4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business conference
July 8 - 9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 1 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
EXECUTIVE ORGANISERS
InnovateWise
Wojciech Budzianowski Consulting Services
PATRONS
Global Society for Research and Business in Sustainability, Renewable Energy and Digital Economy (GS-RB-S-RE-DE), Warsaw, Poland
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 2 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
International Scientific Committee (ISC) Wojciech Budzianowski - Chair (Wojciech Budzianowski Consulting Services, Wrocław, Poland) Wei-Hsin Chen (National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan) Patrick Hendrick (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium) József Popp (University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary) Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes (European Renewable Energies Federation, Brussels, Belgium) Abdellatif Zerga (Pan African University, Tlemcen, Algeria)
Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) Nicolas Abatzoglou (Université de Sherbrooke, Abdelmajid Berdai (Ecole Nationale Supérieure Sherbrooke, Canada) d’Electricité et de Mécanique, Casablanca, Morocco) Hafez Abdo (Nottingham Business School, Nottingham, UK) Asfaw Beyene (San Diego State University, San Diego, USA) Saleh Abujarad (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Shailendra Singh Bhadauria (National Institute of Baharu, Malaysia) Technology, Jalandhar, India) Mustafa Acaroğlu (Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey) Abdul Rauf Bhatti (Government College University Frank Adam (University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany) Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan) Masoud Aghajani (Petroleum University of Technology, Andrzej Białowiec (Wrocław University of Environmental Ahwaz, Iran) and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland) Ali Al-Waeli (The National University of Malaysia, Seri Melike Bildirici (Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Kembangan, Malaysia) Turkey) Sofiane Amara (Université Abou Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen, Faik Bilgili (Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey) Algeria) Hasan Huseyin Bilgic (Iskenderun Technical University, Oluwamayowa O. Amusat (University College London, Iskenderun, Turkey) London, UK) Nicu Bizon (University of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania) Venkata R. Ancha (Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia) Juris Blūms (Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia) Sudá de Andrade (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Antonio Bogado (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) de Janeiro, Brazil) Ahmed Aly (Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark) Alex Van den Bossche (Ghent University, Ghent, Rafael de Arce (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Belgium) Madrid, Spain) Mohammed Bou-Rabee (College of Technological Akram Avami (Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Studies Kuwait, Surra, Kuwait) Iran) Amine Boudghene Stambouli (University of Sciences Adrián Mota Babiloni (Jaume I University, Castelló de la and Technology of Oran, Oran, Algeria) Plana, Spain) Kestutis Buinevicius (Kaunas University of Technology, Yadira Bajon Fernandez (Cranfield University, Bedford, Kaunas, Lithuania) UK) Melda O. Çarpınlıoğlu (University of Gaziantep, Nagaraj Banapurmath (KLE Technological University, Gaziantep, Turkey) Vidyanagar, India) Foued Chabane (University of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria) Alireaz Banisharif (Petroleum University of Technology, Ricardo Chacartegui (University of Seville, Seville, Spain) Ahwaz, Iran) Luís Dias Carlos (University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal) Róbert Barthos (Institute of Materials and Environmental Bin Chen (Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China) Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary) Gianfranco Chicco (Politechnico di Torino, Torino, Italy) Andrea Bassi (KnowlEdge Srl, Rome, Italy) David Chinarro Vadillo (Universidad San Jorge, Smruti Ranjan Behera (Indian Institute of Technology Zaragoza, Spain) Ropar, Rupnagar, India) Lackson Chisanu (University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi) Belkacem Belabes (Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables (CDER), Algiers, Algeria) Isaac Chitedze (Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi) Mohamed Sélmene Ben Yahia (Tunis-El Manar Tai-Shung Neal Chung (National University of University, Tunis, Tunisia) Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore) Naima Benbouza (University Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla, Frans Coenen (University of Twente, Enschede, The Algeria) Netherlands) Mohamed Benchagra (University Hassan 1, Khouribga, Caglar Conker (Iskenderun Technical University, Morocco) Iskenderun, Turkey)
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 3 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
Sandra Correia (University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal) Michel Huart (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Youssef Dabaki (University of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia) Belgium) Devi Prasad Dash (Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, K.S. Hui (University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK) Rupnagar, India) Masayuki Ichinose (Tokyo Metropolitan University, Yulin Deng (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA) Tokyo, Japan) Zaynah Dhunny (University of Maritius, Mauritius, Ali Idlimam (Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco) Mauritius) Ioana Ionel (Universitatea Politehnica Timisoara, Timisoara, Nadjib Drouiche (Centre de Recherche en Technologie Romania) des Semi-conducteurs pour l’Energétique (CRTSE), Algiers, Dejan Ivezić (University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia) Algeria) Thorsten Jänisch (Fraunhofer ICT, Pfinztal, Germany) Magdalena Dudek (AGH, Kraków, Poland) Sonia Jerez (University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain) Arkadiusz Dyjakon (Wrocław University of Environmental Hervé Jeanmart (Université Catholique de Louvain, and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland) Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) El Mehdi El Khattabi (University Sidi Mohamed ben Titilayo Jinadu (World Hope Foundation, Abeokuta, Abdellah, Fez, Morocco) Nigeria) José María Encinar (Extremadura University, Badajoz, Ana Jung (Physee, Delft, Netherlands) Spain) Abbes Kaabi (University of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia) Maohong Fan (University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA) Arunachala M. Kannan (Arizona State University, Mesa, Mustapha Faraji (Hassan II University, Casablanca, USA) Morocco) Azharul Karim (Queensland University of Technology, Yee-Chang Feng (BSME of National Cheng Kung Queensland, Australia) University, Tainan, Taiwan) Tomaž Katrašnik (University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Mario Luigi Ferrari (University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy) Slovenia) Marco Ferrarotti (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Dariusz Kardaś (Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery Polish Belgium) Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk, Poland) Alberto Fichera (University of Catania, Catania, Italy) Hlalefang Khobai (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Mirko Filipponi (University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy) University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa) Risto Filkoski (University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Fydess Khundi-Mkomba (University of Rwanda, Kigali, Macedonia) Rwanda) Maria B. Forleo (University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy) Jacek Kluska (Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery Polish Jagruti Gandhi (Texas A&M University, College Station, Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk, Poland) USA) Sunisa Kongprasit (Thaksin University, Phatthalung, Fausto Pedro Garcia Marquez (University Castilla La Thailand) Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain) Mounir Kouhila (Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Marla T.B. Geller (Federal University of Western Pará, Morocco) Santarém, Brazil) Christophis Koroneos (National Technical University of M. Serdar Genç (Erciyes University, Talas, Turkey) Athens, Athens, Greece) Simone Giorgetti (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Jaroslav Kultan (Bratislava University of Economics, Belgium) Bratislava, Slovakia) Celina Gonzalez (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Jakub Kupecki (Institute of Power Engineering - Research Madrid, Spain) Institute, Warsaw, Poland) Juan Félix González (Extremadura University, Badajoz, Jarosław Krzywański (Jan Długosz University, Spain) Częstochowa, Poland) Belkacem Gouasmi (University of Blida, Blida, Algeria) Benahmed Lamia (University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria) Inmaculada Guaita-Pradas (Polytechnic University of Hamza Lamsyehe (Higher Normal School, Marrakech, València, València, Spain) Morocco) Arvi Hamburg (Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Roman Le Goff Latimier (Ecole Normale Supérieure Estonia) Rennes, Rennes, France) Hafida Hanine (University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Pierre Le Roux (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Mellal, Morocco) Port Elizabeth, South Africa) Arif Hepbasli (Yaşar University, Izmir, Turkey) Philippe Laval-Gilly (University of Lorraine, Nancy, Nadia Hidar (Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco) France) Hikmat S. Hilal (An-Najah National University, Nablus, Hai-Wen Li (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) Palestine) Mooktzeng Lim (University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Ioan Cristian Hoarcă (National R&D Institute for New Zealand) Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies (ICIT), Rm. Valcea, Ana Lazarevska (Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Romania) Skopje, Macedonia)
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 4 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
Mateusz Lisowski (Enetech Sp. z o.o., Kraków, Poland) Michael S. Okundamiya (Ambrose Alli University, Eva Loukogeorgaki (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ekpoma, Nigeria) Thessaloniki, Greece) Judit Oláh (University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary) Fengji Luo (University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia) Eduardo de Oliveira Fernandes (University of Porto, Martin Lyambai (Pan African University, Tlemcen, Algeria) Porto, Portugal) Kimberly Magrini-Bair (National Renewable Energy Noshin Omar (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium) Laboratory, Golden, USA) Salvador Ordóñez (University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain) Abdelafattah Mahmoud (University of Liège, Liège, Rachida Ouaabou (Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Belgium) Morocco) Mostafa Mahrouz (Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Ahmet N. Özsezen (Kocaeli University, Izmit, Turkey) Morocco) María Pablo-Romero Gil-Delgado (University of Hasmat Malik (Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Seville, Seville, Spain) Delhi, India) Rodrigo Palacios Saldaña (Monterrey Institute of Inmaculada Marqués-Pérez (Polytechnic University of Technology and Higher Education, Monterrey, Mexico) València, Valencia, Spain) Mukesh Pandey (State Technological University of MP, Thibault Martinelle (Université Catholique de Louvain, Bhopal, India) Louvain, Belgium) Deepak Pant (Flemish Institute for Technological Research J. Birgitta Martinkauppi (University of Vaasa, Vaasa, (VITO), Mol, Belgium) Finland) Davide Papurello (Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy) Claudia Masselli (University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy) Florentina Paraschiv (NTNU, Trondheim, Norway) Ali Mehmanparast (Cranfield University, Bedford, UK) Linnar Pärn (Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Rui Melício (University of Évora, Évora, Portugal) Estonia) Amar Merouani (Mohamed el Bachir el Ibrahimi Anélie Pétrissans (University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès- University, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria) Nancy, France) Antonio Messineo (University of Enna Kore, Enna, Italy) Jan Pieter (Solar Monkey, Delft, Netherlands) Ana Milanović Pešić (Serbian Academy of Sciences and Andreas Poullikkas (Cyprus Energy Regulatory Authority, Arts, Belgrade, Serbia) Nicosia, Cyprus) Jarosław Milewski (Warsaw University of Technology, Cristina Prieto Ríos (Abengoa, Seville, Spain) Warsaw, Poland) Lydia Rachbauer (Bioenergy 2020+, Graz, Austria) Alina A. Minea (Technical University “Gh. Asachi”, Iasi, Bijan Rahmani (Industrial Park of Innovation, Xiangtan, Romania) China) Safa Mghazli (Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco) P. Raja (National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Daniela Mladenovska (JSC Macedonian Power Plants, India) Skopje, Macedonia) K. Kalyan Ray (TKR College of Engineering, Hyderabad, David Moreno Rangel (University of Seville, Seville, India) Spain) Arbo Reino (Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Cinzia Mortarino (University of Padova, Padova, Italy) Estonia) Zineb Mostefaoui (Université Abou Bekr Belkaid, Luis M. Romeo (University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain) Tlemcen, Algeria) Marco Rosa-Clot (Koine Multimedia, Pisa, Italy) Omar Mounkachi (Institute of Nanomaterials and Michel Rwema (Pan African University, Tlemcen, Algeria) Nanotechnology (MAScIR), Rabat, Morocco) Jacinto Sá (Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Peacock Haytem Moussaoui (Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Solar Power, Uppsala, Sweden) Morocco) Zafar Said (University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE) Peteer Muiste (Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia) Ramani Sankaranarayanan (CTx GREEN, Kitchener, Canada) Taib Mustapha (Ecole Superieur en Genie Electrique et Energetique, Oran, Algeria) Antonio Santos Sánchez (Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil) Bouchra Nabil (Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco) Saqib Sajjad (ADNOC Gas Processing, Abu Dhabi, UAE) Irene Nantongo (Pan African University, Tlemcen, Algeria) Mohamed Salah (Université de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia) Gregory Neubourg (APERe, Brussels, Belgium) Mohammad Salim Zahangir (University of Padova, Padova, Italy) Abdul-Sattar Nizami (Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) Tine Seljak (University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia) Ambe J. Njoh (University of South Florida, Tampa, USA) Mohammed M. Shabat (Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine) Cirilo Nolasco-Hipolito (University of Malaysia, Sarawak, Malaysia) Muhammad Shahzad (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia) Chukwuemeka Obiakor (Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria)
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 5 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
Ram Vinoy Sharma (National Institute of Technology Panagiotis Tsiakaras (University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur, India) Greece) Ki-Yeol Shin (Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk, South Dimitra G. Vagiona (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Korea) Thessaloniki, Greece) Pierluigi Siano (University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy) Geeta Vaidyanathan (CTx GREEN, Kitchener, Canada) Jean Paul Sibomana (Pan African University, Tlemcen, Amir Valibeygi (University of California, San Diego, USA) Algeria) François Vallée (University of Mons, Mons, Belgium) Mikhail Simonov (Instituto Superiore Mario Boella, Turin, Stefan P.P. Vanbeveren (University of Antwerp, Italy) Antwerp, Belgium) Bhaskar Singh (Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi- Gennady Varlamov (National Technical University of Jharkhand, India) Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine) Sunil K. Singal (Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Alberto Varone (CRS4, Sardegna, Italy) Roorkee, India) Gláucia E.G. Vieira (Federal University of Tocantis, Saeed Solaymani (Arak University, Arak, Iran) Palmas, Brazil) Vipan Kumar Sohpal (Beant College of Engineering & Rosaria Volpe (University of Catania, Catania, Italy) Technology, Gurdaspur, India) Tadeusz Uhl (AGH, Kraków, Poland) Michael Sony (Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia) Magdalena Walczak (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile) José Fernandes De Sousa (Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Palmas, Brazil) Xavier A. Walter (University of the West of England, Bristol, UK) K.J. Sreekanth (Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Safat, Kuwait) Bingqing Wei (University of Delaware, Newark, USA) Aryasomayajula Subrahmanyam (Indian Institute of Sebastian Werle (Silesian University of Technology, Technology Madras, Chennai, India) Gliwice, Poland) Maciej Świerczynski (Aalborg University, Aalborg, Jun Xu (Nanjing University, Nanjing, China) Denmark) Hakan Yavuz (Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey) M. Reza Tabar (University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Timothy M. Young (The University of Tennessee, Germany) Knoxville, USA) Fouzi Tabet (DBFZ, Leipzig, Germany) Talal Yusaf (University of Southern Queensland, Mohamed Tawfik (Cranfield University, Bedford, UK) Toowoomba, Australia) Stella Tsani (Athens University of Economics and Business, Sebastian Zapata Ramirez (Universidad Nacional de Athens, Greece) Colombia, Colombia) Ahmed Zobaa (Brunel University London, London, UK)
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 6 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
Organising Committee Wojciech Budzianowski - Chair Witold Surmanek Julia Peterson
Publisher Wojciech Budzianowski Consulting Services
Editors Wojciech Budzianowski
ISBN 978-83-948507-6-0
Copyright ©2019 by Wojciech Budzianowski Consulting Services. All rights reserved. The material is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction in any physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Permission of the publisher is required for photocopying, derivative works and electronic storage or usage. The publisher, the editors and the authors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this material are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the editors or the authors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 7 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
Scope
The Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business (RESRB) conference is designed as a platform for reporting, discussing, improving and disseminating recent developments in renewable energy science, technology, business and policy. Participants from various organisations such as universities, institutes, NGOs, associations, industries etc. are invited. It is an international event with ambitions to share leading research expertise and facilitate business development and thus to be one of the most influential renewable energy knowledge transfer channels. The conference is a must for research groups at the cutting edge of renewable energy science, technology, policy and business development. The conference through its unique research & business model will facilitate synergies between academia and commercial sectors. Delegates from enterprises seeking innovations and expanding to new markets may benefit from sponsoring, exhibiting and networking thus improving their business environment. RESRB is particularly focused on countries applying green growth policies and plays the role in informing policymaking processes. The participation mode can be either in-person or virtual. Publication will be on Book of Abstracts, Proceedings, journals, edited books and books.
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 8 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
Themes
The 4th RESRB 2019 conference focuses on five key renewable energy areas: (1) bioenergy, (2) wind, (3) solar, (4) hydro and their (5) business development. The special theme for the 4th RESRB 2019 is: • Innovation Driven Renewable Energy Development Other main themes are: • Renewable Energy Harvesting Technologies • Renewable Energy Economics, Business, Policy and Management • Innovation in Renewable Energy Projects Additional RESRB themes include: Solar photovoltaics Decarbonisation and synergies Wind with fossil fuels Hydro Sustainability Solar thermal Standards Concentrated solar power Infrastructure Geothermal energy Materials Wave, tide and other marine Resources energies Power system, power Biofuels electronics, smart grid Heat pumps Micro scale renewables Renewable heating and cooling Power grids, requirements, Renewables in transport international connections Renewables in buildings Grid stability, power generation Agricultural and land use issues flexibility Biomass production Electric vehicles Agronomy Energy storage Biorefineries Renewables in developed, Renewables in industrial developing and underdeveloped symbiosis countries Energy systems Business models and strategies Road maps Planning Hydrogen and fuel cells Renewable energy policy Power system, power Renewable energy economics electronics, smart grid Renewable energy business Technologies involving development renewable energy: e.g. food Innovations, intellectual property drying, irrigation, desalination rights Software tools Financing, project finance and Environmental impact management Life cycle assessment Accounting
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 9 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
Venture capital, entrepreneurial Legislative and ethical finance, corporate finance considerations for research, Intellectual property, start-ups, business and policy interactions licensing Societal issues, consumer access, Merger and acquisitions, capital social benefits markets, outsourcing, consumer Organisations behaviour Other topics of critical Incentives, legislation importance for the development Energy markets of renewable energy science, Risks and risk management technology, policy and business Costs and revenues
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 10 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
Preface
The 4th RESRB 2019 conference aims at disseminating the recent progress in most important areas of renewable energy research, business and policy. This fourth edition brings together participants delivering 46 abstracts published on Book of Abstracts. Renewable energy sources (RESs) are enormous and widely available in the world. Harvesting renewable energy (RE) and providing it to the society has the potential to accelerate sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty. In recent years several RE technologies became competitive in energy markets and can be implement without or with insignificant subsidies. This created market pull that will accelerate energy transition. In recent years major investments in RESs took place in countries where capital was available and not in countries which had potential towards RESs. However, investments in developing countries now also accelerate emphasising that transition to RESs has a truly global character. The characteristic feature of RESs that contrasts with fossil fuels is that the RES cannot be easily economically controlled, because it is in a distributed way available in nature. This fact immensely affects the economics of RESs. Renewable energy business is therefore very specific and this conference attempts to explore it from different angles. Renewable energy economics is more inclusive, compared to fossil fuel economics. Given that RESs are evenly distributed across developed and underdeveloped regions, they are essential for achieving sustainable economic development in all regions. Renewables can mitigate atmospheric greenhouse effect and global warming and be a catalyst for economic growth, thereby achieving energy, economic and environmental sustainability. Since RESs are evenly distributed and thus strongly interact with societies, not only technology is essential for its harvesting, but also social aspects are extremely relevant. Consequently, interdisciplinary character of RESRB helps to explore how to optimally use solar, wind, biomass and hydro energies within technical and social contexts. Research in academia and in companies can play an important role in order to develop innovative technological solutions, that deepen the reduction of costs observed in recent years. Research is required to improve project technical, economic and environmental performance as well as provide societal skills to maximise benefits and impacts. Business development directed at capturing the value of RESs is also essential. Businesses relying on RESs require dedicated innovative business models catalysing cute-edge technologies created inside academia into the real world. It is therefore a lot of space for scientific progress for RESRB conferences.
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 11 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
Given the rising share of RESs, mostly solar and wind, and the ambition of the EU to reach 100% of RES in energy consumption by 2050, an increasing mismatch appears between supply and demand. One of the keys to unlock the massive adoption of RESs is energy storage. It prevents curtailment of overcapacity and compensates the lack of production due to intermittent character of RESs. Although many studies focus on energy storage, the paradigm needs to be shifted towards a versatile and robust energy generation and storage. Overall, we need smart energy systems that enable to maximise the benfits of RESs and this conference is a platform where technology, business and policy perspectives can meet and interact facilitating the creation of optimal energy systems. Two RESRB 2019 presentations were highlighted as keynote lectures. The keynote lectures addressed some of the essential research, business and policy aspects of RESs. In addition, many interesting oral lectures and short communications were presented and well received by the RESRB audience. The ISC and SAB meeting informed on conference publication models such as internal reviews, journals, edited books and books as well as discussed possible improvements in the organisation of future editions of RESRB conferences such as enabling access to slides and video materials via the conference website. Panel discussion was dedicated to commercialisation of innovative renewable energy technologies. Discussions related to various important commercialisation issues. For instance, technology demonstration in operational environment (large-scale, close to market conditions, etc.) was stressed as one of major issues capable of attracting investors. It was suggested that a large private investor always selects only best options available to him while another investor may at the same time select different options which means that for successful commercialisation investment options need to be considered by many potential investors. Effectiveness of patenting as a route to commercialisation was addressed. Also commercialisation by means of capital investment, organic growth and seeding grants were compared. Finally, benefits arising from advertising at thematic events and conferences facilitating networking and closer interactions especially between inventors and investors were emphasised. Award Committee decided to announce the following Awards at RESRB 2019: (1) Best conference oral lecture - (2) Best conference lecture by student - The winners are invited as keynote lecturers to one of future editions of RESRB conference.
W. Budzianowski
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 12 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 13 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
CONTENTS
A comprehensive valuation framework for grid-scale storage technologies Kourosh Malek, Jatin Nathwani A new form of decentralized energy: lessons from the WiseGRID project Rafael Leal-Arcas Impact of renewable energy on the environmental efficiency of electric vehicles Rosen Ivanov, Ivan Evtimov, Donka Ivanova, Gergana Staneva, Georgi Kadikyanov, Milen Sapundjiev Ni/CexKIT-6, Ru/CexKIT-6 and Ni-Ru/CexKIT-6 catalysts for the dry reforming of methane: a comparative study Rita Mahfouz, Samer Aouad, Cedric Gennequin, Jane Estephane, Antoine Aboukaïs, Edmond Abi-Aad Modelling biogas production from a closed solid waste landfill in Jordan Hani Abu Qdais, Fayez Abdulla, Rasha Qdaisat An expert-based technology evaluation for assessing the potential contribution of energy technologies to Italy’s decarbonisation path Elena De Luca, Alessandro Zini, Oscar Amerighi, Gaetano Coletta, Maria Grazia Oteri, Laura Gaetana Giuffrida New empirical production models for poplar plantations on farmland - a toolbox for improved management and planning operations Birger Hjelm, Tord Johansson Infrastructure assessment through solar energy harvesting K. Wayne Lee, Austin DeCotis, David Schumacher, Sze Yang Assessing social acceptance of wind energy through policy comparative analysis Cecilia Nardi, Marina Penna, Laura Gaetana Giuffrida, Elena De Luca Energetic, exergetic, environmental and economic comparison between series and parallel schemes of hybrid solar gas turbines Sofía Rodríguez Pita, Javier Rodríguez Martin, Celina González Fernández, Susana Sánchez-Orgaz, Ignacio López Paniagua Time-dependent model of solar thermoelectric generators for enhancing conversion efficiency An-Chi Wei, Mu-Wen Lin, Jyh-Rou Sze Modelling of automatic generation control for multi-area integrated power system equipment including renewable energy systems M. Furkan Yılmaz, Haluk Gözde, M. Cengiz Taplamacıoğlu, Mehmet Karakaya Energetic and economic comparison of agricultural biogas plants feed with silage and food waste Jacek Dach, Wojciech Czekała, Patrycja Pochwatka, Isaias Emilio Paulino do Carmo, Alina Kowalczyk- Juśko, Jakub Pulka Evaluation of the influence of three microbial strains in the composition of the biol obtained from the treatment of textile industry waste Villavicencio-Muñoz N, Barreda-Del-Carpio J, Cárdenas-Herrera L, Garate-Manrique R, Moscoso- Apaza G, Villanueva-Salas J Kinetics of biomethane formation during multi-co-fermentation of organic waste from food industry Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska, Paula Żak, Hubert Prask, Małgorzata Fugol, Agnieszka Medyńska- Juraszek, Bogusław Dulian, Andrzej Białowiec Increased energy efficiency and renewable energy use for high temperature heating Danijela Urbancl, Jurij Krope, Darko Goričanec Photovoltaics design and synergy with landscape: multifunctional land use nexus between renewable energy production and water supply
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Teodoro Semeraro, Alessandro Pomes, Amilcare Barca, Cecilia Del Giudice, Marcello Lenucci, Roberta Aretano, Alessandra Scognamiglio Experimental research and simulation of computer processes of heat exchange in a heat exchanger working on the basis of the principle of heat pipes for the purpose of heat transfer from the ground Łukasz Adrian, Szymon Szufa, Piotr Piersa, Krystian Kurowski Real biogas analysis and energetic valorisation by catalytic reforming Muriel Chaghouri, Sara Hany, Cédric Gennequin, Fabrice Cazier, Catherine Rafin, Etienne Veignie, Edmond Abi Aad The possibility of gaining profit on a rational management of digestate Wojciech Czekała, Patrycja Pochwatka, Jakub Pulka, Jakub Mazurkiewicz, Damian Janczak, Mo Zhou Comparison of the spatial distribution of agricultural biogas plants in relation to generated power Patrycja Pochwatka, Jacek Dach, Jakub Pulka, Wojciech Czekała Determination of the optimal water intake locations for a salinity gradient energy plant on a stratified river mouth using hydrodynamic modelling Jacobo M. Salamanca, Oscar Álvarez-Silva, Aldemar Higgins, Fernando Tadeo Co-gasification of coal and municipal sewage sludge to produce methanol Danijela Urbancl, Marko Agrež, Jurij Krope, Darko Goričanec Production of biogas in a dry anaerobic digestion reactor of residues generated in the processing of sheep and alpaca wool Salamanca-Valdivia M, Cardenas-Herrera L, Barreda-Del-Carpio J, Munive-Talavera C, Garate- Manrique R, Moscoso-Apaza G, Villanueva-Salas J The impact of biowaste pasteurization on the methane yield in the fermentation process Jakub Pulka, Jakub Mazurkiewicz, Wojciech Czekała, Patrycja Pochwatka, Marta Cieślik, Filip Tarkowski, Jacek Dach Zero Waste Egg Production: modeling of valorization of poultry manure Andrzej Białowiec, Ewa Syguła, Piotr Manczarski, Jacek A. Koziel Alternative designs on liquid-flow window technology Tin-Tai Chow, Wenjie Liu Renewable energy resources for better economics and sustainable living in rural and desert areas Karl Gatterer, Salah Arafa Efficiency modelling of a complex planetary mechanical transmission used in renewable energy systems Mircea Neagoe, Radu Saulescu, Codruta Jaliu A study of the reliability of Medina date palm parts as thermal insulator in buildings Khaled S. AlQdah, Raed Alahmdi, Abdurrahman Almoghamisi, Abdurrahman Alanssari, Mohanad Abualkhair, Abdullmajeed Alhazmy, Nasser Alnuman Low carbon Arctic smart community: the ultimate case study of an Arctic renewable energy perspective Gisele M. Arruda A logistic regression approach to model the willingness of homeowners to adopt sustainable energy technologies in different countries Diana Londoño-Pulgarin, Gabriel Agudelo-Viana, Francisco Muñoz-Leiva, Esmeralda Crespo Construction and evaluation of a dry anaerobic digestion reactor for the degradation of solid waste from the textile industry with the use of fungal keratinolytic strains Munive-Talavera C, Barreda-Del-Carpio J, Salamanca-Valdivia M, Cardenas-Herrera L, Garate- Manrique R, Moscoso-Apaza G, Villanueva-Salas J
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SELECTED PAPERS
A comprehensive valuation framework for grid-scale storage technologies
Kourosh Malek1,*, Jatin Nathwani1
1Waterloo Institute of Sustainable Energy (WISE), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract The complexity of adopting grid-scale energy storage (ES) can be attributed to the wide variety of technology choices, diverse application services along the electricity value chain, lack of understanding business models at utility and end user side, and complicated ownership or revenue structures which make the choice of appropriate storage technology difficult. Building upon existing valuation tools and a novel typology of business models for adopting grid-scale storage technologies, this article introduces a practical framework that supports cost-effectiveness of ES use cases by performing detailed cost-benefit and business model analyses. Specifically, we assess the value of ES for a range of grid services under different electricity market structures. A generalized cost-benefit approach for evaluating ES technologies is used to assess storage requirements and value originating from the location-specific needs of grid operators and planners. Moreover, the valuation model identifies monetization and cost-benefit ratios of relevant grid services, where various business models such as utility-side and service contracted models are examined in detail.
Keywords Energy storage; business model; techno-economics; renewable energy; value analysis
Introduction valuation, installation, demonstration, and full commercial operation. One of the main road-blocks for wide adoption This article introduces a practical of renewables in electricity grid operation is framework that is ultimately able to evaluate associated with their intermittency of and map suitable business models to the providing primary energy sources. As versatile financial benefit of a given storage technology technological solutions, energy storage by considering the asset ownership, electricity technologies can provide valuable flexibility to market structure, and physical location of the the grid by increasing the utilization of storage asset in the electrical grid. renewable-based electricity assets. Best- practices and reliable business models are Overview of business models essential to enhance storage asset utilization, sustained monetization, and overall reliability All significant cost and revenue streams should of the power systems. The latter is particularly be accounted for in the design of the critical for the long-term regional energy appropriate market and business models. policies of implementing renewable sources Business models are evaluated in terms of scale (Rao and Rubin, 2002; IEA, 2014). Despite and storage type. The business model is significant research, development and defined as a strategies guideline that demonstration of grid-scale storage constructs the “organizational and financial technologies in the recent years, there is still a architecture of the firm”. It is the way that firms lack of practical frameworks to quantify their deliver value and create profit from any economic benefits from planning, technology purchases. The latter concept of business
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models is fully appropriate for deployment and business models have distinct characteristics commercialization of renewable energy that are impacted by ownership, commercial sources. The opportunities and barriers of operation, application, revenue value stream, business model innovation are of vital market structure, asset maturity level, and the importance for clean energy industry due to flexibility of business models to adapt to the extensive presence of disruptive various locations or market structures. innovations. The gap illustrated in Figure 1 As an example, the service contracted implies the lack of suitable business models for model requires high capital investment and is distributed electricity generations such as generally viable in the long-term. The success energy storage technologies. with this business model is relying on rigorous partnership with private technology vendors, utilities, and Independent Power Producers (IPPs). This model implies the involvement of energy storage operator as a project partner and divides the risk and return between the asset operator, public, and private partners equally. This model can be well adopted by
regional storage asset operators for future Figure 1. Two generic utility business models and their position along value chain, adapted from project opportunities within most regions in (Richter, 2012). North America or beyond.
Business models for energy storage systems Conclusions
In a recent study (He et al., 2011), a new In order to create profits from storage assets, business model that aggregates multiple practical business models can be classified in revenue streams of storage. The model, also one of the two categories (i) those which are referred to as “Benefits-stacking”, consists of adopted from general business models for multiple ways to utilize the storage unit at utilities, smart grids, or renewables; and (ii) different time intervals. A suitable business those which are specific to storage systems model framework contains three main with particular considerations for operation, attributes, based on which each business ownership and revenue streams. The existing model is characterized. The attributes include business models suggest monetization paths ownership which describes who takes the risk based on maturity and suitability of the storage of construction and operation for the technology for specific market and use cases. installation of large-scale storage systems; Our business model framework and a test case commercial operation which identifies the study indicated that the most viable business entity who is managing the risk of monetizing model for adopting storage technologies on and capturing the value of storage; and market the utility-side could be based on a “service which describes the relevant market structure contracted” model, which include both to which the operator or owner provides “technology enabling” and “operation” storage services. services. The core business model consists of contracts with private and public partners. Typology of business models for grid-scale storage Acknowledgments
Based on the above arguments, we have Support from Waterloo Institute of Sustainable proposed four types of business models Energy (WISE) is gratefully acknowledged. namely utility-side, service contracted, IPP- side, and end-user side models. These groups References are characterized by storage asset maturity level and risk profile. These four groups of Rao A. B., Rubin E. S., A Technical, Economic, and Environmental Assessment of Amine-
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Based CO2 Capture Technology for Power Plant Richter M. Utilities’ business models for Greenhouse Gas Control, Environ. Sci. renewable energy: a review. Renewable and Technol., 2002, 36 (20), pp 4467–4475 Sustainable Energy Reviews 2012, 16, 248-393. IEA, 2014. Technology Roadmap: Energy He X.; Delarue E.; D’haeseleer W.; Glachant storage, Available from J.M. A novel business model for aggregating http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublicati the values of electricity storage, Energy Policy, ons/publication/TechnologyRoadmapEnergyst 2011, 39, 1575-1585. orage.pdf (accessed 10.05.14)
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A new form of decentralized energy: lessons from the WiseGRID project
Rafael Leal-Arcas1,*
1Queen Mary University of London, UK; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract This article provides an analysis of smart grids in the European Union (EU) as a way forward to reach de-centralized sustainable energy. It does so by assessing the energy security, regulatory, as well as social and ethical aspects of smart grids in the EU. The article represents a significant milestone in the up-scaling of the various aspects of smart-grid technology across the EU. It deals with smart-grids deployment and their impact on energy security with a view to a stronger role of prosumers in the energy market. It also analyzes smart grids regulation. The article also assesses the extent to which the existing legal frameworks facilitate the development of smart grids and proposes areas of further regulatory consideration. The article then explores the social and ethical dimension of smart grids in the context of the collaborative economy, the circular economy, and digital technology.
Keywords Energy decentralization; energy democratization; digitalization; decarbonization; de-regulation;
Introduction (the Brussels-Capital region, the Flemish region and the Walloon region) had legally opened This article examines progress on their electricity markets. Thereafter, an decentralization in several European Union amendment to the Law of 29 April 1999 was (EU) jurisdictions. It focuses on specific passed. This amendment, the Law of 8 January outcomes of decentralization. The article also 2012, strengthened the role of the federal examines regulation that has helped towards authority (CREG), and made it a separate entity the goal of decentralization in each country, from the Directorate-General for Energy. which could perhaps be adopted in other Additionally, the Constitutional Court decided countries seeking to transition to more on 7 August 2013 that the federal level would liberalized energy markets. For the purposes of have sole competence over the application, this article, we focus mainly on electricity determination, and exemption of tariffs. markets. However, the Special Law of 6 January 2014 changed things so that the central Progress on decentralization government would set transmission tariffs, but regional authorities could establish distribution Europe has been working towards liberalized tariffs. So, Brugel, the VREG and CWaPE are the energy markets since the 1990s, with a series deciding authorities for setting distribution of Directives to this effect (Europarl, 2009). tariffs in the Brussels-Capital region, the Many member states have made significant Flemish region and Walloon region, progress in this regard, with increased respectively (IEA, 2016). Another shift occurred competition amongst energy suppliers, better with the Law of 8 January 2012, which added to services, and lower energy prices. regional regulator competences and called for Decentralization seems to be the next logical opening competition by unbundling electricity step, as it will further help achieve a more markets (IEA, 2016). In keeping with the new democratic and participative energy market. regulation, Belgium’s electricity transmission Belgium started to liberalize electricity at the system operator (TSO), Elia, along with the beginning of the 2000s, in keeping with EU various distribution system operators (DSOs), direction. By 2007, the country’s three regions unbundled completely from utilities.
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In general, central government exclusively to the state but the rest are left to regulators handle electricity transmission for the autonomous regions, and most bask in an systems that have a voltage higher than 72kV, equal level of political autonomy. The central while the regional level has competence over government has sole competence to authorize the local distribution and transmission of electricity networks when their usage impacts electricity for systems that have a voltage equal another autonomous region or when electricity to or less than 70kV. With the exception of transmission lines extend further than the offshore wind energy, regional authorities also relegated territorial allotment. Moreover, the have competence over renewable energy and state has the authority to confirm and establish over the rational use of energy. Each region has groundwork for mining and energy sectors, its own regulatory framework for the which, of course, ties in with the government’s management of its electricity market: The role of planning overall economic activity, in Ordinance of 19 July 2001 regarding the which energy plays a key part. Lastly, the organization of the electricity market in the government has the authority to lay down Brussels-Capital region; the Decree of 8 May regulation for environmental protection, with 2009 on energy policy (also known as the autonomous regions having competence to Energy Decree) for the Flemish region; and the establish accompanying regulations. Decree of 12 April 2001 regarding the Autonomous regions have been organization of the regional electricity market claiming authority in residual areas related to for the Walloon region (Elia Group, 2018). energy by making sure to not impinge on the Reaching a cohesive energy strategy is central government’s prerogative. The regions a key challenge for the country. While must ensure that any energy policy only affects currently, Belgium’s central government and their region and not any of the others. its three regions share competence for energy Furthermore, autonomous regions have sole and climate change, in reality the regions enjoy authority over industry in their regions while jurisdiction over policy related to these issues. complying with overall government The situation sometimes results in lack of frameworks for economic initiatives. Overall, clarity when it comes to dividing competences the competences of the autonomous regions between the federal and regional levels. must fit within the framework of the central Further, the system as it stands leads to a lack government’s authority on matters related to of coordination amongst the entities managing national security, health or the military, along energy and climate policies. For effective with sectors confined by regulations on mining, energy governance, the various state players hydrocarbons and nuclear energy. need to work together in a cohesive and Overall, autonomous regions play an integrated way. To this end, it was decided in important part in the country’s energy policy. 2015, to create an energy pact for the country They have the authority to decide a host of that would encompass a long-term outlook and matters connected to national energy policy. to identify tangible steps to achieve energy and For example, they may confirm power plant climate goals both within Belgium and at the operations as long as capacity is below 50 EU level. However, political disagreements got megawatts (MW), which applies to the in the way of the project fulfilling its ambitions. majority of solar and wind plants. Further, In Spain, a process of decentralization has been autonomous regions can authorize electricity ongoing since the 1978 Constitution, which and gas distribution networks within their officially sealed the country’s shift to a geographical scope. And they play a key role in democracy. The Constitution facilitated this deciding and executing policy related to decentralization by establishing autonomous climate change, energy efficiency and regions or “Comunidades Autónomas.” These renewable energy on the regional front. It is regions have gained increasing competence, worth exploring links between Spain’s deeply demonstrated by their growing share in total embedded decentralization and the principle public spending, a fact not necessarily of subsidiarity within EU law. beneficial to the central government. The In Italy, there has been a steady move Constitution allocates some competences towards liberalization in the country’s
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electricity market since the EU issued its first Greece started to liberalize its electricity electricity-related directive (96/92/EC). The EU market in 2001, and the process was finalized directive followed the Bersani Decree, which in July 2013. However, the state-owned Public delineated the way forward for liberalizing the Power Corporation (PPC) still has a high level of market and identified basic tenets for future control over electricity production. Entering steps in this direction. Thus far, liberalizing the market is challenging due to high levels of wholesale and retail markets has met with capital investment along with licensing much success. Decentralizing electricity processes being plagued by red tape. generation and using micro-grids for Consumers in Greece’s interconnected distribution would be the next major steps. system have been able to choose their energy Before the electricity market was liberalized, it supplier since 2004, and residential consumers was organized as a vertically integrated have been able to do so since July 2007. Since monopoly, with Enel S.p.A. the main actor in 2016, consumers based in Crete and Rhodes charge. But legislation was passed to promote have also had the ability to choose their competition, in order to benefit end supplier. However, this right does not extend consumers. This was achieved by establishing a to consumers based in the smaller, non- vertical distinction among companies in a way interconnected islands, since the PPC is the that distinguishes free activities from only available supplier in those isolated competitive ones. In the liberalization process, microsystems. In this sense, 2007 represents a demand is addressed incrementally, with large step forward for the country’s energy customers placed into two categories: suitable market in terms of being the starting point for and eligible. Eligible customers refer to those its liberalization. The year 2011 stands out as a who signed contracts with particular producers large amount of supplier changing took place or distributors. The rest are obliged to sign on the retail market. While PPC still held its contracts with those producers or distributers ground as the main energy provider, a sizeable servicing their location. Directive 2003/54/EC number of consumers transitioned to alternate was the final step in the market being opened providers, demonstrating that there is room for completely, from 1 July 2004 for non- competition to evolve in the retail market. residential customers and from 1 July 2007 for According to a 2017 report by the residential. Hellenic Electricity Market Operator (LAGIE)— Overall, liberalizing the country’s which is in charge of operating and maintaining electricity market has been a legal obligation, the country’s energy market—20 companies in keeping with EU directives and taking place are registered as energy suppliers and 25 as in two phases, broadly speaking: opening energy traders, in addition to PPC. However, markets at a national level and integration of the majority of suppliers play a greater role in national markets. The grid operator role energy trade than in supply. Additionally, emerged from the Bersani decree. It is a limited seven companies are registered as producers company whose shares are owned by the and are recorded in LAGIE’s archives, while Ministry of Treasury, Budget and Economic some of the producers are also active as Planning (Enel S.p.A having handed them over suppliers and traders. There is potential for for free). The grid operator must provide a energy retailers and local communities and public utility service by transmitting and cooperatives to avail of the WiseGRID dispatching electricity and managing, in a application WiseCOOP to more efficiently streamlined way, the high and very high manage their customers and assets, and also voltage grids. Law No 290/2003 of 27 October help domestic and small businesses, 2003 was passed to protect public interests, consumers and prosumers to attain better through unifying the ownership and operation energy deals. WiseCOOP could help them of the network, with the goal of maximizing provide their member or customers with better efficiency and safety. The law delineates the services and prices, especially in conjunction steps for unifying the network’s operation and with demand response programs. ownership. Greece’s natural gas market is also undergoing a process of liberalization, but
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more gradually than the electricity market. In Technological advancement is key for a 2011, Law 4001 was established, which successful decarbonization process, with the provided for separating networks from supply aim to provide the highest quality of life with and production activities. The law has the lowest footprint. The winners of this undergone numerous modifications since its process are consumers, the environment, and establishment. our future. However, technology alone is not According to Law 4336, passed in 2015, enough; we also need the right public policies the process of liberalizing the gas market to reach our decarbonization goals. Smart grids derived from the need to trigger strong are clearly part of the EU’s future economic, competition and lower energy costs. New social, and environmental policy landscape. provisions have since followed, largely related Key strategies on the economy, the to updating natural gas infrastructure in environment, and technology provide Greece, the need to legally separate opportunities for the radical transformation in distribution and supply activities, and Europe’s energy infrastructure to take place broadening the eligible customer qualification, through smart grids. which includes electricity customers and several industrial customers. Restrictions Acknowledgements related to the supply and monopoly of the Public Gas Corporation of Greece (DEPA) were This Article has been written with the financial removed so that public service commissions support of the WiseGRID project (grant and large industrial consumers and generators agreement number 731205), funded by the received the right to purchase gas directly from EU’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation international suppliers. program. The financial help from the Erasmus+ The opening of the retail market, which Program of the European Union (EU) is also started with the industrial sector, continued in gratefully acknowledged, which funded my 2017 for professional customers, and is to be Jean Monnet Chair in EU International completed by integrating domestic customers Economic Law (project number 575061-EPP-1- in addition. Many have displayed a keen 2016-1-UK-EPPJMO-CHAIR). interest, and by the end of 2016, more than 40 companies had applied for a license to supply References gas with the aim of reaching the earliest eligible customers. Opening up the natural gas market Europarl, 2009; First Energy Package, electricity can lead to more profitable conditions for the (1996) and gas (1998); Second Energy Package use of CHP. The combination of the WiseGRID 2003, and Third Energy Package (2009). See STaaS/VPP and WiseCORP applications could http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/e be help to integrate CHP systems in the tertiary n/sheet/45/internal-energy-market. sector and in industries, to provide a greater IEA, 2016; International Energy Agency, incentive to taking part in the energy market, “Energy Policies of IEA Countries. Belgium. resulting in more services and lowering their 2016 Review,” International Energy Agency, overall energy expenses. Paris, 2016. Elia Group, 2018; “Legal Framework,” Elia Conclusions Group, [Online]. Available: http://www.elia.be/en/aboutelia/legal- framework.
