Qualification Accredited

GCSE (9 - 1)

Teachers guide HISTORY A (EXPLAINING THE MODERN WORLD)

J410 For first teaching in 2016

Urban Environments: Patterns of Migration - South Shields Version 1

For 2019 only. Please see the specification for further details of the site for 2020 onwards. www.ocr.org.uk/history South Shields 8. Laygate: mixed thewars between housingandmixed marriages Damandthe19191930riots 7. Mill 6. Holborn: ‘Little Arabia’ butchers Square: underattack pork 5. Market 4. The docksandtheworld’s mariners 3. StHilda’s andtheshipyards inthe19thcentury Colliery 2. The Tyne: ‘sailors andstrangers’ from the13thto the18thcenturies 1. Lawe Top from 125AD events initsmigration history Key Where Shields? isSouth Contents A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History Thanks resourcesRecommended Visiting Shields South Planning thecourse Two anglesto explore withstudents FOR TEACHERS NOTES Road 11. Ocean On 10. Moving 9. and Mosque The AlAzhar King’ ‘The

2 2 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 4 48 46 39 38 29 5 4 4 4 3 1 1 5 4 1 7 5 1 9 2 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields • • • The examspecificationidentifiesfour questionsto consider: key should feel free alsoto lookelsewhere. We give many suggestions ofwhere to look. their own requirements, willbepossibleto thoughofcourseteachers design from awholeunitusingonlysomematerials seefit.It thepack, asthey material usingselected author hasprovided for enoughmaterial nootherresearch to beneeded. are Schools to notexpected usealltheresources here: teachers willneedto planacourseto fit Please note: There isfarmore here material thanschoolswillneed. ontheassumptionthatschoolsdonothaveWorking accessto Shields migration South history, the This packprovides to materials enableteachers to plananddeliver aten hourcourseto students. Introduction A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History linked directly to theexamspecification. linked for teachers attheendofpack includesuggested approaches, otheravailable resources (including videosandwebsites free points to accessonline)and somekey encourage studentsto questionswhichare reflect,whilemostchapters endwithpractice always structuredinthesameway asthequestionsinOCRexam. The notes photographs -from archives Shieldstoday), andofSouth aswell asotherrecommended resources, many withdirecthyperlinks to helpfulsites online. points Thinking roughly) chronologicalThe to packtells thatstory. a(very story, locationthatwaskey eachchapter centred onaparticular byThese sources are mapsand (text, supported Suggestions ofhow to structure theunitwiththeseinmindare attheendofthispack. inthePlanning thecoursesection • What were the key events in the migration history of South Shields? ofSouth What were events inthemigration history thekey How were received they by thesettledpopulation? When didimmigrants arrive, why andfrom where? What was the impact ofmigration Shields? onSouth What wastheimpact 3 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields Key events Shields in themigration ofSouth history point: Thinking Why Shields beareason ofmigration? mightthelocationofSouth for itslonghistory ofNewcastle upon upriver isthecity Shields; further Tyne. The rocks Shieldsare incoal. underSouth rich of South Tyneside Council, Across together Jarrow inthepastitbelongedto withnearby ofDurham. theCounty andHebburn: theriverisNorth isbuiltonapeninsulawhere coastofEngland. theRiver It The isnow town part Shieldsisonthenortheast ofSouth Tyne It Sea. meetstheNorth Where Shields? isSouth A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 19th century 1245 c120 onw 1977 1930s 1930 1919 1915 1905 1894 1850 ar ds The AliensAct The firstArabboarding-house (probably) The River Tyne Improvement Act immigration andScottish Irish ShieldswasfoundedSouth beganto bebuilt fort Roman Arbeia Visit of Muhammad Ali to the Al-Azhar Mosque Visit Alito ofMuhammad theAl-Azhar andLaygateSlum clearanceinEastHolborn The rota Dam system introduced atMill andanotherriot Dam overRiots jobsatMill butchers Attacks onGerman 4 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields A coupleofminutes’ walkaway buildingaround Street onBaring 125andenlarged over are started andextended theremains theRomans thecenturies. ofthefort where for men,munitionsandsupplies arrived Hadrian’s Wall, distanceaway across theriver. ashort underconstruction frontier Empire. oftheRoman thesecondcentury, this spotwascloseto thedangerousIn northern Travel by water wasfareasier, cheaperandsafer thanoverland. This was Europe. Notsurprisingly, humanswere already livinghere over five thousandyears ago. Whoever controls thisvantagepointcanseewhoisapproaching to theriver. from for the seaandguard isalsoafirstpointofarrival theentry travellers from It northern to Sea yourAs right. you reachof theNorth thesmallroundabout cannonaimingoutto –withtwo sea–you have across aview thenarrow mouthoftheRiver Tyne. Shieldsbegins ofSouth atLawe The story Top. Park, glimpsingthewideexpanse Marine The bestway to upLawe appreciate orclimbNorth Road itslocationisto walknorth Can you seereference to ruleinthesurrounding streets? Roman to findpicturesofLawe Earth Use Google Top today, showing fort. theRoman For onlinevideoclips(free to to thischapter, access)linked resources seeRecommended inthenotes for teachers attheendofthispack. 1. Lawe Top from 125AD GCSE (9–1) History A (Explaining the Modern A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 5 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields tombstones inthesite’s tell usaboutfreed slaves gallery atArbeia. hereThe atfirstwere soldiersgarrisoned from (present Gaul day France). Two fewVery of the ‘Romans’ were from in fact Rome. They camefrom all over the Empire. 1.2 The reconstructed West Gate ofthefort GCSE (9–1) History A (Explaining the Modern A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History Courtesy ofTyneCourtesy andWear Archives andMuseums. 6 Courtesy ofTyneCourtesy andWear Archives and Museums. wife ofBarates ofPalmyra, diedaged30’. aCatuvellauni by birth, The Catavellauni reads:The inscription (and) Regina, freedwoman‘To ofthedeparted and thespirits explaining this is in shaky LatinandfluentAramaic(Barates’sexplaining thisisinshaky homelanguage). were from atribe whatisnow Hertfordshire. Palmyra isinSyria. The inscription 1.3 The tomb ofRegina Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields of theArabs’. as stationed here cameto beknown andthefort ‘Arbeia’ whichmay mean place ‘the Later inthe life boatmenfrom ofthefort, theRiver Tigris (inpresent were day Iraq) the site suggestthatheandhissons, andCaracalla, stayed Geta here. found asasupplybasefor objects fort on hisplannedinvasion ofScotland. Imperial -usedthis around Africa 208ADEmperorIn -himselffrom Severus Septimius North Asturia isinSpain. most devotedly himto conducted thetomb.’ and Africa Victor wasfrom North freedman ofNumerianus, trooper oftheFirst Regiment ofAsturians, who Cavalry (and)of ‘To ofthedeparted thespirits Victor, aged20, tribesman, aMoorish 1.4 The tomb of Victor A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History Courtesy ofTyneCourtesy andWear Archives and Museums. 7 commemoration in public view of any aspect ofthetown’s ofanycommemoration inpublicview aspect migration rich history. ‘shows times’. Roman ofthelocalpopulationduring thediversity This istheonly andthewordingof thenameArbeia onRegina’s monument,saying thatthis An information meaning panelneartheentrance, whichexplainsthelikely 1.5 like Barates – marrying British women. British Barates –marrying like many soldiersstationedhere over three hundred years decidedto stay, – perhaps andEuropeAfrica livinghere whodiedafter for thatsomeof the islikely years. It includewomen, ofBritain menandchildren from fromskeletons North otherparts ordidsomeofthem settlehere? service, Wecompleting military cannotbesure, but Were visitors whoreturned to theirhomesafter thesesoldiers temporary Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields the region in635. The Bede, historian France) from wholived (modern Jarrow innearby Gaul -where by monkswere artisans -wrote taughtglassmaking thatamonastery ofEngland. to According migrant brought Anglesfrom priest settledinthispart (intoday’s Germany) Christianity Schleswig to tradition,anIrish century northern thesixth In After theRomans Which ofthesources inthischapter ismostusefulto period? studyingmigrants theRoman ahistorian during to Britain Explain why atLawe army decided to theRoman buildtheirfort Top. Practice questions orSpain? Syria have for Africa, ofBritain beenlike someonefromWhat mustlife North inthispart anyDoes from evidence thesite soldiersmay suggestthatRoman have settleddown to live here permanently? Thinking points A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History was setupwhere StHilda’s church thewholecoastsuffered isnow. attacksfrom the9thcentury In invaders whoeventuallyViking conquered theregion. 8 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields century South Shieldswasabusyplacewithfastgrowing South population,andLowcentury Street would befullof Lucca, Florence, Cologne Lubeck, andBrabant. Two –coalminingandshipbuildingwere industries already nineteenth migrant key Early developingworkers. andattracting themouthof by seawhichlinked arrived Tyne of withtheBaltic, Sea Merchants theAtlantic camefrom andeven theMediterranean. across theHanseaticports theNorth from swordmakers Belgium). andcraftsmen Liege(inmodern Huguenot glassmakers, German keelmen, inhabitantsincludedScottish They probably the17thcentury By ‘Low Street’ –stretching from Lawe Top to Jarrow. Shieldsasatown South of described ‘sailors andstrangers’, many ofwhomcamesouthfrom Scotland, thenaforeign country. At thattimethetown wasjustonelongstreet town ShieldswasfoundedThe actual ofSouth muchlater, 1256 a writer namecamefrom In thescheleorshieldwhichwasasmallhouseusedby fishermen. in1245.Its centuries 2. The Tyne: ‘sailors andstrangers’ from the13thto 18th A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 1 in ofArt WashingtonGallery DC: from theriver banksto thecollierships. migrated Many ofthekeelmen from Scotland. atthepaintingindetailiswebsite Athree oftheNational minute videolooking JMW The artist Turner’s 1835painting

Tabili, Laura(2011): docks, ballastquays, raft ortimberyards, sailandrigginglofts’ ‘shipchandlers, provisioners, shopsandtaverns (that)competed dayandnightforvisitingmariners’trade, whiletheriver bankoppositewas linedwith‘shipyards, dry GlobalMigrants, Local Culture –Natives andNewcomers inProvincial England1841-1939 http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/audio-video/video/keelman-heaving.html Keelmen heavingincoalsKeelmen by moonlight 1 shows the activity and industry on the river bank. Keels were Keels coal thelarge boatsthatcarried ontheriverbank. andindustry shows theactivity 9

Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields impressed with the conviction that slavery is anabominablething’impressed thatslavery withtheconviction Shields Gazette the revolt ofSurinam there inS abolitionistsintheUSA. wasastrong movement themidnineteenth performed century supporting Aldridge In Ira The famousBlack Shakespeareanactor AllOver foron theCommittee oftheNewcastle Abolishing Slavery Society The World, founded in1836. Leonethe Sierra colony offreed former slaves and wasthefirstEuropean medicto diagnose sleepingsickness. Winterbottom andChristopher Wawn Shieldswere ofSouth Shieldsresidents petitionin1823.Onelocalman,Dr South signed anotherantislavery Thomas Winterbottom, abolitionist,spentfour akeen years in West to asdoctor Africa As to well enslaved asitsinhumanity Africans, whatotherargument isusedhere to convince shouldopposethetrade? localpeoplethatthey Thinking point and ourcountry.’ and Crown Shieldscondemnedthetradeinenslaved pubinSouth as Africans ‘destructive ofthelives ofthousandsourbrethren …adisgrace to ournature, ourreligion, However, February 1782apublicmeeting strong East.In movement inthetown andacross wasvery theantislavery theNorth ‘of shipowners andinhabitants’ attheRose Trade’ among otheruses. asbeingsuitablefor Shieldswasadvertised 1826ashipbeingbuiltinSouth wealthy Some In America. familieshadenslaved asservants. Africans North ‘the West Indian althoughseveral locallandowners owned slave Shieldswasnotamain slaving and South port, plantationsintheCaribbean andLiverpool, Bristol eighteenthUnlike century Was Shields involved South inthetrade inenslaved Africans? GCSE (9–1) History A (Explaining the Modern A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 2

quoted inAudrey A.Fisch (2009), tearing away annually the very vitalsofthestate, awaytearing andinvolving annuallythevery familiesinwantandwoe. numberless ‘ been used theSlave‘that Trade for seamen, wasanursery ‘ ittherefore states itisatradeofallothersthemost banefulto thelivesseamen, ‘that oftheBritish itwasjudgedproper,petitioners beingowners ofshipsandmariners expressing after theirabhorrence ofthetrade…to doaway thefalseargument whichhad from‘On the7thinstantwasforwarded Shields, South for presentation, apetitionfor theAbolitionofSlave Trade, signed by 1268persons...Many ofthe From the commented: Empire. manintheBritish Noonewhoreads would‘we up thatcopy itbutmustrise ofthisnarrativecouldbeplacedinthehandsevery Newcastle Courant inFebruary 1849and former slave William Wells in BrownShieldsin1851and1852.Areview ofhisperformance inSouth spoke American Slaves inVictorianEngland. p. 59. , 24March 1792 2 . In 1855 the South Shields 1855theSouth . In amusicalcalled Theatre advertised 10 Slave Or, theblessingsofliberty The North and South andSouth The North . Teachers’ Guide

