential Social and Cultural Readings and co-author of Buzz: Urban Beekeeping and the Power of the Bee. © 2014 International Visual Sociology Association Visualising charisma 273 the sake of space and clarity. We chose the example of others can lead to the full bloom of the charismatic religious leadership because of the rich fieldwork at our phenomena. As Weber writes, ‘It is recognition on the disposal and selected for comparison three political part of those subject to authority which is decisive for leaders all of whom are both treated as personally the validity of charisma. This is freely given and charismatic and defined as charismatic in academic guaranteed by what is held to be a “sign” or proof, literature. originally always a miracle. What is alone important is how the individual is actually regarded by those subject In addition, semi-formal, public touches are ever present to charismatic authority, by his “followers” or within the popular cultural landscape, and many appear “disciples”’(Weber 1978, 241–242). What Weber ff – to depict the a ective qualities of charisma adoring articulates here is a relational view of charisma, charisma fi fans clamouring around lm celebrities and rock icons, as a social construct. or sports fanatics reaching out to superstar athletes. What all of these touches share is the breaking of a It is important to note that Weber treated all three forms membrane between those deemed special in some way of authority as ‘ ideal types’. By ideal, Weber did not and their followers or admirers, thereby strengthening mean that these were perfect nor did he mean morally ff the a ective force. While recognising this similarity, we right or best. Instead, ideal types were ‘mental delimit our analysis of the charismatic touch to religious constructs’, created from a variety of observed and political leaders because charisma is a form of characteristics and then used as a heuristic tool to make authority in which leaders provide a comprehensive sense of a messy reality, to see patterns and to compare ideological vision and make concrete demands upon seemingly non-comparable cases in order to elucidate followers and followers attribute greatness to their their similarities. In Weber’s own words, ‘An ideal type leader. In this context, the touch must be seen as distinct is formed by the one-sided accentuation of one or more in that it works to create and maintain authority and points of view and by the synthesis of a great many legitimacy. diffuse, discrete, more or less present and occasionally absent concrete individual phenomena, which are arranged according to those one-sidedly emphasised STUDIES OF CHARISMA: HISTORICAL AND viewpoints into a unified analytical construct. In its CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES conceptual purity, this mental construct. cannot be ’ – Max Weber brought the concept of charisma out from found empirically anywhere in reality (Weber [1903 the arena of theology and into sociological focus. For 1917] 1949, 90). Therefore, although ideal types of Weber, the study of charisma was about authority. authority can be analytically distinguished and Charismatic authority was one form of legitimate heuristically useful, living authority very often appears in domination in his tripartite typology – the other two a variety of combinations. A president, for instance, is being rational-legal and traditional authority. The basis clearly a form of rational-legal authority. Yet, any of legitimacy for rational-legal authority comes from particular president can also have a certain amount of ‘ ’ being imbedded in a bureaucratic structure dictated by personal charisma, a type of pure charisma that may codified rules and regulations. A judge, police officer or have been evident prior to the height of their power. A corporate manager all exemplify this type of authority.