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Impact of renewable energy on the environmental efficiency of electric vehicles
Rosen Ivanov1,*, Ivan Evtimov1, Donka Ivanova1, Gergana Staneva1, Georgi Kadikyanov1, Milen Sapundjiev1
1University of Ruse, Ruse, Bulgaria; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract In this paper, an evaluation of the environmental impact of the electric vehicles using energy, produced from different types of power stations is done. The evaluation takes into account the emission factor (CO2 g/kWh) of production of electric energy from renewable energy sources and fossil fuels using existing standards for the life cycle of the vehicles. The original mathematical models and graphical information present the influence of renewable energy on the ecological impact at separate stages of life cycle of the electric vehicles. The use of the renewable energy sources can reduce the emissions from electric vehicles with 20 to 140%, compared to the coal based (lignite) electricity production.
Keywords CO2 emissions; BEV Life-Cycle Analysis; electricity; fossil fuels; renewable energy sources
Introduction The energy mix of the member states of the EU- The exploitation of battery electric vehicles 28 and Norway is given in [7, 8, 13]. For the (BEV) is related to the use of electrical energy different countries, the share of generated to charge their batteries. This energy is electricity from the main types of power plants produced in different types of power plants such as thermal power plants using coal, that determine the energy mix of a country. As nuclear, and renewable energy (RES) is an alternative to reducing dependence on fossil different. Therefore, as an assessment of the fuels, the impact of vehicles on the emission of impact of the country's energy mix on CO2 air pollution and their impact on global emissions in the production of 1 kWh of warming, it is the replacement of the car fleet electricity, the so-called ”emission factor” is with electric cars. A large number of studies [1, used [6] . If the data is analyzed, it can be 2, 3, 4], regarding electric vehicle ecologically established that a significant influence on the efficiency compared to a conventional vehicle emission factor has produced energy from NPP (CV), concerning carbon dioxide emissions, and RES. The share of electricity from RES in the have been published. Some studies are focused final electricity consumption for the E-28 on the efficiency of primary energy use for life countries in 2017 is shown in [14]. For the cycle and CO2 emissions associated with the means of transport, the share of energy from operation of electric vehicles. The researches renewable energy sources is of ecological are incomplete and in a number of cases, importance. Тhis share for the EU-28 countries, contradictory. for 2017 is given on Fig.1 [15]. The present article regards the contribution of renewable energy to increasing Effect of the res energy on the CO2 emissions the efficiency of electric vehicles in terms of in the production and recycling of electric energy used and CO2 emissions during their vehicles entire life cycle for EU-28 countries. The CO2 emissions emitted in the production Energy mix and emission factor for EU-28 and recycling of the electric vehicle, excluding countries
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the battery, can be described with the of rechargeable batteries with a capacity of up following relation to 100 kWh for the whole life cycle of an 1 CO c E , g / km (1) electric car (290 000 km) is shown in Fig. 2. 2 PE L There is a significantly lower air pollution in where c is the emission factor in the production battery production using energy from HPP, of electricity, g/kWh; EPE - the energy required compared to the production using energy from to produce the electric vehicle, kWh; L – life fossil fuels (lignite) - about 140 times, 65 times cycle range of the vehicle, km. in the case of electricity production from wind Using renewable energy can power plants and 19 times in the case of significantly reduce CO2 emissions from vehicle electricity production from PV plants. For production and recycling. For example, in example, to produce 75 kWh Li-ion (Ni-Co) Norway with an emission factor of 17 g/kWh, battery, the needed electricity is 30.75 MWh. If CO2 emissions during the production and this energy is produced from a lignite-fueled recycling of electric vehicles would be reduced TPP, 33.8 tons of CO2 emissions would be by approximately 26 times the EU-28 average generated, which corresponds to 117 g/km emission factor. emissions during life cycle of the electric car. If renewable energy is used, CO2 emission would be from 0.85 to 6.00 g/km depending on the energy source (HPP, wind or PV power plant).
Effect of renewable energy on co2 emissions during the exploitation of electric vehicles
The use of renewable energy during the exploitation of electric vehicles influences the CO2 emissions through the electrical energy needed to charge their batteries. Figure 1. Percentage of the used electricity from RES in transport for the E-28 countries in 2017.
Effect of renewable energy on CO2 emissions in the production of BEV’s batteries
The performance of electric cars depends mainly on the type of traction battery [3,9]. The air pollution, as equivalent of CO2 emissions, due to the production, transportation, recycling of battery etc., can be represented by the following mathematical model 1 (2) CO2 c EPB CB , g / km L Figure 2. Determination of CO2 emissions from the where EPB is the specific energy in kWh for the production of different types of batteries depending on production of a battery with 1 kWh capacity; CB their capacity and the source of electric energy for the life - battery capacity, kWh. cycle of the electric vehicle. Based on our research, the following average values of energy costs for life cycle of Emissions of CO2 can be expressed by the the batteries can be adopted: for Li-ion (Ni-Co) equation 3 (3) battery - 420 kWh/kWh; for Li-ion (Mn) - 410 CO2 10 c E , g / km kWh/kWh; for Ni-MH-450 and Lead-acid-240 where E is the specific energy consumption of kWh/kWh. the BEV, Wh/km. The apparent effect of the electricity Fig. 3 shows the possibility of reducing source on CO2 air pollution in the manufacture the CO2 emissions during the exploitation of
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the electric vehicle using the energy from RES. CV), excluding battery – 11 900 kWh [2]; For example, at an energy consumption of 210 efficiency of NPP – 29.5% [9]; efficiency of TPP Wh/km, if we charge the battery only with (coal) - 26% [10]; efficiency TPP (natural gas electricity from a TPP with lignite fuel, CO2 fuel) - 40% [11]; efficiency of HPP - 60% [12]; emissions will be 231.0 g/km. If the electricity efficiency of WPP - 40%; average efficiency of only from hydro power plants is used, the power plants using RES energy - 50%; losses in emissions will be 1.65 g/km. Respectively, use transmission and distribution of electricity - 5% only the electricity from wind power plants [1]; the fuel production– efficiency of process generates 57 g/km emissions and electricity of 79.6% [5]. from PV plants generates 12.18 g/km. The results obtained for the primary energy consumed for the life cycle of the BEV and the CV are shown in Fig. 4a. The results represent 4 typical examples – 3 countries and EU, which have very different energy mixes.
a
Figure 3. Determination of CO2 emissions depending on the electric energy consumption of the electric vehicle using different sources of electric energy for charging of its batteries: 1 – hydro power plant; 2 – wind power plant; 3 – PV power plants; 4 – thermal power plants (NG); 5 – thermal power plants (lignite).
b Effect of renewable energy on CO2 emissions – for production and recycling of the vehicles during the life cycle of BEV – for production and recycling of the battery – for driving of the vehicles Based on (1), (2) and (3), the CO2 emissions can Figure 4. Life cycle of primary energy (a) and life cycle of be determined for the whole life cycle of BEV СО2 emission (b): BEV-1 – production and driving in Bulgaria; BEV-2 – production and driving with data for EU- as 28; BEV-3 – production and driving in Norway; BEV-4 – 1 3 (4) production and driving in Poland; CV – production and CO2 c EPE EPB CB 10 E , g / km L driving in Bulgaria. To determine effectiveness of the use of BEV in comparison with conventional cars, a The generated CO2 emissions for the realistic assessment of the primary energy life cycle of above-mentioned vehicles are consumption and the CO2 emission, during life shown in Fig. 4b. The BEV-1 has 59 940 kg of cycle was made. The following assumptions are CO2 emissions. It is almost as good as the petrol accepted for the assessment: the same mass of car CV – 59 750 kg. But the advantage has to be the BEV and the CV; energy consumption of given to an electric car, because it don’t BEV – 0.210 kWh/km; fuel consumption of the generates harmful emissions where operates – CV – 7.6l/100 km gasoline; capacity of the the emissions are emitted where the electricity electric car battery - 40 kWh; vehicles life cycle is produced. The electric vehicle BEV-2 has range – 290 000 km; needed energy for lower emissions (40 050 kg) compared to BEV- manufacturing the vehicle (equal for BEV and 1 by 31%. The minimal value of the CO2
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emissions has life cycle of the BEV-3 – 1 530 kg, Comprehensive Assessment, Arthur D. Little, or 39 times less than BEV-1 (as much as CV), 26 48 (2016). times less than BEV-2 and nearly 59 times less 4. I. Evtimov, R. Ivanov, G. Kadikyanov. A than BEV- 4. Compared to a CV produced in comparative analysis of the vehicles energy the same country, CO2 emissions of BEV-3 are performance, BulTrans-2016, Sozopol (2016). approximately 34 times less (due to lower 5. I. Palou-Rivera, J. Han, M. Wang. Updates to emissions at the vehicle production stage). petroleum refining and upstream emissions, Including new RES to generate Center for Transportation Research Argonne electricity, the energy mix of the country and National Laboratory, CTR/Argonne, 12 (2011). the emission factor respectively change. The 6. A. Moro, L. Lonza. Electricity carbon intensity effect of this change on CO2 emissions from in European Member States: Impacts on GHG electric cars can be determined by the emissions of electric vehicles. European equation Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy,
CO2 89686 c 60000, kg (5) Transportation Research Part D (Elsevier, 2017). Conclusion 7. R. Fischer, E. Elfgren, A. Toffolo. Energy supply potentials in the northern counties of From the obtained results, for the effects of Finland, Norway and Sweden towards replacing the conventional gasoline car fleet sustainable Nordic electricity and heating with electric vehicles, some conclusions can be sectors, Energy Engineering, Luleå University of drawn. Technology, Sweden, 31 (2018). Using RES to produce electricity can 8. S. Skaalbones. Electricity disclosure 2015. reduce life cycle CO2 emissions of the BEV up Available at: https://www.nve.no/energy- to 40 times than the respective of a gasoline market-andregulation/ retail- CV. market/electricity-disclosure-2015/ At an emission factor of less than 669 9. O. Eriksson. Nuclear power and resource g/kWh, according to the accepted conditions in efficiency – A proposal for a revised primary this study, electric vehicles pollute the energy factor, Department of Building, Energy environment less than conventional cars. The and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of most effective way to decrease the energy Engineering and Sustainable Development, needs and CO2 emissions for life cycle of the University of Gävle (2017). BEV is to change the energy mix by using more 10. A. Scott, R. Wedmaier. The assessment and energy produced by RES and NPP. control of coal damage and loss, Project Number C3017University of Queensland, References Available at: www.acarp.com.au/abstracts.aspx?repId=C30 1. D. Bakker. Battery electric vehicles. 17 Performance, CO2 emissions, lifecycle costs 11. Steam-gas power stations. Energy Review, and advanced battery technology 3 (2010). development. Master thesis Sustainable 12. Real world hydro power calculation. The Development, Energy and Resources, Renewable Energy Website. Available at: Copernicus institute University of Utrecht, 75 http://www.reuk.co.uk/wordpress/hydro/calc (2010). ulation-of-hydro-power/ 2. Aguirre K., L. Eisenhardt, C. Lim, B. Nelson, A. 13. Energy production, 2005 and 2015. Norring, P. Slowik, N.Tu. Lifecycle Analysis Available at: Comparison of a Battery Electric Vehicle and a https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics- Conventional Gasoline Vehicle. California Air explained/index.php?title=File:Energy_produc Resources Board, 33 (2012). tion,_2005_and_2015_(million_tonnes_of_oil 3. J. Brennan, T. Barder, Battery electric _equivalent)_YB17.png vehicles vs. internal combustion engine 14. Share of energy from renewable sources in vehicles. A United States-Based gross final consumption of energy, 2004-2017 (%).png. Available at:
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https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics- 15. 5-Share of renewable energy sources in explained/index.php?title=File:Share_of_ener transport 2004-2017.png. Available at: gy_from_renewable_sources_in_gross_final_c https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics- onsumption_of_energy,_2004- explained/images/9/9a/Table_5- 2017_(%25).png Share_of_renewable_energy_sources_in_tran sport_2004-2017.png
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Ni/CexKIT-6, Ru/CexKIT-6 and Ni-Ru/CexKIT-6 catalysts for the dry reforming of methane: a comparative study
Rita Mahfouz1,2,3, Samer Aouad2,*, Cedric Gennequin1, Jane Estephane3, Antoine Aboukaïs1, Edmond Abi-Aad1
1UCEIV, E.A. 4492, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, F-59140 Dunkerque, France; 2Department of Chemistry, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon; 3Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract Dry reforming of methane was studied over the 3 catalysts Ni/CexKIT-6, Ru/CexKIT-6 and bimetallic Ni- Ru/CexKIT-6 (x=0 or 60%) synthesized using the wet impregnation technique. To our knowledge, no studies have considered the usage of such catalytic materials in the DRM reaction. The percent of nickel and ruthenium in all catalysts was fixed at 15 wt% and 1 wt% respectively. All catalysts showed high CH4 conversions comparable to the thermodynamic theoretical values. Ru based catalysts inhibited carbon deposition and favoured DRM.
Keywords DRM; KIT-6; cerium; nickel; ruthenium
Introduction In addition to the RWGSR, production of syngas by DRM is also affected by competing Nowadays, hydrogen is considered as the most side reactions which assist carbon formation promising energy vector of the future as it is and deposition on the surface of the catalyst, readily available, less polluting, and can be for instance methane decomposition (Eq.(3)) efficiently converted to electricity in fuel cells and Boudouard reaction (Eq. (4)) [5]. [1] . Among all chemical processes used to CH4(g) ⇌ C(s) + 2H2(g) (3) produce hydrogen, the transformation of CO2 2CO (g) ⇌ C(s) + CO2(g) (4) with CH4 (Eq. (1)) , which is known as the dry Catalyst’s activity and stability is reforming of methane (DRM) attracts attention affected by the nature of the support as well as due to the abundance of these reactants and the active phases used. In this work, KIT-6 the feasibility of their transformation towards ordered mesoporous silica was chosen as a H2 and/or synthesis gas (syngas) [2]. catalytic support due to its high specific surface Moreover, the DRM process is cheaper area and very precise pore size distribution [6]. than other methods as it does not require the Having its name from the KOREA INSTITUTE OF complicated gas separation of end SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KIT-6 (molecular products[3].DRM requires a significant amount formula: SiO2) is famous for providing easy and of energy to operate (endothermic reaction). direct access to the active sites, which This is why, for it to be economically feasible, facilitates the insertion or diffusion of species the DRM reaction should be performed in the in its interior. It was doped with cerium oxide presence of a catalyst. in order to improve its redox properties which CH4 (g)+ CO2(g) ↔ 2H2(g)+ 2CO(g) (1) in turn improve the interaction of the support The presence of both CO2 and H2 with the active phase. Noble metals, such as generates the simultaneous reverse water gas Rh, Pt, Pd, and Ru are successfully used in DRM shift reaction (RWGSR) especially at high ; however, due to their high costs and limited reaction temperatures [4] (Eq.(2)). availability, researches has also focused on CO2 (g) + H2 (g) ↔ CO (g) + H2O (g) (2) other cheaper yet more prone to deactivation non noble based metals such as Ni and Co [7] .
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This work emphasizes the use of the 2 active lab-scale set up. Micro-GC analyses of the phases Ni and Ru supported on KIT-6 and on 60 outlet gases are made every five minutes. wt% Ce/KIT-6 and compares their performance and resistance to carbon formation in the dry Characterization after test reforming of methane. Simultaneous thermogravimetry analysis and Methods differential thermal analysis (DTA/TGA) were performed on an SDT Q 600 Instruments. The Catalysts preparation - synthesis of spent catalysts were heated to 900oC under an mesoporous KIT-6 silica template and Cerium air flow of 50 mL/min at a heating rate of Oxide-KIT-6 5oC/min.
The synthesis of the support KIT-6 was done Results according to Liu et al [8]. For the synthesis of the mesoporous cerium oxide, siliceous KIT-6 Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the methane has been used as a template. Therefore, an conversions of the prepared catalysts as a appropriate amount of Ce(NO3)3•6H2O function of temperature. To elaborate more on (Sigma–Aldrich) was dissolved in 20 mL of the carbon deposition phenomena and absolute ethanol. 0.5 g KIT-6 was added to this determine the type of carbon deposited, solution and heated at 60 °C under vigorous thermal analysis was performed on the stirring. After the ethanol had completely catalysts after DRM. Figure 3 (A and B) shows evaporated, the solid was calcined at 450 °C for the simultaneous DTA/TGA curves of the spent 4h to remove the nitrate species. Another catalysts. Ce(NO3)3•6H2O dissolved in ethanol solution was added to the solid in order to achieve Discussions higher metal loadings. The powder was dried at 110 °C overnight and calcined at 550 °C According to Figure 1, at all temperature (1oC/min) in synthetic air for 4h. ranges the catalyst Ru/KIT-6 is the catalyst with the minimal CH₄ conversion; however, the Catalysts preparation - synthesis of Ni and Ru catalysts Ni/KIT-6, and Ni-Ru/KIT-6 reveal based catalysts higher comparable activity that becomes more significant for the bi-metallic catalyst at The wet impregnation technique was used in temperatures greater than 600oC. From Figure order to synthesize the following catalysts: 2, we can infer that promoting the catalysts Ni/KIT-6, Ru/KIT-6, Ni-Ru/KIT-6, Ni/Ce60KIT-6, Ru/KIT-6 and Ni/KIT-6 with Ce ameliorated Ru/Ce60KIT-6, and Ni-Ru/Ce60KIT-6. their CH₄ conversions
DRM Catalytic Test 100
During each test, 100 mg of the catalyst was 80 introduced into a U-shaped fixed-bed quartz 60 reactor. The latter is fed with a gaseous mixture of CH4 / CO2 / Ar (20% / 20%/ 60%) under 40
Conversion(%) atmospheric pressure and a CH4 / CO2 molar 4 ratio equal to 1. Before any catalytic reforming CH 20 Theoretical Conversion Ru/KIT-6 test, each catalyst must undergo an activation Ni/KIT-6 Ni-Ru/KIT-6 0 step which consists of treating it with a 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 reducing mixture of 5% H2 / Ar at 800 ° C for 2 Temperature (oC) h. The reactor is then cooled to 500 ° C under a Figure 1. CH₄ conversions of KIT-6 supported catalyst stream of argon. The test is then conducted in during DRM. a temperature range of 500° C to 800 ° C in a
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100 Ru/KIT-6 A Ni/KIT-6 Ni-Ru/KIT-6 80
60 Heat Flow (mW)
40 =5% m
Conversion (%) Conversion
4 Theoretical Conversion 20 CH Ru/Ce60KIT-6 Ni/Ce KIT-6 60 =40% Ni-Ru/Ce KIT-6 m 0 60 Weight Loss (%) 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 o Temperature ( C) o Temperature ( C) Figure 2. CH₄ conversions of KIT-6 promoted with Ce supported catalysts during DRM. Ru/Ce60KIT-6 B Ni/Ce60KIT-6 On the other hand, Ce addition had no Ni-Ru/Ce60KIT-6 remarkable effect on the catalyst Ni-Ru/KIT-6.
This enhanced reactivity is probably attributed Heat Flow (mW) to the fact that the incorporation of cerium ions into the walls of KIT-6 allows the creation of acid sites that create a greater flexible =52% network of interaction [9]. m
Weight Loss (%) =55% From Figure 3 (A and B), both Ru based m catalysts (Ru/KIT-6 and Ru/Ce60KIT-6) showed 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 o no weight loss attributed to the combustion of Temperature ( C) carbon which suggests that both catalysts were resistant to carbon formation during the DRM Figure 3. (A): DTA/TGA curves of KIT-6 supported catalysts after DRM. (B): DTA/TGA curves of KIT-6 promoted with process. On the other hand, the largest weight Ce supported catalysts after DRM. loss was observed for Ni/Ce60KIT-6 catalyst (∆m=55%). The addition of Ru to Ni slightly Several studies [3], [10] in the decreased carbon formation for the latter literature report that the role of ruthenium in (∆m=52%), whereas, in the absence of Ce, the contact with the active nickel is to keep the addition of Ru had a more remarkable effect on surface reduced and decrease the diffusion carbon deposition (decrease by 35%). rate of carbon into the metallic nickel particle. Moreover, it can be inferred from the DTA/TGA curves that Ni/KIT-6 ,Ni/Ce60KIT-6, Ni-Ru/KIT- 6, and Ni-Ru/Ce60KIT-6 show a common exothermic peak at around 620℃ which can be attributed to the oxidation of graphitic carbon species [2] .
Conclusions
• NiCex/KIT-6, RuCex/KIT-6 and Ni- Ru/CexKIT-6 (X=0 or 60%) catalysts were tested in the DRM reaction. • The addition of Ce into KIT-6 increased CH₄ conversions for the monometallic catalysts. • Ru based catalysts showed no carbon formation.
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• Addition of Ru to Ni inhibited carbon [5] D. G. Araiza, D. G. Arcos, A. Gómez- deposition especially in the absence of Ce. Cortés, and G. Díaz, “Dry reforming of methane • The development of novel catalysts over Pt-Ni/CeO2 catalysts: Effect of the metal that were able to induce high conversions and composition on the stability,” Catal. Today, Jun. inhibit carbon deposition in DRM was 2019. successful. [6] Z. Taherian, M. Yousefpour, M. Tajally, and B. Khoshandam, “Catalytic performance of Acknowledgments Samaria-promoted Ni and Co/SBA-15 catalysts for dry reforming of methane,” Int. J. Hydrog. The authors would like to thank the ULCO, the Energy, vol. 42, no. 39, pp. 24811–24822, Sep. AUF and the Lebanese CNRS for financial 2017. supports. [7] Z. Taherian, M. Yousefpour, M. Tajally, and B. Khoshandam, “A comparative study of References ZrO2, Y2O3 and Sm2O3 promoted Ni/SBA-15 catalysts for evaluation of CO2/methane [1] J. Estephane et al., “CO2 reforming of reforming performance,” Int. J. Hydrog. methane over Ni–Co/ZSM5 catalysts. Aging Energy, vol. 42, no. 26, pp. 16408–16420, Jun. and carbon deposition study,” Int. J. Hydrog. 2017. Energy, vol. 40, no. 30, pp. 9201–9208, Aug. [8] S. Liu et al., “Studies on toluene 2015. adsorption performance and hydrophobic [2] S. S. Itkulova, Y. Y. Nurmakanov, S. K. property in phenyl functionalized KIT-6,” Kussanova, and Y. A. Boleubayev, “Production Chem. Eng. J., vol. 334, pp. 191–197, Feb. 2018. of a hydrogen-enriched syngas by combined [9] A. Prabhu, L. Kumaresan, M. CO2-steam reforming of methane over Co- Palanichamy, and V. Murugesan, “Cerium- based catalysts supported on alumina modified incorporated cage-type mesoporous KIT-6 with zirconia,” Catal. Today, vol. 299, pp. 272– materials: Synthesis, characterization and 279, Jan. 2018. catalytic applications,” Appl. Catal. Gen., vol. [3] B. Abdullah, N. A. Abd Ghani, and D.-V. 374, no. 1, pp. 11–17, Feb. 2010. N. Vo, “Recent advances in dry reforming of [10] A. D. D. Kaynar, D. Dogu, and N. methane over Ni-based catalysts,” J. Clean. Yasyerli, “Hydrogen production and coke Prod., vol. 162, pp. 170–185, Sep. 2017. minimization through reforming of kerosene [4] R.-Y. Chein and W.-H. Hsu, over bi-metallic ceria–alumina supported Ru– “Thermodynamic analysis of syngas production Ni catalysts,” Fuel Process. Technol., vol. 140, via chemical looping dry reforming of pp. 96–103, Dec. 2015. methane,” Energy, vol. 180, pp. 535–547, Aug. 2019.
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Modelling biogas production from a closed solid waste landfill in Jordan
Hani Abu Qdais1,*, Fayez Abdulla1, Rasha Qdaisat1
1Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract The objective of this paper is to assess the amount of biogas generated from the closed landfill of Russaifah (Jordan) using two modelling approaches. The models used in the assessment of biogas are Gasim and LandGem. According to both models, the maximum amount of biogas was reached in the year 2004, one year after the landfill closure. Gasim model gave a maximum landfill gas (LFG) generation amount of about 4204.8 x 103 m3/year, while LandGem model resulted in an amount of 4055.9 x 103 m3/year. The results were validated by comparing with data of methane extraction from the landfill. Results show that GasSim capability to predict the amount of biogas generated is little bit higher than that of LandGem, where coefficient of determination R2 = 0.72 and 0.678 for GasSim and LandGim, respectively. Global warming analysis revealed that until the year 2014, as a result of methane recovery, the landfill has a climate change mitigation potential of 763,000 tons of CO2 Equivalent.
Keywords biogas modelling; closed landfill; Russaifah; Jordan; global warming potential
Introduction sector. The waste sector is responsible for 10.6% of the total country’s emitted GHGs, Integrated solid waste management strategies, where 98.6% of these emissions are caused by like waste to energy and composting play a the disposal of domestic solid waste. This is a significant role in reducing greenhouse gas relatively high percentage as compared with (GHG) emissions by recovering energy and the GHGs contribution of the waste sector on materials from the mixed municipal solid waste the global level of 5% of the total emissions stream (ISWA, 2009). landfills have been and (Abu Qdais et al., 2019). In a country like will continue to be one of the most applied Jordan, where the energy sources are limited, disposal options of municipal solid waste (Abu and the country depending mainly on costly Qdais et al. 2012). Landfilling process are and unsteady supply of imported oil and gas, usually associated with byproducts including utilizing the renewable energy sources, such as landfill biogas. Biogas is generated as a result of energy recovery from solid waste is gaining a anaerobic biodegradation of the organic special importance (Abdulla et al, 2004). fraction inside the landfill. Landfill biogas is In principle models are structured to typically composed of methane (50–60%) and describe the trend that landfill gas is generated carbon dioxide (40–50%) with some trace gases and produced. They are quantitative (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). It is well known summaries of the important processes which that methane and carbon dioxide are occur in the system. The LFG are developed greenhouse gases (GHGs) that cause global either for forecasting the yield and production warming which leads to climate change rate of biogas generated, or to evaluate the phenomena. potential gas migration and related problems According to the third national (Abu Qdais et al., 2012). Abu Qdais et al. (2012) communication report (TNC,2014), the waste modeled the biogas generated from an sector in Jordan is the second largest unsanitary landfill in Jordan using Gassim contributor of GHGs emissions after the energy model. The modeling results were compared
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with the results of pumping test of methane C0, Ct = masses of degradable carbon degraded emissions from two biogas extraction wells at the beginning (t = 0) and up to time t (Mg) excavated on the landfill site. C0,I = mass of degradable carbon at time t=0 in The main objective of this paper is to each fraction (1,2,3,rapidly, moderately and assess the amount of biogas generated from slowly degradable fractions) the closed landfill of Russaifah (Jordan) using Cx = Mass of carbon degraded in year t (Mg) Gasim, and LandGem models and comparing t = Time between waste emplacement and LFG the results with the actual methane extraction. generation (yrs) Another objective is to assess the climate ki = Degradation rate constant for each fraction change mitigation potential through the of degradable carbon (per year) recovery of methane. Landfill Generation Energy Model (LandGim) Methodology Developed by US EPA as a first order model Russaifah landfill used to serve the capital city that determines the mass of methane of Jordan, Amman and some other nearby generated using the methane generation cities. The landfill designed as an unsanitary capacity and the mass of carbon deposited. one that lacks biogas and leachate Qt = 2L0 m0 (ekta – 1)e-kt (3) management systems. Because of its adverse where environmental impacts, Greater Amman Qt = Expected gas generation rate in the tth Municipality (GAM) decided in 2003 to close it year, (m3 /yr) and move to a new sanitary landfill that is L0 = Methane generation potential (m3 /yr) located away from urbanized areas. However, m0 = Constant or average annual solid waste the landfill continued to emit gases and acceptance rate, Mg/yr unpleasant odors to the nearby residential k = Methane generation rate constant, (per areas. Therefore, it was decided to build a year) biogas plant that will extract the biogas from 20 t = Age of the landfill (yr) biogas wells excavated on the landfill (first ta = Total active period of the landfill ( yr) stage) and utilize it for energy production. Data collected on the amounts and Results and discussion composition of the solid waste disposed in the landfill, as well as the climatic conditions of the Biogas from the closed landfill of Russaifah was site was collected. The data were introduced assessed using modelling techniques and into the models to compute the amounts of compared to the real methane amounts that biogas that will be generated. The estimated were extracted from the landfill. Figures 1 and methane amounts by the models were 2 show the amount of methane generated compared with the actual amounts of methane using Gassim and Landgim, models that extracted from the excavated wells. respectively. The figures also show the cumulative amounts of solid waste disposed in Models used in the study the landfill until its closure. It can be observed that Gasim model predicts a maximum biogas For the purpose of this study, two models were generation amount of about 4204.8 x 103 used. These are Gassim and LandGem models. m3/year, while modelling using LandGem has 1. Gas Simulation Model (Gassim) is a resulted in an amount of 4055.9 x 103 m3/year. probabilistic multi-phase model that considers This indicates that GasSim estimation is greater the landfill as one unit. The model governing than LanGim. equations are: Ct = C0-(C0,1 e(-k1t) + C0,2e(-k2t)+C0,3e(-k3t)) (1) Cx = Ct - Ct-1 (2) where,
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5000 2500 developed specially for landfills in developing 4000 2000 countries, where the local circumstances are all
3000/Year) 1500 3 accounted for.
2000 1000
Methane Methane Waste input input Waste
1000 500 (1000Tonnes) (1000M 0 0 1989 1999 2009 2019 2029 2039 Year GasSim CH4 Generation (m3/yr) Figure 1. Landfill gas amount prediction using GasSim.
4500 2500 4000 3500 2000 3000
/year) 1500 25003 Figure 3. Measured versus simulated methane using 2000M 1000 GasSim.
1500 Tonnes) Methane Methane (1000 1000 500
500 (1000 input Waste 0 0 1989 1999 2009 2019 2029 2039 Year LandGem CH4 Prediction (m3/yr) Waste Input Figure 2. Landfill gas amount prediction using LandGem.
Models validation was conducted using landfill methane extraction records. Figures 3 and 4 show the simulated versus measured methane amounts for both models. The validation results as judged by the coefficient of determination (R2) show that GasSim capability to predict the amount of biogas Figure 4. Measured versus simulated methane using generated is little bit higher than that of LandGem. LandGim, where R2 equals to 0.702 and 0.678 for GasSim and LandGem, respectively. This Greenhouse gas emissions from the landfill may be attributed to the fact that GAsSim is a were estimated and presented in units of tons multiphase model that considers the of CO2 equivalent. Table 1, shows the amount availability of slow, medium and rapidly of methane recovery and its global worming biodegradable matter within the waste stream, potential. It can be observed that by the year which is not the case with LandGem that does 2002 just before the landfill closure, methane not consider the variability in materials' recovery had contributed to mitigate about biodegradability. 57,000 tons of CO2 equivalent, after which the Both GasSim and LandGem models amount has declined and reached in 2014 to developed for sanitary landfills in developed about 44,800 tons of CO2 equivalent. countries (i.e. UK and USA). Applying them to unsanitary landfills like the ones in developing Conclusions countries which were designed without the provision of biogas system and where the In this study, methane generation from composition of the solid waste is different, Russaifah closed landfill were estimated using involves higher level of uncertainty. In order to two models. The following has been concluded: minimize the uncertainty level, such models • With better management, landfills can should be tuned to the landfills mode of be converted from a source of public nuisance operation and solid waste composition in to a source of clean energy. In addition, developing countries by reflecting that in the methane recovery will lead to climate change models parameters (Sil et al., 2014). mitigation, which is the case with Russaifah Alternatively, new models should be landfill.
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• GasSim model seems to be of better accuracy than LandGem in predicting methane Abdulla F., Widyan M., Ziad Al-Ghazawi Z., amounts, as it is a multiphase one that takes Kiwan S., Abu-Qdais H., Hayajneh M., Harb A. into account variations in organic matter and Al-Nimr M. (2004) Status of Jordan biodegradability. renewable energy sector: problems, needs and • Models are useful tools in assessing the challenges, Regional Workshop on Renewable amount of biogas generated from landfills. Energy, Beirut, Lebanon. However, most models emerged from Abu Qdais H. A. , Maqableh A. M., Al Nwayseh developed countries that do not consider the L.M. and Al Jammal N. (2012) Energetic and circumstances in developing countries. This methane emission reduction potential from an indicates the need to develop new models that unsanitary landfill, Energy Sources, Part A, 34: accounts for landfills and solid waste 360–369. characteristics in developing countries. Abu Qdais H., Wuensh C., Dornack C. and Nassour A. (2019), The role of solid waste Table 1 composting in mitigating climate change in Methane recovery from the landfill and its global warming Jordan, Waste Management and Research, potential. doi.org/10.1177/0734242X19855. CH4 Reduction Year CO2 Equivalent ISWA (2009) International Solid Waste 1000 tone/yr 1000 ton/yr Association (2009) Waste and climate change, 2000 2.37 49.85 ISWA white paper. Available at: 2001 2.55 53.49 https://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/user_upload 2002 2.72 57.05 /_temp_/WEB_ISWA_White_paper.pdf 2003 2.66 55.92 (accessed 25 August 2018) 2004 2.61 54.82 Sil, A., Kumar, S. and Kumar, R. (2014) ‘Formulating LandGem model for estimation of 2005 2.56 53.73 landfill gas under Indian scenario’, Int. J. 2006 2.51 52.67 Environmental Technology and Management, 2007 2.46 51.62 17: 2 pp.293–299. 2008 2.41 50.6 Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., and Vigil, S. A. 2009 2.36 49.6 (1993) Integrated Solid Waste Management, 2010 2.32 48.62 Engineering Principles and Management 2011 2.27 47.65 Issues. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2012 2.22 46.71 TNC (2014). Ministry of Environment, Third 2013 2.18 45.79 National Jordanian Communication Report to 2014 2.14 44.88 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Amman Jordan References
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An expert-based technology evaluation for assessing the potential contribution of energy technologies to Italy’s decarbonisation path
Elena De Luca1,*, Alessandro Zini1, Oscar Amerighi1, Gaetano Coletta1, Maria Grazia Oteri1, Laura Gaetana Giuffrida1
1Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA); *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract A reference Catalogue on the energy technologies was realised within the framework of the ‘Technical Board on Decarbonisation of the economy’, established by the Italian Presidency of the Council of Ministers. The Catalogue is a tool to support policy makers addressing the issues related to the decarbonisation of the economy, from the viewpoint of balancing the three pillars of a sustainable energy system: environmental sustainability, energy security and energy costs. A standard datasheet containing quantitative and qualitative information on Technology Readiness Level (TRL), efficiency, environmental and economic impact and policy aspects was compiled to provide an evaluation of each technology by the experts involved in each research field. This paper describes the methodological approach and gives a footprint of the development potential in Italy.
Keywords Technology Evaluation; Decarbonisation; TRL; Energy Trilemma
Introduction The Technical Board was attended by representatives of national and local The energy sector can contribute to the administrations, universities, research achievement of the expected objectives of the institutions and the private sector. energy transition through the development of Four Working Groups (WGs) have been innovative technologies characterised by established to achieve synergistic and ecological and economic sustainability. complementary objectives. The Figure 1 An accurate technology evaluation captures the relationships between each WG. should be addressed to the three conditions WGs 1 and 2 have provided the technological posed by the so-called energy ‘trilemma’. The and non-technological input used by WG 3 to concept of energy ‘trilemma’, introduced in develop the Baseline National Scenario 2012- 2003 [1], brings out the complexity of balancing 2030 [5]. WG 4 has performed cost-benefit the three pillars of a sustainable energy analysis of the several decarbonisation system: decarbonisation, energy security and scenarios. Decarbonisation cannot be achieved energy costs [2]. Technology evaluation is an without a careful techno-economic analysis of issue widely recognized both in the research energy technologies. Such technologies may and industrial sectors. Actually different significantly contribute to the environment indicators and models are currently proposed protection standards; thus, their development to technology assessment at different level should be accelerated by adequate incentives. [3,4]. To this purpose, the Italian Presidency of the Council of Ministers set up in June 2016 a "Technical Board on the Decarbonisation of the Economy" to analyse the energy system from the point of view of various stakeholders and start a technical assessment aimed at shaping Italian policies in the energy-environmental field within the framework of EU regulation. Figure 1. Working Groups (WGs) of the Technical Panel for Decarbonisation of the Economy. WG1: Non
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technological input; WG2: Technological Input; WG3: elaborated by statistical tools. Cluster Analysis Scenarios; WG4: Evaluation Board was performed by R software [7,8] to find relations between TRL and the number The “Catalogue of Energy Technologies” [6], companies involved in energy technologies, realised within the framework of WG2 thus highlighting emerging groups of activities, is aimed to provide information that technologies. The relation between TRL is reliable, well documented and replicable, on (medium value and range) and CO2 avoided the status of the technologies and their emissions has been displayed by a Scatter Plot potential penetration in the energy market. diagram. The mapping of the distribution of This paper describes the methodological Local Units of Italian companies involved in approach followed to provide an evaluation development of technology and Research scheme for each technology considering Excellence Units by region has been realised by different parameters. In order to give a the Free Open Source Software (FOSS) QGIS footprint of the development potential in Italy, [9]. some relevant data contained in the Catalogue were analysed and elaborated by a statistical Results and discussion approach. The analysis highlights peculiarities and issues related to the Italian energy sector The range between the minimum and and suggests strategies to support research maximum values of TRL detected was recorded and/or the domestic production chain. for each technology. Such information should be considered as a proxy of the potential Methods development of technologies. In the case of a narrow range between 8 and 9, further Technology evaluation innovation will be very limited. Instead, in the case of a wide range of TRL (2 to 9), even if The Catalogue is a result of a dialogue among some products are already available on the 70 experts who have set up a standard market, the technologies involved have a datasheet for technology evaluation. substantial margin of innovation, especially in Technologies with different Technology component development, which may lead to Readiness Level (TRL) are described increase efficiency and/or considering the wide range of industrial economic/environmental sustainability. In the configurations with potential of case of low TRL, with a very narrow range, the decarbonisation starting from those available involved technologies need additional efforts in the market (TRL=9) up to the emerging in research in order to enter the market. technologies characterised by low TRL (TRL =2). Cluster analysis on the values of the TRL range 36 technologies have been identified and and the number of entities involved in grouped into six different categories: production and use of technologies, shows the Generation Technologies with fossil sources, potential for development and the Co-Generation Systems, Renewable Energy participation of the Italian Industries. Although Technologies, Energy Storage Systems, Energy the number of companies involved in a given Efficient Technologies and Crosscutting technology depends on specific sectoral Technologies. characteristics, such as capital intensity and the consequent barriers to entry, the Analysis tools and assessments representation that returns seems rather congruent on the technological and In order to draw the potential development of commercial level. Three clusters are identified the energy technologies in Italy, some (Figure 2): quantitative analyses have been carried out. • Cluster A groups technologies with The data matrices of TRL, CO2/MWh avoided product innovation content; emissions, the number of Italian companies • Cluster B groups technologies with involved in development of technology and process innovation; Research Excellence Units have been
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• Cluster C groups innovative too. Geothermal and Anaerobic Biomass technologies with high degree of diffusion. Digestion seem close to the other RES technologies of this quadrant, but with a slightly smaller margin of growth. As expected, all Cogeneration and Energy Storage system fall in Quadrant III, characterized by medium capacity of CO2 emissions reduction and high potential development. As in the previous case, (i.e. Quadrant II), these technologies could be implemented through a support strategy for research and development. Conversely, Quadrant I groups technologies with a medium-high degree of TRL and a high potential of CO2 reduction with a narrow range of TRL which seem the result of a longer technological-commercial process. For two technologies belonging to the group Generation Technologies with fossil sources this process is still uncompleted (Oxifuels plant of coal with Carbon Capture System and Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle of coal with carbon capture system). Finally, Quadrant IV, including high maturity and relatively lower decarbonisation impact technologies, seems the most composite, since it groups RES,
Figure 2. Cluster analysis performed on TRL data and Generation Technologies with fossil sources number of companies involved in production and use of and Energy Efficient technologies. As for the technologies mature technologies of Quadrant I, these technologies show a narrow range of TRL; as The impact on climate is an important such, efforts at the national level should be issue in evaluating technology. In order to oriented to sustain the market penetration of assess the potential of innovation as a function these technologies by supporting the domestic of technology readiness and reduction of production chain. greenhouse emissions, the data on TRL and the The maps of the Local Units of Italian quantity of avoided CO2 are compared. In the companies involved in development of scatter plot (not shown), four quadrants sort technology and the Research Excellence Units the various technologies into four categories. show a territorial distribution that is not Quadrant II groups technologies that look completely homogeneous. Companies are interesting in terms of their high potential to located mainly in the North side of the country reduce CO2 emissions and that are also (Figure 3a). The Regions with the highest characterized by a large development number of local units of companies involved in potential. Renewable Energy Sources (RES) development of technology are Piedmont, technologies and Energy Storage Systems are Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia Romagna, well represented in this quadrant. The typically the most industrialized Regions of maximum effort of technological development Italy. Tuscany, Latium, Apulia and Sicily show at the national level should be made in these medium-high number of units (41-62). sectors. In particular, Solar Thermodynamic seems the most promising technology, due to its growth potential and its good decarbonisation level. Photovoltaic technologies, both traditional and solar concentration based, belong to this quadrant
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Conclusions
• Among energy technologies, RES and Energy Storage Systems have a high potential of development in Italy. • Research has facilitated the market penetration of some specific technologies. • A steady dialogue between research institutions and industry is necessary to achieve decarbonisation targets and economic growth. • Greater support to research on technology transfer will enhance local industrial development. • The proposed methodology has replicability characteristics in other territorial contexts.