lave or, © OCR 2017 South Shields stands). (thecircularhuge gasworks shellofthecoolingtower still with itsgrowing ofrailway lines, network andby 1895a obtain themaps.). Here, colliery to thesouth,wasStHilda different.used to page46for bevery (See detailsofhow to the 1856and1895maps, however, andyou willseethatit a funeraldirector, ahomeimprovement centre. Look at apharmacy, store, thewarehouse ofacycle supermarket, see ahaphazard ofcommercial collection buildings:a southpastStHilda’sLooking church andgraveyard you Square you canlookoutover Shields. South on Market From onthetop floorof therooftop gallery The Word the endofthispack. resourcessee Recommended inthenotes for teachers at For onlinevideoclips(free to to thischapter, access)linked 3. St Hilda’s andtheshipyards colliery inthe19thcentury A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History in 1891. the 1860sto 33000–one third ofthetown’s population- immigrants Jarrow, wasin nearby growing from 3000in Street in1849. Cuthbert The biggestconcentrationofIrish Catholic Church took over aformer BaptistChapelin Damanda openedin1832acottageatMill School roots. ShieldspeoplehaveSouth Irish Sunday The first Irish andremainsgrew strong. quickly manyVery oftoday’s works. biggest alkaline community,The Irish inparticular, coalmining,as glassmaking, shipbuildingandtheworld’s were drawn inthetown, to thebooming industries such ofEngland migrants from Ireland, andotherparts Scotland economic 20thcenturies the19thandearly During for ShieldsRailway South therest oftheUK. overseas. The rest went west alongtheNewcastle and crane would thenloaditonto coalsteamers for export to theriver where atravelling coalwastransported Some This would have beenabusy, noisy, place. smoky dirty, © South Tyneside© South Libraries 3.1 St Hilda’s Colliery inthe1830s www.southtynesidehistory.co.uk 11 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields they they ‘liked’ itfor suggests how neededthecash. themoney muchthey underground, withpoorventilation. incomplete darkness said thatthey The fact four at5andsometimes didtwenty hoursovertime work at4am,started woken Agroup inthe1840s, how boys, were they described ofsixteen dark. interviewed old boy leaving twelve hoursaday aventilating inthe dooropen.Heworked how writes Jarrow’sWilkinson worst pitexplosionwascausedby aneight-year- thatfinally madesuchchildlabourillegal. Act Regulation a week asaputter, unableto read orwrite. 1842wastheyear oftheCoal Mines cut hislegbadlyandbroke histhigh.Aged seventeen 10shillings hewasearning After for beingoffwork Before sixmonths hereturned to work. theageoften he 1842. Too tired to standup, hefell againstacranehandleanddamagedhisskull. Jarrow’s ofthecaseGeorge MP-writes Hallwhowent to agedeightin work her1939book appalling. In The Town thatwasMurdered, Ellen –then Wilkinson million tons, claimedto bethelargest intheworld. conditionswereWorking often At wasdigging firstmostofthework inthecoalpits:localyield1894was5.6 Coal A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 3.3 Godrick Page,3.3 Godrick interviewed in2009 Their livingconditions were terrible. often staying inlodging housesinthetown, ascompared to and499English. 375Scots They mostlylived 1853there inrented people were rooms. 803Irish January In 3.2 Tom Kelly, interviewed in2009 becamemixed.so thatcommunitiesquickly The migrants were women aswell localpeople asmenandmany ofthemmarried the samebed, more orless.’ went werethey they into bed, using goingto anotheroneonday work, shift the 1900sthebedswere‘In never cold. Onemanwere coming offnightshift, hetold– after themhehadlosthis glasses, for oritwastoo dark himto read.’ neither read andhis daughters norwrite would read theGazette to him aJarrow lassandhadfourHe married daughters. Hediedin1944.could great‘My grandfather camefrom in1907. Galway Thomas Kominsky 4 about hisgrandparentabout

3 12 3.4 Workers Colliery 1890 at Harton 4 3 © South Tyneside© South Libraries ibid Wilkinson, Gary &Kelly, Gary Wilkinson, Tom (2009): www.southtynesidehistory.co.uk LittleIreland (DVD) Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields were at home, though some worked at servants and housekeepers for andhousekeepers richer were atservants athome, thoughsomeworked as labourers intheshipyards, orontheland. atthechemicalworks women Most menworked The born censusreturns from 1851and1861show thatmostIrish 3.5 The andshipyards colliery in1895 dominated hisworkforce. the biggestemployer inJarrow, wasalsothetown’s MPfor many years. The Irish Palmer, whoseshipyard buildingthenew ‘ironclads’ (replacing wooden ships)was shipbuilding yard, washimselfamigrant, crofter. thesonofaScottish Charles Andrewcame to Leslie, loadcoalandothergoodsfor export. owner ofHebburn andincreasing numbersofmerchant ships industry Shipbuilding becameakey dredging theriver sothatlarge andclearing cargo shipscouldaccesstheport. Tyne Improvement to Shields. gave Act South control oftheport The town began controlled by thefreemen ofNewcastle upon Tyne 1850theRiver until1848.In economy,for was aport theriver washeavily cloggedupwithsiltandtheport ShieldsisatthemouthofRiver Although South Tyne, position inaprime Ships A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 3.6 Palmer’s shipyard in 1920 shipyards sites technologies. thatchanged withnew andonconstruction Now were they inovercrowded area slumhousinginanurban in doingwork lived inmudcabinssmallvillages, doingagricultural to work cover theirrent. immigrants went throughThe changestheseIrish were had they Ireland huge. In families orasdressmakers orshopassistants. www.southtynesidehistory.co.uk Tyneside© South Libraries

13 3.7 political party Sinn Fein wonpolitical party acouncilseatinthetown. andlater inthe1920s theIRA’sup agasmainonJarrow (noonewashurt) Bridge Army blew Republican 1921acelloftheIrish independence from rule. British In Irish asLabourMPforelected Jarrow were in1907.Some involved for inpoliticalactivity become foremen andmanagers. inScotland, was born Pete worker Curran, anIrish becamepoliticallyorganised through workers trade unions. Many roseIrish to –wasthedominantpoliticalforce. activists prominent Irish inthearea, –withmanyold EnglishCatholic community orbecausetheLiberalParty didnotseemtoScotland besostrong here. This may bebecausethere wasastrong feeling thatsometimes eruptedThe into anti-Irish violenceintheNorth West and 3.8 Margaret interviewed Lagan, in2009 population is composed of Irish. population iscomposedofIrish. These inhabittheoldpithouses…. Inoticedbut poorest ofthelower –thevery order substratumofsociety ofitsworking ‘The they arethey occupiedby menwhohave comeoffthenightshift.’ cool, for are assoonthey vacated by themenwhoare goingontheday shift how are they stowedI donotknow away. Many ofthebedsincottagesnever peopleorwithyoungsame room men,whileasto the poorchildren withmarried withyoung men,andyoung women musteithersleepinthe same apartment peoplesleepinthe cottages lodgefrom 15to 19peopleinonenight.…Married conditionessentialto producing apestilenceexists...Many ofthese and every of thestreets. theserows In there isovercrowding character, ofthemostfrightful ashes andfilthfrom thesecottagesare thrown upontheground atthebackpart 4 conveniences [toilets] attachedto them[100cottages],and…thewholeof them. ‘ The noiseandtheheatflamesmust have beenabsolutely appallingfor goinginto thebowelslike outintheopenon a farm. ofhellcompared to working ‘[For my grandfather, goinginto thesteelworks farmer] …musthave been anIrish Newcastle Chronicle Daily 5 , May 131865 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields Study sources 3.6,3.9and3.10. Which ofthesesources ismore migrants to Shields? usefulto South studyingthelives ahistorian ofIrish migrantsExplain why cameto somany South Irish Tyneside thenineteenth century. during Practice questions immigration have onSouth didIrish What impact Tyneside life? migrants facedinSouth adaptto conditionsthey thenew How didIrish Tyneside? Thinking point thetileshere:See 3.10 Tiles commemorating the1936march inthe Viking Centre, Jarrow. His tallthinfigure andfineeyes remainedHis inmy memory. Before we returned from themarch hehaddied.’ 3.9 Ellen Wilkinson, MPfor Shields 1935-1947 South Ellen MP,Wilkinson inthemarch, list. helpeddraw pleadedwithherto upthelistofmarchers. whotook beputonthereserve part Amanofsixty Paddy saidofJarrow Scullion thatit –allyou aprison neededwasthewalls.’‘was fromdemanding action thegovernment. The leadersofthemarch Symonds,Paddy –Joseph O’Hanlon, origin. –were andCouncil Scullion leaderDavid Riley allofIrish 1933Palmer’sIn shipyard inJarrow hundred closed, 1936two Jarrow causingmassunemployment in1935).In (72.9%hadnowork menmarched alltheway to London A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 6 5

Wilkinson, Gary &Kelly, Gary Wilkinson, Tom (2009): Wilkinson, Ellen(1939): Wilkinson, that canhappenontheroad here between andLondon canbeworse. ‘He wrote: Ihave suffered hardships for years. andcoldwindontheway willmeannothingto that.Ihave meafter Rain suffered allthatamanmay suffer. Nothing The Town thatwas Murdered https://www.southtynesidehistory.co.uk/search?title=&q=STH0002443+&action=search Little Ireland (DVD) 14 6 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields Some oftheforeignSome localwomen. sailorsstayed timewhileotherssettledinthetown, marrying for often While many rented ashort rooms inlodging houses, the census newspaper,Norwegian mission,aScandinavian aChurch ofNorway Temperance SailorsHomeandRoyalSwedish andNorwegian Vice Consuls inthetown. Many ofthesemigrant were mariners Scandinavian: from Sweden, andFinland. Norway, Denmark As theirpopulationgrew, sodidculturalorganisations includingalocal Zealand, Chinaandthe ‘East Indies’ (possiblyMalaya). France, Austria, Finland, Russia,Greece, Spain,Italy, Belgium, Portugal, Turkey, the LatinAmerica, West Gibraltar, Canada, Indies, theUSA,Malta, Australia, Africa, New Madeira, where hadbeenborn. they The numberofforeign residents born rose from 10in1851to camefrom 503in1901whenthey Sweden, Germany, Norway, Holland, Denmark, ships. When shipsdocked, crews were discharged andhadto again. findwork tenWe years, aboutthemfrom thecensusreturns whenallresidents every know were asked From the1850sonwards thegrowth ofthedocksbrought seafarers from allover Europe ontheshipyards andbeyond. worked whilemany Some joinedthecrews ofthecoal were andleaving. continuallyarriving Ships were builtandrepaired inthegraving on. dockswhichcouldbedrainedofwater sothatashipcouldbeworked Tramp coalallover steamers soships theworld carried Today isquiet:afew smallbusinesses, Shieldswaterfront housingestates theSouth thelate new andsomederelictland. nineteenth century, In however, itwasfullofactivity. 4. The andtheworld’s docks mariners A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History naturalisation withoutfriends, withnooneopposingthem,suggestshow accepted were. they controls. Many were granted naturalisationthanksto recommendations from localpeople, showing thatthere were friendships. Equally, thatmany were thefact ableto get livedshows often thatthey withEnglishfamilies. They mixed withthe localpopulationandthere ofsegregation islittleevidence atatimewhentheUKhadfew immigration 15 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields • • 1901 • • • • 1881 4.1. Examplesofhouseholds A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 8 7 student. an18year oldIndian Khan, 1891thefirstrecorded atahighsociallevel.function In Asian South resident was Asad Ali of localresidents from presence 1879to showed 1882.His thatamigrant ‘of colour’ could whotreated doctor aMadagascan Also settledinthetown thousands wasDrRajaonah, overseas born 4.2 British-headedhouseholdswithmembers Tabili andadapted from censusrecords. p106,extracted fromAbridged Tabili, from censusrecords) pp99-100 (extracted households people livinginBritish Number offoreign born overseasborn households containingpeople Number ofBritish-headed andErnest. fromAlfred Gibraltarandhislocalwife Ryan were livingwithAlfred’s brothers Leopold Butler, alsoJamaican. Jamaican ship’s steward Charles Williams wife andhisBritish were livingwith William ship’shouse ofNorwegian LErikson carpenter lodgedatthe Erlandson Carelson musicianJohn Martin andDanishhawker Norwegian George Vanakiotte andfamily Constantinos Pappalus, aGreek ship’s captain,lodgedatthehouseofGreek shipbroker Nordberg andwife Louisa Neil Branstum,aSwedish mariner, lodgedatthehouseofFinnish ship’s Adam carpenter andhisDanishwife– lodgedatthehouseofSwedish OlofCarlson mariner Andrea Tollip mariners –Norwegian Jeremesson Beer Johnson andHenrik HansonSaglan,Mikal 7 5 1841 7