References
[1] E.ON. Carbon, Cost and Consequences 2008. E.ON UK publication [2] Boston A. Delivering a secure electricity supply on a low carbon pathway 2013. Energy Policy; 52: 55-59. [3] Noh H, Seob J, Yoob H. S, Leea S. How to improve a technology evaluation model: A data-driven approach 2018. Technovation; 72– 73: 1– 12. Figure 3. Mapping of the number of local units of Local Units of Italian companies involved in development of [4] Saaty T. S. Decision making with the analytic technology (a) and Research Excellence Units (b) hierarchy process 2008. Int. J. Services Sciences; 1: 83-98. Liguria, Marche, Abruzzo and Campania have a [5]http://www.dsctm.cnr.it/images/Eventi_im medium number of units (21-40). Friuli Venezia g/de_carbonizzazione_3_ottobre_2017/RSE% Giulia, Trentino Alto Adige, Sardinia and 20Decarbonizzazione_WEB.PDF Calabria have medium-low number of units [6]http://www.enea.it/it/seguici/pubblicazioni (16-20), while Val d’Aosta, Umbria, Molise and /pdf-volumi/v2017_catalogo-tecnologie- Basilicata have the lower number of units (2- energetiche.pdf 15). Research Excellence Units are more [7] https://www.r-project.org/ widespread (Figure 3b). Latium, Campania, [8] Galili T. dendextend: an R package for Sardinia, Umbria and Basilicata show a class of visualizing, adjusting and comparing trees of distribution of Research Excellence Units hierarchical clustering 2015. Bioinformatics; higher than for Local Units of companies that 31, 22: 3718–3720. could be due to scarce technology transfer at [9] https://www.qgis.org/it/site/ local level.
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New empirical production models for poplar plantations on farmland - a toolbox for improved management and planning operations
Birger Hjelm1,*, Tord Johansson2
1Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Crop Production Ecology; 2Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract This work presents a new empirical production model for poplar plantations on farmland. It describes a toolbox for improved management and planning operations.
Keywords bioenergy; farmland, poplar
Introduction 1980s hybrid poplar produced an average volume close to 19 m3 ha-1 year-1 compared to The interest in the cultivation of fast-growing plantations of hybrid aspen with a production tree species and hybrids of deciduous trees on of 13 m3 ha-1 year-1 [9]. It is essential for abandoned cropland increases. Interest in landowners, forest- and energy companies and utilizing trees for bioenergy production has other actors who are interested in establishing increased drastically in recent decades. Poplars poplar plantations with short rotations that (Populus spp.) are an exotic group of species in there are tools available to calculate and Sweden. Hybrid poplar plantations with short predict the outcome in volume and biomass. In rotation (≤ 20 years) established on farmland in recent years, we have developed models for south and central Sweden, have shown estimating yield and volume of individual promising production figures and been in focus poplar trees [10-12] which in addition also as a future potential bio-fuel feedstock. A study present production studies of poplars root and [1] financed by the Swedish Energy Agency stump biomass [13] and second generation emphasized hybrid poplars plantations as a poplar sprouts [14]. We have finally also potential future bioenergy resource. A major studied the properties of false heartwood of effort began to establish tree plantations, poplar stems growing at 22 sites in Sweden including poplar, on farmland in the late 1980s. [15]. Equations for predictions of the stem To date, the area of mature poplar plantations volume and commercial volume for specified in Sweden is less than 1 000 ha [2]. This area minimum diameters are the most used in can be expected to grow due to increased Scandinavian forest management. Most of demand of bioenergy derived from national them depend on two independent variables, and international climatic goals of reduction of the total height (H) and diameter at breast fossil energy dependency. Several studies have height (DBH). Some equations are functions of considered ecological and environmental DBH alone [16, 17]. Other researchers have aspects of poplar plantations in Sweden and proposed equations that use a broader range not at least in the world [3, 4] of which two are of independent variables, such as the diameter exemplified here. The advantages of growing at a specified upper height [18, 19] the height poplars in short rotation forestry have been at the crown base, the bark thickness, and site discussed from a production perspective in indicator variables such as altitude, soil type, Sweden [5-7]. In an overview, Rytter [8] and vegetation type, etc. The models usage is reported biomass amounts of 3.2-13.6 tons ha- non-destructive and can be applied on standing 1 year-1 for different poplar clones and species. trees in growing plantations. In a study on commercial plantations from late
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Models and Research Outcomes 3) Biomass models for Poplar stumps and 2nd 1) Volume models for individual Poplar trees: generation coppices: There are two ways to One equation with dbh (D) and total height (H) manage the remaining stumps after harvest: 1) as independent variables were constructed for Excavation (Fig 3 a-b), or 2) Management of stem volume estimation (V) and compared sprouts established on stumps (Fig 3 c-d). with a number of published equations (Tab 1). Models for estimation of individual stumps and coppice biomass were developed. Biomass Table 1. production of 1000 excavated stumps could be The three best ranked stem volume equations 45-50 t d.w. ha-1. The stump was 74% on Equation Expression Absolut Abs average of the total stump-root biomass. Roots Bias Bias (dm3) % (>50 mm) made up the remaining 24%.
(2+(D/H)) 2 2 Biomass of 7-year-old coppices on 1000 stumps 1) (Hjelm & V = b1 + b2H + b3DH 25.13 3.8 Johansson could be 30-35 t d.w. ha-1. 2011) b3 b4 2) Fowler & V= b1 +b2D H 25.07 3.8 Hussain (1987) 2 2 3) Opdahl V= b1 + b2D - b3D + b4D H 26.86 4.1 (1992)
2) Taper model for individual Poplar trees: Taper models estimate diameter (d) using DBH, corresponding height (h) and total height (H) as independent variables, some advance and complex models also includes inflexion points Figure 3 a. Excavated Poplar stump (ip) where one form section of the tree (neiloid, 300 paraboloid and cone) shifts into another (Fig 2). 250 Tot Stump (• )roots 200 Taper models are useful for various purpose, w. d. kg (x )150 among others estimating properties of 100 50 different assortments with mini diameter 0 restrictions. The objective was to develop a 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 simple taper equation with good ability to dbh (mm) predict diameter at a given height and compare Stumpweight it with common published taper equations (Tab Figure 3 b. Stump biomass by (dry kg) by dbh (total & roots) 2).
Figure 2. Variables in taper equations.
Table 2. The six best ranked taper equations
Figure 3 c. Stump with established sprouts four months after harvest.
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40 . 35 30 Total (•), Stem (o) 25 20 Leaves (x), Branches (-) 15 kg w d.kg 10 5 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Diameter 10 cm above ground
Sproutweight (mm) Figure 3 d. Sprout biomass (dry kg) by dbh (by the fractions) Figure 4 b. Properties of false heartwood diameter at different stem heights by DBH
4) Models for prediction of false heartwood Figure 4 c. Tree discs with false heartwood from six different stem heights properties in Poplar stems: All of the sampled stems contained false heartwood. At 0 – 50 % References of stem height, all sampled trees were discolored and at 90 % of stem height, 33 % 1. Rytter, L. Johansson, T. Karačić, A. were discolored. The percentage of false Weih, M. 2011. Orienterande studie om ett heartwood area by stem area was highest at 1 svenskt forsknings-program för poppel. % and 10 % of stem height (26.6 % and 24.7 % Summary: Investigation for a Swedish research respectively). Equations were constructed program on the genus Populus. Skogforsk. describing the correlation between diameter at Arbetsrapport nr 733, 165 pp. (In Swedish). breast height and the diameter of false 2. Nordh, N.E. Norberg, I. Paulrud, S. heartwood at different stem heights (Fig 4 a-c) 2014. JTI-INFORMERAR JTI:s skriftserie 2014:1. aimed for stems to be used for construction. Inför plantering av energiskog Lokalisering, However, most of the fast-growing poplars in samrådoch investeringsstöd. In Swedish. 16pp. Sweden is expected to be harvested as biofuel. 3. Christersson, L and Verwijst, T. 2006. Poppel. Sammanfattningar från ett seminarium vid Institutionen för Lövträdsodling, SLU, Uppsala 15 mars, 2005. In: Proceedings from a Poplar seminar at the Department of Short Rotation Forestry, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden. 4. Isebrands, J. G and Richardson, J. (Eds.). 2014. Poplars and Willows: Trees for Society and the Environment. CAB International and FAO, Rome. 634pp. 5. Christersson, L. 2010. Wood production potential in poplar plantations in Figure 4 a. Properties of stem- and false heartwood volume by DBH Sweden. Biomass & Bioenergy, 34(9): 1289−1299. 6. Eriksson, H. 1984. Yield of aspen and poplars in Sweden. Ecology and management of forest biomass production systems. Department of Ecology and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Science. Report, 15, 393_419. 7. Persson, PO. Rytter, L. Johansson, T. Hjelm, B. Handbok för odlare av poppel och
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hybridasp. Manual for poplar and hybrid aspen 14. Johansson, T and Hjelm, B. 2012. The management. Swedish Board of Agriculture, Sprouting Capacity of 8–21-Year-Old Poplars 2015, In Swedish. and Some Practical Implications. Forests, 3, 8. Rytter, L. 2004. Production potentials 528-545. of aspen, birch and alder a review on 15. Johansson, T and Hjelm, B. 2013. possibilities and consequences of harvest of Frequency of False Heartwood of Stems of biomass and merchantable timber. Skogforsk Poplar Growing on Farmland in Sweden. Redogo¨ relse nr 4, 64 pp. (In Swedish with Forests, 4, 28-42. English summary). 16. Case, B and Hall, R. 2008. Assessing 9. Johansson, T. 2010. Survival and prediction errors of generalized tree biomass growth of 20 -50 year old forest tree and volume equations for the boreal forest plantations growing on abandoned farmland. region of west-central Canada. Canadian Department of Energy and Technology. Journal of Forest Research, 38(4), 878_889. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural 17. Gautam, S and Thapa, H. 2009. Volume Sciences (SLU). Report 27, pp. 126 (In Swedish equation for Populus deltoides plantation in with English summary). western Terai of Nepal. Banko Janakari, 17(2), 10. Hjelm, B. 2013. Stem taper equations 70_73. for poplars growing on farmland in Sweden. 18. Brandel, G. 1990. Volume functions for Journal of Forestry Research 24(1): 15−22 individual trees, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), 11. Hjelm, B and Johansson, T. 2012. Norway spruce (Picea abies) and birch (Betula Volume equations for poplars growing on pendula and Betula pubescens). Department of farmland in Sweden, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Yield Research. Report, 26, Garpenberg: Forest Research, 27:6, 561-566 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 12. Hjelm, B. Empirical Models for 19. Burk, T. E. Hans, R. P. Wharton, E. H. Estimating Volume and Biomass of Poplars on 1989. Individual tree volume equations for the Farmland in Sweden. Doctoral diss. Dept of Northeastern United States: Evaluation and Crop Production ecology, SLU, Uppsala, new form quotient board foot equations. Sweden. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 6(1), Sueciae, No. 2015:1. 27_31. 13. Johansson, T and Hjelm, B. 2012. Stump and Root Biomass of Poplar Stands. Forests, 3, 166-178.
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Infrastructure assessment through solar energy harvesting
K. Wayne Lee1,*, Austin DeCotis1, David Schumacher1, Sze Yang2
1University of Rhode Island, Department of Civil Engineering, West Kingston, RI 02892 USA; 2University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry, Kingston, RI 02881, USA *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract The University of Rhode Island (URI) Transportation Research Center (TRC) is working to create a solar energy harvesting system for asphalt pavement. The objective behind this is to effectively cool the pavement on hot days, which will therefore increase the service life of the pavement. This will lead to fewer repairs that will save time, money and energy. The second and more important idea of this study will be harvesting as much solar energy as possible to create a more sustainable pavement. This energy could be used for a wide variety of uses including powering streetlights, ice melting, traffic signals and structural health monitoring system. The solar energy harvesting methods include embedding conductive piping and a temperature differential to generate power.
Keywords Solar energy; asphalt pavement; energy harvesting; photovoltaic; Seebeck effect
Introduction Many homeowners are starting to install solar panels on their roofs to power their own As the population continues to expand, natural homes in the US and around world. Panels are resources become less available and the also installed in fields, on industrial buildings growing need for renewable energy intensifies. and even floating on water. The only negative Renewable energies are clean and to panels is that they take up a lot of space. inexhaustible. Fossil fuels are currently the To further increase the harvesting of solar largest energy source utilized but the impacts energy more surface area for solar harvesting caused by them are real and devastating. The needs to be utilized. In the United States there greenhouse gasses created by the burning of are millions of miles of roadways and parking fossil fuels continues to escalate the impacts of lots. The sun’s ultraviolet rays penetrate these global warming. If the current trends of roadways every day. These roadways provide warming continue there will be catastrophic such a large amount of surface area and would effects on the planet (Akbari 2005). Renewable be ideal for solar harvesting if the unit can energy sources which are very diverse and withstand the reoccurring loads of daily truck don’t produce greenhouse gasses are needed traffic. If all the surface area of the roadways in for the future. the U.S. were utilized for solar harvesting, fossil Of this diverse group of renewable fuel consumption would plummet which would energy, one of the most important is solar lead to a cleaner and healthier society. energy. Every day the sun shines heating up the On hot and sunny days, the roadways earth and the potential for this solar energy in the U.S reach up to 60oC (140OF). This high harvesting is unlimited. It is a clean and safe temperature is perfect for solar energy energy source that can replace fossil fuels. harvesting yet it is extremely detrimental to Solar energy is harvested through solar panels, the roadway structure. The increased heat in which can be placed in almost any location if it pavement leads to the phenomenon called receives sunshine. The more surface area a heat island effect. The pavement absorbs the solar collector has, the more energy it collects. sun's heat and traps the heat so urban and city
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areas with lots of paved roadways tend to stay in.) granular sub-base, 7.5 cm (3 in.) asphalt warmer. This is turn leads to higher air base, 5 cm (2 in.) asphalt binder course and a 5 conditioning costs in cities during the summer cm (2 in.) asphalt surface course. This was the and a possible contribution to climate change. minimum thickness with RI Department of The high temperatures in the asphalt Transportation (DOT) standard specifications pavement also lead to rutting. This greatly at the time. To accurately measure the decreases the life of pavement, which leads to temperature of the pavement structure 10 expensive, and energy intensive repairs. The thermocouples were embedded in the University of Rhode Island (URI) Transportation pavement at varying depths. Cross-linked Research Center (TRC) is working to create a polyethylene (PEX) tubing was embedded 10 solar energy harvesting system for asphalt cm (4 in.) below the asphalt surface. This piping pavement. The idea behind this is to effectively was chosen due to characteristics such as cost cool the pavement on hot days, which will effective, flexible, melt resistant, and freeze therefore increase the service life of the cracking resistant. pavement. This will lead to fewer repairs, Since this experiment was to be saving money and energy. The second and performed in a laboratory, the field conditions more essential idea of this study will be of the pavement had to be simulated. To harvesting as much solar energy as possible to replicate the heat of the sun a light bulb was create a more sustainable pavement. This used. Originally it was placed 15 cm (6 in.) energy could be used for a wide variety of uses above the pavement and ran for 8 hours to including powering streetlights, ice melting, simulate a day of sunshine, the following 8 traffic signals and structural health monitoring hours where the light was turned off were also systems. recorded to determine how fast the pavement cools. After analyzing the temperatures, it was Objective clear that the pavement was getting absurdly hot as it was reaching temperatures more than The objective is to develop a perpetual 104oC (220oF). To more closely simulate in-situ pavement system with an embedded solar conditions the light bulb was placed 30 cm (1 harvesting unit for transportation foot) above the asphalt surface and control infrastructures. testing was ran. The results of this change were desirable as the pavement peaked at 60oC Methods (140oF), which accurately portrays the surface temperatures of roadways in the summer. Embedded Conductive Piping Three consecutive days of control testing were URI TRC previously conducted a study on performed to ensure the results were accurate. harvesting solar energy in asphalt pavement by For the next phase of testing the same embedding conductive piping in asphalt experiment was performed however, after the pavements in 2012. The objectives were to light was on for 4 hours, the water was pumped review literatures and existing practices to through the pipes for a total of 8 hours. This investigate novel methods to harvest solar was performed during the last four hours of the energy from asphalt, generate different light being on and during the first 4 hours of the approaches to capture solar energy from light being off. Three days of this testing was asphalt, formulate conceptual design of carried out to get an average result. The systems to generate electricity and to asphalt samples that had water run through determine the feasibility of the studied novel the embedded pipes reached lower peak methods. temperatures at every layer in the asphalt A prototype system was developed sample other than in the subgrade soils and utilizing a 25 cm (10 in.) diameter by 60 cm (24 cooled down faster compared to the testing in.) tall clear schedule 40 PVC cylinder to that was performed without water. The simulate the pavement structure used in most temperature of the water increased 19oC roadways in Rhode Island (RI). This cylinder had (67oF) to 33oC (91oF) over the period of 8 12.5 cm (5 in.) of subgrade soils, a 30 cm (12 hours while the system was run (Figure 1). This
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indicates that energy can be harvested from battery, and can continuous retrieve wireless the pavement using embedded piping. data. The URI research team has been However, recent testing done by the URI team conducting similar studies. observed that nearly 50% of this heat was inputted to the water from the pump. Although Results this was only a very small-scale experiment, only 20cm (8 in.) of piping were embedded in Figure 1 shows the average monitored the pavement. Heat was also lost through the temperature at different depths in a pavement pipe as it travels from the asphalt sample to the structure. This is during the common day while holding tank. If this experiment was done on a a pumping system is engaged, including water larger scale with miles of roadway there is temperature. potential to harvest a massive amount of heat (Lee and Correia 2010). B. Seebeck Effect The URI research team is performing experiments utilizing the Seebeck Effect. The Seebeck principle comprises of two dissimilar electrical conductors or semiconductors that have a difference in temperature to produce a voltage difference between the two substances. An experiment using the Seebeck Figure 1. Average Temperatures of Asphalt Layers. principle was performed at Texas A&M University. The study was to develop a self- Discussions powered battery-less structural health monitoring system for transportation The URI research team will continue to validate infrastructure. this system utilizing the Seebeck principle using Recently an experiment using the thermoelectric generators and embedded Seebeck principle was performed to develop a conductive piping. Research will also be self-powered battery-less structural health continued to create an efficient asphalt monitoring (SHM) system for transportation pavement solar collector. URI TRC is currently infrastructure (Karsilaya et al. 2018). The performing similar experiments with hopes to system would be capable of processing analog optimize this method for widespread use. voltage input from a variety of sensors, such as strain gauges, traffic counters and piezoelectric Conclusions weighing strips. An energy harvester driven by thermoelectric generators (TEGs) powered With more industries concentrating on greener their system. TEGs function on the technologies these different methods can help Seebeck/Peltier principle, allowing to translate utilize and untapped source of energy that is the thermal differences between the upper ignored every day. RITRC Researchers of URI and lower layers of asphalt concrete into have been exploring solar energy harvesting electrical energy. The surface heat of the from asphalt pavement, as we believe it has a pavement will be transferred from the surface strong potential to be utilized among all to the lower layers through insulated copper roadways and contribute to a more sustainable plates and the lower part of the harvester is world. With the current need to switch to more kept cool through a heat sink. Thermoelectric sustainable energy it’s best to look at all generators can power SHM systems with possible alternatives. Although these ideas are enough temperature differential to power the still new yet with research and development, TEGs. This SHM system developed by the Texas they can hopefully be optimized for A&M University team appeared to be widespread future use. successful. The system accepts analog voltage input from a variety of sensors, is readily Acknowledgments programmable, functions without a storage
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This research project was sponsored by USDOT Pavement Technology (ICPT), Bangkok, Region 1 University Transportation Center Thailand, pp 1001-1008. (UTC) – Transportation Infrastructure Lee. K. W., Correia A. and Park, K. (2012a). Durability Center (TIDC). The authors would “Solar Energy Harvesting from Asphalt like to express sincere appreciation to TIDC and Pavement to Reduce Dependence on Finite University of Rhode Island (URI). Fossil Fuel Supplies” Final Research Report to Expressway & Transportation Research References Institute, Korea Expressway Corporation. Lee, K. W., Yang, S. and Correia, A. (2012b). Akbari, Hashem. (2005). Energy Saving “Investigation of Novel Methods to Harvest Potentials and Air Quality Benefits of Urban Solar Energy from Asphalt Pavements,” Proc. Heat Island Mitigation (PDF) (19 pp, 251K). The ISAP International Symposium on Heavy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Duty Asphalt Pavements and Bridge Deck Feng, J. and Ellis, T.W. (2003). ‘Feasibility study Pavements, Nanjing, China. of conjugated polymer nanocomposites for Lee, K.W. and Kohm, S. (2014). “Cool thermoelectric”, Synthetic Metals, 135-136, pp Pavements,” Chap. 16, Springer's Book on 55-56 Climate Change, Energy, Sustainability and Karsilaya, A., Dessouky, S., and Papagiannakis, Pavements, Springer-Verlag, Inc., ISBN: 978-3- A. (2018). "Development of a Self-Powered 662-44719-2 _16. Structural Health Monitoring System for McCarthy, P., Li, W., and Yang, S.C. (2000). Transportation Infrastructure" Publications. “New water-borne electroactive polymers for 27. coating applications.” Polymeric Materials Lee, K.W. and Correia, A. (2010). “A Pilot Study Science and Engineering, 83-315-316 for Investigation of Novel methods to Harvest Purohit, K., Yang, S. and Lee, K.W. (2013). Solar Energy from Asphalt Pavements,” Final “Polymer Thermoelectric Material for Energy Report to Korea Institute of Civil Engineering Harvesting,” Proc. US-Korea Conference (UKC), and Building Technology (KICT). East Rutherford, NJ. Lee, K.W., Craver, V., Kohm, S. and Chango, H. Racicot, R., Brown, R., and Yang, S.C. (1997). (2010). “Cool Pavements as a Sustainable “Corrosion protection of aluminum allows by Approach to Green Streets and Highways, Proc. double-strand polyaniline” Syn. Met. 85, 1263. of the 1st ASCE T&DI Green Streets and Visy, C., Fekete, D., Lian, J., Makra, P., Berkesi, Highways Conference, Denver, CO. O. and Patzko, A. (2007). Journal of Physical Lee, K. W. and Correia, A. (2011). “Investigation Chemistry. of Novel Methods to Harvest Solar Energy from Yang, S.C., Brown, R., and Sinko, J. (2005). Asphalt Pavements,” Proc. of the 7th “Anticorrosive coatings based on novel International Conference on Road and Airfield conductive polymers”, European Coating Journal, 11, 48.
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Assessing social acceptance of wind energy through policy comparative analysis
Cecilia Nardi1,2,*, Marina Penna1, Laura Gaetana Giuffrida1, Elena De Luca1,*
1Italian National Agency for New Technology, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy; 2University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy; *corresponding author email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract The present study aims at assessing social acceptability of wind energy, through a policy comparative analysis that involved six different EU countries. A survey, focused on three main subjects (wind power plant siting, authorization procedures and support schemes) was submitted to experts and the information on the related public involvement arrangements were collected. The presence of three levels of public involvement - information, consultation, participation - was analysed. The results suggest that concrete paths to social acceptance of wind energy pass through designing appropriate institutional spaces for public engagement.
Keywords Wind energy; social acceptance; decision-making; public involvement; participation.
Introduction components of social acceptance: trust in the relationship between government and citizens. This study aims to assess, through a policy comparative analysis of six different countries, Methods the presence and the quality of the public involvement within the regulations and Definition and dimensions of social acceptance legislative procedures related to wind energy and to give political insights to deal with its Social acceptance is an often used term in the social acceptance. The study undertaken is part practical policy literature, but clear definitions of the EU H2020 WinWind project, aiming at are rarely given. According to the majority of enhancing the socially inclusive and the the literature (Wustenhagen et al., 2007) there environmentally sound market for wind are three dimensions of social acceptance: energy. A description of the different concept socio-political, market and community dimensions was carried out to fix a common acceptance. Socio-political acceptance is the framework in which contextualize the analysis. broadest and most general level, to which can To give a complete description of the context, be subjected both policy and technologies. This the current status of public involvement and dimension of acceptance concerns key engagement in the legislative procedures for stakeholders and policy-makers. In the market wind energy is detailed as well as the main dimension, which can be expressed as the issues related to the expression of public availability of the market to adopt an dissent. Through a comparative analysis the innovation, the main actors are consumers and study investigated and confronted different investors, that, in the case of renewable energy policies and the related tools provided from acceptance, are the main responsible for the six countries by filling a dedicated survey. fostering the “switch” towards a more To conclude, policy implications were sustainable system (Bird et al., 2002). The third introduced aiming at suggesting two general dimension is the community acceptance and it considerations to strengthen one of the basic is the dimension on which the research is focused. It refers, indeed, to the specific
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acceptance of siting decisions and renewable following order: information, consultation and energy projects by local stakeholders, namely participation. The absence of tools is the lower residents and local authorities. Moreover, in level found: it requires the citizens active this context, procedural and distributional themselves to look for information and ways to justice are fundamental. The only concept on express their own opinion. Information tools which this research focuses on is the allow the citizens to hear and the consultation procedural justice, which measures the makes they to have a voice. However under fairness of the decision making processes and these conditions they lack the power to insure whether the processes are giving all that their views will be heeded and they cannot stakeholders an opportunity to participate rely on the possibility to influence the (Gross, 2007). decisions. Participation represents the highest degree of public involvement, since it can be Context and issues considered as the possibility to be directly engaged in the decision making process . In many countries there are several indicators Referring to the first stage of the showing that public acceptance is high, even survey the main question is about the existence where the government is not strongly of a national spatial plan for wind power plant supporting renewable energy (Wustenhagen et siting and then, in case of existence, the section al., 2007). At the same time, it is also quite is dedicated to the public involvement common to see that expressions of dissent and assessment. The second stage, after a detailed disagreement swell where they are the only description of the existing authorization concrete way the public finds to give voice to procedures, focuses more on the different its needs and opinions. It is especially true at levels public involvement before and after the local level where the place-identity approval. The third stage, dedicated to the implications come into play: the more spaces financial support schemes analysis, is not here for public expression are neglected by decision addressed. making processes focused on simplifying and streamlining the authorisation procedures, the Results more the wind farm projects are perceived as a threat rather than an opportunity (Firestone et From the comparison of the surveys outputs, as al., 2018). That is why the change geared far as the first stage is concerned, it is possible towards social acceptance has to be pursued at to see as Germany, Norway and Poland have community level and the expression of dissent wind farm siting spatial plans as well as public should be investigated in the light of the involvement tools. Germany has a spatial plan presence and quality of spaces for public at national level strongly supported by regional participation. and local plans. Similarly, Norway does have regional and local spatial plans with binding Expert - based survey nature, but the plan at the national level is still on the hearing stage. In Poland there are The comparative analysis was based on an spatial plans at regional and local level. Norway expert-based survey, delivered to six countries: and Poland have institutional designed tools Germany, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland and for all levels of involvement, while Germany Spain. The survey, through qualitative data provides only for information and consultation collection, aims at investigating the legislative tools. Italy, Latvia and Spain do not have any framework and the regulatory measures, plan for wind power plant siting, either at according to 4 main stages (WinWind, 2019): national or at regional/local level. Secondly, wind power plant siting, authorization the output analysis had been devoted to assess procedures, support schemes for wind energy the different levels of public involvement and financial participation. Only the first three within the authorization procedures. In this stages are here considered. Moreover, in the case, Germany lacks of participation tools survey public involvement was assessed while Italy and Spain miss all levels tools. according to a multilevel analysis, based on the Generally, public consultation is performed
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only within the Environmental Impact participation except for the manifestation of Assessments (EIA) procedures. There are dissent and disagreement. different thresholds in terms of number and capacity of wind turbines, as well as other Discussions particular conditions, determining when EIA is mandatory. The arrangements for informing Summarising the results two main and consulting the public concerned are also considerations particularly significant respect determined by each country. to the wind power plant acceptance emerged. Besides the analysis of the specific countries The first one is related to the planning for wind situations, the surveys outputs indicated power plant siting. Planning at the national, positive results in terms of general consensus regional or at least at the local level seems to for participate initiatives. On the other hand, be a key factor in the management of wind - negative repercussions was observed in and more in general renewables - energy countries without siting spatial plan, mainly in development because it can improve three fields: relationship with the communities living in the ● relationship with the communities areas, which are affected by the power plants living in the areas affected by the power plants siting, and can drive the suitable developing of siting; the electricity transmission network and ● national electricity transmission strength the cooperation among public network development; institutions responsible for different policy ● cooperation among institutions sectors. responsible for different policies (i.e. industrial The second consideration refers to the and energetic development, local spaces for public involvement in the decision- development, environment, cultural heritage). making processes for wind farm siting and Concerning the first aspect, the absence of a construction. Initiatives growing within the plan can prevent the establishment of a local communities meet large consensus. On suitable environment for wide participation by the contrary, where public involvement is stakeholders and by the citizens to a general increasingly confined and limited in time and renewable energy development. space, the probability to face resistance from As far as the development of a national local communities grows. If suitable public electricity transmission network is concerned, space for debate is denied, citizens will look for the lack of a plan prevented the efficient other way to express their own opinion and planning of the network development, concerns, often motivated by mistrust and generating inefficiencies within the systems animosity. Such scenario is, indeed, dangerous and additional costs. because it negatively affects the whole Referring to the third issue the absence relationships between the institutional of a plan hindered reaching a general arrangement and citizens and can trigger a agreement upon a reference framework, which vicious circle that further increases opposition. would have facilitated agreements within the Lack of public participation can negatively wind power plants authorization processes. A influence other public policies for renewable plan, indeed, would have acted as the right energy developing. It is, for instance, the case alternative, instead of constraining of the extended timing of the authorization administrative procedures and timing. In procedures. Institutional disputes, appeals to particular in Italy, the wind power plant siting the decisions of the competent authority and has been, for long time, matter of widespread other forms of dissent extend the length of disputes between the national government decision-making processes and undermine the and the regions or municipalities. efforts to simplify the authorisation It was also observed that the limited or procedures. even non-existing space for public involvement within the authorization procedures prevented Conclusions the creation of any other form of public
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This research is aiming at assessing social Research and Innovation Programme of the acceptance within the regulatory framework of European Union (Grant Agreement No wind energy of six different countries, by 764717). comparing their policies. After a short literature review of the concept of social References acceptance and its dimensions and having detailed the current situation of public Bird L., Wustenhagen R., Aabakken J., A review engagement or involvement, the methodology on international green power market: recent and the results are presented. Through a policy experience, trends and market drivers. comparative analysis based on a survey filled Renewable and Sustainable Energy reviews, by experts from the six countries, the two main 2002; 6:513-536 results in terms of public involvement Firestone J., Hoen B., Rand J., Elliott D., Hübner assessment are: G., Pohl J., (2018) Reconsidering barriers to ● Absence of a spatial plan for wind wind power projects: community engagement, power plant siting negatively affects social developer transparency and place, Journal of acceptance, both in terms of practical issues, Environmental Policy & Planning, 20:3, 370- such as timing and heritage safeguard, and in 386, DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2017.1418656 terms of expression of public dissent Groos C., Community perspectives of wind ● Lack of institutionally defined spaces energy in Australia. The application of a justice dedicated to public involvement within and community fairness framework to increase authorization procedures and support schemes social acceptance, Energy Policy; 2007, 35 are damaging not only the procedures Winwind, Deliverable 6.1. Screening of themselves but also the relationship between technical and non-technical regulations, citizens and institutions. guidelines and recommendations, 2019; EU Thus, from the preliminary results it is H2020 possible to conclude that the path towards Wolskin M., Planning for renewable schemes. social acceptance necessarily passes through Deliberative and fair decision making on an effective and institutionally regulated public landscape issues instead of reproachful engagement, form which directly benefits both accusations of non-cooperation, Energy Policy, processes and relationship between citizens 2007; 35 and institutions. Wustenhagen R., Wolsink M., Burer M.J., Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation. Acknowledgments An introduction to the context. Energy Policy, 2007; 35:2683-2691 This article is an output of the research projects WinWind, funded within the Horizon 2020
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Energetic, exergetic, environmental and economic comparison between series and parallel schemes of hybrid solar gas turbines
Sofía Rodríguez Pita1, Javier Rodríguez Martin1,*, Celina González Fernández1, Susana Sánchez-Orgaz1, Ignacio López Paniagua1
1Department of Energy Engineering, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; *corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract In this study, a comparison of two different configurations of solar-fossil hybrid plants is made. The difference between them is in the solar tower position, and the aim is to determine which of them performs better. The first configuration studied has the solar tower placed in series with the combustion chamber, and is based on the existing Solugas plant. The second configuration has the solar tower in parallel with the combustion chamber, this has not yet been implemented, and could be an attractive alternative for future hybrid plants. A 4E analysis was made, resulting in a better energetic, exergetic and economic performance of the series configuration. The environmental analysis showed an advantage of the parallel configuration. However, should the plant be constrained to work predominantly without the solar tower, the series configuration would have a better environmental performance. It can be concluded that the optimal configuration depends on site conditions.
Keywords Solarized gas turbine; solar tower; energy analysis; exergy analysis; environmental analysis; Levelized Cost of Electricity
Introduction entering the combustion chamber; this scheme will be referred to as series configuration. Hybridization of fossil plants with In the second scheme, the solar tower Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies is placed in parallel with the combustion is becoming increasingly important, as these chamber, so the air passes through either one hybrid plants offer the possibility of a lower of them; this will be denoted as parallel fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. configuration. This parallel configuration could The combination of both technologies be an interesting alternative for future hybrid means that the advantages of the two can be plants. had. The solar part provides renewable energy, and the fossil part ensures energy generation. Methods The influence of the solar part position inside the plant is evaluated in this study. In order to compare both schemes, a 4E (energetic, exergetic, economic and Subject of the study environmental) analysis is carried out. Thermoflex and Engineering Equation Solver Among the different CSP technologies, in this models are developed to provide detailed study a solar tower is used, and to assess the calculations, considering that the solar tower is influence of its placement, two configurations working or out of service, thus setting four are studied. different scenarios. The first is the existing Solugas plant in Additionally, an annual simulation is Sevilla (Spain), a modified gas turbine that carried out with a working solar tower. The incorporates a solar tower to preheat the air equinoxes and solstices are used as representative days of the year to take into
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account the variation of solar irradiance, and obtain more accurate results. Throughout the The Levelized Cost Of Electricity (LCOE) is calculations, clear skies are always considered. calculated for the two configurations using the The design point used is the summer formula solstice, 22nd June, at noon, and the ambient LCOE= (C_i ∙CRF+C_(O&M)+C_F)/Eg conditions are set according to ISO 2533 (1.013 Ci (initial investment costs), and CO&M bar and 15º). A solar multiple of 1.2 is used. (annual operation and maintenance cost), are Efficiencies and temperatures are calculated with data provided by Pitz-Paal et al. taken from data available about Solugas. The heliostat price in Ci is of 150 €/m2, this According to Korzynietz et al., the plant has an parameter is modified in a sensitivity analysis output of 4600 kW, a Turbine Inlet carried out. Temperature of 1150º and a solar tower outlet The Capital Recovery Factor (CRF) is temperature of 800º. The efficiencies of both obtained with an interest rate of 4%, and the compressor and turbine are adjusted using the lifespan of the plant is taken as 25 years (Rovira outlet temperatures provided by Korzynietz et et al., 2016). al. CF (annual fuel cost) is calculated The parallel configuration retained knowing the annual fuel consumption and the most of Solugas parameters, but needed a Lower Heating Value. The fuel price considered slight adjustment of the combustion chamber is 23.2 €/MWh (Rovira et al., 2016), with this and solar tower outlet temperatures in order value a sensitivity analysis is also carried out. to provide 1150º as TIT when working in the Eg, annual electricity generation, is Design Point conditions. These temperatures obtained knowing the plant provides 4600 kW, are set as 1000º for the solar tower and 1425º and supposing it operates non-stop during the for the combustion chamber. Other year. parameters such as the latitude and type of receiver (cavity), are maintained for both. Environmental Analysis
Energetic Analysis The annual simulations carried out are used to obtain much more precise results regarding The efficiency calculated, η, takes into account fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. the solar energy provided. The equation used is η= W/(m_fuel ∙LHV+ Q_solar ) Results Where Qsolar is the energy provided by the heliostat field, calculated as Outside of the 4E analysis, the resulting solar Qsolar = DNI • total reflective surface tower and heliostat field have the following characteristics, in the series configuration, the Exergetic Analysis solar tower calculated had a height of 79 m, and 93 heliostats. In the parallel scheme, a 88 The exergetic efficiency is calculated with the m tower and 193 heliostat field were obtained. formula Energetic Analysis ξ= W/(E_fuel+E_solar ) The efficiency of both configurations Where the exergy introduced by the solar field diminishes when the solar tower is used, as (Esolar) is calculated using the equation shown in Table 1. formulated by Petela, E_solar=Q_solar [1+ 1/3 (T_0/T_i )^4- 4/3 Table 1 (T_0/T_i )] Results of the energetic analysis Efficiency Series Config. Parallel Conf. with T0 being the ambient temperature and Ti With solar 23% 21% that of the solar surface (5800 K). tower To calculate the exergetic destruction, the Without solar 29% 28% formula I=m T_0 (s_out- s_in) is used tower
Economic Analysis Exergetic Analysis
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The exergetic destruction obtained is significantly higher when using the solar tower, Discussions it increases from 6.4 MW to 9.5 MW when the solar tower is used in the series scheme, and The tower height and number of heliostats in from 5.8 MW to 11.3 MW in the parallel the series configuration are slightly higher than scheme. the Solugas plant data, but when constraining The exergetic efficiencies can be seen in Table the power given by the tower to Solugas 2. values, the resulting tower fitted Solugas parameters. Seeing that the power provided by Table 2 the taller solar tower was significantly bigger, 5 Results of the exergetic analysis MW compared to 4 MW, the following Efficiency Series Config. Parallel Conf. calculations were made with the 79 m tower. With solar 23% 22% tower Exergetic destruction is highest in the Without solar 28% 27% solar tower, alternatively, for the non-working tower solar tower (or fossil mode), exergetic destruction is highest in the combustion Economic Analysis chamber. Because of this high irreversibility The LCOE of the plants operating with the solar introduced by the solar tower, the efficiency of tower is lower than that of the fossil ones, as the solar modes is lower than that of their fossil can be seen in Table 3. counterparts.
Table 3 In the economic study, the sensitivity analysis Results of the economic analysis carried out with the fuel price, showed a LCOE (€/MWh) Series Config. Parallel Conf. With solar 86.87 86.94 reduction of the LCOE of the fossil modes when tower fuel price was reduced. In the case of the series Without solar 88.09 91.30 configuration, the LCOE of the fossil mode tower became lower than that of both solar modes when fuel price dropped below 20 €/MWh. The sensitivity analysis carried out shows an Above a price of approximately 23 €/MWh, the improvement of the parallel configuration’s LCOE of the solar modes was lower, but rather LCOE when the heliostat price diminishes. As similar between the series and parallel regards the fuel price, a reduction would schemes. favour plants without solar tower. The variation of the heliostat price revealed an improvement of the parallel configuration Environmental Analysis when the price is lower than 141.4 €/m2, this scheme has more heliostats and they are the The results of the environmental analysis are biggest contribution to the initial investment shown in Table 4. costs. The environmental analysis showed an Table 4 improvement when the solar tower is used. Results of the environmental analysis Fuel Consumption (ton/year) This was more predominant in the parallel Series Config. Parallel Conf. configuration. With solar 8802 8495 tower Without solar 9932 10332 Conclusions tower
CO2 emissions (ton/year) Series Config. Parallel Conf. The hybrid solar gas turbines are an With solar 24368 23485 intermediate step between fossil technologies tower and standalone solar thermal plants. Two Without solar 27467 28503 different arrangements are possible: serial and tower parallel. The series configuration presents a
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better, energetic, exergetic, and economic performance. From an environmental point of References view, the parallel configuration offers lower fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Korzynietz R, et al. Solugas–Comprehensive Seeing the results obtained, locations analysis of the solar hybrid Brayton plant. Solar where the irradiation is high, and the sky is Energy 135 (2016): 578-589. usually clear, could benefit from the reduction Petela R. Exergy of Heat Radiation. Journal of in fuel consumption and emissions observed Heat Transfer 1964; 86:187. for the parallel scheme. Locations with low Pitz-Paal R, Dersch J. and Milow B. European irradiation and/or intermittent solar resource Concentrated Solar Thermal Road Mapping. would be forced to rely more on the fossil part, ECOSTAR, SES6 - CT - 2003 - 502578, 2005. making the series scheme preferable from all 4 Rovira A. et al. Analysis and comparison of points of view. Integrated Solar Combined Cycles using parabolic troughs and linear Fresnel reflectors Acknowledgments as concentrating systems. Applied Energy 162 (2016): 990-1000. This research was supported by a collaboration Thermoflex(2019) Software: grant 2018-2019 (Sofía Rodríguez Pita) of THERMOFLOW.INC. Available at: https:// Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and www.thermoflow.com Sports
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Time-dependent model of solar thermoelectric generators for enhancing conversion efficiency
An-Chi Wei1,*, Mu-Wen Lin1, Jyh-Rou Sze2
1Graduate Institute of Energy Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.; 2Instrument Technology Research Center, NNational Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract In this study, the model of solar thermoelectric generators (STEGs) has been constructed to investigate the performance of STEGs via the finite-element method. For enhancing the conversion efficiency of STEGs, the effects of solar-selective coating and parallel-stacking arrangement have been modelled. The simulation results show that the higher the absorption and the lower the emittance of solar selective coating, the higher the voltage generated by STEGs. Meanwhile, the simulated conversion efficiency of 11 stacked STEGs with the designed solar-selective coating reached 8.4%, which was 4.9 times of that of the single STEG.
Keywords Solar thermoelectric generator; modelling of thermoelectric generator; Solar-selective coating; thermally parallel stacking
Introduction respectively. Generally, the TE material is chosen according to the operating Due to overuse of fossil fuel and excessive temperature of the system. On the other hand, emission of greenhouse gases, global warming utilization of a concentrator can enhance the and extreme weather have become significant solar irradiance onto the STEG and then global issues, prompting the development of increase its temperature, leading to higher green-energy technique, such as solar-energy conversion efficiency. Further, with the technology. Being an energy source, solar assistance of the selective coatings and the power can be used to generate electricity thermally parallel stacking, the conversion through photovoltaic panels, thermoelectric efficiency has been reported to be enhanced materials, and so on, or thermal energy more (N. Selvakumar and H.C. Barshilia, 2012). through solar collectors (G. Boyle, 2012; M. Since the conversion efficiency of STEG is Ortega et al., 2013; P. Sundarraj, et al., 2014). affected by various parameters, it is worthy to Among solar-thermal techniques, the analyze and optimize the parameters of a STEG thermoelectric (TE) approach has drawn in advance for its high conversion efficiency. attentions owing to its ability of conversing In this study, a three-dimensional time solar heat and waste heat into electricity. dependent model of STEG is proposed for However, the conversion efficiency of such a investigating the concentration, the selective solar TE generator (STEG) is not high enough. coating, and the thermally parallel stacking of a To enhancing the conversion efficiency, one STEG. The absorption and emittance of fundamental approach is improving the quality selective coatings were labelled as α and ε, of TE materials. Generally, the material respectively. These two parameters were performance is depicted by its figure of merit, analyzed first to explore their influences on the ZT: temperature difference and the power ZT = S2σT / k, (1) generation as well as the conversion efficiency where S, σ, T and k are the Seebeck coefficient, of a STEG. The simulation results show that the electrical conductivity, the temperature of increasing the parameter of absorption the TE material, and the thermal conductivity, brought about the better conversion efficiency.
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Then, the number of stacked modules was Multiphysics and the detailed geometric studied. It shows that the increment of stack parameters of the TE generator are presented modules contributes to the increased in Fig. 1 and Table 1, respectively. The thermal conversion efficiency, agreeing with the results conductivity of alumina ceramic substrate was in the literature. Meanwhile, the concentration set as 29.2 W/ mK, and the hot side of the TE effect was also investigated during the above- generator was treated with the solar selective mentioned analyses. coating. The simulation was based on the time- dependent flux density of solar radiation at the Principles
Since a STEG is operated outdoors, solar convection coefficient and the ambient irradiance is a key influencing factor. When the temperature were set as 10 W/(K•m2) and irradiance becomes larger, the radiant heat flux through the TE generator of STEG also were the absorption coefficient and the increases. Then, the temperatures difference emittance of the solar selective coating. After between the hot and the cold sides of the STEG calculating the heat losses due to the is increased, and the power density caused by conduction, convection, and radiation, the the thermal conduction, qd, can be derived proposed model obtained the temperature from the heat balance: difference between the hot and the cold sides qd = -k(TH-TC)/L , (2) of TE generator, the output voltage and the where k and L are the thermal conductivity and output power in turn. the thickness of the TE generator, respectively. TH and TC are temperatures of the hot and the cold sides of the TE generator, respectively. In addition, the ambient temperature and the thermal convection cause the heat loss as well. If ambient temperature is low, and wind is strong, equivalent to a high convective coefficient, the operating temperature of the STEG system will be lowered, resulting in the lowered TE efficiency. The power density from such convention follows the formula: qv = h (Ts-Ta), (3) where h is the convective coefficient, and Ts Figure 1 STEG includes TE module and heat sink. and Ta are the surface temperature and the ambient temperature, respectively. Table 1 Meanwhile, the temperature difference Parameters of TE module between the surface and the ambiance results Geometric parameter Value in the heat dissipation due to the radiation. The Top area of TE module 4040 mm3 power density from the radiation follows the formula: Thickness of substrate 0.8 mm 4 4 qr=ϵs(Ts Ta ) (4) Based on the mentioned equations, a model For investigating the effects of the solar for thermal analyses was then constructed. selective-coating materials, the proposed model explores such materials by their Models absorptance and emittance. According to the records in the literatures, these parameters of A commercial TE generator was utilized for the solar selective materials in simulation are evaluating the proposed model. In such a TE listed in Table 2. generator, the materials of its hot and cold sides were ceramics, and the TE material was Table 2 Bi2Te3. The constructed model in COMSOL Parameters of TE module
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Material ɑ (absorptance) 흐(emittance)
Al-Ge-SiO 0.79 0.01
Ni-Ge-SiO 0.85 0.03
Cr-Cr2O3 0.89 0.05
Co-Al2O3 0.95 0.07
Results According to the modelling results, when the temperature difference between the hot and Figure 3. Simulated temperature difference between the hot and the cold sides. voltage increases 0.15 V. Meanwhile, the experimental results show that when the Figure 3 shows that the materials with different temperature difference between the hot and acceptance and emittance contribute more discrepancy between the simulated and Conclusions experimental results is within 0.08 V. Because of the low discrepancy, the model is considered A short summary of this paper is listed as as acceptable. follows: A time-dependent 3D model for a solar TE generator (STEG) gas has been developed to analyze the thermal-electric performance. The simulated results agreed with the experimental ones. From the modelling results, the selective-coating material with the higher absorptance brings about the higher conversion efficiency.
Acknowledgments
Figure 2 Simulated and measured output voltage for The authors appreciate financially supported varied temperature difference between the hot and the by the Ministry of Science and Technology, cold sides. Taiwan, R.O.C. under the contracts: MOST 107- Based on such an acceptable model, the 2221-E-008-093 and 107-2221-E-492-026- characteristics of solar-selective coating was MY3, and Academia Sinica, Taiwan, R.O.C. investigated. The variables were the different under the contract: AS-SS-108-04-02. coating materials with the different absorptance and emittance. The results show References that the material with the higher acceptance contributes more temperature difference G. Boyle, Renewable Energy: Power for a between the hot and the cold sides, as Sustainable Future, 3rd edition 2012; Oxford illustrated in Figure 3. University Press, Oxford. M. Ortega, P. del Río, E. A. Montero, Assessing the benefits and costs of renewable electricity, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013; 27:294-304.
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N. Selvakumar and H.C. Barshilia, “Review of P. Sundarraj, D. Maity, S. Sinha Roy, and Robert physical vapor deposited spectrally selective A. Taylor, Recent advances in thermoelectric coatings for mid- and high-temperature solar materials and solar thermoelectric generators, thermal applications”, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. RSC Adv. 2014;4:46860-46874. Cells 2012;98:1-23.
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Modelling of automatic generation control for multi-area integrated power system equipment including renewable energy systems
M. Furkan Yılmaz1, Haluk Gözde2, M. Cengiz Taplamacıoğlu3,*, Mehmet Karakaya3
1Turkey Electricity Transmission Company, Ankara, Turkey; 2National Defence University, Electronics and Communication Eng. Dept., Ankara, Turkey; 3Gazi University, Engineering Faculty, Electrical and Electronics Eng. Dept., Ankara, Turkey; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract Nowadays, increasing demand is mostly providing with different fossil sources, hydroelectric and even with the nuclear energy plants. Therefore, the importance of renewable energy sources increases day by day for cleaner environment and less emission for human being. As a result of this different energy sources, the new integration and cooperation problems emerge. In this study, a multi area model of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) system including both classic thermal power plants and also renewable power plants including solar and wind farms are established in MATLAB/Simulink simulation programme. These power plants in entire system are weighted according to their participation. After that, the effects to the frequency stability of the power system according to their participation to the either primary or secondary control loops are investigated as different cases. Controlling the secondary loop of AGC for different participation cases is provided by using proportional-plus-integral (PI) controller which is optimized with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. At the end of the study, the dynamic response of the model presented and interpreted in detail.
Keywords Automatic Generation Control; Renewable Energy Systems; Solar Farm; Wind Farm; Particle Swarm Optimization
Introduction used. The controller must adjust the gain to correct errors in the frequency. However, due Different imbalances have occurred due to the to the complexity of power systems, it is not growth of the power systems, the continued appropriate to adjust the gain of the PI- expansion of the connection network, the use controllers by conventional methods. New of different control methods as a result of the adaptive methods are used to adjust the gain development of technology, and the increasing of the PI-controller [5, 6]. The use of the operations. This has led to a review of system Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, stability and stability classifications in power which is suitable for these methods, is one of systems [1]. the most common. The balanced operation of the The aim of this study is to use models frequency depends on the continuity of that added renewable energy sources with new generation and consumption. If the generation combinations for automatic generation control is more than consumption, the frequency of which are different from the above literature the system increases. When the consumption and also to adjust the gain of PI-controllers for is higher than generation, the frequency of the new models. For the models whose generation system decreases, i.e. the frequency decreases elements are different to the load frequency if the generation cannot compensate the control, the most appropriate PI-controller consumption. The adaptation of the speed gains are adjusted by PSO algorithm. regulator must be ensured by an appropriate and specific control strategy to ensure better Methods frequency stability [4]. For this purpose PI (proportional-integral) controller has been Modelling
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In the models, the participation rates of the In this study, the multi-area interconnected plants are different. In these models, the electrical energy system model has been used. parameters of the PI controller controlling the Hydraulic, thermal, natural gas, solar, wind and secondary frequency are optimized by the PSO nuclear generation units are take into account algorithm. in the models. Five different models are established. The participation generation units Particle Swarm Algorithm are given in the tables below. PSO is an iterative method used for Table 1 optimization in linear or non-linear systems Participation status of power plants in load-frequency similar to other genetic algorithms. PSO is control Thermal Hydraulic N. Gas Wind Sun Nuclear inspired by the movement of birds and fishes. P S P S P S P S P S P S In general, it is an algorithm based on swarm Model-1 x x X x x x x x behaviours [2]. Model-2 x x X x x x x x x x The PSO optimization process is as follows: Model-3 x x X x x x x x x Lower and upper limits are determined for the Model-4 x x X x x x x x x x values to be calculated. The initial position and Model-5 x x X x x x x x x x x x velocities of the particle space set are evaluated. As a result of the particle Figure 1 shows the Model-2, where all calculation, the best values of the entire local generators participate in the secondary swarm should be calculated. Each particle is frequency control. compared to the previous conformity values and it is assigned to the local best value if it is better than the actual values up to that point. The local best suited values are compared to the conformity values of the global best position. If the location of the local best value is better, this value is transferred to the new global best position and conformity value of the particle. The position and speed of the particle are changed for a new operation. The process continues until the best conformity values are found or the iteration number ends. This loop has the best global position value [3].
Results
The PSO is operated for each model and the
Figure 1. Model-2 built interconnected optimal values are determined. PI-controller gain values of the fastest and most effective Five scenarios are applied for each model. In response to system failure in all models are the models, the participation of the plants in given in Table 3 . frequency control is different. Table 3 Table 2 Gain values of PI-controller Participation rates of power plants Plants Model-1 Model-2 Model-3 Model-4 Model-5 Thermal Hydraulic N. Gas Wind Sun Nuclear P -5,00 -5,00 -5,00 -5,00 -5,00 Thermal Model-1 20% 30% 30% 12% 8% 0% I -4,67 -5,00 -5,00 -5,00 -5,00 Model-2 20% 30% 30% 12% 8% 0% P -3,33 -1,10 -0,03 -5,00 -5,00 Hydraulic Model-3 20% 25% 25% 12% 8% 10% I -1,52 -0,86 -0,06 -0,27 0,29 Model-4 20% 25% 25% 12% 8% 10% P -1,75 -5,00 -2,80 -0,27 -1,03 N. Gas Model-5 20% 25% 25% 12% 8% 10% I 0,42 -4,89 -4,20 -0,28 -5,00 Wind P - -5,00 - - -5,00
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I - 0,87 - - -5,00 used. The load frequency control efficiency of P - -0,86 - - -0,46 Sun the models are compared with each other. I - -5,00 - - -0,01 Finally, the obtained results showed that P - - - -3,98 -5,00 Nuclear Particle Swarm Optimization is a sufficient I - - - -0,27 -3,45 algorithm to obtain PI-controller parameters. The Table 4 shows the optimal minimum As a result, renewable energy sources, which undershoot, maximum overshoot and the are increasingly present in the interconnected settling time for each model. system, should contribute to load frequency
Table 4 control. In order to operate the system more System Response Values safely, it should be ensured that conventional Model-1 Model-2 Model-3 Model-4 Model-5 generators continue production in the system. Minimum -2,331.10-3 -2,370.10-3 -2,734.10-3 -0,332.10-3 -2,338.10-3 Undershoot Conventional generators and renewable Settling Time 10,31s 15,80s 8,16s 8,35s 13,24s energy sources should be operated in a mixed Maximum 1,563.10-3 0,492.10-3 0,302.10-3 1,065.10-3 0,953.10-3 structure. Overshoot
References
[1] Kundur, P., Paserba, J., Ajjarapu,V., Andersson, G., Bose,A., Canizares, C., Hatziargyriou, N., Hill, D., Stankovic, A., Taylor,C., Cutsem, T.V., Vittal, V. (2004). Figure 2. Response Oscillations of All Models Definition and Classification of Power System Stability. IEEE Transactions VOL. 19, NO. 2 The Figure 2 shows system response [2]Kennedy, J., Eberhart, R. (1995). Particle oscillations. As a result of the optimization, it is Swarm Optimization, Proceedings of IEEE observed that Model-1 has the lowest International Conference on Neural Networks, minimum peak time in frequency deviation. It 1942-1948, WA, USA. is observed that Model-3 has the highest [3]Gözde, H., Taplamacıoğlu, M. C., Kocaarslan. minimum peak time. Model-1, Model-2, İ., Şenol. M. A. (2010). Particle swarm Model-4 and Model-5's minimum peak times optimization based PI-controller design to are observed to be very close to each other. In load-frequency control of a two area reheat Model-3, the maximum number of zones are thermal power system, Journal of Thermal interpreted as the decrease in the number of Science and Technology, 30(1): 13-21. zones in the frequency domain despite the [4]Elgerd, O.I., Fosha, C.E. (1970). Optimum increase of Model-1 and ,Model-2. megawatt-frequency control of multi-area electric energy systems, IEEE Transactions on Conclusions Power Apparatus and Systems, 89(4): 556-563. [5]Kumar, I.P., Kothari, D.P. (2005). Recent In this study, it is examined the efficiency of the philosophies of automatic generation control load frequency control system of the multi- strategies in power systems, IEEE Transactions area interconnected system. The reaction of on Power Systems, 20(1): 346- 357. the system is analysed under equal load [6]Gözde, H., Taplamacıoğlu, M.C.,Kocaarslan İ. exchange. The PI-controller, which controls the (2009). A Swarm Optimization Based Load secondary frequency in the models, has been Frequency Control Application In A Two Area optimized with the Particle Swarm Thermal Power System, International Optimization algorithm. For the optimization, Conference on Electrical and Electronics the best parameters of the controllers are Engineering - ELECO 2009, Bursa, Turkey.
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Energetic and economic comparison of agricultural biogas plants feed with silage and food waste
Jacek Dach1,*, Wojciech Czekała1, Patrycja Pochwatka2, Isaias Emilio Paulino do Carmo1, Alina Kowalczyk-Juśko2, Jakub Pulka1
1Poznan University of Life Sciences, Institute of Biosystems Engineering, Poznan, Poland; 2University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Lublin, Poland; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract Substrates used in agricultural biogas plants play a dominant role in their energetic and economic balance. In typical biogas plant of the 1st generation (NaWaRo or its clones) working mainly with silages, the costs of substrates usually reach 35-50% of the profit from electric energy sold. The aim of the work was to compare different scenarios for feeding the biogas plant of the new generation which is going to be run in Autumn 2019 at Przybroda experimental farm. The experiments and calculations have shown that substrates play essential role in the economic balance of biogas plants. Yearly profit of 500 kW plant working with biowaste (re-food) is 498 kEUR higher comparing to maize silage scenario (typical for European biogas plant). In order to increase profitability, new generation biogas plants must necessarily be equipped with the possibility of using a wide range of waste substrates.
Keywords biogas production; substrate; biowaste; economic balance
Introduction The paper presents the comparison of different scenarios for feeding the biogas plant Substrates used in agricultural biogas plants of the new generation which is going to be run play a dominant role in their energetic and in Autumn 2019 at Przybroda experimental economic balance (Dach et al., 2014; Wandera farm (fig. 1). et al., 2018). In typical biogas plant of the 1st generation (NaWaRo or its clones) working mainly with silages, the costs of substrates usually reach 35-50% of the profit from electric energy sold (Lewicki et al., 2013; Monforti et al., 2013). This is quite independent of the financial support system in EU countries (Germany, Czechia, Italy, France, Austria, Poland, etc.). However, Poland is a specific country where the financial support system collapsed in 2012 because of extremally fast grow of co-incineration of biomass imported Figure 1. Biogas plant in Przybroda in the final state of from the almost whole world. That is Polish construction biogas sector tries to find (after 2012) the feeding strategies far from expensive maize This installation (500 kW of electric silage scenario. Many owners of biogas plants power) was planned initially as a typical biogas in Poland started to look for different biowaste plant using agricultural substrates like maize used as a substrate in order to decrease the silage and cow manure. However, new exploitation costs of installations (Czekała technological solutions installed in this biogas 2017; Czekała et al., 2018). plant (i.e., biotechnological accelerator) has
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increase wildly the spectrum of substrates 80% of heat from co-generation can be sold to which can be used for feeding fermentation local network (5 EUR/GJ). process. That is why new scenarios were taken Described biogas plant works in into account in order to decrease the costs of Dynamic Biogas technology which is feeding and even reach a situation where characterized by very high performance, profits from biowaste acquisition will increase usually reach 8500 MWh/MW installed. That is the total profit of the biogas plant. why we fix working time of cogeneration unit The aim of the work was to compare different (CHP) on 8500 workhours per year. scenarios for feeding the biogas plant of the new generation which is going to be run in Results Autumn 2019 at Przybroda experimental farm. In order to reach the CHP unit (500 kW of Methods electric power) working 8500 h/a, it is necessary to produce 1,085,742 m3 of During the research, 2 different feeding methane (content inside produced biogas). The scenarios for Przybroda biogas plant were substrates used in all scenarios had following analyzed: production: 1. Conventional feeding (maize silage + cow - Cow manure: 38 m3 CH4/Mg; manure), in this scenario substrates create - Maize silage: 124 m3 CH4/Mg; costs for biogas plant. - Re-food: 78 m3 CH4/Mg. 2. Biowaste-based feeding (re-food + cow Based on these efficiencies, the amounts of manure), biowaste substrates generate profit. substrates needed for production 1,058,742 All substrates were tested for methane m3 of CH4 are as follow: production efficiency in Ecotechnologies - 1st scenario: 7800 Mg of maize silage Laboratory – the biggest Polish biogas and 2409 Mg of cow manure; laboratory placed at Institute of Biosystems - 2nd scenario: 12400 Mg of re-food and Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences. 2409 Mg of cow manure. The methodology of methane production test ` It has to be underlined that the same was based on German norms DIN 38414/S8 amount of cow manure (2409 Mg per year) in and VDI 4630. The physical and chemical both scenarios is simply related with real parameters like pH, dry matter, organic dry production of manure by milking cows in matter, conductivity were also tested (Wolna- Przybroda experimental farm. Maruwka and Dach, 2009; Janczak et al., 2013; The energetic calculations for 1st Waszkielis et al., 2013, Janczak et al., 2017). It scenarios of feeding biogas plant is present in has to be underline that Ecotechnologies table 1, for the 2nd scenario in table 2. Laboratory has received (as the first Polish biogas laboratory) the prestigious certificate of Table 1 the research quality from KTBL. The energetic calculations for 1st and 2nd scenario. The costs of substrates which has to be Parameter Value Unit paid by biogas plant were: 28 EUR/Mg for Working time of CHP 8500 hours/a maize silage, 10 EUR/Mg for cow manure. Electric efficiency of CHP 40 % However, for re-food situation is inverse: each Thermal efficiency of CHP 48 % 1 Mg of this material received by biogas plant Electric energy production 4221 MWh is the profit od 23 EUR/Mg. Simply, in this case Heat production 18237 GJ biowaste owners have to pay to biogas plant Electric power 0.497 MW owners to treat their organic waste. Analyzed biogas plant has 500 kW of electric Thermal power 0.596 MW power and 600 kW of heat. In both described Table 2 scenarios whole produced electric energy is The economic calculations for 1st and 2st scenario of sold to the grid in Feed in Tariff (FiT) system different biogas plant feeding. with the price 147 EUR/MWh. Additionally, Analyzed parameter 1st 2nd Unit
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Cost of substrates silage as main substrate) which is predominant Maize silage -187 0 kEUR/a in Europe. Cow manure -78 -78 kEUR/a Conclusions Re-food 0 285 kEUR/a
Total costs -265 207 kEUR/a On the base of research made in this paper, Energy production several conclusions were made: Electric energy price 147 147 EUR/MWh • Substrates play essential role in the Heat price 5 5 EUR/GJ economic balance of biogas plants. Electric energy profit 618 618 kEUR/a • Yearly profit of 500 kW plant working Profit from heat sold 73 73 kEUR/a with biowaste (re-food) is 498 kEUR higher Total profit 691 691 kEUR/a comparing to maize silage scenario (typical for Profit from digestates European biogas plant). • In order to increase profitability, new Mass of digestates 9392 13624 Mg/a generation biogas plants must necessarily be Digestate price 6 6 EUR/Mg equipped with the possibility of using a wide Profit from digestate: 56 82 kEUR/a range of waste substrates. Total economic balance: 483 980 kEUR/a Acknowledgments Economic analysis presented in table 2 is showing strongly advantage of biowaste This study was performed as part of the feeding scenarios (with dominating re-food statutory research no. 506.105.06.00 in the usage) over traditional maize silage based discipline of Environmental Engineering, feeding. This is related mainly with completely Mining and Energetics, entitled "Energetic use different economic situations: for agricultural of waste as a method of improving the products like maize silage (also cow manure) environment". the owner of biogas plant has to pay, however for receiving organic waste he can gain some References money. In analyzed situation, the graphic Czekała W. Concept of IN-OIL project based on visualization of both scenarios explains better bioconversion of by-products from food the main differences (Fig. 2). processing industry. Journal of Ecological Engineering 2017;18(5):180–185. Czekała W, Cieślik M, Janczak D, Czekała A, Wojcieszak D. Fruit and vegetable waste from markets as a substrate for biogas plant. 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference SGEM 2018. Conference Proceedings vol. 18 Energy and Clean Technologies 2018;4.3:473-478. Dach J, Czekała W, Boniecki P, Lewicki A,
Figure 2. Profits and costs in both analyzed scenarios Piechota T. Specialised internet tool for biogas plant modelling and marked analyzing. The economic analysis has shown that for Advanced Materials Research 2014;909:305- Przybroda biogas plant, the scenario with re- 310. food (out of date food from one of the biggest Janczak D, Malińska K, Czekała W, Cáceres R, Polish market network) can generate the profit Lewicki A, Dach J. Biochar to reduce ammonia 498 kEUR bigger than initially planned maize emissions in gaseous and liquid phase during silage as the main substrate. This calculations composting of poultry manure with wheat clearly show that biowaste-based scenario can straw. Waste Management 2017;66:36-45. be strongly more economic for biogas plant Janczak D, Marciniak M, Lewicki A, Czekała W, owners that the most common scenario (maize Witaszek K, Rodríguez Carmona PC, Cieślik M,
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Dach J. Bioreactor Internet System for Searching for possibilities to improve the Experimental Data Monitoring and performance of full scale agricultural biogas Measurement. Procedia Technology 2013;8: plants. Renewable Energy 2018;116:720-727. 209-214. Waszkielis KM, Wronowski R, Chlebus W, Lewicki A, Dach J, Janczak D, Czekała W. The Białobrzewski I, Dach J, Pilarski K, Janczak D. Experimental Macro Photoreactor for The effect of temperature, composition and Microalgae Production. Procedia Technology phase of the composting process on the 2013;8,:622-627. thermal conductivity of the substrate. Monforti F, Bódis K, Scarlat N, Dallemand JF. Ecological Engineering 2013;61:354-357. The possible contribution of agricultural crop Wolna-Maruwka A, Dach J. Effect of type and residues to renewable energy targets in proportion of different structure-creating Europe: a spatially explicit study. Renewable additions on the inactivation rate of pathogenic Sustainable Energy Reviews 2013;19:666-677. bacteria in sewage sludge composting in a Wandera SM, Qiao W, Algapani DE, Bi S, cybernetic bioreactor. Archives of Dongmin Y, Qi X, Liu Y, Dach J, Dong R. Environmental Protection 2009; 35(3):87-100.
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Evaluation of the influence of three microbial strains in the composition of the biol obtained from the treatment of textile industry waste
Villavicencio-Muñoz N1, Barreda-Del-Carpio J1, Cárdenas-Herrera L2,*, Garate-Manrique R3, Moscoso- Apaza G3, Villanueva-Salas J1
1Universidad Catolica de Santa Maria, School of Pharmaceutical, Biochemical and Biotechnology Sciences, Arequipa, Peru; 2Universidad Nacional de Santa Agustin, School of Medicine, Arequipa, Peru; 3Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo para el Sur, Arequipa, Peru; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract The objective of this research is to evaluate the use of different microbial consortia in the composition of the biol obtained from the treatment of textile industry waste in an anaerobic reactor. Three native strains of alpaca and sheep fiber were isolated: Psedomonas aeruginosa, Alcaligenes sp. and Proteus vulgaris, as well as 8 native strains of cow rumen: Fusarium sp., (4) Fusarium oxysporum (different varieties), Aspergillus sp., Monascus sp. and Aspergillus flavus. As a result, the biol obtained from the bioreactors has more N-P-K (Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium), which helps vegetative growth and development. The amount of Ca (Calcium) and Mg (Magnesium) is similar to organic fertilizers and can be used in hydroponic crops. Textile waste is highly keratinous and causes environmental pollution in Peru. This justifies the implementation of new technology for processing residual fiber, obtaining bioproducts and taking care of the environment.
Keywords Biol; anaerobic reactor; microbial consortia
Introduction approach is quantitative, as it represents a set of sequential processes where a series of data Peru is the world's largest producer of alpaca are collected for hypothesis approval. This fiber. As it is known, the textile industry has research was carried out in Arequipa, Peru grown considerably in the country. Therefore, through an agreement with the Peruvian state also the waste generated by this industry with INNOVATE Peru, Universidad Catolica de during the weaving process increased. These Santa Maria, Inca Tops (textile company) and wastes (sheep and alpaca’s wool) are IiDS (institute), from March 2016 to April 2018. keratinous materials that are difficult to degrade. For this reason, they are considered Methods negative to the activities of their generators Isolation, characterization and identification of and not as a possible source of income. Wastes micro-organisms from fiber of alpaca, sheep are usually disposed of by throwing them in and cow rumen dumps (Sedesol, 2004) or sanitary landfills, generating an additional cost to companies in The collection of solid waste samples of alpaca our country and pollution of soil, air and water. and sheep fiber from the textile company Inca This project seeks to evaluate the composition Tops located in the sector of Zamacola - of biol using microbial consortia from the Arequipa was carried out. The samples were treatment of solid waste and obtain biol with taken from five different points within the the best characteristics for use it as fertilizer. facilities of the plant. The samples were labeled An exploratory research was carried out as it with letters A, T, L, S, C and M referring to each investigates a little studied topic from an of the sampling points. Blood agar culture innovative perspective. In addition, the medium was prepared for 20 mL plates. Each
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sample was sown by striae. The plates were placed into the jar for anaerobes incubation for Three native strains of alpaca and sheep fiber 15 days at 37°C. Then, the growth of the were isolated, which were identified bacteria was observed, and it was repeated molecularly: Psedomonas aeruginosa, until pure strains were obtained. Fungi were Alcaligenes sp. and Proteus vulgaris; and 8 isolated from the cow rumen, which was native strains of cow rumen, which were obtained from Don Goyo slaughterhouse identified molecularly: Fusarium sp., (4) located in Zamacola-Arequipa. The samples Fusarium oxysporum (distintas variedades), were taken from the different parts of the Aspergillus sp., Monascus sp. and Aspergillus rumen folds and were labeled with letters P, flavus. MA, MB, MC. Sabouraud dextrose agar culture Table 1 is a comparative table. It shows medium supplemented with Chloramphenicol 3 biol produced with organic waste and 3 biol and Gentamicin was prepared for 20 mL plates, produced from textile solid waste (alpaca fiber using the streaking technique in each sample. and sheep wool, among others such as soil), Finally, the plates were placed into the jar for which are the biol of the bioreactors. The pH anaerobes incubation for 15 days at 37°C. must range between 6.5 - 8.5 to be considered Then, the growth of the bacteria was observed, boil (Seldesol, 2004). and it was repeated until pure strains were obtained. The strains were taken to a certified Discussion laboratory for molecular identification. Bacteria isolated from the residual fiber Configuration and construction of a bioreactor resulted in Gram+. In anaerobic bioreactors, for the biological treatment of textile waste large numbers of Gram+ bacteria were found, mentioned by (Kröber et al. 2009), which Three bioreactors were set up for the would indicate that T-1, A-0 and A-3 could experimental tests, considering an effective increase the efficiency of the process. Rumen is volume of 11 L and a capacity of 20 L in total. a very favorable environment for the growth of The reactors have a spraying and recirculating some microorganisms and could be considered system of the effluent inside. This system as a continuous culture medium of great value works with a pump and sensors that facilitate for the development of anaerobic the water levels so it can be recirculated. It also microorganisms (Grajales, 2014). This would has a grid at the bottom to prevent the passage indicate that the isolated strains of the rumen of large particles. The bioreactors were are anaerobic and could be developed in an inoculated as follows: bioreactor 1 with a anaerobic reactor. bacteria consortium, bioreactor 2 with a fungi consortium and bioreactor 3 with a microbial Conclusions consortium (bacteria and fungi). These worked for 45 days. • Three native strains of alpaca and sheep fiber were isolated, which were Evaluation of biol composition molecularly identified as Psedomonas aeruginosa, Alcaligenes sp. and Proteus The biol was analyzed after 45 days considering vulgaris. Eight native strains were isolated from Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), cow rumen, which have anaerobic capacity. Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) as the most These were identified molecularly and the important parameters since they help the strains are Fusarium sp., (4) Fusarium vegetative growth and development of the oxysporum (different varieties), Aspergillus sp., plants. These results were compared with biol Monascus sp. and Aspergillus flavus. of different biomasses as the biol of Don Goyo • After different experiments and slaughterhouse, which was taken as reference analysis of parameters, it was concluded that in the city of Arequipa. the biol obtained from bioreactors 1 and 2 had a good amount of N-P-K. This indicates that it Results could be used as a liquid fertilizer. The amount
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of Ca and Mg found in biol resembles the Garzón Grajales, N. Caracterización e amount of organic fertilizers. Therefore, it can identificación molecular de hongos de suelo be used in hydroponic crops. aislados de los páramos de Guasca y Cruz Verde, Cundinamarca-Colombia (Bachelor's Acknowledgments thesis, Facultad de Ciencias).2014 Kröber, M., Bekel, T., Diaz, N., Goesmann, A., I thank my parents for their unconditional Jaenicke, S., Krause, L., Schlüter, A. support. I thank all the professors who Phylogenetic characterization of a biogas plant supported me; and Dr. Villanueva for his trust microbial community integrating clone library and support. Finally, I thank INNOVATE Peru for 16S-rDNA sequences and metagenome the opportunity to be part of the team. sequence data obtained by 454- pyrosequencing. Journal of Biotechnology. References 2009 June; 142 (1): 38– 49. Sedesol, Ine. Informe de la situación general en Alvarez Fernando. Preparación y uso de biol. material de equilibrio ecológico y protección al Lima: Soluciones Prácticas, 2010. ambiente. México; 2004. página 220.
Table 1 Comparison of parameters Parameter Source 1 Source 2 Source 3 Source 4 Source 5 Source 6 Manual of biol Cow dung Don Goyo Reactor 1 biol Reactor 2 biol Reactor 3 biol preparation slaughterhouse’s (bacteria) (fungus) (consortium) biol pH 5.6 7 7.2 8.38 8.37 8.96 Ca 112.10mg/L 1132.0mg/L _ 144.55mg/L 129.69mg/L _ K 860.40mg/L 2892.4mg/L _ 150.484mg/L 124.776mg/L _ Mg 54.77mg/L 544.4mg/L 20.76 mg/L 36.105mg/L 26.461mg/L 19.369mg/L N 0.092 % 46 % 4.095 % 0.17% 0.18% 5.307% P 112.80mg/L 57% ˂0.1 mg/L 4.242% 4.786% 0.002%
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Kinetics of biomethane formation during multi-co-fermentation of organic waste from food industry
Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska1, Paula Żak1, Hubert Prask1, Małgorzata Fugol1, Agnieszka Medyńska- Juraszek2, Bogusław Dulian3, Andrzej Białowiec1,4*
1Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, The Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wrocław, Poland; 2Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, The Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Protection, Wrocław, Poland; 3Varitex spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością spółka komandytowa, Łódź, Poland, 4Iowa State University, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Ames, USA; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract Biochar (BC) addition is a novel and promising method for biogas yield increase. Organic waste from the food industry (OWFI) including waste from the slaughterhouse (WS) is an abundant easily biodegradable organic matter with a large potential for biogas production. Up to now, research on pyrolytic BC application for methane fermentation showed a positive influence on the increase of both biogas and biomethane yields. Another source of BC, besides the pyrolysis, maybe BC produced under torrefaction conditions (low-temperature pyrolysis). As a feedstock for torrefaction, the digestate from biogas plant may be used. In this research, for the first time, we tested the feasibility of increasing biogas yield and rate from OWFI digestion by adding BC, which was produced from biogas plant digestate via torrefaction. The proposed proof-of-the concept refers to an approach of biogas plant waste transformation to BC and its recirculation gaining the higher biogas production, and waste recycling. OWFI was fermented in the presence of BC with BC/(OWFI+BC) weight ratio from 0 to 10 % d.m. Multi-co-fermentation of OWFI consisted of waste from the slaughterhouse (30 % w.m.), waste from vegetables and fruits processing (30 % w.m.), pulp from sugar production (20 % w.m.), waste from milk processing (10 % w.m.), and waste from potatoes processing (10 % w.m.) was investigated. The study was conducted during 21 days under mesophilic conditions in n = 3 trials. The content of dry mass 5 % in all variants was constant. First order kinetics parameters of biogas production were estimated. Conceptual mass and energy balances of the biogas plant for OWFI utilization with BC recirculation were done.
Keywords food waste; biochar; biogas; fermentation; torrefaction
Introduction temperature pyrolysis) (Dudek et al. 2019). As a feedstock for torrefaction, the digestate from Organic waste from the food industry (OWFI) biogas plant may be used. In this research, for including waste from the slaughterhouse (WS) the first time, we tested the feasibility of is an abundant easily biodegradable organic increasing biogas yield and rate from OWFI matter with a large potential for biogas digestion by adding BC, which was produced production. Biochar (BC) addition is a novel and from biogas plant digestate via torrefaction. promising method for biogas yield increase. Up The proposed proof-of-the concept refers to an to now, research on pyrolytic BC application for approach of biogas plant waste transformation methane fermentation showed a positive to BC and its recirculation gaining the higher influence on the increase of both biogas and biogas production, and waste recycling (Figure biomethane yields. Another source of BC, 1). besides the pyrolysis, maybe BC produced under torrefaction conditions (low-
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The research stand consisted of a set of 30
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G was always 5%. Electricity The following analyses were carried out in the OWFI samples: Composting • dry matter content in accordance with PN-EN 14346: 2011, Figure 1. Synergy of the waste to carbon with waste to energy concept • loss on ignition and ash content in accordance with PN-EN 15169: 2011. Materials and methods The amount of biogas produced in the initial phase of the anaerobic digestion process was Multi-co-fermentation of OWFI consisted of: recorded several times a day, along with the • waste from the slaughterhouse (30 % decreasing intensity of biogas production in the w.m.), later days’ readings were made once a day. The • waste from vegetables and fruits biogas composition (content of CH4, CO2, O2, processing (30 % w.m.), H2S, NH3) was measured using GA 5000 • pulp from sugar production (20 % analyzer. The temperature and air pressure in w.m.), the lab were recorded for further conversion of • waste from milk processing (10 % the biogas production results under normal w.m.), conditions. • waste from potatoes processing (10 % The biogas kinetics were evaluated according w.m.). to first order formula: −푘 ∙푡 OWFI was fermented in the presence of BC 퐺 = 퐺0 ∙ (1 − 푒 ) with BC/(OWFI+BC) weight ratio: G - yield of biogas from the substrate at time t, • 0 % d.m., Nm3∙Mg-1VS • 1.25 % d.m., Go - the potential of biogas production from • 2.5 % d.m., the substrate, Nm3∙Mg-1VS • 5 % d.m. , k - a constant rate of biogas production, d-1 • 10 % d.m. t - time, d. Biochar was produced from digestate from biogas plant in Świdnica, Poland. Torrefaction Results under 300oC for 60 minutes was applied. The process of anaerobic digestion was carried out The results of the feedstock properties before in mesophilic conditions (38oC) in accordance and after fermentation are given in table 1. with the German standard DIN 38414-S8. Results of biogas production kinetics are given in table 2 and figure 2. The conducted experiment showed that applied mixture of OWFI had a high potential for methane fermentation. The biogas yield from OWFI without the addition of BC was 699.6 Nm3.Mg-1 VS, with the methane content 62.9 % v/v. The highest biogas production potential 721.5 Nm3.Mg-1 VS was found for variant with the addition of 2.5 % BC. Figure 2. Eudiometers used for biogas potential Simulations, indicated that the addition of 2,5% determination. of BC, may increase the power of the biogas
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plant with capacity of 30000 Mg OWFI per year -1 3. -1 by 2%. Moreover, this approach, with BC k, d G0, Nm Mg VS produced from digestate for recirculation to fermentation bioreactor, may high potential OWFI 0.239 715.6 for application, as it utilizes the digestate itself and increases the degree of heat recovery from OWFI+BC1.25% 0.212 701.3 biogas cogeneration units. OWFI+BC2.5% 0.227 727.3 OWFI+BC5% 0.229 700.5 Table 1 The basic properties of feedstocks before and after the OWFI+BC10% 0.235 721.8 fermentation process Before the After the Table 3 experiment experiment The results of biogas plant simulation Variant DM, VS, DM, VS, Biogas Electric CH4 % %DM % %DM Variant flow, power, 3. -1 content, % m h MWe OWFI 5.25 80.83 6.92 68.94
OWFI+BC1.25% 5.11 79.78 5.12 68.85 OWFI 403.8 1.01 62.9 OWFI+BC2.5% 5.16 79.83 5.81 69.18 OWFI+BC1.25% 395.8 1.00 63.4 OWFI+BC5% 5.22 79.40 5.30 68.85 OWFI+BC2.5% 410.4 1.03 63.1 OWFI+BC10% 5.18 78.94 5.54 69.13 OWFI+BC5% 395.3 0.99 62.9 Inoculum 3.36 70.32 5.90 68.02 OWFI+BC10% 407.3 1.01 62.2
Conclusions
The addition of small amount of biochar (BC, produced via torrefaction of digestate) to OWFI improves the biogas production efficiency. However, no proportional dose-effect dependence or an optimal BC dose at this stage of research was found. Still, this proof-of-the- concept research on the effect of the BC addition to determining the biogas production with the GB21 method allowed to conclude that: • The addition of BC reduced the biogas production constant rate, which for Figure 3. The cumulative curves of biogas production OWFI variant were 0.239 d-1,
respectively. The highest biogas Based on the experiments carried out and the production constant rate (k) resulted results obtained, modeling was carried out, the due to the 10% BC addition, and it was purpose of which was to simulate the efficiency 0.235 d-1. of the biogas plant with a capacity of 30000 Mg • The OWFI has high biogas production per year (Tab. 3). potential 715.6 m3∙Mg-1VS.