23 22 1851 65 47 1861 107 92 1871 150 120 1881 254 184 1891 452 298 1901 16 8

historian studyinghowhistorian migrant seamenwere received Shields? inSouth Study sources 4.1and4.2. Which ofthesesources ismore usefulto a Practice question What pointis Tabili making? reasons for this? Shields were easilyaccepted inthetown. fairly What mighthave beenthe tend to immigrants agree toHistorians South thatnineteenth century Thinking point Thinking point theGermans. This inparticular: would hitonecommunity 4.3 Historian Laura Tabili: ataround left thistime.they Shieldssuffered inSouth it appearsthataChinesecommunity somuchthat led to intheUK’s directed wasoften the Act atChinesemariners and ports, incomeorajobalreadya private arranged. The anti-foreigner which backlash whocouldcometo restricted 1905 AliensAct settleintheUKto thosewith conditions butbecauseofchangesinthelaw and, later, globalcrisis. The Things would century, changeinthetwentieth notbecauseoflocal national agendasandglobalevents.’ dis-integrated, notthrough localculturalprocesses buttheinfluenceof migrant communitieshadbeendefamiliarized, stigmatized and Shields’s‘South mostvibrant,affluentandwell integrated Victorian Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017

South Shields 5.1 Market Square in1900 town hallinthecentre. Square Street withitseighteenth century whichopenedoutatitswesternKing endinto Market The town’s stores outsidethecentre. mainshoppingcentres anddepartment now Ahundred are years thebigsupermarkets agothecommercial centre ofthetown was 5. Market Square: porkbutchers underattack A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History been attacks on German businesses, 17ththesespread andonMay been attacksonGerman to Shields. South Ten passengership, aBritish days earlier theRMSLusitania, submarine. 1,198 civiliansdied. there by hadbeen sunk offthecoastofIreland aGerman Across had thecountry immigrants: theirsixchildren intheFirstGerman were 1915–early 17thMay OnMonday born. allBritish World War -dramaticevents took placehere. wassurrounded by someofthetown’sThe busyopenairmarket mostpopularshops, oneofwhich wasFred Seitz’s butcher’s. pork andhiswife Seitz Wilhelmina were Tyneside© South Libraries www.southtynesidehistory.co.uk 17 5.2 Market Square in2017 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields 5.3 A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 9 Gibbons, Sue(2001): moved thecrowd backacross theopensquare.’ Square. They grounded arms, andattheword ofcommandslowly butcertainly ten about150soldierswere drawn upinlineover thefullbreadth oftheMarket admission. Eventually itwasdecidedto calloutthetroops …andabouthalf-past timesthecrowdSeveral rushedthedoorsofshop, butwere unableto force strenuously buthopelesslyagainstthesurgingpolice worked massofpeople… … silent spectators The dimensionsofthecrowd continuedto grow, andthe helpless to copewiththecrowd, ofwhomwere, thegreater part however, in thepremises, andinthelivingrooms above, were shattered. The policewere The window missilescontinuedto ofthecrowd flyfrom many untilevery parts minutes later thereand twenty musthave been6,000or7,000personsthere…. an hourearlier. crowds Immense offolk beganto pourdown uponthescene, and took up astandopposite Seitz’s shop, whichhadbeenclosedto business men andwomen, square moved oftheMarket menacinglyacross theNorth that anoisycrowd consisting ofyouths ofpeople, andyoung for themostpart nine o’clock after wasshortly butchers. pork thepremises It attacked ofGerman foregatheredhour therioters orthree attwo different pointsintheborough and went to show thattheraidhad, indeed, beenpremeditated, for almostatagiven premises ofalientradesmeninthe town wasauniversal one. Subsequentevents mischief intheairallthrough theday… thetopic ofaraiduponthebusiness the pastfew days, reached Shieldson Saturday South night. There hadbeen feelingThe whichhasbeensweeping strong over anti-German Tyneside during MILITARY OUT’ CALLED TURBULENT SCENESONSATURDAY NIGHT ‘RIOTS INSOUTHSHIELDS Shields Gazette German Pork German Butchers inBritain , Monday 17thMay 1915 (Anglo-German Family Society) (Anglo-German History 9 18 5.4 Fred Seitz’s theattack shopafter perpetrators wereperpetrators arrested andappeared before amagistrate. That sameday ofthe butchers Some anotherfive were German underattack. Tyneside© South Libraries www.southtynesidehistory.co.uk Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields 5.6 From the Friday report 5.5 Court 21stMay 1915 A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 11 10 ibid Gibbons, Sue(2001): and possibly a good deal of the money willhaveand possiblyagooddealof themoney to bepaidby theratepayers. ‘ althoughthese menhaveGermans, names. German They are citizens ofthetown ofcitizens ofthe town. has beendoneto theproperty You were notfighting the Proceeded theChairman: ‘You are responsible allpractically for thisdamage. It I know, butnobodycouldhelpfeeling thatwhohasseenwhatIhave seen. ‘ have isagainstthelaw,seen whattheGermans doneto thepeopleofBelgium. It for whatthesemenhave done. That ismy personalopinionatany rate, for Ihave on Capt. Jacksspoke Thompson’s behalf. isnodoubt …somejustification ‘There by are whichthey restrictions sufficiently punished… ‘ …soyou aremove will seethey subjects livingunder aboutthesameasBritish thedefendants to would live notlike underthemselves.certain They cannot are livingunderconditions whichIam naturalised descendantsofGermans of theshopsattacked. The rest were subjects. Allthese naturalisedBritish Chief Constable Scott: wasonlyonealienenemy amongtheowners ‘There menboundover Nine hearing policecourt Resumed £100ofglasssmashed Nearly RIOTSTHE ANTI-GERMAN INSHIELDS witness’s home.’ her arms, andtheeldestgirl followed withtheothertwo. They spentthenightat frightened. Witness youngest rushedoutatthebackwithtwo children in began. camethroughThe bricks thewindow atsuch arate allbecame thatthey and theyoungest 3years. They were allundressed ready for bedwhentheattack saidthere Seitz, wereby Mrs five children inthefamily, theeldestbeing13years, Carney,‘Matilda anative Shields, ofSouth andemployed asadomesticservant German Pork Butchers in Britain (Anglo-German Family Pork German Society) Butchers inBritain(Anglo-German History Shields Gazette 10 11 19 Ten years later in1925,Fred Seitz’s sonJohn William changedhisnamefrom to Seitz inSource Captain 5.6. JacksandtheChairman Scott, Explain thediffering attitudesto thetown’s expressed by Germans ChiefConstable Thinking points own businessesandincontrol oftheirown destinies. felt sothey ofantisemitism andjobdiscrimination, always safer therisk runningtheir One reason why tended to Jews beentrepreneurs wasself-protection: there was Levy. Levy andthehotelier Rachel businesswomen suchastheclothesdealerMary hawkers, selling goodsonthestreet. Women were prominent, too, including dealers. glaziersandconfectioners were whileafew Some were skilled unskilled outfitters andgeneral traders suchasshipchandlers(sellingcandles),maritime immigrants wereMany German As alsoJewish. well asbutchers there were Jewish many would camps. endupininternment enemy: community. could beseenasan againstthemin1915whenthey This worked couples(sometimeswithchildren) themselves asaseparate andkept as married lodging housesandmixed withlocalwomen. The however, Germans, came often As we have seen,merchant seamenwere singlemenwhostayed withfamilies orin spread across thetown andbecamepopularwithlocalpeople. soon Scandinavian seamen,butthey setupbusinessnearthedocksserving first they were most meat–they popular because–unlike easyto cookwithoutanoven. At introduced were to classandthesausagesGermans Britain highly working British butchers.several setupbusinessaspork Pork wasthemostaffordable meatfor the aslabourersMany orseamen–some were worked breakers-but even usedasstrike and warallhelpedpushmany familiesto migrate, especiallyto theUKandUSA. intheirhomeland.of turmoil Poor apotato unrest famine, harvests, revolutionary wasaperiod It Sea. across Germany theNorth fromcheap andeasyjourney north migrated many Germans to South the19thcentury During Tyneside ontherelatively so many porkbutchers German? Who were immigrants? theGerman Why were Shields? they inSouth Why were Snowdon. What may have beenhisreasons for this? Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields Practice questions *Water numbers may have ofthe1881censusschedulesmeansthatactual damageto been higher. asection Shields,5.7 Jewish householdsinSouth showing countries oforigin A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 12 Study sources 5.3,5.4and5.6. Which ofthesesources ismore butchers in1915? usefulto studyingtheattacksonGerman ahistorian Shieldsbefore familiessettledinSouth Explain why German theFirst World War. 1901 1891 1881* 1871 1861 1851 Tabili, Laura(2011): GlobalMigrants, Local Culture –Natives andNewcomers inProvincial England1841-1939.P94 –dataadaptedfrom census records. 57 26 25 14 15 1 Households 132 53 40 31 30 5 Persons 3 5 16 20 Prussia Poland 19 13 11 4 2 5 Russia 87 17 10 3 6 20 Holland 2 5 4 2 1 12 Germany 17 12 8 6 1 7 2 2 Austria 1 Jamaica Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields 6.1 EastHolborn andtheriverfront in1913 [For onlinevideoclips(free to to thischapter, access)linked resources seeRecommended inthenotes for teachers attheendofthispack.] 6. Holborn: ‘Little Arabia’ A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History © NationalLibrary ofScotland ‘I have beento many goodplaces, butIloved Iloved Britain. itasahomeland.’ here,‘Sometimes sometimesthere. That’s thelife I’ve lived.’ Naser AbdoRehman 15

Mohammed Hassan 13

21 14 15 14 13 ibid Godfrey Edition Old Ordnance Survey Maps Godfrey Edition Old Ordnance Survey Quoted inNabilandGharavi (2013) Last of the Dictionary Men Last oftheDictionary Teachers’ Guide , South Shields1913 , South