• The 2,5% BC dose resulted in the Table 4 The kinetic parameters of the OWFI fermentation increase of the maximum production process, k – constant rate, G0 – biogas potential of biogas from the substrate (G0) of production 727,3 m3∙Mg-1VS. Biogas production • Simulations, indicated that the Variant kinetics addition of 2,5% of BC, may increase the power of the biogas plant with
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capacity of 30000 Mg OWFI per year by The research was done under financial support 2%. of the project titled ‘The development of an • It is recommended to continue the innovative, effective method of biomass research focused on other types of biological treatment under an anaerobic biochar especially those produced condition’ implemented under the Bon for under higher temperatures. Innovations program. Project number: • It is also recommended to investigate POIR.02.03.02-10-0024/18. the mechanism of biochar addition on methane fermentation process, References influence on microbial activity, and biogas net yield due to chemical- Dudek M, Świechowski K, Manczarski P, Koziel physical interactions with biogas J.A, Białowiec A. The effect of biochar addition components. on the biogas production kinetics from the anaerobic digestion of brewers’ spent Acknowledgments grain. Energies, 2019;12,1518.
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Increased energy efficiency and renewable energy use for high temperature heating
Danijela Urbancl1,*, Jurij Krope1, Darko Goričanec1
1University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Maribor, Slovenia; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract High-temperature heating is identified as one of the most challenges issues at regional and local level due to the high use of non-renewable energy sources and a very low share of renewable energy sources. In order to improve energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources for high- temperature heating, innovative technical solutions are needed. The aim of the research is to increase the fuel efficiency (natural gas, diesel, LPG, etc.) using renewable energy sources for high-temperature heating. The increase in fuel efficiency depends on the efficiency of CHP (cogeneration, combined heat and power system) and HP (heat pump) and can reach up to 220% in relation to LHV (low heating value) of fuel and with that equivalent CO2 emission reduction into the environment. The new heating system use low-temperature renewable energy sources (groundwater or any other waste heat) with a heat pump (HP). The produced heat is used for preheating the return water of the high temperature heating system to a maximum of 60°C and then water reheating at the required temperature with cogeneration system (CHP). The use of electricity produced by CHP is predicted for the HP compressor operation. The implementation of new heating system will reduce the dependency on the import of primary energy and will have positive effects on better air quality.
Keywords renewable energy sources; high temperature heating; cogeneration; heat pump; energy efficiency
Introduction Nowadays hot-water boilers and cogeneration devices are mainly used for high- Controlling Europe's energy consumption and temperature heating in buildings, which mostly increasing energy consumption from use energy from non-renewable energy renewable sources, including energy savings sources. and increased energy efficiency, are an High-temperature heat pumps can also important part of the package of measures be used for high-temperature heating of needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in buildings, which, in the case of exploiting a low- accordance with the Kyoto Protocol, the United temperature heat source due to the high Nations Convention on Climate Change and the electricity cost of electricity from the electricity continued commitment of the Community and grid and the low COP, are not economically international commitments to reduce efficient. greenhouse gas emissions after 2012 (Urbancl In order to increase energy efficiency, a at.al, 2015, Trop at.al. 2016, Urbancl at. al patented (Goricanec, 2017) innovative 2016). technical solution was developed to increase High-temperature heating of energy efficiency and the use of renewable buildings is identified as one of the most energy sources for high-temperature heating challenges issues at regional and local level due of buildings. The solution consist of gas to the use of non-renewable energy sources cogeneration units with an integrated and a very low share of the use of renewable additional heat exchanger for the production of energy sources. waste heat by condensation of moisture present in flue gases and a low temperature
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heat pump which will use heat of groundwater The compression heat pump (Figure 2) or surface water. consists of a compressor, an expansion valve and two heat exchangers, where one New heating system evaporator is the other being a condenser. In the heat pump there is a coolant. The innovation (Figure 1) envisages the use of low-temperature renewable energy sources (groundwater) with a heat pump (HP) type water / water used for preheating the return water of the high temperature heating system to a maximum of 60°C and then water reheating at the required temperature with mini cogeneration system (CHP). For the HP compressor operation, the use of electricity produced by mini CHP is foreseen.
Figure 2. Schematic presentation of single – stage compression heat pump
The compressor serves to raise the pressure of refrigeration vapour. In the condenser refrigerant vapours condensed. The expansion valve regulates the pressure in the evaporator and thus the temperature of the evaporating coolant. With the circular process the heat source is cooled into the evaporator, heating medium, which is usually water heated by
means of condensation cooled in the Figure 1. Schematic presentation of an innovative condenser. As a source of heat, waste heat, technical solution for high-temperature heating of buildings. geothermal water, air, and groundwater, soil etc. Legend: F- Fuel E- Environment Fourth - generation refrigerant P – Pipe Mini CHP – Mini Combined Heat and Power In heat pumps, more than 100 different EC- Electric Cable refrigerants have been used, but there are only HP – Heat Pump HA – Heat Accumulator a few of them that produce satisfactory results HC – Heat Consumer and are not dangerous to use and the environment. Single-Stage compression heat pump Ever since halogenated hydrocarbons have been banned in the field of refrigerants, Single-stage heat pumps are suitable for lower there have been very high research towards temperature differences between heat source the search for alternative environmentally and the required temperature of the heating friendly refrigerants that have low ODP (ozone medium. depletion potential) and GWP (Global warming We distinguish different types of heat factor) . pumps by source and heated medium (water- In 2011, the European directive water, air-water), where the first place is adopted the removal of fluorinated coolant always a source of heat on the other being a from GWP greater than 150 in cars heated medium. manufactured after 1. 1.2017
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A lot of water/water low temperature heat pumps are on the market. They use unfriendly refrigeration substances R134a (GWP = 1430) or R407c (GWP = 1610) In the developed process new and environmentally friendly refrigerant of fourth generation is used 1, 3, 3, 3- Tetrafluoropropane (HFO-1234ze), having GWP = 4 or 2, 3, 3, 3-Tetrafluoropropane (HFO- 1234YF) with GWP < 1. A heat pump with a fourth-generation Figure 3. Schematic presentation of single – stage coolant can also be used in the summertime to compression heat pump with new refrigerant produce cold water for the needs of cooling spaces through the climates. Before entering the compressor the Table 1 presents values of GWP and vapours must be overheated. The vapours of ODP and some other physical properties of the R1234yf must be overheated for 2°C and proposed refrigerants. It is due to the low value R1234ze vapours must be overheated for 4°C. of GWP and similar physical characteristics as it The impact of the vapour overheating has cooled R134a on the heating number and heat flow heat pump has been recalculated by computer Table 1 simulation. From the results of the computer Refrigerants properties simulations, it was found that heating number Refrigerant R134a R1234 R1234ze yf (COP) increased by approximately 0.4, with a ODP 0 0 0 very small increase in the necessary energy to GWP 1300 <1 4 drive the compressor. Period of decomposition 13,8 0,03 0,03 in atmosphere (years) Boiling temperature(°C) -26,07 -29,45 -18,95 MINI CHP Critical temperature (°C) 101,1 94,7 109,4 Critical pressure(bar) 40,5 33,8 36,4 Mini CHP devices are used for cogeneration of heat and high-efficiency power. Natural gas is Use of fourth – generation coolant usually used as fuel. The mini CHP of the TEDOM producer There is a problem by using the fourth is used in the presented heating system. generation refrigerant, because refrigerant Technical data are given in Table 3. vapours could condense in compressor. The solution to this problem is schematically shown Table 3 Technical data of MINI CHP in Figure 2. Modifications Standard Condensed
Electric power (kW) 6,5 6,5 Heat flow (kW) 16,0 18,4 Fuel consumption (kW) 24,1 24,1
Electric efficiency (%) 27,0 27,0 Heat efficiency (%) 66,3 76,4 (2) Entire fuel efficiency (%) 93,3 103,4
Heat accumulator
Standard commercially available heat accumulator is integrated in the process. At a
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temperature difference of 1°C, 1 m3 accumulates 1,1 kWh / m3 of heat. References The predicted temperature difference between the inlet (70 ° C) and the return (35 ° Urbancl D, Zlak J, Anicic B, Trop P, Goricanec D. C) of the heating system is ΔT = 35 ° C. The heat The evaluation of heat production using accumulator type CAS 5002 has a volume of 5 municipal biomass co-incineration within a m3, which means that it can accumulate 192.5 thermal power plant. Energy 2015. kWh of heat. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.0 7.064. Conclusions Trop P, Agrez M, Urbancl D, Goricanec D. Co- gasification of torrefied wood biomass and New technology composed of a cogeneration sewage sludge. Comput. Aided Chem. Eng., vol. plant and a low temperature heat pump for 38, 2016, p. 2229–34. doi:10.1016/B978-0- increasing the energy efficiency of primary fuel 444-63428-3.50376-3. and the use of low-temperature renewable Urbancl D, Trop P, Goricanec D. Geothermal energy sources for high-temperature heating heat potential - the source for heating of buildings is developed. greenhouses in Southestern Europe. Therm Sci The entire plant increases the total 2016;20:1061–71. utilization of primary fuel used to drive the doi:10.2298/TSCI151129155U. cogeneration system by more than 70%, GORIČANEC, Darko. Method and apparatus for depending on the efficiency of the primary fuel increasing the efficiency of the cogeneration with the gas condensing boiler, and the same power plant by the heat pump principle percentage reduces the CO2 emissions into the utilization for increasing the coolant inlet environment temperature: SI 25205 (A), 2017-11-30. New developed heat pump, which, will Ljubljana: Urad Republike Slovenije za use a new and environmentally-friendly intelektualno lastnino, 2017. coolant of the fourth generation 1,3,3,3- patentna družina: Patentna prijava št. P- dimethyl-4-fluorocarbon instead of the 201600123, 2016-05-05; WO2017191505 (A1), classical environmentally unfavourable 2017-11-09; WO2017191505 (A4), 2018-02-22; refrigerants R134a (GWP = 1430) or R407c PCT/IB2017/000574, 2017-05-05; CA3023380 (GWP = 1610) is integrated in the process. (A1); CN109477642 (A); EP3452758 (A1); SI20160000155, 2016-06-20
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Photovoltaics design and synergy with landscape: multifunctional land use nexus between renewable energy production and water supply
Teodoro Semeraro1,*, Alessandro Pomes2, Amilcare Barca1, Cecilia Del Giudice3, Marcello Lenucci1, Roberta Aretano4, Alessandra Scognamiglio5
1University of Salento, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy; 2Technital SpA, Verona, Italy, Via Carlo Cattaneo 20, 37121; 3Global Solar Fund Engineering Italy s.r.l., Brindisi, Italy, Viale Regina Margherita 13, 72100; 4Environmental consultant, via S. Leucio 15, 72100 Brindisi Italy; 5ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Energy Technologies Department, Portici Research centre, Portici (NA), Italy, largo Enrico Fermi 1, 80055; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract The design of ground photovoltaic systems (GPV) mainly considers the engineering aspects. This is due to a design gap between engineering solutions for production of renewable energy and ecological or landscape issues. In this perspective, we propose to apply the design approach of PV in association with the multifunctional land use creating a nexus between renewable energy production and enhancement of ecosystem services. In this case, we redesign two PVs in Apulia Region to combine renewable energy production with an ecosystem able to support fresh water, treat wastewater, CO2 adsorption and biodiversity.
Keywords green infrastructure; constructed treatment wetland; water reuse; ecosystem services; ground photovoltaic systems
Introduction Currently, the design of GPVs is majorly focused on the management of the full spaces, The need to make energy production not linked that is where the panels are positioned, to fossil fuels to counteract climate change has without giving importance at the design of the led to the development of energy policies that “pore” space, that is “the space around” or encourage the use of renewable sources. “the space in between” the modules However, many renewable energy projects (Scognamiglio et al., 2016). This is due to a have been developed with the only vision on design gap between engineering solutions for energy. Many times, similar projects have been the production of renewable energy and implemented in different areas. This has ecological or landscape issues. created a paradox, because policies designed Our aim is to imagine and propose to combat climate change have produced land- ground photovoltaic systems as green use change with negative effects on human infrastructures able to create greater socio- well-being (Semeraro et al., 2018; Semeraro et economic and ecological harmony in the land al., 2017). use transition. This is important for developing In recent years, there has been a strategies for multifunctional use of the land competition between land use for agriculture and improving the ecological performance of and land use for the installation of ground ground base photovoltaic systems. photovoltaic systems (GPVs) with a loss of ecological functions that support the human Main body benefits, defined as ecosystem services.
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As well as energy policies have an effect on the same existing a) technology, b) energy climate change, climate change affects the production capacity and c) surface of the availability of water resources. Recently, the ground base photovoltaic systems. GPVs are first real water crisis occurred in a metropolis made with solar tracking technologies and the like Cape Town in early 2018. The population panels are raised off the ground. lived daily with 50 litres of water per day. The The projects have been developed adopting a transdisciplinary approach in order inhabitants had to adapt their daily habits. The to involve a management system for taking into main security problem was the water theft. account the main economic, ecological and In Apulia region, in south Italy, in social aspects while avoiding trade-off among recent years there is a problem of availability of them. water resources. There is a strong water crisis especially in the summer period when the Results demand for water increases for tourism and the wastewater treatment plants are unable to Figure 1 is the conceptual model of constructed dispose of the quantity of wastewater treatment wetland that we have designed to received. build in existing photovoltaic systems. So, the question we need to ask ourselves is: how much will water cost after a A B water crisis? How will our habits change? C Some experts consider the wastewater reuse an important strategy for improved water sector management. In this perspective, we propose to apply the design of GPVs with a multifunctional land use approach creating a nexus between SFS-h (A) renewable energy production and enhancement of ecosystem services able to support water reuse. This is done through a study of a new pattern for GPVs, in which SFS-v (B) energy generation is coupled with other ecological functions.
Methods
FWS (C) The main type of vegetation growing in the ground photovoltaic systems in the Apulia region is reuderal and nitrophilous flora, which has no significant ecological value. Its presence is encouraged by human disturbance. Companies spend about € 3,300 / MWp per Figure 1. Figure 1. Conceptual scheme of a high-efficiency constructed treatment wetland. SFS-h is Subsurface Flow year to remove it. System – horizontal; SFS-V is Subsurface Flow System – The idea is simple and consists in vertical and FWS is Free Water Surface (Salvati et al., replacing the vegetation that grows 2012) spontaneously in PVs with vegetation capable of supporting specific ecological functions and, In the first case we were able to realize therefore, ecosystem services like fresh water, the constructed treatment wetland by waste treatment and climate regulation positioning the SFS-h and the SFS-v in the free We try to apply our idea of design in space of the GPV. Here we have no specific two existing PVs in Apulia Region, maintaining limits in the choice of vegetation. Commercial
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species such as cannabis light or other varieties 1 for specific aim could also be used. While the FWS is realized integrated with the solar panels, FWS also acts as a collection basin for A purified water that can be used for various purposes (Figure 2 [1]). In the second example, all the A components of the constructed treatment wetland are integrated with the solar panels. In B particular, by repositioning the panel rows it is possible to use vegetation about 1 mt in height. C in this case it would also be possible to use vegetation with commercial value (Figure 2 [2]). C The economic costs for the construction of the different components that make up the wastewater treatment can be paid off through greater energy production, due to 2 the capacity of the photovoltaic panels to use A sun rays reflected from the water bodies. Then, direct and indirect ecological and social benefits have to be considered to which an economic gain can correspond: cost savings for A water treatment compared to industrial plants; the capacity of these plants to absorb carbon dioxide; the possibility of providing clean water that can be used for human purposes. There B are other indirect advantages that cannot be evaluated economically but that are important, for example, to support for biodiversity. In fact, a study conducted in a constructed treatment wetland has demonstrated the ability of these C plants to support local and migratory birds (Semeraro et al., 2015). Indirectly, this plant can support other economic activities such as the production of starch from the Lemna minor (it is up to five times higher than corn) useful C for bioethanol production and food production (Lee et al., 2016) or even the breeding of small fish for the purpose of environmental monitoring and aquaculture twchnologies. This type of system can be modulated for different needs: from civil water treatment Figure 2. Example of two projects that integrate a to industrial water treatment. This approach photovoltaic system and constructed treatment wetland design can be used in countries characterized by a strong water crisis and poor accessibility Discussions to energy, in fact there are many populations that cannot regularly use electricity. We think that the philosophy of green infrastructure, through the input of renewable energy production, can push private individuals to indirectly invest in public services and
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strategies that public administrations are not the ecological footprint of urban systems by capable of realizing due to the economic crisis. developing ecological functions that support Photovoltaic systems, made as green the well-being of the population and that we infrastructures, can represent a functional can define as ecosystem services. Moreover, element of the landscape that can encourage this type of vision of photovoltaic systems can sustainable development. In this way, PVs can also produce ecological and economic benefits be a "sink" of biodiversity: biodiversity spreads not directly programmed but useful for from the outside to the inside the PVs; at the increasing the multi-functionality of land use. same time, a source of biodiversity: biodiversity spreads from the inside the PV to References the outside. This is an important aspect because it involves energy policies with policies Salvati S, Bianco A, Bardasi G, Mirella C, De for the development of biodiversity at Mattia MC, Giovinelli L, Canepel R, Natalia MC. european level (Figure 3). Guida tecnica per la progettazione e gestione dei sistemi di fitodepurazione per il biodiversity Agricultural Photovoltaic trattamento delle acque reflue urbane flow field System (PV) (Technical guide for the design and Photovoltaic systems can become an island of biodiversity in an mono- management of phytodepuration systems for agricultural landscape urban wastewater treatment), ISPRA 2012. sink Olive Arable http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/it/pubblicazi groves land oni/manuali-e-linee-guida/files/manuale PV PV [accessed 21 March 2018]. Scognamiglio A. ‘Photovoltaic landscapes': PV design and assessment. A critical review for a source PV new transdisciplinary design vision. Renew PV Sustain Energy Rev 2016; 55:629–661.
Figure 3. Ground based photovoltaic systems thought like Semeraro T, Aretano R, Pomes A. Green green infrastructures can represent an ecological Infrastructure to Improve Ecosystem Services functional element of the Landscape. in the Landscape Urban Regeneration. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering Conclusions 2017; 245:082044 Semeraro T, Pomes A, Del Giudice C, Negro D, We hope for a cultural transition in the design Aretano R. Planning ground based utility scale of renewable energy plants from a mono or solar energy as green infrastructure to enhance interdisciplinary approach, that many times ecosystem services. Energ Policy 2018; has led to a copy-and-paste in the plant design, 117:218-227, 2018. i.e. using the same project in different places, Semeraro T, Giannuzzi C, Beccarisi L, Aretano R, to a transdisciplinary approach where every De Marco A, Pasimeni MR, Zurlini G, Petrosillo contribution is used to produce a holistic vision I. A constructed treatment wetland as an in the project, and involving both the private opportunity to enhance biodiversity and and the public sector. Innovation in this case ecosystem services. Ecol Eng 2015; 82:517-526. consist in doing the same things but in a Lee CJ, Yangcheng H, Cheng JJ, Jay-Lin Jane. different way. Starch characterization and ethanol production Green infrastructures are strategies of duckweed and corn kernel. Starch/Stärke able to produce new energy economy through 2016; 68: 348-354. Increasing the carrying capacity and reducing
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Experimental research and simulation of computer processes of heat exchange in a heat exchanger working on the basis of the principle of heat pipes for the purpose of heat transfer from the ground
Łukasz Adrian1,*, Szymon Szufa2, Piotr Piersa3, Krystian Kurowski4
1Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; *corresponding author email: [email protected] address: Lokajskiego 1A, 98-200 Sieradz, Poland; 2Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz, Poland; 3Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz, Poland; 4Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Abstract The article presents the results of experimental research and simulation of computer processes of heat exchange in a heat exchanger working on the basis of the principle of heat pipes for the purpose of heat transfer from the ground. The article presents the results of experimental tests at the experimental stand and computer simulations of the effects of heat exchange and phase transformations, both on the heat supply side and on the heat pickup side in order to build them from above. a heat source heat exchanger that allows efficient transport of heat from the ground. The final result of the conducted tests are the results of measurements and characteristics of heat exchange processes and the actual efficiency of analyzed heat exchangers, such as heat pipes made of copper, 1780 mm long and 18 mm in diameter. One of the main assumptions was the analysis and evaluation of the heat pump's efficiency for various working factors and related phase transitions as well as in different temperatures in the range of 5-50 ⁰C both on the heat supply side and heat reception. The heat streams collected and given off by the heat pipe during the operation were examined, which in the selection of the optimization criterion in the form of type and amount of working medium resulted in the efficiency of the heat pipe exceeding 90% with heat streams reaching 200 W. The article presents research issues necessary for the analysis of the efficiency and usefulness of heat pipes as heat exchangers mounted in the lower heat sources of the central heating installation, including in air conditioning and construction engineering because the temperature range at the time of testing was 5-50 ⁰C, which coincides with the scope of work of heat exchangers working in the above-mentioned environments. Obtained satisfactory results of experimental tests in the size of heat streams collected and given by the heat pipe at the level of 200 W and its efficiency in heat transfer exceeding 90% on the one hand enable reduction of operating costs of central heating and cogeneration devices for heat and electricity production, on the other hand they enable their ecological work, which in turn will contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere.
Keywords heat exchange; heat exchanger; heat pipe; renewable sources of energy; heat pump; heat from the ground; thermal efficiency
Introduction a mixture of glycol with water, which in a positive temperature reaches the evaporator. One of the most popular devices using In the glycolic concept presented in this article, renewable energy sources are ground-source the ground heat exchanger has been replaced heat pumps. Geothermal pumps extract heat with a highly efficient heat exchanger like a from the ground through a system of horizontal heat pipe. Heat Pipes are heat exchangers that or vertical exchangers. In previously used were created as a result of efforts to intensify ground heat pumps, the heat carrier is usually heat exchange processes. One of the main
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advantages of heat pipes is their high working factors and their number, as well as efficiency, allowing the transfer of significant their influence on the work and efficiency of amounts of heat, even at a small temperature the heat pipe were examined. One of the main difference [3], [4]. goals was to analyze and evaluate the heat The results presented in this paper will pump's work efficiency for various operating enable wider use of heat pipes to reduce factors at different temperatures on the heat primary energy consumption by reducing supply side to the heat pipe. The experimental energy dissipation in heat exchange processes tests were carried out on a real copper heat and through their intensification. The above- exchanger, 1769 mm long, 18 mm outside mentioned advantages of using heat pipes will diameter and 1 mm wall thickness. [1][6]. significantly increase the efficiency of ground- source heat pumps, which perfectly fits into Methods the activities limiting primary energy consumption and increasing energy efficiency The first tests were carried out for a tube with [5]. a vacuum inside and then filled with air to The research results will contribute to confirm the thesis of negligible heat the construction of ground heat exchangers conduction through the wall of the tube along with higher efficiency and efficiency than its length. The research consisted in placing previously used, which in turn will contribute to both the place of heat supply (ie evaporator) a lower demand for electricity and heat, and the place of heat collection (ie condenser) making heat pumps even less energy-intensive. in the flow exchanger, which supplies and Benefits resulting from the implementation of receives heat from the heat pipe on the basis work results will consist in intensification of of a tube-type heat exchanger in the pipe. heat exchange processes and reduction of heat Modeling and numerical simulations of the losses in heating buildings. work of heat exchangers like heat pipes In this work, for the needs of ground constituted a correlation of experimental heat exchangers, we will deal with gravity heat research results. Experimental tests and pipes. Gravitational Heat pipes consist of three numerical simulations were carried out for separate areas: an evaporator, that is, a heat heat-conducting working agents such as: supply area, a condenser, i.e. a heat receiving R134A, R404A, R407C and for vacuum and air area and an adiabatic area between them. The inside the heat tube under test. The heat pipe heat delivered to the evaporator area causes was filled in volume for subsequent the working fluid in the evaporator to measurements in an amount of: 2.5%; 5%; evaporate. The high temperature and 10%; 20%; 30% and 40% of its entire volume. correspondingly high pressure in this area [2] creates a steam stream towards the opposite, cooler end of the vessel, whereupon the vapor Results condenses, giving off its latent heat of vaporization. Then, as a result of gravity, they Table 1 presents a comparison of the most transport the liquid back to the evaporator. As favorable fillings of all examined operating part of this work, a single heat tube test was factors. Figure 1 presents comparative graphs carried out using working mediums such as of heat streams collected and given up by the R134A, R404A and R407C. These factors were heat pipe and heat pipe efficiency for the best chosen because of their thermodynamic filling of all tested operating factors. properties in the studied temperature range, as well as the availability and affordable price Table 1 of their use in construction engineering and air Comparison of the most favourable fillings of all tested operating factors conditioning. Experimental tests were carried out under conditions corresponding to natural R134A 10% R404A 10% R407C 5% work, i.e. under temperature conditions of Tg1 ground heat exchangers. The effects of phase [oC] Qg Qz ɳ Qg Qz ɳ Qg Qz ɳ [W] [W] [%] [W] [W] [%] [W] [W] [%] transformations for the already mentioned
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15 30,76 27,73 90 24,17 20,03 83 0,44 0,00 0
20 39,48 35,65 90 37,29 31,70 85 0,88 0,00 0
25 63,48 57,88 91 59,11 51,72 88 13,13 1,76 13
30 83,05 78,33 94 78,68 71,85 91 34,93 11,23 32
35 104,6 99,04 95 109,0 100,7 92 54,47 34,12 63
40 134,9 127,6 95 135,1 124,2 92 84,84 61,64 73
45 160,7 151,8 94 154,5 140,7 91 128,1 97,97 76
50 199,3 184,8 93 176,0 150,8 86 162,5 126,6 78
R134A 10% R404A 10% R407C 5% 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 Qg Qg [W] 60 40 20 0 15 25 35 45 tg1 [°C] Figure 1. Comparative graphs of heat streams collected and given up by a heat pipe and heat pipe efficiency for the best filling of all tested operating factors. Figure 2. Temperature distribution in the heat pipe a. - total heat pipe b. - evaporator section; c. - condenser The CFD 2-D analysis presented in this section, d. - isothermal section study was terminated using the ANSYS FLUENT ™ program. The CFD package was used for gas- Discussions liquid modeling and phase changes during evaporation and condensation. The 2-D Based on the analysis of experimental studies, geometry was provided with densification at it can be concluded that the most effective the walls of the heat pipe, which enabled the working medium for the heat tube in the tested modeling of the flow and heat transfer in the temperature range is R134A refrigerant with heat pipe. In the fluid area 60690 nodes and 10% filling of the heat pipe. With a water flow 29118 elements were created, while in the rate of 15 l / h for measured temperature area of the solid body (walls) 9816 nodes of differences, the heat flux drawn by the heat 3636 elements were used. pipe reaches the value of 199.3W, while the The results of computer simulations heat flux transmitted through the heat pipe based on the numerical model of a heat pipe reaches the value of 184.8W. In this case, the presented above are presented below. The evaporator is washed with water at 50 ° C. results show graphical temperature When working in the remaining temperature distributions inside the heat pipe during its range, the R134A refrigerant in the 10% filling operation for the assumed boundary was also best placed. In addition to the largest conditions. The simulations were carried out heat streams passed through the heat pipe, for the heat tube geometry indicated in the this factor in the said filling achieved the best work and for the experimentally tested heat exchange efficiency of up to 95%. The working factors. R404A factor, also with 10% filling, proved to have a quite good influence on the effectiveness of the examined heat source, although it achieved worse results than the R134A factor. The worst factor was the R407C
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factor, both in terms of transmitted heat flows Springer Proceedings in Energy, pp. and heat transfer efficiency through the heat 799-807, pipe. 2. Łukasz Adrian, Szymon Szufa, Piotr Piersa, Zdzisława Romanowska-Duda, Conclusions Mieczysław Grzesik, Artur Cebula, Sebastian Kowalczyk, "Experimental In most of the cases analyzed, the most research and thermographic analysis effective working medium is R134A with a 10% of heat transfer processes in a heat filling of the heat pipe, followed by R404A also with a 10% filling. R407C turned out to be the pipe heat exchanger utilizing as a least effective among the examined. The heat working fluid R134A", Renewable tube working with the R407C refrigerant is Energy Sources: Engineering, characterized by low efficiency of heat Technology, Innovation, Springer transport, low efficiency and the highest Proceedings in Energy pressure values prevailing inside it during 3. Zhangyuan Wang, Haopeng Zhang operation in a given temperature range. The Fucheng Chen, Siming Zheng, Zicong results of computer simulations and Huang, Xudong Zhao. Heat Pipe and calculations of the theoretical model Loop Heat Pipe Technologies and Their correlated the results on the research stand. Applications in Solar Systems, The temperature distributions obtained as a Advanced Energy Efficiency result of computer simulations confirm the Technologies for Solar Heating, Cooling obtained experimental results. and Power Generation 4. Benne K.S., K.O. Homan, Dynamics of References closed-loop thermosyphon
incorporating thermal storage, 1. Łukasz Adrian, Szymon Szufa, Piotr Numerical Heat Transfer. Part A, Piersa, Zdzisława Romanowska-Duda, Applications 54 (3) (2008) 235–254. Mieczysław Grzesik, Artur Cebula, 5. Cioncolini A. and Thome J. R.. Sebastian Kowalczyk, Joanna Algebraic turbulence modeling in Ratajczyk-Szufa, "Thermographic adiabatic and evaporating annular analysis and experimentl work using two-phase flow, „International Journal laboratory installation of heat transfer Of Heat And Fluid Flow”, vol. 32, p. processes in a heat pipe heat 805-817, 2011 exchanger utilizing as a working fluid 6. Grover, G.M., Cotter T. P., and Erickson G. R404A and R407A" - Springer Nature F. (1964). Structures of Very High Thermal Switzerland AG 2019, M. Wróbel et al. Conductance. „Journal of Applied Physics (eds.), Renewable Energy Sources: 35” (6): 1990–1991. Engineering, Technology, Innovation,
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The possibility of gaining profit on a rational management of digestate
Wojciech Czekała1,*, Patrycja Pochwatka2, Jakub Pulka1, Jakub Mazurkiewicz1, Damian Janczak1, Mo Zhou3
1Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland; 2University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland; 3Poznań University of Technology, Poznań, Poland; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract Biomass is the most popular renewable energy source (RES) on all world, making an alternative for nuclear energy and fossil fuels. One of RES which is biogas production as an aerobic digestion process result. As a result of the process, the following products are created: biogas and digestate (digested pulp). Digestate has a liquid form and is usually used as a fertilizer directly. However, it should be remembered that there are other possibilities of its use. The work aims to determine the possibility of gaining profit from raw digestate from agricultural biogas plant and products based on it. The possibilities and profitability for sales of raw digestate and compost based on digestate solid fraction were analyzed. It can be concluded that the sale of raw digestate and fertilizers based on a solid fraction of digested pulp can bring additional income to the owners of a biogas plant.
Keywords biogas production, renewable energy sources, digestate, fertilizer, environmental engineering
Introduction (Czekała et al., 2018). The main disadvantage of this solution is usually the lack of sufficient Renewable energy production and areas for distribution of digestate. Therefore, environmental protection are one of the most other directions for digestate utilization are significant challenges at the moment (Wolna- used (Czekała et al., 2017; Czekała et., 2018) Maruwka and Dach, 2009; Quek et al., 2018; The key to using digestate in other Jóźwiakowski et al., 2017). One of the RES is ways is the separation process (Guilayn et al., biogas production as a result of the anaerobic 2019). After raw digestate separation, two digestion process (Dach et al., 2014; Czekała, significantly differentiated fractions are 2017). The most important product of the obtained. The liquid fraction is used like raw anaerobic digestion that takes place in biogas digestate as a fertilizer or for the hydration of plants is biogas (Waliszewska et al., 2018). It is new substrates. The solid fraction can be used, a mixture of gases with a dominance of a.o. as a substrate for composting. Another methane (Wandera et al., 2018). It should be way of digestate use as a fertilizer is the remembered about the second product – production of fertilizer granules in pellets form. digestate (digested pulp), which should be However, this solution is not very popular, properly managed (Szymańska et al., 2019). which results, a.o. at high costs associated with The amount of produced digestate is related to the separation, drying and forming of the the amount and type of substrates used for the product. production of biogas. Apart from fertilization using digestate, The most commonly used solution for there are also other directions, including the management of digestate is direct use as mainly the production of pellets and fertilizer (Czekała, 2018). The popularity of this briquettes, and then their use for energy direction is primarily due to the fact that no purposes (Nagy et al., 2018). additional works such as separation or drying The work aims to determine the are required. This significantly affects the possibility of gaining profit from raw digestate economic balance of the chosen method
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from agricultural biogas plant and products the three most important macroelements, the based on it. lowest content was characterized by phosphorus. Calculated on the P2O5 oxide Methods form, the value was 1.0 kg∙Mg-1. The digestate is characterized by a For the purposes of this article, the results of varied content of macroelements, which digestate from agricultural biogas plants depends mainly on the type of substrates used operating in Poland research were used. The for the production of biogas. There is a main substrates used for biogas production in necessity to calculate prices in relation to 1 kg anaerobic digestion were maize silage, cow of pure component (N, P2O5 and K2O). These manure, cow slurry and agri-food industry values were presented in table 2. waste. Selected physical and chemical properties were determined using the Table 2. procedures in a certified laboratory. Selected fertilizers for analysis together with their prices. The economic analysis of the digestate Price per 1 Fertilizer was based on the unit prices of selected N, P, K kg of Fertilizer Mg price mineral fertilizers according to methodology content comp- (Czekała et al., 2018). The NPK fertilizer prices onent have been used to calculate the cost of one [PLN] Urea 46% N 1280 2.78 kilogram of pure component (N, P2O5, K2O). Based on the calculations, the value of Single 19% 835 4.39 digestate from the biogas plant in an Superphosphate P2O5 alternative approach to mineral fertilizers was estimated. For calculation purposes, a Potassium 60% K2O 1290 2.15 conversion rate has been adopted 1 PLN = chloride 0,2330 EUR [July 31, 2019]. On the basis of these results, the value Results and discussions of particular macroelements was calculated. This allowed to estimate the value of the Organic and natural fertilizers such as digestate. These values were presented in digestate, compost, manure, or slurry are an table 3. alternative to mineral fertilizers. Their positive Table 3 properties and lower price of acquisition are The value of the analyzed digestate. increasingly perceived. The analyzed digestate Price per 1 kg of Component Component was characterized by proper fertilizing component content price [PLN] -1 properties, which is confirmed by the data [PLN] [g·kg FM] 2.78 4.0 11.12 contained in Table 1. 4.39 1.0 4.39 2.15 4.0 8.60 Table 1 Total 24.11 The content of selected parameters in digestate [fresh Based on a simple calculation, the matter]. Parameter Content value of the analyzed digestate was estimated Dry matter [%] 6.2 at PLN 24.11. Due to its physical and chemical pH [H2O] 8.2 properties, the digestate can be used in many Nog [kg/Mg FM] 4.0 ways, including directly as a fertilizer, which is P2O5 [kg/Mg FM] 1.0 related to the circular economy. K O [kg/Mg FM] 4.0 2 The use of digestate as a fertilizer is the The dry matter content in the most frequently practiced solution that allows examined digestate was 6.2%. The pH was 8.2 its management (Timonen et al., 2019). The and was typical for digestate from agricultural raw digestate is a liquid with a low content of biogas plants (Nkoa, 2014). The nitrogen dry matter, which rarely exceeds 10%. A content was 4.0 kg∙Mg-1. The same amount common feature of digestate is also alkaline, was for potassium based on K2O kg∙Mg-1. Of
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most often with a pH between 7.3-9 (Nkoa, should expect a systematic development not 2014). only the biogas sector but also the digestate Own research (Czekała et al., 2017) and market. According to the authors, ganging a other authors (Torres-Climent et al., 2015) also profit from the sale of digestate would be one confirm the possibility of using digestate for of the factors allowing to increase the the production of compost. However, it is profitability of the building of a biogas plant. necessary to separate raw digestate. The obtained solid fraction, which is a bulk material Acknowledgments not only improves the structure of the composted mixture. It is also a carbon source This study was performed as part of the that has not decomposed under aerobic statutory research no. 506.105.06.00 in the conditions. discipline of Environmental Engineering, The digestate being a waste or by- Mining and Energetics, entitled "Energetic use product of the anaerobic digestion process is a of waste as a method of improving the valuable substrate used primarily for environment". agricultural purposes (Czekała et al., 2018). The price of the digestate should be conditioned References mainly on the content of nutrients. In some countries, for example China or Vietnam, the Czekała W, Smurzyńska A, Cieślik M, Boniecki P, sales revenues of fertilizer can reach a value Kozłowski K. Biogas efficiency of selected fresh similar to those obtained from biogas. A certain fruit covered by the Russian embargo. Energy problem may be the prices of its sales And Clean Technologies Conference determined by the local or national market. Proceedings, SGEM 2016;VOL III:227-233. This is the case, a.o. in Poland, where the Czekała W. Concept of IN-OIL project based on digestate is often not appreciated despite bioconversion of by-products from food many studies and publications confirming its processing industry. Journal of Ecological usefulness (Sogn et al., 2018). Bearing in mind Engineering 2017;18(5):180-185. the low fertility of soils in many countries of the Czekała W, Dach J, Dong R, Janczak D, Malińska world, it is recommended that the digestate is K, Jóźwiakowski K, Smurzyńska A, Cieślik M. used primarily as a fertilizer. Such action, Composting potential of the solid fraction of according to the circular economy principle, digested pulp produced by a biogas plant. will help to improve the state of the Biosystems Engineering 2017;160:25-29. environment and reduce financial outlay on Czekała W., Bartnikowska S., Dach J., Janczak mineral fertilizers. D., Smurzyńska A., Kozłowski K., Bugała A., Lewicki A., Cieślik M., Typańska D., Conclusions Mazurkiewicz J. The energy value and economic efficiency of solid biofuels produced The advantage of a biogas plant is the from digestate and sawdust. Energy 2018; 159: possibility of using both biomass and waste, 1118-1122. which is important, for local production plants Czekała W. Agricultural Biogas Plants as a and processing plants. According to the Chance for the Development of the Agri-Food authors, the research on the use and value of Sector. Journal of Ecological Engineering digestate is innovative, because its processing 2018;19(2):179-183. before its use is a relatively new issue and Czekała W, Janczak D, Wojcieszak D, rarely practiced by biogas plant owners. Waliszewska H, Lewicki A, Smurzyńska A. It can be concluded that the sale of raw Nutrient value of digestate from agricultural digestate and fertilizers based on a solid biogas plant in Poland. Proceedings of 2018 2nd fraction of digested pulp can bring additional International Conference on Green Energy and income to the owners of a biogas plant. Based Applications ICGEA 2018 March 24-26, 2018 on the own research, scientific publications, Singapore,10-13. considerations, talks with the owners of the Dach J., Czekała W., Boniecki P., Lewicki A., biogas plant and fertilizer manufacturers Piechota T. Specialised internet tool for biogas
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plant modelling and marked analyzing. Timonen K, Sinkko T, Luostarinen S, Tampio E, Advanced Materials Research 2014;909:305- Joensuu K. LCA of anaerobic digestion: 310. Emission allocation for energy and digestate. Guilayn F, Jimenez J, Rouezb M, Crest M, Journal of Cleaner Production 2019;235:1567- Patureau D. Digestate mechanical separation: 1579. Efficiency profiles based on anaerobic Torres-Climent A, Martin-Mata J, Marhuenda- digestion feedstock and equipment choice. Egea F, Moral R, Barber X, Perez-Murcia MD, Bioresource Technology 2019;274:180-189. Paredes C. Composting of the Solid Phase of Jóźwiakowski K, Podbrożna D, Kopczacka K, Digestate from Biogas Production: Marzec M, Kowalczyk-Juśko A, Pochwatka P, Optimization of the Moisture, C/N Ratio, and Listosz A, Malik A. The state of water and pH Conditions. Journal Communications in Soil wastewater management in the municipalities Science and Plant Analysis 2015;46(1):197- of the Polesie National Park. Journal of 2017.Special Issue on the 13th International Ecological Engineering 2017;16(6):192-199. Symposium on Soil and Plant Analysis. Nagy D, Balogh P, Gabnai Z, Popp J, Oláh J, Bai Waliszewska H, Zborowska M, Waliszewska B, A. Economic Analysis of Pellet Production in Co- Borysiak S, Antczak A, Czekała W. Digestion Biogas Plants. Energies Transformation of Miscanthus and Sorghum 2018;11(5):1135:1-21. cellulose during methane fermentation. Nkoa R, Agricultural benefits and Cellulose 2018;25(2):1207-1216. environmental risks of soil fertilization with Walsh JJ, Jones DL, Edwards‐Jones G, Williams anaerobic digestates: a review. Agronomy for AP. Replacing inorganic fertilizer with Sustainable Development 2014;34(2):473-492. anaerobic digestate may maintain agricultural Quek A, Ee A, Ng A, Wah TY. Challenges in productivity at less environmental cost. Journal Environmental Sustainability of renewable of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science energy options in Singapore. Energy Policy 2012;175(6):840-845. 2018;122:388-394. Wandera SM, Qiao W, Algapani DE, Bi S, Sogn TA, Dragicevic I, Linjordet R, Krogstad T, Dongmin Y, Qi X, Liu Y, Dach J, Dong R. Eijsink VGH, EichGreatorex S. Recycling of Searching for possibilities to improve the biogas digestates in plant production: NPK performance of full scale agricultural biogas fertilizer value and risk of leaching. plants. Renewable Energy 2018;116:720-727. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Wolna-Maruwka A., Dach J. Effect of type and Waste in Agriculture 2018;7:49-58. proportion of different structure-creating Szymańska M, Szara E, Wąs A, Sosulski T, additions on the inactivation rate of pathogenic Pruissen GWP, Cornelissen RL. Struvite—An bacteria in sewage sludge composting in a Innovative Fertilizer from Anaerobic Digestate cybernetic bioreactor. Archives of Produced in a Bio-Refinery. Energies Environmental Protection 2009; 35(3):87-100. 2019;12(2),296:1-9.
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Comparison of the spatial distribution of agricultural biogas plants in relation to generated power
Patrycja Pochwatka1,*, Jacek Dach2, Jakub Pulka2, Wojciech Czekała2
1University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Lublin, Poland; 2Poznan University of Life Sciences, Institute of Biosystems Engineering, Poznan, Poland; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract The paper aimed to compare different technologies of biogas production in order to find the most effective technologies in term of generated power related with surface taken by installation and whole terrain, which can be expressed in kW per m2 of biogas plant or per entire parcel. The results showed that this new parameter created for estimation of biogas plant efficiency estimation has proven its usefulness during comparison of different technologies and real objects. The results of coefficient power per surface have shown very high differences between analyzed technologies and installations. The worst results in the 3rd criterion of power surface coefficient were for the installations working on the NaWaRo technologies. This means that new technologies having better performance in this area will be more often choose by investors.
Keywords biogas plant; power generation; spatial distribution
Introduction Waszkielis et al., 2013; Kowalczyk-Juśko et al., 2015; Kozłowski et al., 2018). However, there is Poland has one of the biggest potential for very few information about spatial distribution biogas production in Europe (Dach et al., 2014; of agricultural biogas plants in relation to Czekała et al., 2018). The analyses made by the generated power (Thompson et al., 2013). scientists from the Institute of Biosystem Typically, the 1 MW biogas plant of electric Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences power needs the area between 2-3.5 ha. But so have shown that amount of biowaste and large area influences on the investment costs agricultural waste can reach yearly almost 130 grow. So modern technologies have much million tons, which is the equivalent of 6000 compact technical solutions and need less MW of electric power or over 8 billion m3 of space for the investment. biomethane. In consequence, the potential of The aim of this paper was to compare biogas sector is estimated between 4000 to different technologies of biogas production in 6000 installations with the electric power order to find the most effective technologies in between 0.5 to 2.5 MW. The most common term of generated power related with surface facilities are the 1 MW and 0.5 MW biogas taken by installation and whole terrain, which plants. Probably during the next years, also the can be expressed in kW per m2 of biogas plant installations with those power scales will or per entire parcel (this second parameter dominate the Polish market. seems to be not so much valuable). There are several technologies actually installed in Poland. The differences between Materials and methods biogas (and methane) production efficiency, Chosen objects used substrates, reliability and investment costs were analyzed by many investors, bancs, The Ecotechnologies Laboratory (EL) at Poznan scientists and specialists (Wandera et al., 2018; University of Life Sciences is the biggest biogas
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laboratory in Poland. With over 250 different- - SP – a storage place for substrates (i.e., size fermenters, the EL has tested almost 2500 silage); different substrates for biogas efficiency. The - DT – digestate tanks; EL offers also technological support for - TLS – tanks for liquid substrates; planned to build as well as existing Polish - TB – technical buildings. biogas plant working in different technologies. c) Other objects (not directly connected with This support contains continuous technological biogas production): care as well as incidental help in case of - OB – other objects. fermentation problems. That is why EL has In order to calculate exact surface of parcels large knowledge about different Polish biogas and all objects, different geodetic data were plant and have also access to real production used, like follow: data from working installations. - satellite images (orthophotomaps); In order to analyze the spatial - data register of land and buildings; distribution of agricultural biogas plants in - basic map elements – geodetic relation to generated power, the list of records of public utilities. seventeen biogas plants were taken from the register of the agriculture biogas producer. The Authors have chosen biogas plants with additional data about real energy production in order to compare the energetic efficiency by square meter based also on real data. The analyzed installations work are in different sizes (0.400-2.199 MW of electric power) in different technologies, as follow: - NaWaRo and its clones (12 Figure 1. Elements of biogas plant identified on the installations); satellite image - DynamicBiogas (4 plants, including 1 installation of 3rd generation); Geoportals allow to display publicly - ProBioGas (1 installation). available data and with adequate knowledge to perform the necessary analysis (De Spatial analysis Longueville, 2010). Preliminary identification of infrastructure elements (Fig. 1) and In order to reach the aim of the work, it was subsequent measurements made on the map necessary to measure the biogas parcels, (Fig. 2) allowed to obtain approximate fermenters and other objects which are placed dimensions and surfaces of the analyzed there. Using the data from geoportal.gov.pl it elements. was possible to determine: - area of the total parcels; - location of objects on parcels; - surface of objects on parcels. Analyzing the biogas plants and all buildings and installation parts, we have distinguished three groups of objects: a) Elements of installation responsible for fermentation and energy production: - F – fermenters Figure 2. Measurements of biogas plant elements – - C – co-generator for electric energy and heat technical building and digestate tank production. The installed electric power was divided by: b) Objects supported the exploitation of installation:
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- total parcel surface of analyzed taken by 1 MW of electric power installation biogas plant; was around 3 hectares (+/- 1 ha). - the surface of indispensable and supported objects of installations; Table 2 - the surface of installation elements Results obtained depending on the criterion set. indispensable for fermentation Biogas 1st 2nd 3rd and energy production plant criterion criterion criterion No. [kW/m2] [kW/m2] [kW/m2] (fermenters and co-generators). 1 0.07 0.25 0.86 2 0.03 0.16 1.86 The Authors want to underline, that 3 0.02 0.08 0.68 this 3rd parameter (kW/m2) of the surface of 4 0.04 0.13 0.88 installation elements indispensable for 5 0.27 1.27 1.98 6 0.11 0.27 1.39 fermentation and energy production is the 7 0.04 0.18 1.02 most important parameter to estimate the 8 0.15 0.60 1.76 biogas plant efficiency for all analyzed 9 0.08 0.34 1.35 technologies and objects. 10 0.03 0.12 0.95 11 0.02 0.11 1.06 Results 12 0.04 0.10 1.02 13 0.04 0.46 1.92 14 0.03 0.10 0.85 It has to be underlined that the analyzed biogas 15 0.04 0.15 0.82 plants have different installed power, used 16 0.05 0.18 1.26 different substrates and in consequences some 17 0.06 0.22 1.75 of them have additional storage areas (silos, concrete platforms or tanks for liquid Surface taken by the installation itself substrates). (fermenters, tanks for digestate, technical In table 1, the lists of all analyzed buildings) take between 350 to 400 m2. This an biogas plants is shown. equivalent of 2.2 – 2.9 kW per m2. However, new generations biogas plant can reach much Table 1 higher parameter up to 6.4 kW per m2 (case of The list of analyzed biogas plants with its power. Przybroda biogas plant). Biogas Technology Installed electric plant No. used power [MW] 1 NaWaRo 0.999 Discussions 2 Dynamic Biogas 0.999 3 NaWaRo 2.126 From an energetic point of view, Polish biogas 4 NaWaRo 0.999 sector has huge development potential within 5 NaWaRo 2.126 the next decade. This is related to biomass and 6 ProBioGas 2.199 biowaste availability from the biogas plant, 7 NaWaRo 0.999 8 Dynamic Biogas 0.499 which is estimated at almost 130 mln Mg/a. 9 NaWaRo 1.897 Thus, it is equivalent of several thousand 10 NaWaRo 0.999 installations with power 0.5-1 MW. However, 11 NaWaRo 0.999 one of the limits for sector grow is relatively 12 NaWaRo 1.560 small availability of industrial parcels which can 13 Dynamic Biogas 0.400 be used for building biogas plant. Additionally, 14 NaWaRo 0.999 15 NaWaRo 0.999 the square meter cost of parcels for industrial 16 NaWaRo 0.999 purposes is several times more expensive than 17 Dynamic Biogas 0.999 typical agriculture ground. Taking into account the high ground prices, the investors should The analysis have shown that the differences look for the biogas technologies which can be between analyzed objects were very high run on parcels with smaller size. The (table 2). The most common parcel surface technologies analyzed in this paper clearly show the huge differences in the energetic
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efficiency of installations related to the surface. Advanced Materials Research 2014;909:305- For the future, the development of “peak 310. installations” (working i.e., 15 h/day) instead of Czekała W, Bartnikowska S, Dach J, Janczak D, working continuously (24 h/day) seems to be Smurzyńska A, Kozłowski K, Bugała A, Lewicki A, especially attractive for investors. In their case, Cieślik M, Typańska D., Mazurkiewicz J. The peak installations will reach coefficient power energy value and economic efficiency of solid per surface even several dozen percent better biofuels produced from digestate and sawdust. than best linear installations. Energy 2018; 159: 1118-1122. Kowalczyk-Juśko A, Kościk B, Jóźwiakowski K, Conclusions Marczuk A, Zarajczyk J, Kowalczuk J, Szmigielski M, Sagan A. Effects of biochemical and Based on the performed research, thermochemical conversion of sorghum the followed conclusions were created: biomass to usable energy. Przemysł Chemiczny New parameter (“power per surface”, 2015;94(10):1000-1002. kW/m2) created for estimation of biogas Kozłowski K, Mazurkiewicz J, Chełkowski D, plant efficiency has proven its usefulness Jezowska A, Cieślik M, Brzoski M, Smurzyńska for comparison of different technologies A, Dongmin Y, Qiao W. The effect of mixing during laboratory fermentation of maize straw and objects working in real scale. with thermophilic technology. Journal of The results of coefficient power per surface Ecological Engineering 2018;19(5):93-98. have shown very high differences between De Longueville B. Community-based analyzed technologies and installations. geoportals: The next generation? Concepts and The worst results in the 3rd criterion of methods for the geospatial Web 2.0. power surface coefficient were for the Computers, Environment and Urban Systems installations working on the NaWaRo 2010;4:299-308. technologies. This means that new Thompson E, Wang Q, Li M. Anaerobic digester technologies having better performance in systems (ADS) for multiple dairy farms: a GIS this area should be more often chosen by analysis for optimal site selection. Energy investors. Policy, 2013;61:114-124. Wandera SM, Qiao W. Algapani DE, Bi S, Future development of biogas plant Dongmin Y, Qi X, Liu Y, Dach J, Dong R. working in “peak mode” will increase the Searching for possibilities to improve the coefficient power per surface by several performance of full scale agricultural biogas dozen percents. plants. Renewable Energy 2018;116:720-727. Waszkielis KM, Wronowski R, Chlebus W, References Białobrzewski I, Dach J, Pilarski K, Janczak D. The effect of temperature, composition and Dach J, Czekała W, Boniecki P, Lewicki A, phase of the composting process on the Piechota T. Specialised internet tool for biogas thermal conductivity of the substrate. plant modelling and marked analyzing. Ecological Engineering 2013;61:354-357.
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Determination of the optimal water intake locations for a salinity gradient energy plant on a stratified river mouth using hydrodynamic modelling
Jacobo M. Salamanca1,*, Oscar Álvarez-Silva2, Aldemar Higgins2, Fernando Tadeo1
1University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; 2Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract Stratified river mouths are one of the most promising candidates for exploiting salinity gradient energy, the best locations for water intake are studied. Temperature salinity and water discharge data have been gathered at the Magdalena river mouth to elaborate a hydrodynamic model that represents the salinity profile along the river channel. The hypothetical power production of a pressure retarded osmosis salinity gradient plant has been estimated considering different locations of the saltwater and freshwater provided by the model, and possible locations of such power plant, deducting from it the energy spent on pumping the water streams. Optimal locations have been found by compromising power production and pumping distance.
Keywords osmotic energy; pressure retarded osmosis; River mouths; renewable energies; estuary dynamics
Introduction the main advantages of these relatively young technologies is that the energy produced could In the current context of global warming and be available on demand and invariably increasing worldwide energy demands, the throughout the day or the seasons, unlike solar development of renewable energies is and wind energy, which are strongly time and essential to reduce carbon emissions to the seasonally dependent. atmosphere. Sustainable and prosperous Salinity gradients are found naturally at societies can only be possible through a major river mouths, although not every river mouth is utilization of clean energies. suitable for a SGE facility (Álvarez-Silva, 2016). Aside from the well-established wind A central requirement is that the river and and solar energies, there are additional seawater are available at a short distance, in renewable sources of energy whose viability order to reduce the energy requirements for needs to be further explored. One of these is water transport. The best candidates are salinity gradient energy (SGE), also known as stratified river mouths, where salinity blue energy or osmotic energy. SGE gradients can be found in the vertical direction technologies are based on the chemical due to a seawater intrusion close to the bottom potential difference found between water in the estuarine zone. producing a two layered sources with different salinity. The purpose is flow with different densities that will remain to transform this potential energy into unmixed in regions where the tidal range is electricity. In order to do this, several strategies small (less than 2 m). can be followed. The most studied The best place for locating the technologies are reverse electrodialysis (RED), freshwater and saltwater intakes would be in which uses a configuration similar to galvanic the area of highest stratification of the estuary; and fuel cells to generate electricity from the at these places, the feed water could be taken salinity gradient, and pressure-retarded close to the surface while the draw water osmosis (PRO), which pursues to convert the would be taken at a nearby coordinate but salinity gradient into hydraulic work, with the closer to the bottom. This configuration would help of a semipermeable membrane. One of minimize the distance between both intake
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points and, therefore, the required transport level, the fluid was treated as baroclinic, a energy However, it is not straightforward to x=y=80 m mesh and vertical discretization stablish the location in this zone of maximum on 35 layers. Advection was estimated through stratification for a preliminary design of a SGE TDV-Superbee method, vertical turbulence power plant. It is at this point when a followed GOTM model and Canuto stability hydrodynamic model of the river mouth is function, whereas horizontal turbulence was useful. described by Smagorinsky parametrization This work takes the Magdalena river (Canuto 2001). mouth in Colombia as case study, which is the river with the biggest discharge in the Estimation of the PRO power and pumping Caribbean region and one of the top-ten river mouths with the highest SGE potential In a PRO process, freshwater (feed solution) worldwide (Álvarez-Silva, 2014). The estuary of and seawater (draw solution) are separated by Magdalena River is highly stratified and a semi-permeable membrane that allows the presents salt wedge intrusion into the river water flow from the feed side towards the channel during low freshwater discharges and draw side. This water flow (expressed per unit a migration of the stratification towards the of surface) JW multiplied by the sea during high discharges has been reported transmembrane pressure gradient P gives the (Restrepo, 2018). Experimental data has been acquired at different locations and depths power produced WPRO: through the length of the river channel, together with comprehensive information of WPRO = JW·P (1) river flow rates and climatic conditions, and is used to elaborate a model that is able to estimate the salinity structure of the river In order to determine the water flux through mouth. The model was used to predict the the membrane, a rigorous mathematic model salinity along the estuary, and this data allowed is necessary. In this work, Touati’s general mass assessing the potential power production of a transport model is employed, because it hypothetical PRO plant fed from these sources considers concentration polarization on both of water. sides of the membrane (Touati, 2015). The parameters necessary are the membrane Methods water permeability A and salt permeability B, transfer coefficients on feed side 풌푭 and in This section describes first the hydrodynamic draw 풌푫, the solute resistivity K, and osmotic model implemented for the Magdalena River pressures on each feed and draw side 흅푫 and river mouth. Afterwards, guidelines for 흅푭, respectively. calculating the power produced at the hypothetical osmotic plant are established, and 푱푾 푱푾 = 푨 [(흅푫 + 휸)∙exp (− ) − the pumping costs associated with it are 풌푫 푱푾 estimated. −(흅푭 + 휸)exp(푱푾 · 푲) · exp ( ) − ∆푷] (2) 풌푭
Hydrodynamic model Where 휸 represents:
In order to analyse the thermohaline field in 푩 푨∆푷 휸 = (ퟏ + ) (3) the Magdalena river estuary, the numeric 푨 푱푾 model MOHID was employed, based on discretization by finite volumes approximation. Osmotic pressures are dependent on A configuration nested on two levels was the salinity, however, the salinities, and selected. On the first level the fluid was therefore πD and πF, do not remain constant assumed to be barotropic and considering tidal throughout the process, they vary along the and daily-average flowrates, with a mesh of membrane, because a material exchange is x=y=160 m. On a more detailed second taking place. To correct this situation, several
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stages are considered using concentrations at intermediate locations of the membrane (Salamanca 2019). The salinity values of feed and draw side are taken from the salinity profile obtained with the hydrodynamic model described previously on section 2.1. The energy required for pumping water from the intake locations to the power plant is estimated using Darcy’s equation, the most important variable being the distance. Pumping and PRO turbine efficiencies have been considered. Figure 1. Salinity profile estimated by the hydrodynamic Results and discussion model for the final stretch of the Magdalena river
The calculations and procedures described Power production and pumping costs previously render the results presented on this section. The calculation method described in subsection 2.2 can be applied to any two Hydrodynamic model sources of water. For instance, for the wet season on a normal year, considering the Figure 1 shows the mean salinity along the superficial salinity data as the feed and the data estuary near the surface and at 10 m depth, close to the bottom as the draw, several curves during the dry season of an average climatic can be obtained to represent the different year. The horizontal axis indicates distance in possible outcomes for the power production. km from the end of the river’s channel, with In Figure 2, a location for the feed is positive distances upstream of the river and selected at 1.8 km, and all possible intake negative distances seaward. In can be seen that points at all distances and their corresponding near the surface the salinity remains close to salinities are used to calculate the power that a zero until the end of the river mouth, where PRO plant would present if water were to be salinity increases rapidly as fresh water mixes taken from all those locations. Figure 3 shows with the ocean, reaching ocean salinities about the pumping energy required for each pair of 2 km seaward. On the other hand, at 10 m data selected as in for Figure 2. depth the water conserve oceanic salinities up to 300 m inside the river channel, showing salt wedge intrusion and stratification. Further inside the river, close to the bottom, seawater start mixing until reaching uniform freshwater conditions in the vertical profile about 4 km inside the river.
Figure 2. Power production dependence with the location of the draw water for a given feed location at 1.8km
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information of the salinity structure on a river mouth. This information is used to determine the power production of a PRO plant and its dependency on the possible water intake locations. The results show the need for a compromise between the desired lower intake distances and higher salinity gradient, for achieving higher power production. This is why it is important to find optimal locations in the planification
and design of a potential power plant. The Figure 3. Pumping energy required for draw water taken analysis proposed here found that the from different locations optimal locations provide 7% higher net
power productivity. This procedure has been repeated for all locations, in order to find the combination References of locations that lead to a better overall efficiency, that is, highest power after Álvarez-Silva A., Osorio A.F., Winter C. Practical deducting pumping costs. A higher power global salinity gradient energy potential. production often implies further distance Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews between intake points, therefore a 2016;60:1387-1395. compromise must be reached to optimize the Álvarez-Silva A., Winter C., Osorio A.F. Salinity net power production. gradeint energy at river mouths. Environmental Table 1 presents the best results for Science Journal and Technology Letters. both gross and net power and their locations, 2014;1:410-415. showing an improvement of 7% on the net Canuto V.M., Howard A., Cheng Y., Dubovikov power. M.S. Ocean Turbulence. Part I: One-point closure model momentum and heat vertical Table 1 diffusivities. Journal of Physical Oceanography. Comparison between the locations leading to highest 2001;31:1413-1426. power production and highest efficiency (net power) Restrepo J.C., Ortiz J.C. Pierini J. et al. Highest power Best efficiency Feed intake (km) 6 0.58 Freshwater discharge into teh Caribbean Sea Draw intake (km) -2 0.15 fromn the rivers of Northwestern South Distance (km) 8 0.43 America (Colombia): Magnitude, variability and Feed salinity (g/L) 0.11 0.28 recent changes. Journal of Hydrology. Draw salinity (g/L) 34.8 34.3 2014;509:266-281. Gross power 627 610 production (kW/m3) Salamanca J.M., Álvarez-Silva O., Tadeo F. Pumping (kW/m3) 107 51 Potential and analysis of an osmotic power Net power (kW/m3) 423 468 plant in the Magdalena River using experimental field-data. Energy. Conclusions 2019;180:548-555. Touati K., Hänel C., Tadeo F., Schiestel T. Effect A hydrodynamic tridimensional model of a of the feed and draw solution temperatures stratified river mouth has been developed on PRO performance: Theoretical and using experimental and historic data. experimental study. Desalination. Hydrodynamic modelling has been showed 2015;365:182-195. to be an effective way to obtain valuable
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Co-gasification of coal and municipal sewage sludge to produce methanol
Danijela Urbancl1,*, Marko Agrež2, Jurij Krope1, Darko Goričanec1
1University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Maribor, Slovenia; 2Energetika Ljubljana d.o.o., Ljubljana, Slovenia;*corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract Municipal sewage sludge is a renewable resource that can be used to produce synthetic fuels. Simulations regarding the co-gasification of coal and municipal sewage sludge within entrained-flow slagging gasifiers (two 500 MWth) were performed using AspenPlus software. This study presents a comparison between the gasification of coal and the co-gasification of coal and municipal sewage sludge. The percentage of sewage sludge used during the co-gasification process varied between 10% and 30%. Methanol was produced from the synthesis gas in all cases. The comparison was based on net present values. The results showed that co-gasification cases outperformed coal-only case in terms of net present value, while the production of methanol was slightly decreased with the increased percentage of sewage sludge in the co-gasification cases.
Keywords gasification; municipal sewage sludge; coal; simulation; methanol production
Introduction value) and used during the simulations, varied from 10% to 30%, resulting in three simulations The gasification of coal and municipal sewage of the co-gasification case (10%, 20%, and sludge has already been investigated by some 30%). The comparisons are based on the researchers. Co-gasification of mixtures of simulations of gasification and methanol sewage sludge with two types of coal productions. Methanol was chosen because it (bituminous and lignite) were performed in a is a key raw material for the syntheses of many laboratory-scale fluidised bed reactor, where different chemicals and is a global commodity the influence of the feedstock composition was with a large and liquid market. Methanol is determined on key parameters of the used for the production of formaldehyde, gasification (Garcia at. al., 2013). The acetic acid, MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether), gasification of sewage sludge was investigated propylene, DME (Dimethyl ether) etc. within near and super-critical water in a batch Furthermore, methanol can be used as fuel reactor and the results showed that the within internal combustion engines and formation of gaseous products could be gasoline can also be produced. affected by temperature (Chen at al., 2013). The sewage sludge gasification process was Methods investigated in a bubbling fluidised bed gasifier and they studied the influences of different Simulation of co-gasification within an operating variables on the synthesis gas' entrained flow gasifier was performed using properties. The variables studied were the Aspen Plus software. Table 1 states the equivalence ratio, steam to biomass ratio, and proximate and ultimate analyses of coal and the temperature (De Andres at. al., 2011). sewage sludge that were used in the model. This paper presents a comparison between coal gasification and the co- Table 1 gasification of coal and municipal biomass Properties of coal and sewage sludge Coal Sewage sludge within an entrained-flow gasifier. The Moisture 14.2 60.0 percentage of sewage sludge, which was e
(%)
ysis ysis
anal
Prox imat Fixed C calculated on the basis of LHW (lower heating 34.7 9.0
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Volatiles 40.5 20.0 to the methanol synthesis section and the Ash 10.6 11.0 remainder to the WGS section for the Carbon 56.4 52.5 production of H2 from CO by the following
Hydrogen 4.4 6.4 equation:
Nitrogen 0.8 9.2
(%)
analysis CO + HOCO+ H (1) Ultimate Ultimate Sulphur 1.2 0.8 222 Oxygen 12.5 31.1 The WGS reaction was necessary for Heating value (MJ/kg) 23.02 7.16 obtaining synthesis gas with a suitable ratio Ca 11.9 70.9 between H2, CO, and CO2 for the production of 9.2 Mg 1.1 methanol (Trop at. al, 2014). A two-stage WGS Cr 0.1 43.3
process was used. It was assumed that the ) 1.0 dry Hg ND concentration of CO would be 4% after the high Cd ND 1.1 temperature WGS reactor, and 0.03% after the
Metals content Metals (mg/kg Pb ND 53.8 low temperature WGS reactor.
Economic analysis Simulation Economic analysis was based on NPV (Net Figure 1 presents a simplified flowsheet of the present value). NPV values were calculated model, which includes the drying of biomass covering a 30 year period with an annual and coal, gasification, a two-stage Rectisol discount rate of 5%, and 8400 working hours process with WGS reaction and the production per year. of methanol. It was assumed that coal and The prices for raw materials, methanol biomass would be dried in a mill drier to and electricity that were assumed for the moisture contents of 1.5%, and 3% estimation of revenues and operating costs are respectively. CO2 was assumed as the listed in Table 2. conveyance-gas for transporting the dried pulverised coal and sewage sludge to the Table 2 gasifier. Estimated prices Coal price (TET, 2015) 15 €/MWh SS price (-20) €/t Methanol price (Methanex, 2015) 365 €/t Electricity price (TET, 2015) 54 €/MWh Carbon tax (Ministry, 2015) 14 €/t
Investment cost was calculated by the following equation:
e f Cn CSnS00 / () (2)
where C is the cost of a process unit, n is the number of equally-sized units, C0 is the cost of a reference unit, S is the capacity of a process
unit, S0 is the capacity of a reference process Figure 2. A schematic illustration of methanol production unit, e is the cost scaling exponent for different from coal and sewage sludge numbers of equally-sized units, and f is the A two stage Rectisol process was cost- scaling factor (Martelli, 2009). All the chosen during this study. In the first stage prices of equipment were converted to values sulphur compounds were removed from the in 2017 using CEPCI (Chemical Engineering synthesis gas. A certain percentage of the Plant Cost Index). It was assumed that the same synthesis gas without sulphur was sent directly
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type of dryer would be used in the coal-only 80 case and co-gasification case. 70 60 50 Results and discussion 40
[MW] POWER 30 The molar flows of the main components in the 20 synthesis gas before the compression in 10 compressor C2 are listed in Table 3. 0 Coal only Sludge 10% Sludge 20% Sludge 30% Table 3 Composition of synthesis gas before the compression in Gas turbine Steam turbine C2 n n n n Figure 2. Electrical power produced in the gas turbine H2 CO CO2 N2 and triple-stage steam turbine [kmol/ [kmol/ [koml/ [kmol/ h] h] h] h] Coal only 3793 1684 179 114 In all the calculations of net present Sludge 10% 3799 1690 179 142 value, Figure 3, it was assumed that all prices Sludge 20% 3808 1694 180 169 for raw materials and products, and also the Sludge 30% 3818 1697 180 196 annual discount rate would be constant during the 30 year-long period. This assumption was It can be seen that the molar flows of slightly unrealistic but was used for simplicity. hydrogen and carbon monoxide slightly It can be seen that the co-gasification cases increased with the increased percentage of performed better than the coal-only case. If 30 sewage sludge. % sewage sludge were to be used instead of On the other hand the molar flow of coal the net present value would amount to nitrogen, which is an inert material in the 2,901M€, after a 30 year period, whilst the synthesis gas, increased substantially with the coal-only case’s net present value would increased percentage of sewage sludge. The amount to 1,961M€. This result was expected main reason for this results from the higher because the assumed price of sewage sludge nitrogen content in the sewage sludge was negative. It is also considered as a carbon (9.2wt%) compared to coal (0.8wt%). neutral material; therefore carbon tax was It is for this reason that the production lower in the case of co-gasification. of methanol slightly decreased with the increased percentage of sewage sludge used in Conclusions the process.
Consequently the heating value of the Co-gasification of sewage sludge in entrained- purge gas increased with the increased usage flow slagging gasifiers with pneumatic feeding of sewage sludge; therefore more electricity was presented in this work and compared to a can be produced in the gas turbine, as shown coal to methanol process in terms of net in Figure 2. present values. High moisture content in sewage sludge presents a disadvantage, which results in a higher consumption of steam for the drying of sewage sludge and consequently lower generation of electricity. However, the major advantages of sewage sludge are its negative price and carbon neutrality. Those advantages outweigh the disadvantages, resulting in the higher net present values of all co-gasification cases.
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It can be concluded that the mixtures of lignite, bituminous coal and application of sewage sludge as a resource for sewage sludge,” Chemical Engineering Journal, partial replacement for coal would present a vol. 222, no. 0, pp. 345–352, Apr. 2013. better route for the synthesis of methanol from P. Trop, B. Anicic, and D. Goricanec, renewable resources, which would be “Production of methanol from a mixture of economically feasible and environmentally- torrefied biomass and coal,” Energy, vol. 77, friendly. pp. 125–132, Dec. 2014. E. Martelli, T. Kreutz, and S. Consonni, References “Comparison of coal IGCC with and without CO2 capture and storage: Shell gasification Y. Chen, L. Guo, H. Jin, J. Yin, Y. Lu, and X. Zhang, with standard vs. partial water quench,” Energy “An experimental investigation of sewage Procedia, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 607–614, Feb. 2009. sludge gasification in near and super-critical “Proizvodni proces - Termoelektrarna water using a batch reactor,” International Trbovlje.” [Online]. Available: Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 38, no. 29, pp. http://www.tet.si/si/elektricna- 12912–12920, Sep. 2013. energija/proizvodni-proces/. [Accessed: 14- J. M. de Andrés, A. Narros, and M. E. Rodríguez, Feb-2015]. “Air-steam gasification of sewage sludge in a “Pricing | Methanex Corporation.” [Online]. bubbling bed reactor: Effect of alumina as a Available: https://www.methanex.com/our- primary catalyst,” Fuel Processing Technology, business/pricing. [Accessed: 01-Jul-2015]. vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 433–440, Mar. 2011 Ministry of Finance, “Environmental Taxes,” G. García, J. Arauzo, A. Gonzalo, J. L. Sánchez, May-2015. and J. Ábrego, “Influence of feedstock composition in fluidised bed co-gasification of
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Production of biogas in a dry anaerobic digestion reactor of residues generated in the processing of sheep and alpaca wool
Salamanca-Valdivia, M1; Cardenas-Herrera, L2; Barreda-Del-Carpio, J1,*; Munive-Talavera, C1; Garate- Manrique, R3; Moscoso-Apaza, G3; Villanueva-Salas, J1
1Universidad Catolica de Santa Maria, Facultad de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Bioquimicas y Biotecnologicas, Arequipa, Peru; 2Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Facultad de Medicina, Arequipa, Peru; 3Instituto de Investigacion y Desarrollo para el Sur, Arequipa, Peru; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract The aim of the current research was the isolation, characterization and identification of native microbial strains from waste generated in the processing of sheep wool and alpaca fiber, for the production of biogas inside a dry anaerobic digestion (DAD) reactor in order to degrade solid waste coming from the textile industry. In total 52 bacterial strains and 15 fungal strains were isolated in anaerobic conditions from samples taken from solid waste produced in the processing of alpaca fiber and sheep wool by the Inca Tops textile company. Both the biogas composition and production were evaluated in 3 DAD reactors with different inocula: bacteria, fungi and microbial consortia; with the consortium inoculated reactor having the best production rate and best biogas attributes obtaining 33.38 %, 6 %, 1.44 % and 0.89 ppm methane, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide respectively.
Keywords solid waste; dry anaerobic digestion; reactor; fungal; biogas
Introduction usage of easy-access raw material for a better output. In this respect and because of the Solid waste treatment with anaerobic digestion availability and abundance of some raw can solve the environmental issues associated materials, biogas production has great to their production, as well as provide biogas as potential when using agricultural waste, cattle renewable energy for a sustainable waste, municipal waste, food waste, aquatic development (Chattopadhyay, 2009). biomass, keratin residues and lignocellulosic Industry-wise, the most common raw materials (Patinvoh, 2017). process is biogas production from high water The treatment of solid waste through content waste; however, the use of municipal anaerobic digestion can solve the and industrial waste as well as solid waste environmental problems caused by these ones coming from agricultural activities, is rising in and also supply biogas as renewable energy for importance. Solid waste usually has solid sustainable development. In addition, the content between 15% to 50%, thus requiring biogas produced for the generation of energy great quantities of water when using and the residue of the digestion can be used as traditional treatments. For this reason, using a biofertilizer. dry anaerobic digestion (DAD) technology for In industry, the most common process waste treatment and biogas production is a is the production of biogas from waste with better alternative that allows disposing of low high water content; however, using DAD water content waste (Renewables, 2017). technology is a better option for managing Biogas production with the use of DAD waste streams with low moisture content. technology has progressed significantly through the years and is now focusing in the Main body
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thioglycollate broth and stored in an incubator Anaerobic digestion for 72 hours. A small portion of the sample was Anaerobic digestion results in biogas taken with a Kolle handle and cultured by production, a natural process that involves the streaking in Petri dishes containing blood agar. biological conversion of organic Carbon into Lastly, the plates were preserved in an CO2 and CH4. Anaerobic digestion is an anaerobic jar and stored in an incubation incredible, selective, natural process that chamber at 37°C. allows to reduce a great variety of organic Sabouraud agar was prepared to substrates into methane, a very useful isolate fungi. A small sample was taken and molecule. This process has been observed in cultured to be later preserved in an anaerobic nature in wetlands, paddy fields and inside jar and stored in an incubation chamber at several animals’ intestines as well (Chynoweth, 37°C. 1996) Succesive culturing was performed from the main plates into new blood agar and Microbiology of the anaerobic processes. Sabouraud agar plates to obtain pure strains.
Understanding of the complex interactions 3.2. Characterization and molecular between the microorganisms involved in DAD identification of selected bacterial and fungal is key to improve the process management. species with gas producing capacity. Depending on the substrate consumed, DNA from native strains was isolated microorganisms can be classified into and then amplified through Polymerase Chain autotrophic and heterotrophic. Heterotrophic Reaction (PCR) technology. The PCR product microorganisms use organic matter as an was separated in an agarose gel (1.5%), and the energy and carbon source in order to band corresponding to the RNAr 16s and ITS synthesize new microorganisms; in contrast, genes was cut for further purification. autotrophic ones oxidize inorganic compounds RNAr 16s gene sequences from the to obtain energy while using CO2 as a carbon native strains obtained by sequencing were source (Del Real, 2007). individually analized and compared with sequences stored in the GenBank database Methods using the BLAST algorithm (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST). Then, Isolation of native microorganisms from waste phylogenetic trees were built to determine generated in the processing of sheep wool and genetic distances and similarity percentage. alpaca fiber. Moreover, multiple alignment and phylogeny tests were performed with the CLUSTAL Two culture media were prepared: blood agar Omega program. for bacteria and Sabouraud agar for fungi. These were later sterilized in autoclave for 15 Production and gas composition evaluation of minutes at 120°C and 1.5 atm, to be then different inocula using a dry anaerobic distributed in 20 mL plates and, after having digestion reactor. solidified and being sealed, be stored in an incubator for 24 hours in order to verify the In order for the reactors to work 5 Kg of textile environment’s safety. solid waste were first placed. Solid waste was Thioglycollate broth was prepared and previously hydrated with the textile company’s poured in 20mL tubes for bacterial isolation. residual water to improve recirculation. The The medium was sterilized in autoclave for 15 first reactor was then inoculated with bacteria minutes at 120°C and 1.5 atm and then stored while the second reactor was inoculated with in an incubator for 24 hours in order to verify fungi, and the third reactor with a microbial the environment’s safety. Finally, the consortium. Finally, the reactors were previously treated samples were cultured in hermetically closed creating an anaerobic environment ideal to the process
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development. The working time for the Biogas Composition: Fungal and reactors was 60 days of which the first 15 there bacterial consortium was no influent recirculation (adaptation phase), and the remaining 45 days the system 40,00% worked with influent recirculation. 30,00% The gas production ratio of each reactor was determined along with the gas 20,00% composition using the gas meter unit MultitecR 10,00% 540 that measures CH4, CO2, H2S and O2. 0,00% Results Methane Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen dioxide sulfide
The strains isolated from the textile solid waste Figure 1. Gas composition comparison. have, on top of being anaerobic, the capacity to produce biogas. For this reason Sabouraud Finally fungal and bacterial consortium agar and thioglycollate broth with agar are inoculum for Reactor 3; as shown in Figure 2, used in tubes. These, being solid media, allow has the best biogas production. the detection of biogas by the media rupture or displacement inside the test tube. Taking this into account each of the isolated strains was evaluated. The bacterial strains were cultured in thioglycollate medium and the fungal strains were cultured in Sabouraud medium, the results showing that only 3 bacterial strains and 3 fungal strains have the ability to produce biogas as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Figure 2. Gas production comparison Bacterial and fungal species with gas production capacity. Bacteria Fungal Discussions Pseudomona auruginosa Fusarium sp Proteus vulgaris Fusarium oxyporum A high percentage of methane can be Alcaligenes sp Monascus ruber observed, however it is not between the
reported values of 40 to 70 % in biogas Biogas composition was evaluated in 3 (Porpatham, 2008). The low percentages of DAD reactors with different inocula: bacterial carbon dioxide are almost in the range for inoculum for Reactor 1, fungal inoculum for values obtained after the application of Reactor 2, and a fungal and bacterial different treatments for removing biogas. consortium inoculum for Reactor 3; as shown These values are between 0-4% (Souza , 2013) in Figure 1. (Barik, 2013) and therefore a biogas removing
treatment is not necessary. For the O2 values a
mean percentage of 1.44% is reported. It is important to highlight the low levels of hydrogen sulfide (2ppm) since the reported values are in the range of 10 000 to 20 000ppm (Ryan, 2014). This is a very relevant characteristic since sulfuric acid is considered a contaminant in biogas production and requires treatment in order to eliminate it.
Conclusions
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Del Real, J. Evaluación y modelado de la In total 52 bacterial strains and 15 fungal cinética de depuración anaerobia de vinazas de strains were isolated from textile solid waste la industria alcoholera. [México]; 2007. produced by the Inca Tops company. Chattopadhyay S, Dutta A, Ray S. Municipal Three fungal strains and three bacterial solid waste management in Kolkata, India – A review. Waste Management. 2009;29(4):1449- strains were selected due to their gas 58. production capacity. Renewables 2017: Global Status Report. Selected strains with gas production capacity [Internet]. 2017. Available at: were characterized and molecularly https://apps.uqo.ca/LoginSigparb/LoginPourR identified as Pseudomona auruginosa, essources.aspx?url=http://www.deslibris.ca/I Proteus vulgaris, Alcaligene ssp., Fusarium D/10091341 sp., Fusarium oxyporumy, and Monascus Patinvoh R.J., Osadolor O.A., Chandolias K., ruber. Sárvári Horváth I., Taherzadeh MJ. Innovative Gas production and gas composition were pretreatment strategies for biogas production. evaluated comparing 3 different inocula: Bioresource Technologye 2017;224:13-24. bacteria, fungi and a consortium. The reactor Porpatham E, Ramesh A, Nagalingam B. Investigation on the effect of concentration of inoculated with the bacterial-fungal methane in biogas when used as a fuel for a consortium has a good gas production ratio, spark ignition engine. Fuel. e 2008;87(8):1651- and a good gas composition. 9. Souza J, Schaeffer L. Sistema de compresión de Acknowledgments biogás y biometano. Información tecnológica. 2013;24(6):03-8. This research was supported by the project Barik D SS, Murugan S. Biogas production and PITEI-3-P-343-105-15 Innovate Peru. storage for fueling internal combustion engines. 2013. References Ryan KJ. Sherris medical microbiology [Internet]. Sexta edicion. 2014, p 617-627 Chynoweth DP. Environmental impact of Available at: biomethanogenesis. Environ Monit Assess http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.a 1996;42(1):3-18. spx?bookid=2268
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The impact of biowaste pasteurization on the methane yield in the fermentation process
Jakub Pulka1,*, Jakub Mazurkiewicz1, Wojciech Czekała1, Patrycja Pochwatka2, Marta Cieślik3, Filip Tarkowski1, Jacek Dach1
1Poznan University of Life Sciences, Institute of Biosystems Engineering, Poznan, Poland; 2University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Lublin, Poland; 3Poznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan, Poland *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract Analyzing Polish statistical data on the amount of generated municipal waste and its morphological composition, it can be estimated that the potential stream of bio-waste will be approximately 3.5 million Mg per year. Kitchen waste stream can consist animal by-product, hence pasteurization is required as a fermentation pretreatment. This potentially high content of proteins creates a problem with increased ammonia nitrogen level which can be strong inhibition factor sharply decreasing methane production. That is why the preliminary tests of urban biowaste fermentation are essential for creating its fermentation technology for real-scale investments. This paper presents initial study on pasteurization influence on methane, biogas yield, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium nitrogen concentration in waste eluates. Biowaste pasteurization had positive influence on fermentation process causing a 3% increase in cumulated methane production, and a 1% increase in biogas yield. COD and ammonium nitrogen concentration in eluate after pasteurization increased 44% and 86% respectively.
Keywords kitchen and urban waste; biogas production; ammonia content
Introduction assumption, several scientists have tried to determine how this type of pre-treatment According to Regulation of the Minister of affects the fermentation process, methane Environment of December 29 2016, on the production, and biogas yield. This is not a detailed method of selective collection of simple task, because the economic and selected waste fractions, selective collection of energetic output strongly depends on the biowaste is mandatory. Biowaste stream con biodegradability of organic matter in bio-waste consists of both kitchen waste and and the purity and freshness of the mixture. biodegradable waste from gardens and parks. In the case of energy production, Kitchen waste and “green waste” can be anaerobic digestion combined with biogas selected separately or collectively. Due to the combustion in mixed cycle installations for organic origin of this waste stream electricity and heat is not the most efficient fermentation and composting are main method of (Chartier et al., 1996). Additionally, treatment methods according to legislators the pasteurization is a way to solve the hygiene (The Act of 14 December 2012 on waste). problem but is associated with high energy Kitchen waste stream can consist demand (Liu et al., 2018). animal by-product, hence pasteurization is Nevertheless, this form of thermal required as a fermentation pretreatment hygienisation is often carried out before the (Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the fermentation process. It is a kind of pre- European Parliament and of the Council of 21 treatment with an additional goal, which is to October 2009). Based on the general increase methane production (Liu et al., 2018).