© OCR 2017 South Shields opened, runby former seamen. The firstArabboarding house wasprobably setupby cheapboarding andwaiting for houses occasionalwork, these men,livinginpoverty intended to settlebutwere notableto thembackhome. thatwould get work For take to Shieldsfrom South the1860sonwards. Many were accidentalmigrants: hadnot they Some Yemeni seamenlandedinHullandmoved upthecoast,whileotherscamedirectly them farlessthan andlivingconditionswereWhite sailors, worse. andtheirworking gotaway alcohol. withpaying didnotdrink -they Owners manage because-asMuslims the heatofengine rooms better thanEnglishseamen. They were alsothoughteasierto wereSomalis popularwithofficers becausethere couldstand was anideathatthey ontheirwaysteamers to andChina. Malaya docked andfrom India, These Yemenis and engine rooms. Many were hired asship’s firemen inAden, andboilerstokers where tramp As sailgave way to steam, shipowners neededcrews thatcouldhandletheheatof seamen touched base. possible to thedockswhere couldbefound. work Here iswhere thefirst Yemeni Arab crowded, withboarding houses, cafes andpubscrammedtogether instreets asclose a dimechoofthepastAhundred years agoEastand West were Holborn busy, noisyand the water. West hasafew dilapidated Holborn housesandoneortwo buildings, newish Today isdesolate except EastHolborn for andCrown theRose across pubwithaview A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History from Frank Zaganowsky. leader,community boughthis Street from bought1Nile aMaltese. Muckble Mohamed Boarding housespassedinto Arabhands:AliSaid, wholater becameaprominent http://www.theyemeniproject.org.uk/4/6/yemeni-and-british-integration.html sons –wereand two brought upasCatholics. There at andRosetta isaphoto ofMohamed Catholic children Church. inaRoman –five His daughters inthetownfirst Muslim to marry from Newcastle, whoremained Rosetta, astaunchCatholic allherlife. Hewasprobably the inthe steamer whichdocked Tyne. girl aScottish Shieldsandmarried HesettledinSouth Aden in1911whichtook himto Trieste where hesigned onasafireman tramp onaBritish west from of Sulwivillage, north Muckble Muhammad Ta’izz in Yemen, joinedashipat islands.Caribbean aswellPalestinians, Africans as andNorth West Indians and Africans West from Indians prayer Notonly andreligious observance. Yemenis came:there were Somalis, Egyptians, with communalspacesto relax andplay games, cheaprestaurants andmasjids-rooms for acoldclimate,people. In farfrom home, theboarding houseswere alsosocialcentres, nearthedocks. up to thereAli Saidin1894,Holborn Soon 600 were eight,serving 22 6.2 EastHolborn in1910 © South Tyneside© South Libraries www.southtynesidehistory.co.uk Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields Turkish Ottoman Empire,Turkish Ottoman and that were underthe actually Ta’izz andother hilltowns ruled, camefrom many infact was truethatAden wasBritish remain controversial. While it seamen were would British question ofwhether Yemeni were legallyUKcitizens. The since1839,they by theBritish as Aden hadbeencolonised however, couldpointoutthat, hard.The Yemenis, mariners and thishittheEuropean seamen to enter thecountry, it muchharder for foreign The made 1905AliensAct Holborn, 1934 6.3 MMuckble’s Seamen’s Boarding House at 11East A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 17 16 community. boarding protected housemasters alsosupported, andstrengthened their Businesses were sometimesplaces ofdispute, andeven fights. conflict Butthe from Shieldsto South London. a shippingbutcher’s business, atemperance hotel, andacoachservice asheepfarm business, shop, atobacco andgrocery alsoowned agarageandtransport Holborn, became prominent businessmen.SaidHassan,whoranaboarding houseat25East owners,They were lendersandemployment money agents, property andsome Meanwhile theboarding housemasters becamethe men’‘big intheircommunities. hired inAden. had comefrom were ifthey could notprove where they because thegovernment usuallyfailed, however,court Attempts theircasesto to take so were British. notstrictly ibid Lawless, RichardI.(1995): From Ta’izz toTyneside of England duringtheEarly Twentieth Arab –An intheNorth-East Community Century © South Tyneside© South Libraries www.southtynesidehistory.co.uk 23 6.5 Place, inthebuildingwhere11 Market Fred Seitz’s butcher’s pork hadbeen. After theFirst World War, Khan’s oneoftheboarding Rasul houseswasMohamed at 6.4. Historian Lawless Richard century? studying thelives of Yemeni twentieth Shieldsintheearly seamenlivinginSouth Study sources 6.1,6.3,6.4and6.5. Which ofthesesources ismore usefulto ahistorian Practice question by thelocalpopulation? What impression doesSource 6.5give ofhow Yemeni merchants seamenwere seen Thinking point their effects to theirrelatives.’ dispose ofany inhissafekeeping and return orbelongings money hadleft they into trouble withthepolice, didnotreturn voyage, andifthey from theirnext were‘He couldadvisethemifthey indifficulty, standsurety for got themifthey said to give anexcellent accountofthemselves.’ by are shipmasters, they classofwork especiallyasfiremen, inwhichparticular become seafarers have ofnomeanaccountand…they beeningreat demand neighbours to therest have they ofthecommunity. Originally sonsofthedesert, have …they lot,butlatterly becomequite turbulent a somewhat tolerable element whonow form quite acolony… recentThey usedto times, be, untilvery oftown there recent hascometogether onepart during years aforeign‘In The ShieldsGazette , May 1916 16 17 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields 7.1 Mill Damin1935 7.1 Mill have beencrowded withtrampsteamers andothermerchant ships. building.centre) Ahundred andthepoliceauthority years agotheriverhere would buildingsonthequayside: theCustomsremain, key asdotwo House(now anarts handsideof the street Ontheleft goingdown, theoriginal buildings and left. Damwastheway where leadingdown to merchantMill thewaterfront shipsarrived resources inthenotes for teachers attheendofthispack.] [For onlinevideoclips(free to to thischapter, access)linked seeRecommended Damandthe19191930riots 7. Mill A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History © South Tyneside© South Libraries www.southtynesidehistory.co.uk 24 Customs House in2017 Dam,thememorialto merchant7.2 Mill seamenandtheold same jobs. mendesperate between forthat couldleadto conflict andcompeting for work the due to sail, theengineer would sign onthemenneededfor thecrew. wasasystem It Here day unemployed hopingfor seamengathered work. every When ashipwas Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields Holborn: 7.4. Replyfrom Ali Said, boarding-house master at 79aEast 7.3. May 1916 from ‘True Briton’ Arab and wasreflected inletters toWhite the seamen.It tension beganto grow years century some ofthetwentieth theearly between In 1919 A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History scarce dueto economicdepression. fighting, seamenwere indirect competition for jobswhichwere becomingmore in four ofthese menwere Yemeni. When thewarended andmenreturned from the ofMerchant sailorsinthewarandaboutone Navy lost oneofthelargest proportion role alongside key suppliedwithfood. Britain White mariners, keeping Shields South and thearmy, thenumberof Yemeni seamenrose played considerablyandthey a theFirstDuring World War, withsomany to localmenconscripted the Royal Navy racial feeling. Firemen’s Union,andthatitsleaderswere up openlyprejudiced againstthem,stirring were againstby beingdiscriminated theirown union,theNationalSailors’ and had theeffect ofundercutting theirown pay. Yemeni seamen,however, felt they They saw thisasunfair. They alsofelt thelower wagesbeingpaidto Arabseamen Yemeni boarding masters to sign oncrews before Dam. themengathered atMill Some White seamenfelt thatdeals were ships’ beingdonebetween engineers and reflection upon the ability and character ofthesesaidBritishers.’ andcharacter reflection upontheability is surely to theircredit are thatthey preferred by shipmasters … andaserious whom hehassuchacontempt, Iwould andit pointoutare subjects allBritish I shouldthinkthat Briton’‘True mustbeadisguisedforeigner… The Arabsfor un-Englishto hide behindanomdeplume.is mean,cowardly andcertainly issoeasyto slanderaquiet,decentclassofpeopleandatthesametimeit ‘It see theway ourmenare beingtreated.’ wantingajob.was aBritisher Talk why, aboutpatriotism, mesickwhenI itmakes give orders to theircaptainsandengineers notto engageanArabwhilstthere …Nowto to Iwould thedisadvantage ofBritishers seeallourshipowners like weeks andcannotgetaship, day andyet thoseArabsare beingsigned onevery whohave several Britishers goodbooksandhave‘I know beenashore for several 19 18 Shields Gazette : 25 A union official complained and said that men should have been picked at Mill Dam A unionofficialcomplainedandsaidthatmenshouldhave atMill beenpicked madewiththeengineeran arrangement thenightbefore attheirboarding house. Damshippingofficeto sign ontoup atMill jointhecrew oftheSS Trowalland under White soldiers andpolice. Then on4thFebruary agroup of Yemeni firemen turned another attackonAbdulMagi’s boarding house. There were alsoclashes between 1919 there wasanattackona January In Yemeni shopin Waterloo Vale, followed by 19 the Early Twentieth Century thanto hiresubjects ‘foreigners’ (by whichhemeantother Europeans). their domesticlife are they English’. Hesaiditwasfarbetter to employ theseBritish ‘have adopted European life andcustoms to alarge andinsympathy extent andin the to support arrived Yemenis. Heargued who were thatthethey subjects British from barrister theLondonArab seamen.DrAbdulMajid, anIndian IslamicSociety, A few days thetrial, after there wasmore soldiersand between violenceinHolborn Yemeni. punishmentwasto beboundover His for ayear. another hewascharged Damriot, war and, withattacking onlyaweek theMill after ofgunpowder’.into akeg Hehadbeeninvolved inanti-Arabviolencebefore the fighting. Hewasaccusedofusinglanguagethatlike dropping‘the ofamatch offthe sparked show thathisactions reports official, andthecourt wasalsotried nine were sentenced to oneandthree between Fye, monthsinprison. theunion Twelve Yemenis were arrested andtried. Three were found whiletheother notguilty injured. and navy, aswell asthepolice, were used to control andseveral peoplewere theriot and guns. They fired theirgunsintheairto drivethe White crowd back. The army boarding housesandpelted withstones. themselves They armed withsticks, knives began. Outnumbered, the Yemeni seamenwere pushedbackto theHolborn the ship.’ A Yemeni himdown seamanthenhitFye, andfierce fighting knocking let theseArabssign ontheship. Come outyou Black-----! You are notgoing to join didsoaunionofficialcalledJBFyeand asthey to have wasreported shouted ‘Don’t outsideandhiredseamen, walked only White men. The Yemenis outinanger walked achanceofjob.that morning, giving everyone The the engineer thenleft Yemeni 18 ibid Quoted inLawless, Richard I.(1995): From Ta’izz toTyneside of England during Arab –An intheNorth-East Community Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields Practice question The events of1919are referred often to as ‘race riots’, butisthatcorrect? Thinking point Glasgow, LiverpoolandHull. between Rioting White and ‘coloured’ seamenspread from Shieldsto South Cardiff, 7.5. MuirSmith,thesolicitor defending oneofthe Yemenis A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 20 • • seamen. theyears 1919thegovernment after imposedincreasingIn controls on ‘coloured’ Tightening controls investigating thecausesofFebruary 1919riot? Study sources 7.1,7.3.7.4and7.5. Which ofthesesources ismore usefulto ahistorian

From that anArabisnow afraidto walkalongthestreet.’ soldiersamongstthem…issuch Dam, unfortunately people down attheMill against theminthetown –aprejudice ofignorance born … The behaviour of life oftheseArabseamenisbecomingintolerable. ‘The There isaprejudice the police. Order required 1925aSpecialRestriction all In ‘coloured’ seamento register with were orhadsigned for livinginBritain, oninBritain around trip. to couldprove land unlessthey seamen permission were they subjects,or British Under theAliensOrder of1920immigration officers hadto refuse ‘coloured’ Shields Daily Gazette andShippingTelegraph Gazette ShieldsDaily

10.3.1919 p3 . Quoted inLawless. 20 26 White seamen alsofelt treated unfairly because, intheirview, Yemeni seamen Yemeni seamenfelt were thatthey against.Meanwhile, beingdiscriminated many house master AliSaid. –wereWhite mariners to movement. attracted the new They includedboarding- name to (NUS).Many theNationalUnionofSeamen Yemeni seamen,aswell assome improve wasdirectly opposedto theUnion-whichhad changedits conditions. It campaigned to endthePC5system andto increase wages, reduce hours and A new, Communist ledorganisation –theSeamen’s Movement – Minority depression. economic sown ofworldwide for more anditerupted in1930atthestart conflict went down for allseamen withouteffective oppositionfrom were theunion.Seeds and couldnotafford to pay theiruniondues. theseyears, During too, average pay against any – White or ‘coloured’ –whohadbeenunemployed for alongtime firstobtainedacardmen couldonlygetajobifthey from theirunion. This worked 1922unionandemployers agreedIn system anew calledPC5whichmeantthat felt theirunionwasagainstthem. about seafarers’. employment ofBritish ofArabsto‘the thedetriment Many Yemenis 1923,fordivisions. In example, auniondeputationto thegovernment complained better, equalpay for all, theNationalSailors’ andFiremen’s Unioncausedfurther conditions. ofunitingtheirmembersto confront Instead theowners andpushfor ‘coloured’ couldpay seamenbecausethey themlessfor longerhoursandworse oftheproblem thattheemployers employing The wasthefact liked real heart boarding-house masters. were gettingjobsbefore theshipowners thembecauseofdealsbetween andthe Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields NUS, advisedseamento goalongwiththescheme. by the supported Western ofthe critical IslamicAssociation which,althoughvery Other Yemenis thescheme, feeling supported andSomalis itwasfairer. They were 7.6 Letter to the it didnotapplyto White seamen. wasaimedattheboarding-house mastersthe queue. butmany It felt itwasracistas Hull. Underthesystem, thosewhohadbeenlongestashore would beatthefront of inarotabring system thatappliedonlyto Shields, ArabseameninSouth Cardiff and thatlitthefusewasanagreementThe spark theNUSandemployers between to 1930 A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 22 Tyneside ofEnglandduring theEarly Twentieth Arab –An intheNorth-East Community Century 21 the NUSandBoard of Trade Dam. Here are atMill versions two ofwhathappened Violence erupted on2ndAugust 1930. The oftheoffices SMMorganised apicket

Adapted from Lawless Quoted from Arabic. Arabs rushedatthemenwithsticks, razors, clubs, knives, chairlegsand sign on–now’s your chanceto getstuckinto them’. AliSaidsaid ‘Stop them’ in another callfor firemen. SMMleaderssaid: ‘Don’t goinmen,don’t let thescabs were stopped by white alineofSMMmen.Some mensigned up. There wasthen out for firemen andthere wasarushofwhite menandArabswantingwork. They brought themto the meeting. The Shipping Federation andtheNUSshouted andAliSaid Arabs whohadjustsigned offashipcameoutoftheShippingOffice on duty, later joinedby sixmore. People were beingstirred upby thespeech. About 150Arabsand100white menwere atthemeeting. Fifteen policewere Damwasbeingaddressed byAn SMMmeetingatMill itsleaderO’Donnell. ACCORDINGPOLICE TO THE inany withthem.’ schemethatmay comeinconflict intend part to take seamen. They donotdesire preferential treatment over white seamenanddonot scheme. are they As ofBritish are entitledto they subjects alltherights British same for white men?ButtheArabsare notsodenseasto seethrough this ifthisscheme issogoodfor‘Well, gettingemployment for Arabs…why notthe Shields Daily Gazette andShippingTelegraph Gazette Shields Daily Shields Gazette 22.7.1930 p5inLawless from Ahmed Alwin , Richard I.(1995): 21 From Ta’izz to

22 27 appearances are at Those arrested were thefollowing tried November. Photos ofarrests andcourt White sailorshelpingensure peoplewere theBritish fed. numbers of Yemenis and, inmany cases, againserved andSomalis diedalongside broke outin1939andcrews were neededagain,theruleswere relaxed andlarge Many appliedfor naturalisation. Many othersfaceddestitution.However, whenwar Shipping (Assistance) crews onmerchant ruledthatonlyBritish couldwork Act ships. blow to serious 1935there wasafurther In ‘coloured’ seamenwhentheBritish poor relief Shieldsworkhouse. attheSouth 29th September ahundred unemployed Arabseamenappliedfor andwere granted lodgers paying thembackfor Onthe food gotwork. andaccommodationwhenthey forcaused afinancialcrisis several boarding housemasters relied becausethey on September 363 By Yemenis were and66Somalis registered underthesystem. This andhard ofimprisonment terms labour. to Resistance therota system collapsed. leaderswere given Other was sentenced anddeported. to 16monthsimprisonment SMM leadersAliSaid, Dowell O’Donnell, andSmit. white Arabsandtwo SMMmenwereNineteen arrested. Laster policearrested to Arabsandpolice.minor injuries Four policemenwere stabbed, oneseriously. stones. There fightingandpolice drew wasserious batons. There were between whitebetween andcoloured seamen. set upto destroy away wasnotafight themovement itsleaders. by taking It lodgings were raidedandthoseshowing resistance were arrested. This wasall fought ColouredSeamen backandpoliceusedthisasthecueto seamen’s attack. attempted to break through seamendrew astickorwhip. thelineofpicketing incited Scabs stood theseamen,openlydisplaying firm. weapons. Onemanwho Provoked by NUS ‘scabs andthugs’ andpolice, white andcoloured seamen ACCORDING TO THE SOUTHSHIELDSSEAMEN’S OF ACTION COMMITTEE http://www.theyemeniproject.org.uk/4/9/the-riots.html Teachers’ Guide

.AliSaid © OCR 2017 South Shields Explain why there were Shieldsseamenin1930. divisionsamong South Practice question How fardoyou agree withthisassessment,onthe Yemeni Project website, ofthe1919and1930riots? Thinking point A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History economic depression anddesperationfor employment.’ communitiesbutaproductof were truthofthematter isthattheseriots co-existing notanoverspill between ofracialanimosity ‘The 28 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields at Harton cemetery and Arab cafes served English clients after thepubsclosed. Englishclientsafter andArabcafes served cemetery at Harton according to worked slaughtermen wascreated halalcodes, section aspecialMuslim attheabattoir licensed incourt, residentsMuslim couldswear ontheQur’an wasdeveloping quietly,community withpeoplechoosingto live together. andwork results ofoutsidepressures, shows andotherevidence how asuccessfulmultiracial impression Shieldswasaracially dividedtown. thatSouth But thesewere extreme letters to thelocalpress by peoplenotgiving theirreal names–may give the Dam-aswell astheracistattitudesshown in The dramaticevents atMill two 8.1 Holborn andLaygate in1913and2017 resources inthenotes for teachers attheendofthispack.] [For onlinevideoclips(free to to thischapter, access)linked seeRecommended between thewars 8. Laygate –mixed housing and mixed marriages A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 24 23 25 8.3 The localpress religious ofthe life reported festivals ofthetown: aspart in1937 inthecemetery Muslim section 8.2 Councillor theproposal for a Laybourn supporting

ibid Quoted inLawless Quoted inLawless celebrate the festival of Id-el-Arifa. Brilliantly coloured and Brilliantly tarbushes,celebrate caftans the festival ofId-el-Arifa. marched 200Mohammedans through‘Over thestreets Shieldsto ofSouth as we would grant to ourown.’ Iwant theCouncilformation to ofmankind. grant thesepeoplethesamerights religion inthe whoseinfluencehasbeenequallyaspotent asthatofChristianity areAlthough they smallinnumberthetown represent they aworld-wide thecoloured –countfor minorities nothing. andparticularly the smallminorities – sections ofcertain andprivileges live whentherights inanageoftyranny ‘We Shields Gazette February 1937 24

23

29 quoted in Shields Gazette and ShippingTelegraphquoted inShieldsGazette and 8.4 some councillorsto create segregated housingblocks. mixed community. ofcouncilmeetingsshow thatthere Minutes wasanattempt by ‘Little Arabia’, were only13.4%ofhouseholds inHolborn Arab:itwasalready avery Council had to decidewhere to rehouse thosewhohadlived there. Far from being wasdemolishedandthe theslumclearancesofmid 1930smuchofHolborn In Mixed streets kuffiehs madecontrastwiththevividgreenkuffiehs bannersofIslamandthepure white to keep myto promise keep to Shields.’ thepeopleofSouth by themselves, andnotmixed upamongthewhite people, andIamgoingto try anything to dowithhousing, thecoloured peoplewould have to beinacolony have‘We acoloured problem to meetandIhave swornthataslongIhad Dunlop,Alderman ChairoftheHousingCommittee: town … Abdullah,addressed from themandspoke theKoran.’ Shaikh The Imam, headgear gave thefestival acosmopolitanflavour rarely forund inanEnglish vestments ofthewomen andgirls. The different andtheirstrange racialtypes Alderman Dunlop, oftheHousingCommittee,Alderman Chair 1935 Teachers’ Guide

25 © OCR 2017 South Shields 8.7 Abdul Ali ofEastHolborn Holborn, to Abuzed,8.6 Salem boarding-house master of25East There wasastrong reactionfrom Yemeni residents: 8.5 A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 28 27 26 1930s? investigating relations between Yemeni and White Shieldsinthe peopleinSouth Study sources 8.1,8.4and8.6. Which ofthesesources ismore usefulto ahistorian Practice question by haddonebefore. sideasthey houses were builtinCornwallis Square. allcases, In White and ‘Arab’ familieslived side cafes andboarding housesrelocated. storey two blocksofgoodquality Eightnew in theirown handsandmoved across Commercial Street to Laygate where stores, The segregation residents planfailed. Holborn – Most White andArab-took matters ibid ibid andShippingTelegraph ShieldsGazette we like.’ coming to longaswe lookatus…So pay ourrents andrates we canlive where Perhaps theCouncil cancharge thinkthey peopleashillingatthegate for to putusononesideasifwe isnothumanity were lionsortigershorses.‘It outthisplanofputtingusalltogether we shallleave thetown.’Council carry thisto the us. cannotdothingslike andthey If Englandisafreeis like. country campinGermany. thewarIwasinRuhlebenprison ‘During whatacamp Iknow clouds are inHolborn.’ gathering or migrating alongwiththedisplacedwhite slumdwellers to West Storm Harton. about400,andpreventnumbering themfrom penetratinginto residential areas Council’s‘The aimisto segregate, ifpossible, thecoloured inhabitants, Shields Gazette Shields Gazette 1935 31.1.1935 p3quoted inLawless 26

26 27 30 8.8 Laygate in1938and2017 Lane (Al-Sayyadi) family, remains onBrunswickStreet. many streets have beendemolished. Onelastboarding house, runby theHussein and bridge, Holy Trinity Church houseshave andthetightlypacked gone, while Laygate different today looksvery from how itwasinthe1930s. The railway station 8.9 Cornwallis Square in1938and2017 © South Tyneside© South Libraries Tyneside© South Libraries www.southtynesidehistory.co.uk www.southtynesidehistory.co.uk Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields before them, ‘adopted settledand asthey andadapted localculturalpractices Tabili commentsthatthiscaseshows how Arabmigrants, theEuropean like seamen Laura Tabili8.10 wife Lauretta Lee Clarice oneday inhislife. 1929, describing inMay/July Laura Historian Tabili ofthecaseNagi andhis Mohamed report atacourt looked Mixed marriages A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 30 29 8.11 Aminah Hasan heritage, grew upinCornwallis Square. Shields.’ inSouth married Locally AminahHasan,ofEnglishandCaribbean born

http://www.theyemeniproject.org.uk/ Tabili prejudice, you couldwalkinto otherpeople’s housesandthat’s how we lived. different. wasjust anicecommunity, wastogether, It everyone there wasno people from ,there theCaribbean were Englishpeople, you didn’t any know street, besideold Trinity church. There were Yemeni communities, there was whole ofLaygate andhousesthathave (since)beenpulleddown; Bowman anythingreally different know anditwasn’t justCornwallis Square itwasthe inthestreet,played itwaslovely withtheirkids growing upinthat. You didn’t wasamassive, eachother. lovely community, knew ‘There Mams everyone cinema.’ Athraby’sa gameofbagatelle inArab-run Lauretta to take to inHolborn, the foran errand Lauretta: ‘Da, Iwantto buysomecakes’. theevening Nsuspended In Stokes, andbumpedinto Owen hissonHamedrunning Robert with bookmaker missus the28shillings.’ Hestopped for attheHopPole adrink pub, placedabet classcustom) over wasaworking thepay packet ‘I gostraighthomeandgive my hisunemployment andgave‘He collected money directly to Lauretta (handing 29

30 31 spices to Englishrecipes. wives Some becameMuslim. orremovingwith pictures ofholysites andadding andverses pork from theQur’an, wives alsoadapted to theculture oftheirhusbands, decoratingtheirlivingrooms oftheirmothers’ease intheworlds families. Ontheotherhand, many native British access to Tyneside through theirwives socialnetworks andthechildren grew upat society,to British iteasierto adapt. giving themaway inandmaking The menhad These relationships brought benefitfor themen,too. Their wives were gatekeepers to beviolent. sense ofhumour. As Muslims, tended they alcoholandsowere not to drink lesslikely hadgoodmanners,explained thatthiswasbecausethey astrong ethicanda work inthetown.had animpact White women whowere drawn to Yemenis men of Only aminority Yemeni localwomen, but their menmarried ‘mixed’ relationships became a Muslim. Especiallythroughbecame aMuslim. UncleSaeedandmy auntie Hagra who The influenceofthe Yemenis onmy hasamassive life, impact that’s why I to dothat.’ Iwasreally happymassive back, influence. andnever looked IbecameaMuslim theQuranthrough goingto theschool,knew theway oflife, thefood, wasa Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields 8.13 Maureen Marshall their home: Laygate Laneintheirlater years. Maureen Marshall, theirgranddaughter, remembers (seechapter 6)ranacafé andfruitshopon Muckble andRosetta Mohammed 8.12 Researcher Sydney Collins in1952 A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 36 35 34 33 32 31 some caseswives asbusiness partners: acted In ibid andShippingTelegraph Gazette ShieldsDaily Collins http://www.theyemeniproject.org.uk/ http://www.theyemeniproject.org.uk/ Collins, Sydney F(1952): waiting for midnight,abig crowd ofusallholdinghands.’ all ofCornwallis Square, Commercial andLaygate Road gathered round thisclock Come 12O’clock New Year, gathered round everyone Trinity and Church Clock, to teach theArabshow to dancewasfunny!used to getupanddancetrying to have alittlesipupstairswithhersister butthere wasnoalcoholandeveryone we would allsitround, butthere wasnoalcohol. Ithinkmy grandmother used music, coffee withpeople and rock His shopwaspacked androll andeverything. mother gave himaradiogram, sohehadthisradiogram andplayed English (for people)to siton.At firsthe usedto have anoldgramophone butthenmy because hedidn’t have enough seatsbutheusedto getallthesefruitboxes andNew Christmas Year my grandfather celebrated, andNew Year wasfantastic was allowed … to eatinthemorning by him.Sheprepared allhisfood andputalittlebanquetonfor himfor whenhe shestood mya mosqueandmy Ramadan, motherinachurch. fathermarried In agreed to respect eachother’s religion,‘They my somy fatherin mother married for meinthehome, Idoubtwhetherawhite manwould.’ rugs etc …’My husbandisdevoted to me. The thingshewould bewillingto do includepiano, –furnishings furnished radiogram, drawing room suite, carpets, four-room houseinCornwallis Square. The decorated houseisnewly andwell another Arab, isaproselyte faith. oftheMuslim The familyoccupiesamodern Abdulwhowasthewife to ofanArabandhasasister‘Mrs whoismarried ‘Moslem’ and‘Negro’ Groupings onTyneside. 18.2.1929 p4quoted inLawless 32 31 33 32 8.14 Researcher Sydney Collins, 1952 But thesecommentsdrew astrong response: 8.16 from ‘A Holbornresident’ from ‘Adsum’8.15 There to mixed wassomehostility expressed marriages, inletters to thepress: themselves cheaply.’ an Arabcangetajobwhere awhite refuse manhasnotalookin;they to sell the white man,withtheexception ofthegirls whohave theirself-respect.Also always for be relied beingleft uponto picktheprettiest girls:theuglyducklings men canoffer, the pleasures canindulge in…Furthermore, they theArabscan is itthatdraws them?NottheArab’s beauty, surely! No, itisthedress thatthese anArabfor love‘No self-respecting white alone. girlisgoingto marry Then what sent to Scandinavia and other Northern European ports to negotiate European contracts ports sent to Scandinavia andotherNorthern thatmighthave togetting contracts negotiate. beenbeyond hisability Shewas Shields… anArabboarding‘In housemaster usedhiswhite wife to assisthimin found you allyour andidentifiedbut ittakes timeto identifytheArabs.’ asblackisagoodstandingcolour.would never beknown, ..Awhite mancanbe parents. white children, As regards well, ifanArabchildwasnever dirty washedit ‘… nomixed breed ofwhite childisorever willbeasgoodthechildborn with companiesfor thesupplyofcoloured crews’. 35 34 Teachers’ Guide