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The cited publication shows results from increase the capacity and efficiency of different countries and on different waste, i.e. processes. These techniques have the potential agricultural waste (AW) municipal solid wastes to solve contemporary problems of successful (MSW), animal by-products (ABP), waste operation and are an economically viable activated sludge (WAS). option for the fermentation process. This is In one of his works, Liu (Liu et al., 2019) particularly important when considering the indicates sources according to which the initial management of different waste streams. heat treatment increases methane production Taking that into account preliminary up to 50% in the case of secondary sewage tests of urban biowaste fermentation were sludge and food processing waste subjected to conducted, and the influence of pasteurization pre-treatment at 70°C, the particularly on the fermentation process was investigated. beneficial effect relates to the potential of bio- methane or kinetics of methane production. Materials and methods The same scientists (Liu et al., 2019) note at the same time that in some cases such a significant Biowaste used in this research consists of 40 % impact on mixed pork waste, animal droppings green waste, 50 % food waste, and 10 % meat and the mixture of MSW and ABP was not waste. Waste fraction originated from observed. These contradictory results can be Municipal Solid Waste Installation. Waste explained by the physicochemical reactions of properties Waste properties were substrates during thermal pretreatment, characterized by 35.76% of dry mass and including particle size reduction, formation of 73.69% organic dry mass content.. complex compounds and inhibition processes, Pasteurization was performed in such as the accumulation of NH3 derived from enclosed reactor in 70°C for 1h. Before proteins, volatile fatty acids (VFA) degraded pasteurization material were shredded from long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and ensuring particle size below 12 mm (Regulation competition of H2/sulfate-consuming bacteria (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament with methanogenic bacteria (Liu et al. 2019). and of the Council of 21 October 2009) Other researchers (Ware et al., 2015) argue Methane fermentation was conducted in 37° in how specific methane yields (SMY) and the batch reactor using DIN 38 414/S8 standard. overall bioavailability of offal taken from Material analysis were conducted according to: slaughter cattle, pigs and chicken changed after Water extracts were prepared using pasteurization - obtaining high SMY, i.e. 465- PN-Z-15009 standard. 650 mLCH4/gVS, however, without a Chemical oxygen demand was statistically significant increase in methane conducted on COD Vario Tube Test HR production compared to the sample without Moisture content was conducted using heat treatment. However, they noticed that PN-EN 14346:2011 the kinetics of biogas transformation processes highlighted the increased bioavailability of Loss on ignition was conducted using organic compounds due to pasteurization. PN-EN 15169:2011 It turns out that in some cases appropriate addition of green waste favorably Results and discussion affects the entire technological process (and economically associated with the need to Biowaste after pasteurization cumulative separate green waste from kitchen waste), methane production amounted for 104.88 3 -1 although the energy potential of this waste is m ∙Mg which is a 3 % increase compared to much lower than kitchen waste. The addition biowaste without pasteurization (Table 1). of easily degradable substrates, such as short- Whereas cumulated biogas production lived herbaceous plants, will improve the increased by only 1 % after pasteurization. This availability of carbon sources for the is related to a 2 % increase in methane content metabolism of methane (Tayyab et al., 2019; for samples after pasteurization. Lovarelli et al., 2019). In addition, increasing the abundance of anaerobic bacteria will Table 1
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Methane content, cumulated methane and cumulated countries in the world. In additions, some biogas in fresh matter. researchers questioned this consideration in Cum. CH4 Cum. CH4, Sample biogas, terms of efficacy and accuracy of the pathogen [%] [m3·Mg-1 ] [m3·Mg-1] dynamics of the treatment (Goden et al., 2017). 58.59 Worldwide legislation on the hygienisation of Biowaste 102.04±0.81 174.17±0.82 ±2.00 bio-waste focuses on the gentle heat Biowaste + 59.82 104.88±0.67 175.32±0.91 treatment before the fermentation process. Pasteurization ±1.65 The EU submit the strictest sanitary rules (70°
C for 1 hour) compared with other countries. A similar distribution is visible when This thermal hygienisation accounts for ca. 6 - analyzing biogas and methane yield in dry 25% of total energy production in European matter, and in volatile solids (Table 2 and 3). biogas installations (Liu et al., 2019). Compeering methane yield for biowaste sample in relation to a fresh matter obtained Table 4 results were much higher than fruits (Czekała Chemical oxygen demand and ammonium content in et al., 2016), whey (Kozłowski et al., 2019), and eluted from biowaste. similar to maze straw silage (Cieślik et al., COD, NH4, Sample -3 -3 2016). g·dm mg·dm Biowaste 62.3 412
Biowaste + 89.6 766 Table 3 Pasteurization Methane content, cumulated methane and cumulated biogas in dry matter. Cum. Preliminary analysis of pasteurization CH4 Cum. CH4, Sample biogas, 3 -1 influence on hydrolyzation regarded as COD [%] [m ·Mg ] 3 -1 [m ·Mg ] and NH4 are shown in Table 4. It’s worth 58.59 Biowaste 285.33±2.28 487.02±2.28 mentioning that pasteurization increased COD ±2.00 Biowaste + 59.82 content in eluate by 44 % and NH4 content 86%. 293.23±1.87 490.22±2.56 Pasteurization ±1.65 It’s worth noticing that faster hydrolyzation should increase fermentation kinetics and On the other hand methane yield of biogas yield. Therefore this phenomenon maze straw silage and whey in relation to total should be truthfully investigated on both batch solids and volatile solids was significantly lower and continuous fermentation in order to fully than biowaste, whereas fruits yielded similar investigate the role of hydrolyzation as a way results (Czekała et al., 2016; Kozłowski et al., to increase waste fermentation potential. 2019; Cieślik et al., 2016). It’s worth pointing out that methane and biogas yield increase was Conclusions significantly lower than 50 to 70 % described in (Liu et al., 2019). • Biowaste after pasteurization exhibited slight increase in cumulative methane yield in relations to f.m., d.m., Table 3 v.s. Methane content, cumulated methane and cumulated biogas in Volatile solids. • Pasteurization increased significantly Cum. CH4 Cum. CH4, Sample biogas, COD and ammonia content in eluate. [%] [m3·Mg-1 ] [m3·Mg-1] 58.59 • Influence of pasteurization should be Biowaste 387.22±3.09 660.93±3.09 ±2.00 thoroughly investigated Biowaste + 59.82 397.94±2.53 665.28±3.47 Pasteurization ±1.65 Acknowledgments From literature data (Liu et al., 2018), it can be concluded that hygienisation at the EU The work has been presented at the 4th level requires more caution than those Renewable Energy Sources - Research and proposed by its own members and other
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Business (RESRB) conference held on 8-9 July understanding for non-microbiologists, 2019 in Wrocław (Poland). Presented at the 15th IWA International This study was performed as part of the Conference on Anaerobic Digestion (Poster No statutory research no. 506.105.06.00 in the D2), 2017, Beijing, China discipline of Environmental Engineering, Ware A, Power N. What is the effect of Mining and Energetics, entitled "Energetic use mandatory pasteurisation on the biogas of waste as a method of improving the transformation of solid slaughterhouse environment". wastes? Waste management 2015;48:503-512. Tayyab A, Ahmad Z, Mahmood T, Khalid A, References Qadeer S, Mahmood S, Andleeb S, Anjum, M. Anaerobic co-digestion of catering food waste Regulation of the Minister of Environment of utilizing Parthenium hysterophorus as co- December 29, 2016 on the detailed method of substrate for biogas production. Biomass and selective collection of selected waste fractions. Bioenergy 2019;124:74-82. The Act of 14 December 2012 on waste Lovarelli D, Falcone G, Orsi L, Bacenetti, J. Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Agricultural small anaerobic digestion plants: Parliment and of the Council of 21 October Combining economic and environmental 2009. assessment. Biomass and Bioenergy 2019; Chartier P, Ferrero GL, Henius UM, Hultberg S, 128:105302. Sachau J, Wiinblad M. Biomass for Energy and Cieślik M, Dach J, Lewicki A, Smurzyńska A, the Environment. 1996. Janczak D, Pawlicka-Kaczorowska J, Boniecki P, Liu X, Lendormi T, Lanoisellé JL. A Review of Cyplika P, Czekała W, Jóźwiakowski K. Methane Hygienization Technology of Biowastes for fermentation of the maize straw silage under Anaerobic Digestion: Effect on Pathogen meso- and thermophilic conditions, Energy Inactivation and Methane Production. 2016, 115(2):1495-1502. Chemical Engineering Transactions 2018; Kozłowski K, Pietrzykowski M, Czekała W, Dach 70:529-534. J, Kowalczyk-Juśko A, Józwiakowski K, Brzoski Liu X, Lendormi T, Lanoisellé JL. Overview of M. Energetic and economic analysis of biogas hygienization pretreatment for pasteurization plant with using the dairy industry waste. and methane potential enhancement of Energy 2019;183:1023-1031. biowaste: Challenges, state of the art and Czekała W, Smurzyńska A, Cieślik M, Boniecki alternative technologies. Journal of Cleaner P, Kozłowski K. Biogas efficiency of selected Production 2019;236:117525. fresh fruit covered by the Russian embargo, Goden JJ, Wery N, Bernet N. Pathogen decay or Energy and clean technologies conference growth in anaerobic digestion: a question with proceedings, 2-5 November, 2016 Extended no possible answer? Elements of Scientific Sessions Vienna, Austria.
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Zero Waste Egg Production: modeling of valorization of poultry manure
Andrzej Białowiec1,3*, Ewa Syguła1, Piotr Manczarski2, Jacek A. Koziel3
1Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland; 2Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland; 3Iowa State University, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract Egg and poultry industry need continued efforts improving sustainability and effective energy management. Proposed research addresses both specific areas. Specific research questions arise: What monetary profits and operational cost reductions could be expected from valorizing manure as a source of marketable renewable energy? What environmental benefits could be expected from valorizing manure? We have developed a techno-economic model for comprehensive valorization of manure as a source of marketable and on-farm energy. We evaluated the reduction of environmental footprint associated with the introduction of comprehensive on-farm valorization of poultry manure. Executed modeling indicated that due to manure torrefaction the valorized biochar may be produced and used as a source of energy for poultry farm. Zero waste and circular economy principles may be achieved when the poultry manure torrefaction, with the recirculation of biochar as a solid fuel is applied.
Keywords torrefaction; poultry manure; zero waste; egg production; energy recovery
Introduction (Mondini et al. 1996). The costs of poultry manure composting escalate the costs of Poultry manure (PM) production is one of the buying already prepared agricultural fertilizer main sectors in the food industry. The (Bernal et al. 2009). This is due to the characteristics of poultry production have a composting process control because PM is a growing tendency. Poland is a leader in the complex substrate for biological processes. PM production of poultry in Europe (Utnik-Banaś, is characterized by high humidity and high NH3 Krawczyk 2016). Poultry farms in Poland concentration as well as a low C/N ratio (Ihnat, produce around 2,5 million tons of chicken Fernandes 1996). The process of fermentation manure per year (Gornowicz et al. 2017). The of chicken manure allows to obtain a high difficulty is the usage of chicken manure for biogas production (250 to 450 m3∙Mg d.o.m.-1), agricultural purposes. Farms with 100 000 and 60% (volume) of methane content in chickens require 350-600 ha of land depending biogas (Fugol, Prask 2011). The poultry manure on the concentration of N in the droppings creates operational problems in biogas Sobczak (2008). factories. This is related to an unfavourable C/N The waste from the poultry industry is ratio of 2:1 to 14:1 and a high concentration of a natural by-product. Controlling of it is ammonium nitrogen. The problem with waste challenging due to the variable properties of from poultry production also occurs because of the chicken manure. An important element to antibiotics which are not completely eliminate in PM are so called - pathogens - such metabolized by animals. However, biological as: Staphylococcus, Clostridium, yeast and processes are not able to properly stabilize the antibiotics (Sánchez-García et al. 2015). PM itself. It is necessary to add components The most popular way of managing supporting the process (Wei et al. 2014). The poultry manure is composting. However, complicated process of monitoring biological problem become with NH3 and odors emission methods of PM management and high financial
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costs forced to look for other methods of of biochar 50 PLN (12 EUR·Mg-1) and pellet utilization. The torrefaction process could be made of straw biomass 350 PLN·Mg-1 (84 an alternative. During this practice chicken EUR·Mg-1). Below are three tested variants of manure is roasted. economic analysis: Variant 1 - with extensive technical Main body infrastructure related to heat recuperation from the torrefaction process, condensation of Proposed model research addresses both water vapor. In the variant, it is anticipated that sustainability and energy recovery during egg all torgas and a part of the biochar will be used production leading to the achievement of zero to supply the boiler. waste and circular economy approach (Figure Variant 2 - recuperation is provided only for the 1). Specific research questions arise: What recovery of heat from the torrefaction process. monetary profits and operational cost In the variant, it is anticipated that all torgas reductions could be expected from valorizing and a part of the biochar will be used to supply manure as a source of marketable renewable the boiler. energy? What environmental benefits could be Variant 3 - recuperation is provided only for the expected from valorizing manure? recovery of heat from the torrefaction process. The variant foresees that all torgas and the Methods remaining heat demand will be covered with the burning of straw pellets in the boiler. Preparation of material for testing Results The poultry manure sample, at the begging, was dried for 24 hours in a WAMED laboratory Table 1 presents the initial properties of the dryer, model KBC-65W (Warsaw, Poland) at poultry manure and the biochar. 105 °C. Subsequently, the dry PM sample was pulverized on a mill through a 0.1 mm sieve Table 1 (grinder model: TESTCHEM laboratory mill, The properties of raw PM and biochar. model LMN-100 (Pszów, Poland)). Poultry Biochar from Parameter Unit Unprocessed waste from poultry farms and manure poultry manure biochar produced from PM were characterized Moisture % 64.0 1.7 by the determination of humidity, ash content, MJ∙kg HHV -1 13.295 13.428 calorific value. d.m. Ash % d.m. 29.6 34.8
The PM torrefaction and biochar generation Detailed results regarding economic analysis The torrefaction of poultry manure was carried are presented in table 2. out in accordance with the procedure described by Syguła et. (2019) in a muffle Table 2 furnace (Snol 8.1/1100, Utena, Lithuania). The Mass and economical balance of the torrefaction process depending on the adopted technological configuration. carbon dioxide was used as an inert gas with a flow of 10 dm3∙h-1. The process was carried out under 240 °C and a duration of 45 minutes.
Economic analysis
It was assumed that the capacity of the installation should allow to process 200 Mg of wet manure per day, which corresponds to 75000 Mg of wet manure per year. It was also assumed that the manure is produced 365 days a year. In the economic analysis, the prices of individual fuels were assumed: price per tonne
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Variant Variant Variant chemical criteria for compost maturity Parameter Unit 1 2 3 assessment. A review. Bioresource Feedstock Mg∙h-1 9.125 9.125 9,125 mass Mg∙y-1 75 000 75 000 75 000 Technology 2009;100;5444–5453. Mass of Mg∙h-1 2.173 1.115 2.691 2. Fugol M., Prask, H.. Porównanie uzysku biochar as Mg∙y-1 17 382 8 924 21 524 biogazu z trzech rodzajów kiszonek: z fertilizer Mass of Mg∙h-1 0.518 1.575 0 kukurydzy, lucerny i trawy. Inżynieria biochar for Mg∙y-1 4 142 12 600 0 Rolnicza 2011;9(134); 31-38. recirculation Share of 3. Gornowicz E., Pietrzak M., Stanisławski D., biochar for % 19.2 58.5 0.0 Steppa R., Lewko L., Kryza A. recirculation Mass of Mg∙h-1 0 0 1.513 Charakterystyka jakości mięsa kurcząt pellet to be Mg∙y-1 0 0 12 102 rzeźnych odchowywanych ekologicznie i purchased intensywnie. Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Mass of Mg∙h-1 4.995 0.790 0.790 wastewater Mg∙y-1 39 961 6 317 6 317 Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 2017; 34. Mg∙h-1 0.181 0.550 0.076 Mass of ash 4. Ihnat M., Fernandes L. Trace elemental Mg∙y-1 1 446 4398 605 Costs of characterization of composted poultry EUR∙ 1 008 pellets 0 0 year-1 500 manure. Bioresource Technology purchasing 1996;57;143-156. Income from UER∙ 206 106 256 biochar 5. Mondini C., Chiumenti R., da Borso F., Leita year-1 928 238 238 selling L., De Nobili M. Changes during processing EUR∙ 206 106 -752 Revenue year-1 928 238 262 in the organic matter of composted and air- dried poultry manure. Bioresource Conclusions Technology 1996;55;243-249. 6. Sánchez-García M., Alburquerque J.A., The process of poultry manure torrefaction Sánchez-Monedero M.A., Roig A., Cayuela results in a hydrophobic product, with calorific M.L. Biochar accelerates organic matter value of 13.5 MJ/kg, which makes the biochar degradation and enhances N mineralisation a relatively suitable product for energy during composting of poultry manure generation purposes. without a relevant impact on gas emissions. Due to the source of the biomass, Bioresource Technology 2015;192; 272– which is poultry manure, the biochar is 279. characterized by high ash content.
Application of torrefaction for poultry 7. Syguła, E.; A. Koziel, J.; Białowiec, A. Waste manure treatment may be profitable when to Carbon: Preliminary Research on efficient recuperation systems and biochar Mushroom Spent Compost Torrefaction. recirculation for covering energy demand is Preprints 2019. used. 8. Utnik – Banaś K., Krawczyk J. Produkcja The increase of the heat recuperation drobiarska w aspekcie podstawowych efficiency decreases the demand for biochar założeń biogospodarki. Stowarzyszenie for recirculation and increases profits. ekonomistów rolnictwa i agrobiznesu 2016; Using a low efficient system with tom XVIII; zeszyt 2. covering the energy demand from external 9. Wei L., Shutao W., Jin Z., Tong X. Biochar sources makes that poultry manure influences the microbial community torrefaction is not profitable. structure during tomato stalk composting
with chicken manure. Bioresource References Technology 2014;154; 148–154. 1. Bernal M.P., Alburquerque J.A., Moral R. Composting of animal manures and
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Figure 1. Zero waste egg production concept by application of poultry manure torrefaction and incineration of produced biochar
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Alternative designs on liquid-flow window technology
Tin-Tai Chow1,*, Wenjie Liu1
1City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract Liquid-flow window is a novel multi-glazing design concept to deal with the thermal weakness of building glazed facade. A flowing liquid layer within the cavity of a multi-pane window is able to reduce the space air-conditioning load and at the same time, to reduce the services hot water energy consumption. Such a liquid circulation can be on either mechanical-flow or buoyant-flow basis. In recent years, different system designs and applications have been suggested and with their energy- saving potential evaluated. This paper firstly discusses the current design and application trends. Then a novel alternative design - the liquid-bath type - is introduced. This new approach carries the advantage of the buoyant flow concept in better water pressure control, but with substantial improvement in heat removal capability and simplified window frame structure.
Keywords solar energy; window glazing; building-integrated thermal system; water heating; zero-energy building
Introduction Extensively-glazed building is a world-wide Urbanization in modern cities leads to the architectural trend. The advantages come from increase in suspended particulates in the its natural brightness, transparency, atmosphere, and thus a decrease in visibility. modernity, and indoor-outdoor interaction. At the same time, anthropogenic heat like Nevertheless, the disadvantages are the weak those rejected from air-cooling plants leads to thermal performance that results in energy urban heat island effect, resulting in higher wastage. For warm climate applications where temperature at the city centre than the suburb space cooling is generally required, there are areas. The effect is intensified by the daytime three basic principles in modern window heat absorption by the building materials, design: which is later on released at night. One solution i. To filter out infrared of the solar spectrum, for these global problems is to go for a low- but not visible light in solar transmission; carbon urban environment with the ii. To utilize incident solar radiation as a introduction of green buildings [Floyd and Bilka renewable energy source; and 2012], which carry practicing sustainable iii. To optimize the design and shorten the measures like: economical and energy payback time. • Optimized use of energy, water, and other For green building or zero-energy building resources; applications, the above lead to the invention of • Reducing waste and pollution; photovoltaic (PV) glazing, which directly • Improved occupant/neighbourhood health, converts solar radiation into electricity through comfort, safety, and productivity; and embedded solar cells. In PV ventilated glazing, • Planning throughout the life-cycle of a the vented air cavity between the front PV- building, from siting to design, construction, glass and the clear glass at the back conveys the operation, maintenance, renovation and absorbed solar heat to the outdoor space by demolition. natural airflow. The limitations are the trade- off between visibility against electricity output, Development trend in window glazing and the intensification of the urban heat island Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 115 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
effect, as well as the unfavourable cost payback reduction, daylight utilization, and useful heat time. The better solution can be the use of gain for hot water services. liquid water rather than moist air as the solar heat-conveying medium in multi-pane Buoyant-flow without headers windows. As a matter of fact, the thermal capacitance of liquid water is much higher than An alternative design is the removal of the moist air. This also makes possible an active upper and lower distribution headers, as in Fig. means of solar application, like for services 1(b). The advantages are in three folds: the water heating. Different research teams were reduced cavity space and material use, the exploring the related technologies for more reduced overall weight, and the reduced flow than 10 years, and came out with different friction loss [Chow & Lyu 2017]. The design options [Chow, Li & Lin 2010; Gil-Lopez computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis & Gimenez-Molina 2013]. Besides the pumped shows that the removal of the two headers water circulation options that require precise affects very little the laminar liquid flow water pressure control, the natural circulation pattern and also the vertical temperature types successfully limit the fluid working stratification within the window cavity. pressure to the static head level.
Alternative designs
Buoyant-flow double-glazing
Double-pipes heat exchanger
Feed water Cold feed Feed water Cold feed outlet water inlet outlet water inlet
Upper header
Buoyance driven flow
Lower header
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Temperature distribution after the removal of Figure 1. Buoyant-flow window design. distribution headers.
Fig. 1(a) shows the basic design. Water- carrying tubing and distribution headers at the Water-bath double-glazing window cavity are connected to a double-pipe heat exchanger positioned at the upper To save further the material use and frame size, window frame. Under sunlight, the the external heat exchanger can be replaced by thermosyphon-induced water rises slowly in a horizontal bare-tube heat exchanger the glazing cavity to the heat exchanger at the submerged immediately below the concealed top end for hot water preheating purpose. water level, as shown in Fig. 3. This alternative Solar transmission through the glazing is then design changes the fluid flow pattern from reduced, and so space-cooling load is lowered. laminar upward flow to the cellular flow inside At the same time, the quality of daylight is the cavity. maintained since the clear water layer affects extremely small the visible light spectrum. The advantages are then the spacing thermal load
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The heat flow performance can be evaluated by thermal simulation making use of typical weather data. Explicit dynamic simulation models of the window designs were developed Copper tubing through the controlled volume finite difference method. In our nodal scheme, a single node is used to represent individual glass, liquid and tube layer. This results in a five-node model representation. The computations were done through a self-developed FORTRAN program. The centre of glass performances in typical summer and winter weeks of the ‘buoyant- Water-bath double glazing flow’ and the ‘water-bath’ absorptive double- glazing design were determined respectively.
Figure 3. With submerged heat exchanger. Table 1 Comparison of heat flow and heat gain efficiency Fig. 4 shows the CFD results of the steady flow Unit in Typical Water- Buoyant- MJ/m2 week bath flow pattern when the outside temperature is double double higher than the room temperature. In this case, glazing glazing the water flows upward very slowly at positions Daily Summer 71.4 71.4 close to the outer glazing, and downward at the accumulated Winter 68.7 68.7 opposite side close to the inner glazing. solar radiation Because of the direct and effective heat Water heat Summer 27.5 10.3 transfer at the horizontal feed water tubing, gain Winter 24.3 8.7 the water temperature variation at the water Water heat Summer 38.6% 14.5% bath is less than 0.5oC. gain Winter 35.4% 12.7% efficiency Room heat Summer 24.3 25.5 gain Winter 16.1 16.7 Room heat Summer 0.0 0.0 loss Winter 8.0 1.4 The result comparisons as listed in Table 1, including the water heat gain and the room heat gain performances using the typical meteorological year (TMY) weather data set (8760-hour) of Hong Kong, a sub-tropical Asian city at 22.3oN and 114.2oE. It can be seen that the water heat gain of the water-bath design is much better than the buoyant-flow design, i.e. 27.5 vs 10.3 MJ/m2 in summer and 24.3 vs 8.7 MJ/m2 in winter. These figures reflect the improvements of 267% and 279% respectively. The improvements in water heat gain efficiency are of the similar level of magnitude. The changes in room heat gain are found relatively small, indicating the space cooling loads are more or less the same.
Figure 4. Sectional view of the fluid flow pattern. Discussions Heat exchange performance
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Besides the substantial improvements in water heating performance, this innovative water- Acknowledgments bath approach carries the advantage of reduced working pressure by eliminating the The work described in this article was external heat exchanger at the top. Also the financially supported by the Shenzhen Science frame structure is much simplified. This makes and Technology Funding Project easy the factory assembly and site installation JCYJ20160229165305551 on fundamental works. Together with the substantial increase research. in the useful water heat gain over the entire year, the cost payback period will be much References shortened. In fact, the water heating process may take place even at night when either the Chow TT, Li C, Lin Z. Innovative solar windows outdoor or the indoor temperature is higher for cooling-demand climate, Solar Energy than the feed water temperature. It is Materials & Solar Cells 2010;94:212–220. estimated that, based on developed Chow TT, Lyu YL. Effect of design configurations manufacturing processes, the cost payback on water flow window performance. Solar period of this water-bath type is around 3 years Energy 2017;155:354–362. making reference to the normal air-sealed Floyd AC, Bilka A. Green building: a double-glazing type. professional's guide to concepts, codes and More glass panes can be added to the innovation, Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage window at places with extreme weather Learning, 2012. conditions, like cities with hot summer and cold Gil-Lopez T, Gimenez-Molina C. Environmental, winter. Glycol solution can be used as the economic and energy analysis of double glazing working fluid when the outdoor temperature with a circulating water chamber in residential occasionally falls below the freezing point. buildings. Applied Energy 2013;101:572–581. Alternatively, the water can be emptied in cold winter. The potential of achieving the zero- energy building target is much higher. There can be a range of commercial products in meeting the needs of different building types from commercial to residential in different climate zones.
Conclusions
Liquid-flow window is a novel multi-glazing designed to deal with the façade thermal weakness problem. A flowing liquid layer within the window cavity is able to reduce the space air-conditioning load and the hot water energy consumption. Such liquid flow can be on either mechanical-flow or buoyant-flow basis. The alternative designs and applications of the buoyant flow types were discussed, together with the introduction of a novel alternative design - the liquid-bath type. The improvements in solar water heating performance of the new novel type is found around 270% for subtropical climate application, like Hong Kong as an illustrating example. The cost payback period is found attractive.
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Renewable energy resources for better economics and sustainable living in rural and desert areas
Karl Gatterer1, Salah Arafa2,*
1Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria; 2The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract Reliable and affordable energy is key for the socio-economic development in rural and desert communities worldwide. While energy can be used for consumption purposes such as lighting, access to information, comfort and entertainment, productive use of renewable energy is the key enabler for SMEs and economy to grow. The paper examines the complex interconnections between Energy - Materials – Water – Food – Building – Employment – Environment. It also discusses the implementation of renewable energy technologies to overcome some of barriers faced by rural villages and desert communities. It shows some of the special applications and approaches used over the past few decades in energy conversion, consumption and conservation to achieve poverty reduction, social justice and sustainable development. Field experiences in Basaisa projects, Egypt, showed that open free dialogues with all stakeholders, site-specific education and training, appropriate local financing systems and access to knowledge are key-elements and essential factors for achieving green economy and sustainable community development. The coming decade will see a continued expansion of knowledge about renewable energy resources and its useful applications as systems friendly to the environment and as tools for economic activities, sustainable living and growth in rural and desert communities.
Keywords renewable energy resources; economic; sustainable living; development; rural and desert communities; Basaisa; Egypt
Introduction water needed. Here again we come to the connection between water, food and energy. Food, water and energy are three important Depletion of fossil fuels is unavoidable components of life that we can't live without. because of the existing unbalance between Food for example needs water to grow (crops) consumption and production of resources. and with energy you can transport the water to Population increase and demands for the crops and you can produce energy. It's development can't be satisfied by the existing basically like a cycle made out of three resource constraints. The necessity to face the components and each component needs the negative impacts of climate change on water, help of the other two to grow/get produced food, and health are the biggest challenges while it helps the other components back. It's a facing humanity. New and renewable energy fact that agriculture uses around 70% of the resources represent our hope to face such global water withdrawal, which is a huge impacts and to deal with the present amount of water. constraints. What is needed is an intelligent Population growth could lead to a mix and some behaviour changes in human shortage in water, which could lead to a activities for a creative balance between shortage in food because the people are more consumption and production and for (they need more water and food) but we still sustainability. Both formal and informal have the same amount of water and food that education and training should be employed, is not enough in some regions. But to prevent and target groups are several: School and that from happening we can use energy to university students, politicians and decision desalinate water and will be able to provide the makers, media people, business leaders,
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formal and informal leaders, and teachers, to name the most obvious ones. Also appropriate policies and financing approaches are needed to encourage citizens to conserve energies and use renewable energies. The principles for high quality education and training and the roles of the different sectors and groups in the society are shown in the following model.
Figure 1. Dr. Arafa leading one of the weekly arranged community dialogues in the village of Basaisa where all are invited to attend and participate.
Figure 0. Model of Education and Training for Sustainable Development. The principles for high quality education and roles of the different sectors and groups in the society.
Field Experimental Work
Figure 2. A group of Basaisa village children are watching Two case studies (Basaisa village in Sharkiya an educational TV program on the communal TV set Governorate) and (New Basaisa community in powered by solar energy (1976). South Sinai Governorate) exist in Egypt that one of the authors (Arafa) has been engaged in over the past 45 years, as well as on going and present activities [Arafa et al. 1978, 2002 & 2015]. The field work is based on action research and integrated approach. It emphas- izes the importance of high quality community- based education and training, see Figures 1-4.
Figure 3. Solar Energy systems (PV and Solar water heater) installed on the roof top of the common room in the New Basaisa community (1996).
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Results
Experiences showed that well informed and well educated citizens are prerequisite to any sustainable development efforts. Community- based education and training and community- owned systems are key elements in achieving sustainable community development.
Discussions
Success in the efforts carried in Basaisa have been dependent on the ability of the project leaders and actors to keep the human dimension in all the on-site activities (Arafa,2002) and the delicate balance required Figure 4. The computer lab in the technical center of the New Basaisa community. The instructors are volunteers for survival between the maintenance of the from the university and the attendees are from New traditional pattern of values that serves as the Basaisa as well as from other surrounding communities in basis of cohesion and adaptation to knowledge the area. that requires a revision of the traditional technologies and value system. Methods It was important to keep our attention firmly focused on the two primary pillars of the The basic interest in doing the field work was a community development process: Education social responsibility towards the development and Justice. Both can promote a sense of of rural and desert area and to find appropriate belonging and commitment and ensure approaches in promoting the implementation success. of renewable energy technologies and to We all know that knowledge is power address how community interventions with but half the knowledge is to know where to find active citizens participation can improve the it and to get an easy access to it. human wellbeing and empower poor and illiterate citizens and communities to achieve Conclusions sustainable development. [El-Simi et al. 1995; El-Tawila et al. 2013 & Prasad et al. 2017] Field experiences showed that open free Important among all the technological dialogues with all stakeholders, site-specific specifics were: (a) emphasis on equity; (b) education and training, appropriate local giving priority to community expressed needs; financing systems, and access to knowledge are (c) closing the gender gap so females, girls and key-elements and essential factors for women, can fully share equal rights and achieving better economics and sustainable responsibilities; (d) empowering the local living in rural and desert communities NGOs and encourage cooperation between worldwide. them as well as exchange of experiences and Our shared vision is: Children are the transfer of knowledge; (e) developing future of our nations, renewables are the appropriate access to finance and soft loans for future of our planet, education, training, SME’s; (f) ensure the transparency and social innovation and entrepreneurship are our way justice in all community meetings and actions. towards a sustainable future. Emphasis were mainly on the well informed citizens empowered by appropriate Acknowledgments community-based education and training to be an active participant and responsible citizen in We acknowledge the support of our two the process of community development. University Institutions.
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References Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction in the Arab Region”. December 16- Arafa, S., Nelson, C. and Lumsdaine, E. 17, (2015), Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Utilization of Solar Energy and the Alexandria, Egypt. Development of an Egyptian Village: An El-Shimi, S.A. and Arafa, S.M. Biogas Integrated Field Project. A project proposal Technology for Rural Egypt. Conference on approved and supported by the US National Settling Technology for Industrial and Social Science Foundation, Grant No. 78-01127 and Development. Alex. Scientific Committee of the sponsored by the American University in Cairo, Alexandria Syndicate of Engineers, Jan. 24-26, Egypt (1978) (1995), Egypt. Arafa, S. Sustainable Community Development El-Tawila, S., May, G. and Einas, A. Income with Human Dimensions: The Basaisa Poverty and Inequality in Egypt’s Poorest Experience. Ecological Education in Everyday Villages. The World Bank and Social Contract Life ALPHA 2000, edited by Jean-Paul Center Experts’ Group Meeting, May 27th, Hautecoeur, University of Toronto Press, pp. (2013), Cairo, Egypt. 208-224 (2002). Prasad, A.R., Singh, S. and Nagar H. Arafa, S. Renewable energy for sustainable Importance of Solar Energy Technologies for development and poverty reduction: The case Development of Rural Area in India. IJSRST th of Basaisa, Egypt. TWAS-ARO 11 Annual Volume 3, Issue 6 (2017). Meeting “Green Economy: A Road Map for
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Efficiency modelling of a complex planetary mechanical transmission used in renewable energy systems
Mircea Neagoe 1, Radu Saulescu1,*, Codruta Jaliu1
1Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract The wind and hydro systems are two of the most dynamic areas addressed by researchers aiming at increasing their conversion efficiency and at maximizing the use of the available renewable energy potential. In this context, many innovative concepts of wind turbines / hydro systems have been developed, especially of medium and high power, which usually include mechanical transmissions for increasing the speed and transmitting the motion from the input rotors / water turbines to the electric generators. The speed increasers with fixed axes of the component gear mechanisms are typically implemented in practice. But these transmissions have the drawback of larger overall size and lower efficiencies compared to planetary type speed increasers. The paper presents a generalized modelling of the efficiency of complex mechanical transmissions composed by two planetary gear mechanisms intended for integration in wind turbines or hydro systems with two counter-rotating rotors and a fixed-stator electric generator. The kinematic and static modelling of a transmission with single satellite carrier is described, further used to obtain the efficiency analytical expression, along with numerical simulations of the efficiency and output power.
Keywords renewable energy system; wind turbine; hydro system; speed increaser; planetary transmission; kinematic modelling; static modelling; efficiency; kinematic ratio
Introduction freedom (DOF) gearboxes (Herzog et al. 2010, Saulescu et al. 2016a) and the 1 DOF gearboxes The problem of increasing the efficiency of [Neagoe et al. 2019, Saulescu et al. 2018]. wind or hydro systems has been addressed by Considering the case of the wind many researchers, who proposed various turbines with two counter-rotating rotors and solutions to optimize their performance by a classic generator, the paper presents a developing new concepts of wind rotors / generalized algorithm for modelling the water turbines, more efficient mechanical efficiency of 1 DOF speed increasers obtained transmissions, more compact and more by connection of two 1 DOF planetary gear efficient electric generators. A relatively recent sets. research direction addresses the counter- rotating wind systems (Oprina et al. 2016, Efficiency modelling in a general case Climescu et al. 2011), capable of using the wind potential at a higher level, which integrates a The general case of a speed increaser type wide range of innovative solutions of speed obtained by connecting two planetary gear sets increasers (Hall et al. 2011, Jelaska et al. 2015, (PU) I and II, according to Figure 1, is further Neagoe et al. 2017). Planetary transmissions considered. The transmission has three are well suited for these applications, ensuring external links: two inputs connected to the high kinematic ratios along with low overall size counter-rotating wind rotors R1 and R2, and an and high efficiency (Qiu et al. 2017, Saulescu et output coupled to the shaft of an electric al. 2016b). Moreover, the counter-rotating generator G. wind systems can be developed with various types of speed increasers, as the 2 degrees of
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ωR1 Application of the generalized efficiency R1 model TR1 ωG ωR2 A variant of the planetary speed increaser of the R2 I II G type presented in Figure 1 is depicted in Figure TR2 TG 2, in which the parallel power flows from inputs to output are highlighted. The transmission Figure 1. Block scheme of a complex 1 DOF planetary contains two planetary gear sets I (1-2-3-5-6-H) transmission with two inputs and one output. and II (4-3-5-6-H), in which H is the common
This transmission type is a 1 DOF satellite carrier of the two satellite gear sets, 1, mechanism and thus has the following speeds 4 and 6 are sun gears, and 2, 3 and 5 are satellite gears. and torques transmission functions: a ; b (1) G R1 R2 R1 R2 T AT BT (2) ωR2 TR2 R1 G R2 4 6≡0 where ωR1,2 is the angular speed of the wind 3 rotor R1,2; ωG – the generator angular speed; H 5 TR1,2 – the torque generated by the wind rotor 2 R1,2; TG – the torque on the generator shaft; a, b, A and B are constant values. 1 The transmission efficiency η can be obtained using (Saulescu et al. 2018): ωR1 ωG R1 G TR1 TG T a T BT G G R1 R2 (3)
R1TR1 R2TR2 A TR1 bTR2 a) and considering the input torques ratio: ωR1 k T /T (4) t R1 R2 TR1 H H the general relation of the efficiency becomes: 1 ωG ωR2 4 a k B i0II i0I t (5) η0II η0I A kt b TR2 By zeroing one of the two input torques 6 ≡ 0 TG (TR1 or TR2), i.e. the elimination of a wind rotor b) or by properly adjusting the pitch angle of its Figure 2. Example of a complex 1 DOF planetary speed blades, the transmission remains with two increaser: a) structural scheme, b) block scheme external links (only one active rotor) and its efficiency has the following particular The transmission has two serial expressions: satellites (2 and 3-5), a common solution for a) for kt = 0 (i.e. TR1 = 0, TR2 ≠ 0) the minimum planetary transmissions with large value of the efficiency is obtained: transmission ratios. The two component a B planetary gear sets I and II are characterized by min (6) the interior kinematic ratios i0I and i0II, and by A b the interior efficiencies η0I and η0II. b) for kt = (i.e. TR2 = 0, TR1 ≠ 0) the maximum value of the efficiency results: The transmission efficiency is described by Relation (5), in which the a (7) expressions of the parameters a, b, A and B are max A obtained through kinematic and static The constant parameters a, b, A and B modelling. can be obtained according to the specific structure of the speed increaser: the type of Kinematic coefficients planetary gear sets I, II and their connections.
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According to Relation (1), the coefficients a and T (R2) B R1 i 6 1 i (17) b are the kinematic ratios: T R2R1 4H 0II R2 a G i i6 16 1 i (8) where: GR1 1H 0I R1 H6 T (R2) 1 i 6 R1 R1 0II (18) b R2 i i6 46 1 i (9) 4H T 1 i R2R1 4H 0II R2 R2 0II R1 H6 H H z i0II i0II0II ; 0II 4356 (19) where ixy is the transmission ratio from element x to y, element z being considered as Speed increaser efficiency reference, xy - the relative angular speed between elements x and y, and the interior The general form of the speed increaser kinematic ratios i0I and i0II are given by: efficiency is obtained by replacing the z z expressions from Relations (8), (9), (13) and i i H 1H 3 6 (10) 0I 16 (17) in Relation (5): 6H z1 z5
z z 1 i0I kt 1 i0II i iH 4H 3 6 (11) (20) 0II 46 1 i k 1 i 6H z4 z5 0I t 0II from which its particular forms derive: Static coefficients 1 i 1 i 0I 0II (21) min 1 i0II 1 i According to Relation (2), the 0I 1 i coefficients A and B are obtained by effects 0I (22) max superposing, considering the torques TR2 and TG 1 i0I null one at a time. a) case TR2 = 0: the mechanical power is Numerical results and discussions transmitted with friction from R1 ≡ H to G ≡ 1, according to the energetic equilibrum equation A numerical application of the planetary speed considering friction: increaser from Figure 2 is further considered: (G)6 i 9 , i 2 , H H H H 0.95 , R1TR1 H1 GTG 0 (12) 0I 0II 12 23 43 56 of which, corroborated with Relation (2), it R2 1 rad/s and TR2 1 kNm (i.e. the power results: generated by the wind rotor R2 equals 1 kW). (G) T i A variation of the kt ratio between 0...2 is also A R1 GR1 1 i (13) 6 0I considered, which corresponds to the usual TG H1 situations in practice. Under these conditions, where (Saulescu 2018): the following values of the main parameters 6 GTG 1i0I (14) are obtained: a = -8, b = -1, A = 9.5, B = 0.8, ηmin H1 T (G) 1i R1 R1 0I = 0.67, ηmax = 0.84. Because b = -1, the two wind 1 H H H rotors rotate in opposite directions with equal i0I i0I 0I ; 0I 12 23 56 (15) (G) speeds. where TR1 is the torque at the R1 shaft when The variation with the kt ratio of the all the other external torques are null except efficiency and of the output power are z the TG torque, xy - the efficiency for the power presented in Figure 3. The results show that transmission from element x to y having z as both the transmission efficiency (Figure 3a) and the reference element. the output power (Figure 3b) increase with the b) case TG = 0: the mechanical power is increase of the kt ratio (i.e. with the increase of transmitted with friction between the rotors the R1 wind rotor torque). For example, for kt = R1 ≡ H and R2 ≡ 4. From the energetic 1, an output power of 1.52 kW is obtained at an equilibrum equations with friction: efficiency of 0.76, for a cumulative input power (R2) 6 of 2kW. T T 0 (16) R1 R1 4H R2 R2 it results:
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Climescu O, Saulescu R, Jaliu C. Specific featues of a counter-rotating transmission for renewable energy systems. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 2011; 10:1105-1113. Hall JF, Mecklenborg CA, Chen D, Pratap SB. Wind energy conversion with a variable-ratio gearbox: design and analysis. Renewable Energy 2011; 36:1075-1080. a) Herzog R, Schaffarczyk AP, Wacinski A, Zürcher O. Performance and stability of a counter– rotating windmill using a planetary gearing: Measurements and Simulation. EWEC 2010; 6(6):4847. Jelaska D, Podrug S, Perkusic M. A novel hybrid transmission for variable speed wind turbines. Renewable Energy 2015; 83:78-84. Neagoe M, Saulescu R, Jaliu C. Design and Simulation of a 1 DOF Planetary Speed
b) Increaser for Counter-Rotating Wind Turbines Figure 3. Variation in relation with kt of: a) the efficiency, with Counter-Rotating Electric Generators. b) the output power Energies 2019; 12:1754. Neagoe M, Saulescu R, Jaliu C, Cretescu N. Conclusions Novel speed increaser used in counter-rotating wind turbines. Mechanisms and Machine The paper presents a generalized algorithm for Science 2017; 46:143-151. modelling the efficiency of 1 DOF speed Oprina G, Chihaia RA, El-Leathey LA, Nicolaie S, increasers composed by two planetary gear Babutanu CA, Voina A. A review on counter- sets, with application for single satellite carrier rotating wind turbines development. Journal of transmissions. The obtained results highlight Sustainable Energy 2016; 7(3):91-98. the following conclusions: Qiu J, Liu B, Dong H, Wang D. Type Synthesis of The wind turbines with counter-rotating Gear-box in Wind Turbine. Procedia Computer rotors are used for increasing the output Science 2017; 109C:809–816. power and thus for a better use of the wind Saulescu R, Jaliu C, Neagoe M. Structural and potential; kinematic features of a 2 DOF speed increaser The speed increasers with parallel power for renewable energy systems. Applied flow have higher efficiency than the case of Mechanics and Materials 2016a; 823:367-372. the serial flow; Saulescu R, Neagoe M, Munteanu O, Cretescu N. Performance analysis of a novel planetary The efficiency increases with the increase speed increaser used in single-rotor wind of the kt ratio; turbines with counter-rotating electric The planetary speed increasers are generator. Materials Science and Engineering compact and can ensure high kinematic 2016b; 147(1):012090. ratios and efficiencies. Saulescu R, Neagoe M, Jaliu C. Conceptual Synthesis of Speed Increasers for Wind Turbine References Conversion Systems. Energies 2018; 11:2257.