36 © OCR 2017 South Shields 8.19 From ‘A White Woman ofSix’ 8.18 From ‘an Arab’s Wife’ 8.17 From ‘Common Sense’ A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 39 38 37 Shields Daily Gazette andShippingTelegraph Gazette ShieldsDaily andShippingTelegraph Gazette ShieldsDaily andShippingTelegraph Gazette ShieldsDaily of the so-called white mancansay.’of theso-called andgentleto theirwivesare andchildren kind andthatismore thanagreat deal ‘As for thecoloured menbeinginferior, well, itmay onlybeinstature, butthey forto Acoloured prison childneglect? manhasnever been.’ children are bothcleanandwell clothed. How many white menhave beensent can’t, Nothey hundreds ofEnglish childrendirty? butIknow thathave. The Arab ‘Can anyone prove thatany Arab’s from childhasever beentaken theschool to goonintropicalwhich Iknow countries?’ acoloured women ablackmanthanwhite manmarrying white girl marrying would notbenearthediseasethatthere is. … What more disgrace isthere ina wasas cleaninpersonanddeedasthecoloured peoplethere everyone ‘If 23.2.1923 p4quoted inLawless 14.2.1929 p4quoted inLawless 21.3.1923 p4quoted inLawless 39 37 38 33 8.20 ‘An Arab seafarer andfamilyinthe1950s’ © South Tyneside© South Libraries www.southtynesidehistory.co.uk Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields Practice questions Dalrymple 8.21 William the women classMuslim hemet. White working thelate 1980stheauthor In visited Shieldsanddescribed South William Dalrymple A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 41 40 in the1930s? investigatinghistorian whether Yemenis were segregated from thewidercommunity Study sources 8.2,8.4,8.11and8.14. Which ofthesesources ismore usefulto a ofthe Explain why theheart Yemeni moved community from to Laygate. Holborn The IndependentMagazine, http://www.theyemeniproject.org.uk/4/6/yemeni-and-british-integration.html Mr Hussein is quick to know about it. If Ithinksomethingiswrong, aboutit.If Husseinisquickto Itell know him’.Mr husband. ‘I’ve amindofmy own Hussein. ‘ says Mrs somethingdispleasesme, ‘If shy downward-looking female to loosenaGeordie wife’s traditionalgrip onher Husseinhadallowed the Islamicideaofthe neithershenorMrs was quite clear: into …Onething, asliceofcake. tablets, however, was tucking she wastaking Abdullah,whosaid Husseinwasfastingfor but Mrs I wasthere Ramadan, Mrs distinguishingthemfrom Shieldswomen. otherSouth Islamic headscarves While to onlytheir sitintheboarding EmilyAbdullahbothlike housekitchen, friend women are formidable andnotto beignored‘The …SylviaHusseinandher October 1989, quoted inNabilandGharaviOctober (2013) , Last of the Dictionary Men , Last oftheDictionary 40 34 When Iamaloneandfeeling blue, But memories ofhomewillalways last. But memories We were young then,theyears past. flew wasdone,But noharm rare. nomuggings there, onthewholewasvery andcrime withforeignA ghetto calledit,justnearaport, they seamenonleave for sport. Where we cleanedourfront step, front step down onourknees. Our house, agreen door, wasoneofthese. beckoned. second, housesaboveBuses goingby shops, every bay windows where friendships A busystreet, notposh,clean,seamenfrom shipswere seen. often itisalways there, asclearandalive,memory precious andrare. we the warmth, knew, theloveOf thatwasthere, thehometo rest, butinmy isgone,But itscharacter andnothingisleft, andalltherest, isclean,andmodern It It’s altered now, notfor the best. thoughtsreturn to thestreetMy Iknew. From Laygate Lane by Gladys Muckble 41 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields English. in 1972,followed in 1988by themosqueschoolteaching Islamicstudies, Arabicand finished. Eventually, however, openedonLaygate Mosque AlAzhar thebrandnew mosqueonCommercial buildinganew thatwasnever Road started community for previously. Street nolongerexists, Cuthbert itwasdemolishedthe andafter Yemenis you inthe1930s. lookcarefully If you canseewhatthebuildingwasused wholedareligious revival AbdullaAl-Hakimi amongBritish established by Imam astheZaoia orzawiya (anArabicword wasknown meaning It ‘corner’) andwas zawias-and-the-mosque.html and SmithStreet. Aphoto ofitisat 1930sLaygateIn the Yemeni street houseofprayer ofCuthbert wasonthecorner resources inthenotes for teachers attheendofthispack.] [For onlinevideoclips(free to to thischapter, access)linked seeRecommended 9. The Al-Azhar and Mosque King’‘The A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History http://www.theyemeniproject.org.uk/4/10/the- 35 9.1 Laygate in1967before Lane redevelopment andthe 9.2 The mosqueonthesamesite in2017 Tyneside© South Libraries building ofthemosque www.southtynesidehistory.co.uk Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields 9.3 MuhammadAli’s businthetown centre crowds asAlipassedthrough inanopentop bus. mosque. The world’s mediacame andthestreets were withexcited, packed cheering aboys’support boxing clubandhave hiswedding to Veronica Porsche blessedinthe boxerchampion heavyweight Alivisited Shieldsto Muhammad South andMuslim famouswhentheworld becameinternationally Mosque 1977theAl-Azhar In A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History © Fred Mudditt,Fietscher Fotos Ltd. Tyneside (Source: South Libraries) 36 community, 20thJuly1977 Shieldsthe mosqueby oftheSouth members Yemeni 9.4 MuhammadAli and Veronica Porsche greeted inside © Fred Mudditt,Fietscher Fotos Ltd. Tyneside (Source: South Libraries) Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields Ali 9.6 Ibrahim asaboy, Al-Sayyadi gazingupat Muhammad 9.5 Ibrahim Al-Sayyadi A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 44 &45 43 42 © Fred Mudditt,Fietscher Fotos Ltd. Tyneside (Source: South Libraries)

Interviewed inGharavi, Interviewed in Interviewed Tina Gharavi, ibid champion oftheworld!’ –whatthesehandshaddone.’ I shookhishand, itwasabighand. Ijustremember athim,thinking staring ‘the such alittletown, … Unbelievable! have ifhehadn’t asked have came… The Greatest, comingto thismosque, and wouldn’t that,questionsthatthey questionsafter allasked about it,andthey putIslaminadifferent‘It for perspective alotofpeoplewhodidn’t much know The King of South Shields ofSouth The King The King of South Shields ofSouth The King 42 (film, 2008) (film,2008) 37 9.5 Hana Yasmin Ali, daughter ofMuhammadAli 9.7 MuhammadAli ,interviewed duringhisvisit 9.6 Darren Palmer things thatpeoplewouldn’t were they do, thepeoplefeel to make knew they fatherwanted to‘My bethepeople’s championahundred percent,dothe ‘The reason I’m‘The inEnglandnow isbecauseI’m aMuslim.‘ here inthishumbletown.’ –ever! oftheworld Andhewas sportsman manwasvoted theMillennium ‘This by beingthere.’ attention hewasgoingto andawareness bring to Heknew thistown important. 44 45 43 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields father, Shields, inSouth says born their namefrom Wohab to Palmer iteasilyto inthe1960sto getjobs. make Darren’s seamen andhisgrandmother washalfArabandScottish. The familychanged film Shields.’ ofSouth King ‘The Darren Palmer’s grandfather wasa Yemeni merchant sensesofidentity.varied The Palmer in familyare interviewed Tina Gharavi’s 2008 The second, thirdgenerationdescendantsfrom andfourth mixed coupleshave very hub. community is stillanimportant town Mosque andthere Arabarea, wasnolongeradistinctly although theAl-Azhar was redeveloped againinthe1970sand80s, Yemenis were rehoused allover the incitiessuchasSheffieldandBirmingham. opportunities When EastHolborn new ships and Yemeni seamenstopped Shields arriving. Many South Yemenis moved to After theSecond World declined.War theshippingindustry There were few jobson 10. Moving on A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 47 46 10.1 Researcher Sydney Collins in1952 children were away from drifting theirArabculture andfaith: thattheir other hand, worried even inthe1950soldermembersofcommunity integrated into UKlife, whilestillretaining areligious andculturalidentity. Onthe andalsothemost community asthefirstsettledMuslim intheUK, special identity On theonehand, the Yemeni Shieldsmaintainsavery inSouth community

Gharavi Collins to disregard meetinpublicplacesoronthestreets. themwhenthey ‘Some have tend beencomplaintsby theimmigrants thatsomeoftheAnglo-coloured alcoholicdrinks, whichisprohibited byto theirreligion. drinking Moreover, there arefew attending exceptions dancesandsomehave theAnglo-coloureds taken present atanybeen more time. than onememberoftheAnglo-coloured With anaverage ofabout18worshippers‘Of …inoneofthezoaias, there hashardly and background.’ ‘I’m from British: the Yemen andfrom England. I’m proud ofmy roots very 38 10.2 Darren Palmer Palmer itisto beaware stresses how oftheirhistory: important before ofthewidercommunity, theIrish them.Darren like indistinguishable part withEnglishpeoplethrough several generations,intermarried are they alargely 2017few In Yemenis remain intheLaygate area. Dispersedallover Shields, South wrongly thinkhe’s notArabandshe’s notEnglish. theirnames Ahmed. thatpeoplehearing English andhasthesurname Hejokes eldestson’sEnglish. His alsohada girlfriend Yemeni great grandfather, looksequally some don’t. Darren Palmer’s –look andtheotherbrown-eyed sons–oneblue-eyed someareMuslim, andsomeare Christian neither. have Some Arabnamesand identifystronglyseamen. Some withtheirArabheritage, somedon’t. are Some Many oftoday’s young residents ofthetown are thegreat grandchildren of Yemeni by Moslem values.by Moslem At alater agehetends gradually to free himselffrom these complained anArab… Untiladolescencethechild’s life isstrongly influenced of thempassusandpretend donotseeus. they Playing white, Isuppose ‘, because Britain isnow amulticultural society,because Britain itornot.’ whetherpeoplelike have that.Stories never always like to betold, how dopeoplebetter themselves, we’re happy, it’s agreat to bein–Ilove community Shields–butitwas South oftheArabs.journey We’re now integrated, we’re now allfine, we’re comfortable, just to improve hislife –it’s hellishbrave to do... That‘s why it’s the so important, integrate.’ Jumpingonashipattheageof19,travelling halfway round theworld we needto progress‘If ourlives, we needto mixwiththe West, we needto ‘Yemeni peopledidn’t comehere andstay Yemeni. They camehere anddecided society.’ controls andto hislife orientate more completely towards thevaluesofBritish 46 47 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields 11.1 Ocean Roadin1939and2017 ofwhathasnow becomethetown’sheart largest community. Muslim from here- andtheotherstreets towards climbingupnorth are fort the theRoman and chiprestaurants). centres Street Baring mosquesandcommunity –withitstwo be theUK’s longeststretch ofBangladeshi ‘curry houses’ andfish (alongsideItalian arcades andthewidesandybeaches. As willpasswhatisclaimedto dosothey they Road,Ocean thedirectway from Parks, thestationto theMarine theamusement Visitors walkdown to Shieldsfor South oranightoutwillalmostcertainly aday trip 11. Ocean Road A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 48 Street11.2 Baring mosques

Mac anGhailland Haywood,Mac Young Bangladeshipeople’s experience oftransition toadulthood (Joseph Rowntree Foundation)(Joseph 39 of the UK. Afew were and of theUK. asLascars–whoarrived merchant seamen–known Bangladeshi migration to Shieldshasfollowed South to asimilarpattern otherparts time, life wasnoteasy. these wives, raisingtheirchildren whilehusbandswere away atseafor monthsata localwomen whileothersbroughtmarried theirwives from For Pakistan orIndia. merchant ortheRoyalFleet navy Auxiliary, Shieldstheirbase. andmadeSouth Some wealthier professional familieswhopaidtheirfees, thengainedjobswith the the Yemeni boarding houseinBrunswickStreet). These camefrom studentsoften and Technical College, whichstilltrainsforeign students(someofwhomstay at menfirstcameto ShieldsasstudentsattheMarine South AsianSouth andIranian lecturers, lawyers andPakistan. andbusinesspeople have Several origins inIndia addition,asignificant Shieldsprofessionals numberofSouth In suchasdoctors, hub. community in otherareas, isstillanimportant Road butOcean generation ofBangladeshiswhoare graduate professionals are now dispersing to live by Bangladeshigirls issignificantly higherthanby boys. Those intheyounger same rangeofoccupationsas White youngsters. achievement anduniversity School tended to move into nichejobsintherestaurant the traderatherthanentering Shields: asaresult isolated often ofbeingsomewhat fromthey wider society Newcastlenearby upon Tyne stresses reported thatmay alsoapplyto someinSouth surrounding streets houses. ofterraced A2005report grew locationandacommunity upinthe for localsonanightout–wasperfect –onthewayRoad to theseafor butalsocloseto theday thetown trippers centre Bangladeshi menmoved into thefastgrowing ‘Indian’ restaurant business. Ocean the1970sand1980s,By however, becamescarce, asjobsonshipsandinfactories by wives andchildren. At Eastwasrelatively thistime, migration low. to theNorth millsof and 1960sto inthetextile work Yorkshire andLancashire, to bejoinedlater cameto theUKin1950s settled inmuchthesameway asArabmariners. Others 48 onyoung Bangladeshisin Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields Black and Minority Ethnicnumbersremain EastEuropeans, small. Including Black andMinority they appeared outsideSouth Tyneside hospital. These were, however, isolated incidents. following thereferendum vote to leave theEuropean Union,anti-refugee posters Trade Centre inNew York, mosquesuffered Andin2016, theAl-Azhar anarsonattack. to boycott 2001,following anAsian owned shopin1990.In theattackon World unsuccessfullyto getpeople usually organised whotried NationalParty by theBritish the1990sthereDuring were occasionalracistattacksonindividualsandrestaurants, andseniorlecturer.worker close. Shewent remain atschoolwithwhomthey ontofriends very beasocial intheFalklandsFleet Auxiliary War. Ontheotherhand, herchildren made White back home!’ withtheRoyal to heratatimein1982whenhusbandwasserving 80s. OnePakistani wife born ofaship’s engineer remembers peopleshouting ‘Go ofnamecalling,experiences abuseinthe1960s, spittingandotherverbal 70sand always easier –asinthepastfor thoseinmixed People marriages. regular report atmosphere oftolerance forged inthe town by theArabs.’ However, thiswas Carr According to Barry A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 50 49 havefactors alsocreated from aclimate ofhostility somequarters: status. While many recent migrants have andsolidarity, received several support from hopingfor Europeanworkers andofasylumseekers refugee Unioncountries Recently, ofmigrant thetown incommonwiththerest hasseenthearrival oftheUK, Centre andSTARCH (South Tyneside Asylum Church andRefugee Help). in CREST (Compact for Equality Race Ethnic Tyneside), ApnaGharMinority Women’s communities themselves, mostnotably several bodiesprovide helpandsupport, are aboutsixpercentofthetown’s population.As well asgroups organised by

Renton, David (2006) Carr, B((1992) referendum • • • • • The rise ofanti-immigrationThe rise feeling the2016 andafter during ‘Brexit’ insomeofthe popularpressSustained campaigns againstasylum seekers Economic decline, especiallysince2008 suchasthe 2005bombingsinLondon ofterrorist acts The impact Laws imposingever tighter controls onimmigration from 1962untilnow ‘Black Geordies’ Hostility orwelcome? East Since Hostility 1945 Migration totheNorth in Colls &Lancaster (eds), 49 , South Asian, South immigrants have from‘benefited the Geordies: RootsofRegionalism- quoted inRenton

40 According to Dave EastofEnglandingeneral): Renton (referring to theNorth strengthened? andbe affecting attitudesto immigration, so willthetraditionofinclusionsurvive to collapse. caused thatsolidarity We are oncemore atatime whenwiderissuesare there to were Shields South external times(in1915,1919and1930)whenfactors However, manygoing backcenturies, isdeserved. ways even millennia.In thispride ShieldsremainsSouth atown proud ofatraditioninclusionfor immigrants much oftheirculturalidentity: He wonders ifgroups suchasthe Yemenis were onlyaccepted lost becausethey promoted towards hostility ‘foreigners’…. pressThe enormous campaign against tighter thelevel ofstate control, themore have‘The keenly othergroups the samewelcome.’ population thatcontinuedto maintainoldcustoms couldnotbeguaranteed cultures were heard, outfor thenallmightturn thegood. Amigrant to thewider society. notraces ofprevious history, If noalternative voices or ‘Any process ofacceptancehasdependedonmigrants adjustingthemselves that would previously nothave beentolerated…’ inlegitimising aggressive, mark, refugees apermanent hasleft hostileresponses 50

Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields Each chapter of this pack, whilefollowingEach chapter ofthispack, aroughly chronological narrative, centres thousandyears.the lasttwo can investigate why andhow have thesefactors brought immigrants to thetown for from holidaymakers andamusements itattracted surrounding cities.parks Students to themerchant shippingtrade, both includingduring World Wars. With itsbeaches, andendedtheirjourneys, itwascentral a placewhere thetrampsteamers started accessible to age. large coalseam,itboomedintheindustrial As shipsandonarich Europeans, whether invadersnorthern ortraders. At themouthof Tyne, ofcallfor itwasafirstport Sea, Empire. theNorth Onapeninsulaoverlooking end ofHadrian’s defence Wall, oftheRoman ofthenorthernmost itformed part Shieldsisallaboutitslocation.Closeto ofSouth Scotland, attheeastern The story Location Migration Shields: to two South anglesto explore withstudents for TeachersNotes A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 51 town’s isoneofsuccessfulintegration ofmigrant communities, history especially Shields’people ofSouth andthatthe are oftheUK, more welcoming thanotherparts thatthe aboutmigrationA commonthemeinwriting to thetown istheassertion Integration? of migration to thetown for canbeausefulframework thisunit. Shieldsandhow patterns ofthelocationSouth thatdetermined The importance of town’s istoday Bangladeshicommunity centred onthestreets runninguphillnorth Araband outbursts ofviolencebetween two White seamen,in1919 and1930. The Yemenis settledinthe butchers’ pork popular German shopsuntiltheFirst World War. Untilrecently, most workforce.with alargely Irish Jarrow around anarea ofthetown.

Lawless, RichardI.(1995): Ocean Road was the heart of the Irish community and community oftheIrish wastheheart . There were reasons for thesechoicesofsettlement. From Ta’izz toTyneside ofEngland duringtheEarly Twentieth Arab –An intheNorth-East Community Century Holborn andLaygate Lawe Top Market Square is where the Romans built their fort. Nearby Nearby iswhere builttheirfort. theRomans andsurrounding streets hadseveral area. St Hilda’s Mill Dam Mill was one of the collieries wasoneofthecollieries wasthelocationof 41 South Shields’sSouth Arabs, RichardLawless concludes: weremixed marriages of notmadesowelcome. hiscomprehensive In 1995history the expenseoftheirown culture: were they forced to losetheiridentity. Those notin directed antagonismandexclusion. Where have minorities assimilated, ithasbeenat writers,Some however, challengethis. There have beenmany instances ofracially 1958: Here, for inthe writing example, Philip isjournalist Rawsthorne willingness to adapt. through theirmothers. wascombinedwithmigrants’ Atraditionofhospitality localwomen, theirchildrenwho married grew upwell integrated into localculture shipyards, sothiswasatown ofimmigrants. As many migrants were malemariners ofthepopulationhadcomefrom elsewherethe majority to intheminesand work case, reasons withvarious meantthat suggested. growth Rapid inthe19thcentury andthe20thcentury Yemenis. Irish the 19thcentury Many agree thatthisisthe of theirArabandIslamicidentity.’ those ofArabdescentinto ofSouth thelarger society Tyneside and the loss because integration hasbeenaccompaniedby the assimilationofmost theinter-warduring years hasdeclined. Butitisargued thatthisislargely andprejudice by theArabcommunity racialhostility experienced ‘The toexpected share thetown’s leantimesaswell asthegood.’ unfairly. They have received theattention given to allothercitizens andbeen Town][The hasneithergiven specialfavours theMoslems nortreated them hastheproblem beenhandledsowell. … ofthecountry nootherpart ‘In 51 Shields Gazette Shields Gazette Teachers’ Guide

in © OCR 2017 South Shields In anemailto theauthorLeylaIn affirms: Al-Sayyadi than onthelonger, ofintegration: deeperstory to give Damriots focusingwriters animpression rather ontheMill ofracialconflict, Filmmaker Tina Gharavi feels thetown’s Yemenis inthepastby have beenillserved A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 54 53 52 English grandparents andcousins. children ofboththeirparents, grew intheheritages upequallycomfortable with ofwomenavailability from theirown culture, localwomen andtheir married they were ontheships. largely singlemenworking settled,When they withlittle amonglocals. thanaspecialcharacteristic of history Twentieth immigrants century forevidence thereasons andagainst–thenperhaps are more to dowithaccidents Shieldsisanexampleofsuccessfulintegration itistruethatSouth –and thereIf is

Renton, Dave (2007): Tabili, Laura(2011): http://www.theyemeniproject.org.uk/ from thesemeninthetown today istestament to that.’ therecommunities becameoneandthefact are 5and6generationsdescending communities were positive andobstacleswere overcome. Eventually thesetwo to say thatonthewhole, relations ‘I thinkitisimportant thetwo between society.’ British harmony withmodern successful integration andproof culture thatMuslim canlive successfullyin British-Yemeni are community remembered for have whatthey contributed: ‘Fortunately, we are now inapositionto settherecord straightandensure the Global Migrants, Local Culture –Natives andNewcomers inProvincial Shields England1841-1939which isentirely aboutSouth Colour Blind? Race and Migration in North East Colour EnglandSince Blind?Race 1945 andMigration inNorth 52 42 Dave Renton andEuropean immigrants ofIrish –atraditionofintegration.experiences Shields thanelsewhere becausethere wasalready –from the19thcentury Laura Tabili their own locality and community.their own locality withstudents, withreferenceThese exploring questionsare perhaps well worth to black andAsian immigrants. militated againstany later attempts to stirupantagonismagainstsubsequent hadcreated astrong localculture century twentieth ofmutualrespect that the successfulmigration of Yemenis years to ofthe southshieldsintheearly 53 argues thatArabimmigrants were more easilyaccepted inSouth 54 argues thatthisprocess continues: Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields changing ofmigration patterns have beenaffected by location(river, coalfieldsand theSecond after World War andmore recent EUmigrants andasylumseekers. How shipbuilders; European mariners; Yemeni merchant andSomali Asians seamen;South colliersand keelmen, immigrants from Empire; theRoman andIrish Scottish When didimmigrants arrive, why andfrom where? eachofthefollowing: inturn taking B. An approach similarto withastructure thelayout oftheexam specification, fromstories theirinterrogation ofsources. when to give to read studentstext andwhento explainto them or to letthemelicit Decide inthebuiltenvironment.evidence ofthepack. thebasicframework Keep why migrations andevents happenedandassessingthevalueofsources, including A. An approach focused for onthekey theexam: skills Here are three ofmany possibleapproaches. Planning thecourse A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History and onthemerchant ships andhow farmigrant labourcreated thetown’s wealth). inthecoalfields andshipyards (labourhistory Economic impact migration history? What was theirimpact? town today? how faritiscommemorated andrecorded. isthereWhat evidence oftheevent inthe the town Consider how context. andinitshistorical significant theevent wasand locate eachevent bothphysically in ofthepack, events atthestart timeline ofkey What were thekey events Shields? inthemigration ofSouth history suggest deeperlocaldivisionsorwere theresult ofotherfactors. andtheircauses, Damriots andwhetherthey butchers andtheMill on German responses by thereceiving populationandby theauthorities. Afocus ontheattacks households, mixed diverse marriages, communitiesinLaygate). Positive andnegative seamenlivinginBritish-headed andintegrationin EastHolborn) (19thcentury Shields’s reputation for beingwelcoming. Evidence ofsegregation (eg Yemenis How were they received by thesettledpopulation? Dam,Laygate, Mill Road). Arbeia, Ocean andachanging ofwork sea), availability economy. remainsWhat visible evidence (eg To Shieldsbeenshapedby hasSouth its whatextent Consideration ofSouth An overview including An overview understandinghow and Usingthe 43

or themore recent offood impact culture through restaurants). How muchofSouth ofthetown’simpact andculture society onimmigrants (eg through mixed marriages ofmigration onthetown –boththeimpact andthe andculturalimpact Social C. Amore holistic, creative, approach. project-based themes. questionsfrom Usesomeofthepractice thepack. from text thispackthatreflectthese sourcesnarrative. andexplanatory Select ratherthanastepThis allows by amore step chronological thematic overview Shields today isshapedby migration inthepast? judge thevalueofsources. Suggested examples: give themcreative challengesthatwillforce themto and studydeeplyandto select then withstudentsto give themabasicframework, pointsofthehistory key sharing • • • • • • • and why. anddecidewhere would multicultural community they putthememorial Students design to themigrants amemorial to Shieldsandits South 120 tillnow, anddefend theirchoice. over from thewholeperiod ofthestory aspects thinktellthat they key Students have numberofsources arestricted to (five, select perhaps?) eachofthefour questionslisted in(B)above. from material thepackforStudents select address anexhibitioninwhichthey focusing dates: 120,1245,1848,1894,1919,1930,1977…etc. onkey Shields, ofSouth play ascripted telling thestory andperform Students write period. a particular studies create a5minute filmhistory, eachgroup ofstudentsfocusing on andpossiblyclipsfoundUsing stillphotos andsources online, inthepack, place for immigrants to settleandfitin. itsreputation asaneasy Shieldsdeserves question, suchaswhetherSouth Two opposingteams prepare for evidence adebate onanunderlying migration andmulticulturalhistory. Students create guidebookthatfocuses Shieldstourist aSouth onits Spendacoupleoflessons Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017