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A study of the reliability of Medina date palm parts as thermal insulator in buildings
Khaled S. AlQdah1,*, Raed Alahmdi1, Abdurrahman Almoghamisi1, Abdurrahman Alanssari, 1Mohanad Abualkhair1, Abdullmajeed Alhazmy1, Nasser Alnuman1
1Taibah University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Madinah, KSA
Abstract In this work an experimental study on the thermal conductivity of composite material of the date palm mixed with conventional building materials has been carried out in Medina region. The investigation was conducted to study the use of palm’s leaflet and trunk fibers as thermal insulation to replace the conventional thermal insulators that have a negative impact on the optimum utilization of renewable energy sources for heating or cooling the buildings. Three different samples were prepared using suitable molds, these samples consist of different fraction of cement, gypsum, sand, glue in addition to date palm fiber and leaflet. Each sample was tested under certain temperatures, density and time to estimate the thermal conductivity K for the new composite. The thermal conductivity varied with sample density and found to be between 0.048 to 0.162 W/mK for sample 1 where the density varied between 141.97 to 42.6 kg/m3 and for sample 2 between 0.055 to 0.193 W/mK and for sample 3 varied from 0.058 to 0.186 W/mK. Comparison was made between the heat transfer of the best specimen at higher density and between the heat transfer through traditional and common type of concrete that is used in buildings. The reported results show that the new insulation reduced the rate of heat transfer 4 times which means decreasing in energy consumption required to cool or heat the building. This will enhance the building energy performance and safe the renewable energy resources to be utilized efficiently by reducing the greenhouse emission by capturing and sinking the CO2 and other undesirable gases.
Keywords Palm fiber; insulation; thermal conductivity; building materials
Introduction 170 thousand hectares [2]. This is a huge number of trees, which make a huge number of Medina region was characterized by dry and leftovers of leaflet of palm and trunk after the hot climate in summer and most of the trees dies. This leftover and waste can be used building materials in this region consist of in different applications such as thermal concrete, mortar cement, gypsum board and insulation when it mixed with the building conventional thermal insulation. This leads to materials. The building sector in KSA high energy consumption to cool the buildings represents a large number of the total energy and to solve this problem, thinking to replace these conventional building materials with low consumption due to the increasing demand cost composite material is the motivation of especially in summer. Thermal insulation is one this work. of the most important, cost-effective, energy Date palm has been known as long as saving building materials in a home. In fact, recorded history for its important uses as food without thermal insulation, some of the other and fiber source [1] in addition to that, in 2011, energy-efficient components in a home won’t Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) ranked top of perform as intended. Thermal insulation can be the world regarding the number of date palm used as a thermal and acoustical solution in the trees [2], the total number of palms in KSA walls, ceilings, floors, and attics of a home or exceeds 25 million palms, covers more than every part of the building envelope and is
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perhaps the most cost-effective way to lower material mixed with conventional and available energy bills. Most of the thermal insulating building materials which is our main goal in this materials used in Medina are made of glass work. Therefore, the aims of this work is to wool, rock wool, polystyrene and polyurethane study the date palm parts thermal insulation by (rigid foam). In spite of these materials have examining the thermal conductivity of this low thermal conductivity, they are still cost in material. addition, these materials can be hazardous to human health and bad impact on the Materials and method environment. Therefore, focusing on new The main objective of this work is to investigate materials with low thermal conductivity as well the potential of date palm parts to be an as low cost is the main objective of this work. insulator with low impact on the environment Therefore, date palm leaflet and trunk fibers and positive impact on the utilizing of are a good replacement, since they have been renewable energy resources . used as thermal insulator in old buildings and Figure1 shows the date palm and its homes along with soil which potential and main components used in this investigation [1]. economic benefit instead of waste. Therefore, In this study, three different attempts were made to accomplish this study and three this research will conduct and test the thermal samples constructed from cement, gypsum, conductivity and the reliability of palm material saveto glue, sand and palm different leaves and to utilize it as thermal insulation in buildings. trunk fibers. The collected trunk fibers and This will support the idea of utilizing materials leaflet are cleaned using water so that any dust with low environmental impact. The or impurities are removed. The molds were performance of using date palms as insulator designed and manufactured with different mixed with traditional buildings materials sizes to handle the samples for testing. The conducted by Al-Juruf, et al, 2018 [3]. El percentage of the components of each Ashmawy etal,2018 [4] showed that more than specimen can be determined by following 17 million palms in Egypt, the elements of procedure: To measure the thermal these palms can be used as insulation. conductivity and other thermophysical Mohamed Ali and Abdullah Alabdulkarem, properties, the designed and fabricated molds 2017 [5]. Proposed a new building insulation made of steel were used to prepare the samples according to the GUNT WL 376 device material from the palm fiber, the thermal and standards. This device was used to conductivity for this material found to be measure the thermal conductivity and other between 0.0457 and 0.0697 at different thermophysical properties. The weight of each densities. Nadia Benmansoura et al 2014 [6] a sample was measured as well as the density new insulating material composed of cement and dimensions. The temperature on the and palm fiber with different weight has been sample sides were set be as 25 ºC and 60 ºC investigated. Abu-Jdayil et al, 2019 [7] studied which is reasonable for buildings in the hot the thermal and physical characteristics of Date environment of Saudi Arabia and Medina Pits Powder extracted from UAE University region. Each sample was tested for more than farm in AlFoah mixed with polystyrene. Clara- hour. Eugenia et al, 2018 [8] investigated experimentally the particleboard obtained from the palm trees. H. Fouli et al, 2014 [9] conducted an experimental study to evaluate the use of palm based as insulator for the overhead water tanks in arid regions. From the previous literature review, it can be seen none of these works investigated the potential of utilizing the date palm parts as insulation
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the specimen slightly changed or it can be considered as constant due to small variation.
0,18 0,16 0,14 0,12
0,1 (W/mK) 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0 -0,02 0 20 40 60 80 Thermal conductivity Thermal Time (min) Figure 2. Thermal conductivity of specimen vs Time in Figure 3. Date palm and its main parts minute
All the samples have the same length The variation of materials thermal and width but variable thickness are placed conductivity with density can be seen clearly in between two hot and cold plates. The hot plate figure 3. From this figure the low thermal is heated by an electric heater while the cold conductivity measure for sample 1 is 0.048 plate temperature is achieved by cold water W/mk at the density of 42.6 kg/m3 and for circulation. The heat flux between the hot plate sample 2 the best thermal conductivity 0.055 and the cold plate passes through the sample W/mk at the density of 28 kg/m3 and for was measured by a special heat flux sensor. sample 3 the best thermal conductivity 0.056 The measured values are transmitted directly W/mk measured at the density of 50 kg/m3. So, to a PC via USB where they can be analyzed these values can be considered as promising using the software include. The obtained insulation materials because the thermal results were tabulated and analyzed in the conductivity for concrete and conventional figures and tables. block are 0.78 and 0.35 W/mk respectively Results and discussion [10].
An experimental investigation has been carried Thermal Conductivity Vs out to investigate the possibility use of palm Density parts as thermal insulation material added to 0,25 the conventional building materials from the ) test results for sample 1 at density142.97 0,2 kg/m3. The performance of the insulators was evaluated based on the measured values of 0,15 thermal conductivity under variable density. 0,1 The results of the experiments indicate that Sample 1 this material is a promising material for 0,05 Sample 2 Sample 3 building insulation because its cost-effective and safe. Figure 2 display the variation of (W/mk Conductivity Thermal 0 0 50 100 150 200 thermal conductivity with time and 3 temperature as well. After one hour the Density (kg/m ) thermal conductivity remains constant with time and the cold plate temperature will Figure 3. The variation of thermal conductivity with remain constant where the heat flow through density for the three samples
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Conclusions [2] Al-Redhaiman, Khalid PY - 2014/07/29SP - T1 - Date Palm Cultivation in Saudi Arabia: Date Palm’s leaflet is considered as waste or Current Status and Future Prospects for leftover after the palm dies, that what makes it Development ER almost free material for insulation, which was [3] R.S. Al-Juruf, F.A. Ahmed, I.A. Alam, H.H. proven by this investigation. Three different Abdel-Rahman, Development of Heat samples of building components were mixed Insulating Materials Using Date Palm Leaves, with of the date palm parts either the leaflet or Journal of Thermal Insulation, Volume: 11 the fibres of the trunk. The thermal issue: 3, 158-164, 1988. conductivity for sample 1 varied between [4] El Ashmawy, N. M.; M. F. Zayed and 0.048 and 0.162 for the density ranges Samera S Kassem, Thermal Properties of Palm between 42.6 to 141.97 kg/m3 and for sample Fronds (Krino) for Utilizing as a Thermal 2 between 0.055 to 0.193W/mK at the Insulation Material, J. Soil Sci. and Agric. Eng., densities 28 to 112.8 kg/m3. For sample 3 it Mansoura Univ., Vol. 9 (12): 859 - 863, 2018. was found the best thermal conductivity 0.056 [5] Mohamed E. Ali, Abdullah Alabdulkarem, at density of 50 kg/m3. The obtained results on thermal characteristics and microstructure were satisfied and showed that this material is of a new insulation material extracted from temperature and density dependent material. date palm trees surface fibers. Construction The heat flux through these samples were and Building Materials, 138 (2017) 276–284. measured using standard device. Testing the [6] Nadia Benmansoura, Boudjemaa Agoudjila, performance of the highest thermal Abdelkader Gherablia, Abdelhak Karechea, conductivity of sample 1 with specified wall Aberrahim Boudenne, Thermal and dimensions showed with an approximated mechanical. performance of natural mortar heat transfer rate Q of 184.2 푊 which reduce reinforced with date palm fibers for use as the rate of heat transfer from the wall to about insulating materials in building, Energy and 4 times when it compared with using normal Buildings 81 (2014) 98–104. concrete that is used in buildings. This will lead [7] B. Abu-Jdayil, W. Hittini, and A.H. Mourad, to building energy saving and reduce the cost Development of Date Pit–Polystyrene of electricity and energy that can be used for Thermoplastic Heat Insulator Material: cooling or heating. The cost of the material is Physical and Thermal Properties. International almost uncountable, and this material can be Journal of Polymer Science , 2019, Article ID considered as an efficient thermal insulator. 1697627. This material can be consider as promising [8] C.E. García, A F.García ,M. F.Villena, J. F. material and has a potential to replace the Hidalgo, T.G.-Ortuño and M.T. Ferrández.. traditional building materials by enhancing Physical and Mechanical Properties of their thermal performance. Recommendation Particleboard Made from Palm Tree Prunings. to study the water absorption as well as Forests 2018, 9, 755; doi:10.3390/f9120755. strength performance for these materials. [9] H. Fouli ∙ A. A. Alshaikh ∙ J. Nurdin ∙ S. Alam ∙H. Alnaimat, Evaluating the Use of Palm- References Based Insulators for Reducing Peak Water Temperatures During Summer and for Saving [1] E. I. Hernández, M.T. Ferrer, J. N. Pedreño, Energy During Winter in Existing Overhead I.M. Pastor, and I. G. Ancient sustainability use Storage Water Tanks. Arab J Sci Eng (2014) of 'the palmeral of elche' and the current 39:4473–4484, DOI 10.1007/s13369-014- unsustainabilty: Reasons for a sustainable 1047-1 future. Available from: [10] Holman, J. P. "Heat Transfer" ,10th https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Parts- Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York, NY of-a-date-palm-and-b-Date-palm-leaf- 10020. (2011.) characteristics.
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Low carbon Arctic smart community: the ultimate case study of an Arctic renewable energy perspective
Gisele M. Arruda1,*
1Coventry University London, London, UK; 2Anvivo.org, London, UK; *corresponding author email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Abstract The Alaskan smart-grid projects reflect a great effort of local experts and a significant contribution to manage local and regional energy demand flows, optimize energy use, minimize fossil fuels impacts from diesel generators and create a low carbon Arctic smart community based on a decentralized-type of renewable energy system relying on advanced storage and metering systems. The stabilization, efficiency and integration of the Alaskan Renewable Energy smart-grids offer new challenges and opportunities for the years ahead and is the ultimate case study of socio- technical energy systems co- evolving with smart technological solutions, co-management approaches, contemporary energy policies with a perspective of application at global scale.
Keywords renewable energy; smart-grids; environmental impacts; socio-technical energy systems; smart communities
Introduction Methods
The challenges and risks posed by fossil fuels This paper is the outcome of 10 years of exploitation ventures and the additional layer fieldwork in the Arctic which involved visiting of risks posed by climate change served to urban and remote communities with the aim of amplify the understanding of how energy understanding and mapping the Arctic energy production/use is linked to local social systems and the opporutnities and challenges processes and, ultimately, to sustainable of a renewable energy system for the Arctic. development. Insights from the existent literature were analysed jointly during interviews with Main body scholars, community members and energy professionals ‘ in loco’ which helped create a The importance of a low carbon Arctic energy platform of ideas and strategic cases studies on system has motivated the debate and the paths of a renewable energy future for the initiatives related to the latest technological Arctic region. and innovative energy approaches from pioneering and leading stakeholders from Results different parts of the Arctic. The research focuses on energy integration, infrastructure of A broad perspective of Arctic renewable energy communities, investments, and corporations’ resources involves solar, wind, geothermal, projects in energy transition are shaping hydro and biomass, while the most popular energy policies and the well-being of Arctic renewable energy sources comprehend three communities. This pioneering case study has basic types, solar energy (direct solar and relevant implications for enhancing wind), tidal energy and geothermal energy. understanding in socio-technical systems. Obviously, the potential and modalities of energy developments vary on a regional scale, but this is the start of a systematic
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transformation based on transition shifted energy production and use from fossil management. Some Arctic nations have taken fuels to a more sustainable path, but also have this invaluable opportunity to address the provided a new horizon of durable energy challenges of current energy transition process access to Alaskan remote communities. The and have been promoting effective changes in stabilization, efficiency and integration of the how the Arctic energy system is viewed by Alaskan Renewable Energy smart-grids offer creating a new energy platform based on new challenges and opportunities for the years renewable energy resources. ahead and is the ultimate case study of socio- technical energy systems co-evolving with Discussions smart technological solutions, co-management approaches, contemporary energy policies The new perspective associated to the with a perspective of application at global decentralization of electricity systems as a core scale. component of the Alaskan smart grid energy projects (Arruda and Arruda, 2018) illustrates Acknowledgments how co-evolutionary processes of technology and societal issues are. The destabilization of the Arctic systems created a window of Thanks to all the Arctic people (participants in opportunity to an incremental change where research and collaborators). All of them are the local actors (energy professionals, major contributors to our sustainable future of investors, entrepreneurs, communities) knowledge and prosperity. decided to coordinate resources available to adapt to real world pressures and needs (Smith References et al., 2005) by constructing transition paths and re-aligning to new social-technical Smith, A., Stirling, A. and Berkhout, F. (2005) systems. This transition path originated what is ‘The governance of sustainable sociotechnical called the low carbon Arctic smart community transitions’, Research Policy, 34, 1491-1510 base on renewable energy systems. Arruda, G.M. and Arruda, F.M. (2018) ‘Towards sustainable energy systems through Conclusions smart grids in the Arctic’ in Arruda, G.M. (ed) (2018) Renewable Energy for the Arctic: New The technological and innovative energy Perspectives. Routledge, Abingdon approaches from the pioneering Alaskan Renewable Energy smart grids not only have
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A logistic regression approach to model the willingness of homeowners to adopt sustainable energy technologies in different countries
Diana Londoño-Pulgarin1,*, Gabriel Agudelo-Viana2, Francisco Muñoz-Leiva 3, Esmeralda Crespo4
1,3,4University of Granada, Granada, Spain; 2University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; *corresponding author email: [email protected]; address: Campus Universitario la Cartuja, s/n. 18071. Granada, Spain.
Abstract This study contributes to previous research on the adoption behaviour of renewable energy used for residential heating. The results provide a basis for organizational communication strategies of this type of sustainable technologies in different countries, according to international vision of sustainable development. A theoretical purchase model is supported by this empirical work based on logistic regression (Logit) where the influence of different factors and emotional/cognitive pro-environmental mobilizers were identified and tested; individuals’ environment protection perceptions and beliefs are triggered whenever the purchase and adoption of sustainable thermal energy technologies occur. To carry out this research, 898 owners of single-family homes from six different countries (Spain, The United States, The United Kingdom, Switzerland, France and, South Africa) were surveyed.
Keywords environmental sustainability; clean renewable energies; renewable heating; adoption and diffusion strategies; consumer behaviour
Introduction purchase and adoption of sustainable energy systems. The seriousness of global warming and its The present study contributes to effects has been universally highlighted. previous research related to the adoption Achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development behaviour of clean and renewable energy used Goals (SDGs) have led to different strategies, for residential heating. A CET purchase model business practices and environmentally- is supported by this empirical work based on friendly systems, such as the clean energy logistic a regression where the influence of technologies (CETs). Those goals can be different factors and emotional/cognitive pro- achieved through long-lasting changes in environmental mobilizers were identified and society´s lifestyles, reinforced by the development of global public policy plans tested in accordance with the international linked to an international sustainable vision. vision of sustainable development. The results Despite the efforts to promote sustainability provide a basis for the diffusion of this type of and the adoption of CETs, their diffusion is still domestic systems and contributes to the limited however, fossil fuels consumption accomplishment of the SDGs worldwide. remains predominant. Literature in the field indicates that, the attitudes of individual play a Research Description critical role in the diffusion and adoption of CETs; their final decision will depend on Sustainable Energy Technologies Adoption cognitive, affective and behavioural Behavioural Factors components based on their environmental awareness. Therefore, it is necessary to Environmental concern has led to the understand the factors that influence the spreading of scientific studies in order to find different alternatives towards its protection
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(Delafrooz et al., 2014). Given this, interest on Y = β0 + β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X3 + β4X4 + β5X5 + β6X6 + β7X7 + β8X8 + β9X9 + β10z12 + β11z13 + β12z14 + β13z15 + understanding the factors influencing the β14z16 + β15z17 + β16z18 +ε purchase of sustainable technologies and the adoption of environmentally-friendly practices where β0 is a constant; βj is the regression has also grown; a variety of behavioural models coefficient (j = 1 … 16); X1 is a dummy variable have been empirically tested as well (Frederiks for Education Level of the family’s head (0 if et al., 2015). Previous research on CETs address homeowner has not completed university the influence of sociocultural and psychological studies and 1 in the opposite case); X2 is a factors (Poortinga et al., 2004). At a dummy variable for Gender (0 if the demographic level, Mahapatra & Gustavsson homeowner is a female and 0 if male); X3 is a (2007) indicated that the installation of new metric variable for the homeowner’s age in energy systems increase as the owners’ income different categories; X4 is a metric variable for level rises (p. 85). the Number of inhabitants in the residence Kalafatis et al. (1999) argues that, as including homeowners (in different ranges); psycho-behavioural factors of people get X5 is a dummy factor that indicates whether affected, they show different conduct and the residence has received any Incentive or therefore, they become more receptive to pro- Subsidy for the purchase or installation of its X is a dummy environmental diffusion strategies. Other current heating system; 6 studies indicate that the success on the CETs variable that indicates the homeowner´s Environmental Knowledge (0 if homeowner adoption depends on the adopters’ degree of knows and y 1 otherwise); X is a factor known satisfaction (Nyrud et al., 2008), their 7 as the Subjective Norm where, through a 5- technology´s prior knowledge (van Rijnsoever point Likert scale, the influence of family & Farla 2014) and the level of environmental members or friends on homeowners to adopt issues awareness (Kaiser et al. 1999; Laroche et heating systems based on renewable energy al. 2001; Wesley-Schultz 2001; Tonglet et al. sources is measured, that is, if they feel 2004; Tilikidou 2007). encouraged by them to do so; X8 is a factor In sum, homeowners compare the where, through a 5-point Likert scale, the different energy systems to find the one that Perception about the Price of energy seems most advantageous taking into account technology is measured; X9 is a variable the diversity of attributes (Mahapatra & where, through a 5-point Likert scale, the Gustavsson, 2007, p.78). Systems with a homeowner Level of Satisfaction with his/her greater perceived advantage will be adopted current heating system is measured; by more owners than systems with smaller dimensions Z12 to Z18 were obtained as ones (Rogers, 2003; Dieperink et al., 2004). mentioned in the previous paragraph (table 2); and ε is an error term. Proposed Theoretical Model Study Descriptive Analysis Since the objective of this work is to study the homeowners’ adoption behaviour of To carry out this research, 898 owners (over 19 sustainable energy technologies in different years old) of single-family homes from six countries, a dependent variable (Y) rises, as the different countries (Spain, The United States, homeowner’s willingness to adopt renewable the United Kingdom, Switzerland, France and residential heating systems, as a form of clean South Africa) were surveyed energy technology. A score of one (1) was given (sociodemographic descriptions in table 1). when the consumer i is willing to adopt the Table 1 CETs in his/her residence; while the score of 0 Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents. (zero) was given to the opposite answer. In the COUNTRY set of independent variables (Xj y Zj), Xj’s, US UK FR SP SW SA Education Unschooled 0 0 1 1 5 0 variables are categorical (11 in total) and the Level High school 32 46 59 51 52 27 Zj’s variables are numerical. The model is then Lower University Degree 64 51 98 54 53 60 Higher University Degree 64 29 25 22 32 40 as follows: Other studies 3 1 5 1 14 8 10 € or less 4 10 12 10 6 13
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11 -30 15 23 57 51 10 34 Annual 31 -50 25 39 65 46 14 37 The model for the logit transformation Income 51- 70 29 34 30 13 32 20 (Thousand on p (x) would be Euros) 71- 100 55 14 17 9 44 15 > 100 35 7 7 0 50 16 Gender Female 93 75 81 72 43 79 푝(푥) log푖푡(푝(푥) = 퐿푛( ) = 훽1푋1+. . . 훽9푋9 + 훽10푍12+. . . 훽16푍18 Male 70 52 107 57 113 56 1 − 푝(푥) Age 20-30 34 20 29 26 6 27 31-40 55 35 56 36 27 42 The response variable Y is a dummy 41-50 21 30 47 28 35 33 51-60 20 12 23 28 41 23 factor that measures the type of CETs adopter 61-65 11 6 10 6 18 7 66-70 12 8 18 3 17 2 of (current or potential), which in terms of p (x) > 70 10 16 5 2 12 1 US: The United States; UK: The United Kingdom; FR: France; SP: Spain; SW: Switzerland; SA: South Africa 퐸푥푝(훽 푋 +. . . 훽 푋 + 훽 푍 +. . . 훽 푍 ) 푝(푥) = 1 1 9 9 10 12 16 18 1 + 퐸푥푝(훽1푋1+. . . 훽9푋9 + 훽10푍12+. . . 훽16푍18) Likewise, the individuals’ knowledge on renewable energy sources was: about 94% of Results and discussions the respondents were aware of solar energy; about 88% were aware of wind energy, 76.5% Only five independent variables are statistically of hydropower; 61.1% of geothermal energy, significant (Table 2): X5, Z13 & Z17 (which are 48.4% of tidal or wave energy and, biomass was at the levels of 0,1%) and X2 & X9 (are at the the least known (46.8%). levels of 20%). The model gives the Nagelkerke R2(Nagelkerke,1991) of 0.77 and Cox & Snell Methods R2 of 0.578; both considered as high. It means that the independent variables could explain The Logistic regression (Logit) was used to 77% of the total (100%) variability of the analyse and estimate the proposed purchasing dependent variables. On the other hand, the behaviour model towards sustainable energy Hosmer and Lemeshow test (1980) shows that technology in each country. The theoretical the model is significant: the model has a model was tested and validated with SPSS v.21 significance value of 0.350, which is above the & STATA v.15 software. In order to identify significance level of 5%. differences in the Likert scales chosen by the The logit regression model results indicated 3 surveyed subjects and in some variables of the highly significant factors (Levels of significance study, an invariance factorial analysis was at 0.1%) which will have a considerable carried out using the SEM methodology influence on the homeowners’ willingness to (Structural equation model) in STATA v.15 adopt sustainable energy technologies focused based on the chi-square difference (LR test of on residential heating systems in users located model vs. saturated: chi2 (4640) = 22252.98, in the studied countries. Therefore, the Prob> chi2 =0.0000). According to Young residential clean heating systems purchase or (1981), in order to eliminate the response bias their installation’s incentives received by caused by the different cultural perceptions in homeowners is one of those determinants the 6 countries studied, the answers were (X5). Another relevant variable is the standardised via optimal scaling in SPSS v.21, individual’s prior knowledge about renewable and the dimensions were moved to a new scale energy sources (Z13), and on the third place, of 0 to 100 to make it more interpretable. the ecological concern about the technological These already quantified categories went impact measured through the Spatial Impact through a Principal Components analysis (PCA) Construct as an attribute that influences a user in order to obtain the indicator that allowed to to choose a CET´s (Z18). On the other hand, the perform another type of traditional gender (X2) and the level of satisfaction with multivariate analysis. current heating system (X9) also influence the The logit transformation is defined for adoption of CETs; these variables are admitted the logistic model under the following as well up to 20%. However, the rest of the mathematical concepts, where p is the variables (Table 2) are not statistically probability based on the explanatory variables. significant.
px() Table 2 logit ( p ( x ) Ln ( ) Logistic regression result. 1 px ( )
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Y Coef Std Err. z P>z [95% Conf. Interval] Exp (b) analytical framework, Energy Policy, 32: 773‐ X2 -0,36 0,26 -1,37 0,17 -0,87 0,16 0,70 X5 1,14 0,31 3,71 0,00 0,54 1,74 3,12 784. X9_NDS -0,05 0,69 -0,07 0,95 -1,40 1,31 0,95 Frederiks, E. R., Stenner, K., & Hobman, E. V. X9_S 0,80 0,56 1,43 0,15 -0,30 1,90 2,23 Z13 -0,03 0,01 -3,81 0,00 -0,04 -0,01 0,97 (2015). The socio-demographic and Z17 -0,02 0,01 -2,50 0,01 -0,03 0,00 0,98 psychological predictors of residential energy X9: Level of Satisfaction with his/her current heating consumption: A comprehensive review. system (NDS: Neither dissatisfied or satisfied, S: Energies, 8(1), 573–609. Satisfied) https://doi.org/10.3390/en8010573 Hosmer D W and Lemeshow S. (1980). A Conclusions goodness-of-fit test for the multiple logistic
In general, the empirical results suggest: regression model. Communications in Statistics, A10,1043–1069. The perceptions and beliefs of CET´s Kaiser, F. G., Wolfing, S., & Fuhrer, U. (1999). concerning: subsidies, renewables energy prior Environmental attitude and ecological knowledge and environmental concern, play a behaviour. Journal of Environmental very important role in the decision-making Psychology, 19, 1–19. process of homeowners’ adoption for this type https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1998.0107 of systems since they generate an impact on Laroche, M., Bergeron, J., & Barbaro-Forleo, G. the his/her emotional and cognitive side. (2001). Targeting consumers who are willing to Therefore, these factors should be considered pay more for environmentally friendly to model the willingness of homeowner to products. Journal of Consumer Marketing, adopt sustainable energy technologies in 18(6), 503–520. different countries. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006155 The individual adoption behaviour of Mahapatra, K., & Gustavsson, L. (2007). Innovative approaches to domestic heating: technology is a universe that has many homeowners’ perceptions and factors elements to consider, such as the case of CETs. influencing their choice of heating system. Although the model used is sufficient to International Journal of Consumer Studies, represent the dependent variable, this could 0(0), 071203213649004-??? be improved including other factors such as the https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470- perceived behavioural control, the 6431.2007.00638.x environmental information sources, among Nagelkerke N J D. (1991). A note on a general others. definition of the coefficient of determination. Biometrika, 78, 691–692. Acknowledgments Nyrud, A. Q., Roos, A., & Sande, J. B. (2008). Residential bioenergy heating: A study of This study was conducted with the financial consumer perceptions of improved support received from the Spanish Ministry of woodstoves. Energy Policy, 36(8), 3159–3166. Economy and Competitiveness [Research https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.04.019 Project ECO2012–39576]. Poortinga, W., Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2004). Values, environmental concern, and References environmental behavior: A study into household energy use. Environment and Delafrooz, N., Taleghani, M., & Nouri, B. (2014). Behavior, 36(1), 70–93. Effect of green marketing on consumer https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503251466 purchase behavior. QScience Connect, 1–9. Rogers, E. (2003). Diffusion Of Innovations (The https://doi.org/10.5339/connect.2014.5 Free P). London, UK. Dieperink, C., Brand, I. and Vermeulen, W., Tilikidou, I. (2007). Pro-Environmental 2004. Diffusion of energy‐saving innovations in Purchasing Behaviour. Corporate Social industry and the built environment: Dutch Responsibility and Environmental studies as inputs for a more integrated Management, 14, 121–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.123
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Tonglet, M., Phillips, P. S., & Bates, M. P. (2004). 31, 71–82. Determining the drivers for householder pro- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.048 environmental behaviour : waste minimisation Wesley-Schultz, P. (2001). The Structure of compared to recycling. Resources, Environmental Concern : Concern for Self , Conservation and Recycling, 42, 27–48. Other People , and The Biosphere. Journal of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.02.0 Environmental Psychology, 21, 327–339. 01 https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0227 Van Rijnsoever, F. J., & Farla, J. C. M. (2014). Young, F.W. (1981). Quantitative analysis of Identifying and explaining public preferences qualitative data Psychometrika, 46, 357. for the attributes of energy technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
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Construction and evaluation of a dry anaerobic digestion reactor for the degradation of solid waste from the textile industry with the use of fungal keratinolytic strains
Munive-Talavera, C1; Barreda-Del-Carpio, J1,*; Salamanca-Valdivia, M1; Cardenas-Herrera, L2; Garate- Manrique, R3; Moscoso-Apaza, G3; Villanueva-Salas, J1
1Universidad Catolica de Santa Maria, Facultad de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Bioquimicas y Biotecnologicas, Arequipa, Peru; 2Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Facultad de Medicina, Arequipa, Peru; 3Instituto de Investigacion y Desarrollo para el Sur, Arequipa, Peru; *corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract Twenty-three fungal strains were isolated from solid waste generated in the processing of alpaca and sheep wool from the company Inca Tops S. A. in Arequipa-Peru, as well as from cow rumen. Quantitative analyzes were carried out resulting in the selection of 5 microbial strains: Aspergillus sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus sp., Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium sp. An experimental dry anaerobic digestion (DAD) reactor with 20L capacity was built, the configuration of which was made taking into account a one-stage batch system with feed recirculation and biomass ratio of 2:1 working at room temperature. Evaluation of the dry anaerobic digester was performed comparing the initial and final biomass after 60 days operation time, resulting in a decrease in the percentage of total solids from 37.91% to 28.82%, volatile solids percentage from 19.64% to 15.71%, chemical oxygen demand from 2 080.19 mg/Kg to 1414.63mg/Kg, and pH from 7.35 to 7.15.
Keywords solid waste; dry anaerobic digestion; reactor; fungal strains; degradation capacity
Introduction When solid waste is treated it is usually carried out in wet conditions (raw material Solid waste treatment has become a political with a solids concentration between 0.5% and priority in many countries. One of the main 15%), but it can also be carried out in dry problems nowadays is to deal with an conditions (raw material with solid increasing amount of primary waste in an concentration more than 20%) (Bolzonella, environmentally acceptable way. Solid waste 2003). production in Peru involves approximately The aim of this research is to construct 117.53 thousand tons of textile waste per year. a dry anaerobic digestion (DAD) reactor based Solid waste requires a biological on anaerobic digestion of organic matter from treatment that involves contact between the Inca Tops textile corporation, through the microorganisms and the substrate, which in the use of anaerobic microorganisms with present case is wastewater and biomass, along keratinolytic capacity for the degradation of with isolated microorganisms with the generated solid waste. In this way we seek keratinolytic capacity present in the system. to contribute to regional and national This has increased the interest to develop technological development. reactors to treat new substrates, resulting in different types of systems such as suspended Main body growth reactors, fixed film reactors, or a combination of both (Bal, 2001). Dry anaerobic digestion reactor
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In order to design a bioreactor certain variables must be taken into account. For instance: high Solid waste sample collection from the organic load, whether the reactor has reduced processing of alpaca fiber and sheep wool. hydraulic retention times and if it has high methane production (Veeken, 1999). Solid waste samples derived from the Various types of configurations are processing of alpaca fiber and sheep wool were used for this type of anaerobic digestion, such collected from the company Inca Tops S.A. in as single-stage or two-stage digesters; wet, dry hermetic storage bags (7x9) duly labelled, and and semi-dry digesters (Shah, 2015); batch or transported to the laboratory in a cooler in continuous digesters (Zhang, 2014), and high- order to preserve the samples. rate digesters. Anaerobic digestion is a natural Isolation and purification of fungal strains from process that occurs in anoxic environments textile solid waste. found in nature, for example: manure, food processing residues, sediments, intestines of Sabouraud agar was prepared and then mammals (Ward, 2008). sterilized using the autoclave for 15 minutes at Anaerobic reactors, better known as 120ºC and 1.5 atm. Subsequently, medium was biodigesters, are generally used to treat distributed in 20 mL plates, after having concentrated substrates with high solids solidified and being sealed the plates were content. They can be classified, in the same taken to the incubator for 24 hours to check way as aerobic reactors, in suspended biomass the harmlessness of the environment. systems and in systems with fixed biomass (Tippayawong, 2010). Anaerobic processes 3.3. Isolation and purification of fungal strains have been applied successfully in the obtained from cow's rumen. treatment of industrial waste, highlighting the Cow rumen was purchased and feasibility of anaerobic reactors (El-Mashad, transported hermetically closed to the 2010). laboratory where it was opened and samples taken from the internal rumen folds. These Fungal strains in the treatment of biomass were cultured in Sabouraud medium plates supplemented with gentamicin and Fungi, particularly those that attack lignin, are chloramphenicol. The plates were preserved in used mainly in the preliminary treatment of an anaerobic jar for 15 days. lignocellulosic biomass for the production of biogas. Various kinds of fungi, including brown Molecular identification of selected fungal rot, white rot and fungal soft rot have been species with degradation capacity. used for this preliminary treatment, being the variety of white rot the most effective through DNA of the native strains was isolated. The ITS the action of lignin-degrading enzymes (Nielfa, gene sequences from the native strains, which 2015). were obtained by sequencing, were analyzed individually and compared with the sequences Fiber structure found in the GenBank database using the BLAST algorithm Wool fiber consists of a complex mixture of (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST). Following this, approximately 170 different proteins. These phylogenetic trees were constructed to vary in relative molecular mass from less than determine the genetic distances and 10 000 Da to more than 50,000 Da. The basic percentage of similarity with other species. In structural units of proteins are amino acids. addition, multiple alignment and phylogeny Intact wool contains 20 amino acids which have tests were performed with the CLUSTAL the general formula NH2CH (R) COOH, where Omega program. (R) is the side chain of the amino acid. Design and construction of a DAD reactor for Methods the biological treatment of textile solid waste.
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tank and an outlet in the upper part connected The DAD reactor was designed based on the to the water container; Section D: automated behavior of the isolated strains and the study temperature control panel that activates the of industrial solid waste from the Inca Tops SA pump that supplies water into the water heater facilities, consisting of sheep wool and alpaca and empties water from the water container; fiber residues as well as stubble (remains of section E: water container, 25 cm in diameter stems, leaves, straws, soil, etc.). and 36.5 cm high, this presents an input The reactor was made up of 7 parts or connection from the jacket and an outlet elements, which were: vessel or container, connection connected to a pump; section F: outer jacket, headplate, gas accumulation biol container, presents an entrance that system, biol accumulation system, influent connects the outlet of the vessel to the biol recirculation system, and automatic container, and an outlet activated by level temperature control system. sensors that are connected to the pipes that carry the influent. All connections shown are Results 1/2 inch PVC pipe.
Fifteen strains were obtained from solid waste and 5 strains were obtained from cow rumen. Separately, 23 strains were analysed by the ninhidrine reaction, in which all the substances that have at least one amino group and one free carboxyl will react with ninhydrin. Figure 1 shows the ninhydrin test data for free amino groups performed at 40 days, in which it is appreciated that strains 1, 2, 3, 16 and 21 show the highest degradation percentage, compared with the other strains that have much lower values.
Figure 2. Design of the dry anaerobic digestion reactor, 2000 front view
1500 Discussion
1000 Total solid content is an important factor to be Abs. 540 540 Abs. nm 500 taken into account since the increase in the concentration of this can limit or inhibit 0 degradation by allowing or not a complete Strains 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 mobility of the fungal pool within the substrate, however it favours the development Figure 1. Biomass degradation at 40 days by quantification of free amino groups of biofilm on the substrate that, as reported by Di María (2017), would incite degradation and Figure 2 presents the final configuration therefore gas production. In order to consider scheme of the DAD rector. This design shows 6 digestion to be dry, it should have a total solid sections related to each other. Section A: content over 15% but not above 30% since this Water heater tank 36 cm wide and 65 cm high value represents a critical threshold over which with connections to the water pump and to the performance is significantly reduced. vessel’s jacket; section B: vessel connected to the sprinkler system and an outlet to the biol Conclusions accumulation system; Section C: Vessel jacket 31 cm in diameter showing an inlet connection Five strains with keratinolytic capacity for the in the lower part coming from the water heater degradation of solid textile residues were
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selected and molecularly characterized: solid waste: focusing on the start-up phase. Aspergillus sp., Fusarium oxisporum, Bioresour Technol. 2003 Aspergillus sp., Fusarium oxisporum, and Di Maria F, Barratta M, Bianconi F, Placidi P, Fusarium sp. Passeri D. Solid anaerobic digestion batch with A reactor with 20 liters capacity and 11 L of liquid digestate recirculation and wet anaerobic digestion of organic waste: effective capacity was configured and Comparison of system performances and constructed with a one-stage batch system identification of microbial guilds. Waste with influent recirculation; influent and Manag. 1 de enero de 2017 biomass ratio of 2: 1 and mesophilic-like El-Mashad HM, Zhang R. Biogas production temperature. from co-digestion of dairy manure and food Biomass degradation was evaluated in waste. Bioresour Technol. 2010 the DAD reactor by comparing the initial and Lorenzo Acosta, Y, Obaya Abreu, MC. La final biomass after 60 days working time, digestión anaerobia. Aspectos teóricos. Parte I. resulting in a decrease of total solids (T.S.) ICIDCA. Sobre los Derivados de la Caña de percentage, from 37.91% to 28.82%, volatile Azúcar [Internet]. 2005 solids (V.S.) percentage from 19.64% to Nielfa A, Cano R, Fdz-Polanco M. Theoretical 15.71%, chemicaloxygen demand (COD) methane production generated by the co- decrease from 2 080.19 mg/Kg to 1 414.63 digestion of organic fraction municipal solid mg/Kg. Decrease of these values demonstrates waste and biological sludge. Biotechnol Rep. 1 that biomass degradation is taking place since de marzo de 2015 the degradation ratio and biomass content are Shah FA, Mahmood Q, Rashid N, Pervez A, Raja directly proportional. Besides the pH value IA, Shah MM. Co-digestion, pretreatment and change from 7.35 to 7.15 guarantees good digester design for enhanced methanogenesis. microorganism development and the correct Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015 operation of the reactors. Tippayawong N, Thanompongchart P. Biogas quality upgrade by simultaneous removal of Acknowledgments CO2 and H2S in a packed column reactor. Energy 2010 This research was supported by the project Veeken A, Hamelers B. Effect of temperature PITEI-3-P-343-105-15 Innovate Peru. on hydrolysis rates of selected biowaste components. Bioresour Technol. 1 de References septiembre de 1999 Ward AJ, Hobbs PJ, Holliman PJ, Jones DL. Bal, A. S., & Dhagat, N. N. (2001). Upflow Optimisation of the anaerobic digestion of anaerobic sludge blanket reactor a agricultural resources. BioresourTechnol. 1 de review. Indian journal of environmental noviembre de 2008 health, 43(2), 1-82. Zhang C, Su H, Baeyens J, Tan T. Reviewing the Bolzonella D, Innocenti L, Pavan P, Traverso P, anaerobic digestion of food waste for biogas Cecchi F. Semi-dry thermophilic anaerobic production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 1 de digestion of the organic fraction of municipal octubre de 2014;
Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 141 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
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Acknowledgments The work has been presented at the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business (RESRB) conference held on 8-9 July 2019 in Wrocław (Poland).
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Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 142 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference
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Proceedings of the 4th Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business RESRB 2019 conference July 8-9, 2019, Wrocław, Poland http://resrb.budzianowski.eu 143