South Shields reach. over theRiver Tyne. canbetold stories are locationsatwhichkey withineasy Several meetingspacesaswell asacafé.several bookable The top floorhaspanoramicviews archive andhas centre andlocalhistory for wordart thespoken housesthelibrary minutes’ walkwest from ShieldsMetro station. South This brandnew, state ofthe an hour. placewould be agoodstarting Onarrival, The Word Square, afew inMarket upon Tyne lessthan half regulartakes Central andthejourney Station:trainsare very you canvisit,however,If easyto reach by Metro Shieldsisvery from South Newcastle Road.along Ocean were attacked, thelocationof Yemeni mosqueortheBangladeshirestaurants occupationinstreet thestreetsRoman namesnear Arbeia, shops where German studentscould discover for themselves,Streetview: for example, thereferences to visitto theplaceshighlighted. a virtual This canbeeasilymanagedusingGoogle visitmay beimpossibleforAn actual mostschools, inwhichcasewe recommend Visiting Shields South A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History • Exit The Word Square. andgatherinMarket • From Square and Street thestation,walkwest to upKing Market The Word. trip Shorter a schoolgroup to imagine thescene. though theshopbuildings ofthetimenolongerremain. There islotsofspacefor at thecentre, asitwaswhenSeitz’s butcher’s pork in1915, shop wasattacked Square isstillthe samelarge openspace withits18thcentury Market Town Hall mapswhichcanbeboughtintheground floorbookshop.survey migrants, withtheoldordnance theview andScottish comparing perhaps Irish Square, offersMarket theminesandshipyards achanceto describe thatdrew were, andgasworks where theformer west colliery over the Tyne andeastover The from panoramicview thetop floorof The Word, southover Asda to looking 44 Walk Dam(5minsfrom to Mill The Word). no timefor Street thebeach,walkfrom down Baring backtoRoad. thefort Ocean beach to unwind. From there thebeachitisa20minute walkbackto is thestation.If From Lawe Top Park you Marine to takes the apleasantwalkdownhill through North • walk upLawe to Road Lawe Top (10mins). lunches(or Park, then takeaway foodEat packed Marine from inSouth Road) Ocean • (10minswalk). Road Ocean Street Square andwalkbackdown pastthestationto King join to Market Return • closed during thewinter.closed during is as well house. asthefullyreconstructed west It gate, andcourtyard barrack visitingfor containingmonumentstowell thegalleries worth Victor andRegina period. ofmigrants Fort theRoman mins) to during Arbeia for thestory is The fort At Lawe Top ofwhere intheview the take Tyne andwalk(2 Sea meetstheNorth upthehill. red converted church brick further Cultural Association’s ina mosqueandtheBaitulMa’mur SunniJame-e-Masjid Streethouses inthecountry, whileBaring hastheBangladeshMuslim to theleft haswhatisclaimedto Road bethelongeststretchOcean ofBangladeshicurry happened here. Tyne: for that ofthe1919 and 1930riots telling theblow-by-blow perfect story There isalarge traffic-free spaceonthequay sidewithanexcellent ofthe view original buildings, whileCustom centre. Houseisnow arestaurant andarts stretch Damdescendingfrom Commercial ofMill The stillhasthe short Road Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields • you totakes theLaygate area. andHolborn From Dama15minute walk–or5minute drive-southdown Mill Commercial Road Longer ifyou trip– alsopossible have transport Dam. themfromfinally collect nearMill well,this would asyour very work coach coulddrop studentsoffatLawe Top and fromthe view The youWord, have Dam.If your Square own andMill transport Market Street thenheaddown Baring towards fort, the Roman thecentre, thenheadingfor moreAnother alternative atLawe thatmakes chronological senseisto start Top and Chronological itinerary A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History the Rose andCrownthe Rose pub:therest isdesolate. residential corner. As for allthatremains thenoiseandbustleofEastHolborn, is Square, atthecentre ofthe1930sslumclearancecontroversy, is aquiet remains ofBrunswickStreet. Frederick Street retains its row ofshops. Cornwallis mosque in1977. The boarding lastremaining housestillstandsonwhat Arab-run around themonumentto lostLaygate, of tell thestory King’s’‘The visitto the bridge, station,church housing –allnow gone. andtightlypacked Standing housing estates) withphotos from showing therailway the1950sorearlier remain. OnLaygate, (new Mosque compare thesurroundings oftheAlAzhar Laygate have andHolborn beenalmostentirely redeveloped, butafew sights 45 Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields Tyne –usefulfor andthe ofthefort Sea Aerial views showing itsrelationship to theNorth https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TTsyWx1IVU Fort Roman –aoneminuteArbeia introduction Videos asasubstitute) Maps Shields(or Google OS mapofSouth A goodcurrent large-scale Shields. (1895) of Shields(1895and1913)Mouth mapsofSouth Old Ordnance Survey Tyne Shieldsfrom1856 mapofSouth Maps Recommended resources A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History theyemeniproject.org.uk/4/8/the-boarding-houses.html onthe andmixedcommunity marriages Yemeni Project website at 1992filmby There isashort Tom giving anexcellent senseofthe McGorrian Yemeni excellent onthe sections Yemeni community: The BBC’s Britannia Mixed watch?v=TyuCjCG9uqg ‘Little Ireland’ migrants to Jarrow ofIrish –thestory • • • • • 56:31 to 57:00onbeingan ‘Arab Geordie’ 44:42 to 46:12onculturalandreligious inmixed practices marriages thewars 19:30 to between 21:10onmixed marriages 07:00 to 11:30ontheFirst World War andthe1919riot Kaier withdescendants Maureen andNorman house andaninterview 04:00 to 07:00onthe Yemeni seamenwithavisitto aremaining boarding https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TTsyWx1IVU www.alangodfreymaps.co.uk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTOSFKs_JpQ www.victoriantownmaps.co.uk . These are alsoonsaleat The Word, South

https://www.youtube.com/

; Godfrey Edition http://www.

with 46 com/watch?v=1X_tDCLudN8 Ali’sMuhammad visitthatcanbe usedto introduce thestory A oneminute trailerfor Tina Gharavi’s 2008film Shieldsabout ofSouth The King Holborn area 20thcentury.Holborn in theearly watch?v=tUEwZJwOG5A withsubtitles andthe1930riot, community from theBBC’sAn extract ofthe Coast inwhichNeilOliver tells thestory Yemeni David Campbell’s ofLaygate peopleLaygate ofportraits series including: Stories David Campbell andPeter Fryer’s Boarding House’‘The Parliament. Leyla on Al-Sayyadi life‘My asa Yemeni intheUK’ in ‘Your OurHistory’ from Story UK of and work Yemeni seafarers. Yemenis whomethim,aswell andthelives asbackground aboutthecommunity withhimatthetime, by hisdaughter contributions andbyShields South interview bridgeandtunnelproductions.com/ watch?v=2dWeK8QJ4KU • • • • watch?v=xbfoPUjJ_FE Sheena whosefathercamefrom Afghanistan Bangladeshi Dudu Yemeni Yusef migrant PatrickIrish https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5jPjHJkl3Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltUQH71T-Hk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haatKxRGkJE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TnoXj7dWmM –anexcellent filmaboutthe Yemeni community. . This includesmany archive photos giving a senseofthe

. The full40minute filmcanbeordered from . As well asarchive filmofAli’s visititincludesan https://www.youtube.com/ https://www.youtube.com/ https://www.youtube.com/ https://www.youtube.

Teachers’ Guide

http://

© OCR 2017 South Shields photos. excellent resource ofthe for thehistory Yemeni withawealth ofarchive community Leyla Al-Sayyadi’s Yemeni project culturalinstitute/beta/exhibit/the-kuch-family-on-tyneside/wRbfNEo3 tyneside/wRbfNEo3 https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/exhibit/the-kuch-family-on- Two oftheKuchfamilyat usefulwebsites butchers are about German thestory and Victor are available online. Emperor andhissons. Severus Septimius Many photos ofthetombstones ofRegina arbeiaromanfort.org.uk/learning/resources website: fort Arbeia Websites A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History ly/1M0C2A5 guide whichcanbedownloaded asaPDF. canbeaccessedat It inyour area,migration theRunnymede history Trust have provided afree online outyour own localstudyof you wantto supplementthiscoursebyIf carrying http://www.southtynesidehistory.co.uk/ There isawealth photos ofhistoric available onlinefrom South Tyneside Council at https://arbeiaromanfort.org.uk/ anda Shields Gazette http://www.theyemeniproject.org.uk/

article at article . Pack of Atells thegruesome story https://www.google.com/ withresource packsat http://bit. isan

https:// 47 Cooter, (2005) Roger availableBooks for teachers interested indiggingdeeper of EnglandduringtheEarly Twentieth Century Lawless, RichardI.(1995) Society) Gibbons, Sue(2001) Newcastle 1840-1880 England 1841-1939 Tabili, Laura (2011) Britain 1836-2012 Siddique (2014) Mohammad Seddon, Renton, Dave (2007) Shields Yemeni Sailors Nabil, Youssef &Gharavi, Tina (2013) whichisentirely Shields aboutSouth Global Migrants, Local Culture –Natives andNewcomers inProvincial German PorkGerman ButchersinBritain Colour Blind? Race and Migration in North EastColour EnglandSince Blind?Race 1945 andMigration inNorth – very accessiblefor students –very When PaddyWhen and MetGeordie –The Durham IrishinCounty From Ta’izz toTyneside Arab –An intheNorth-East Community Last of the Dictionary Men – Stories from the South Men–Storiesfrom theSouth Last oftheDictionary The Last oftheLascars –Yemeni Muslimsin

(Anglo-German Family (Anglo-German History Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 South Shields Renton, David (2006) ISBN: 9780582493346 McCord, N.& Thompson, R.(1998) McCord, MacDermott, T. P. (1977) Irish Workers on ‘The Tyneside inthe19thcentury’ in Twentieth Century Lawless, R.I.(2007) 9780745330723 Fryer, P. (1984) Collins, Sydney F(1952) Bibliography andDVD used ofotherbooks, articles A(ExplainingtheModern World) GCSE (9–1)History 9780349138800 Winder, R.(2004) &Kelly, Gary Wilkinson, Tom (2009) Ellen(1939): Wilkinson, 9780745313733 Visram, R.(2002) Tyne & Wear Archives andMuseums, in Inter-War Britain’ inAhmed&Mukherjee, Tabili, Laura (2012): ‘Ghulam Rasul’s Travels: andResistance Recolonization Migration, Prudhoe, Anthony (1994) Essays inTyneside Labour History Staying Power ofBlackPeople -The History inBritain. Asians inBritain–400YearsAsians ofHistory. Bloody Foreigners ofImmigration –The Story toBritain. ReligionandPolitics amongArab Seafarers inBritaintheEarly Hostility orwelcome? East SinceHostility 1945 Migration to theNorth The Town thatwas Murdered. ‘Moslem’ and‘Negro’ Groupings onTyneside The IrishinJarrow The Northern Counties from AD1000. The Northern Little Ireland Arbeia RomanFort andMuseum Arbeia –NEGroup for thestudyofLabourHistory

South Asian resistances Asian inBritain1858-1947 South (DVD) Ltd.Victor Gollancz Pluto Press. ISBN: Pluto press. ISBN: ISBN: Longman.

48 All photographs notcredited were by theauthorin2017. taken Photographs movement andtheregion’s economicgeography. sourcesimmigration; Creighton andSean ontheabolition for booksandprimary from her migrants; Leyla andGerman and for Al-Sayyadi onIrish materials Library History The authorisespeciallygrateful ofSouth to Galt Catrin Tyneside Local andFamily Thanks Yemeni Project Apna Ghar Apna for a clearer understanding of late twentieth century South Asian South for aclearer understandingoflate century twentieth for adeeperinsightinto the Yemeni Shahida Ali community; Teachers’ Guide

© OCR 2017 The small print OCR Resources: www.ocr.org.uk/expression-of-interest Expression ofInterest form whichcanbefound here: organisation, you canrequest more information by completingthe are switching from considering your current provider/awarding Whether you already offer OCRqualifications, are to new OCR, or ‘Send’. Thank you. up pleaseaddadditionalcommentsifyou wishandthenjustclick that ourresources for work you. When theemailtemplate pops onthe clicking ‘Like’ or ‘Dislike’ button you canhelpusto ensure We’d your ontheresources view to know like we produce. By [email protected] resources ofourqualifications: we delivery offer to support Please getintouch ifyou of wantto discusstheaccessibility org.uk page 34are credited to the Yemeni Project, from LaygateQuotes in8.11,8.13andthepoemextract Laneon Square down andSquare up:alexwhite/Shutterstock.com theuseoffollowingOCR acknowledges content: [email protected] the specificationandaresource usat: pleasecontact between you ofthechanges. donoticeadiscrepancy If summary document, there version willbeanew numberindicated, anda are madeto specificationsthesewillbeindicated withinthe information onthelatest specification atalltimes. Where changes andthespecification,thereforepublished support pleaseusethe to checkalldocuments, there between may becontradictions Our documentsare updated over time. ismade effort Whilst every astheoriginator ofthiswork. acknowledged remain andOCRis the OCRlogoandthissmallprint intact This resource may befreely copiedanddistributed, aslong OCR website to ensure you have themostupto date version. We update ourresources onaregular basis, sopleasecheckthe responsible for any errors oromissionswithintheseresources. ofthecontent,to OCRcannotbeheld ensure theaccuracy method thatisrequired by ismade OCR. effort Whilst every qualifications, butinnoway constitute anendorsedteaching OCR’s resources ofOCR are thedelivery provided to support . Permission for usehasbeensoughtasofdate ofpublication. the smallprint . info@theyemeniproject.

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