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Te Rt Ia Ry Continental Deposits of Nort H We Stern Pakistan and Remarks On Joseph J.M. L e i n d e r s 1, Mohammad A r if2, Hans de Bruijn3, S . Taseer Hussain4 & Wilma We s s e l s 3 1 Open Unive r s i t y, H e e r l e n 2 Geological Survey of Pakistan 3 Faculty of Earth Sciences, U t re c h t 4 H ow a rd Unive r s i t y,Washington DC Te rt i a r y continental deposits of Nort h we s t e r n Pakistan and remarks on the collision betwe e n the Indian and Asian plates Leinders, J.J.M., Arif, M., De Bruijn, H., Hussain, S.T. & Wessels, W., 1999 - Tertiary continental depo- sits of Northwestern Pakistan and remarks on the collision between the Indian and Asian plates - in: R e u m e r, J.W. F. & De Vos, J. (eds.) - EL E P H A N T S H AV E A S N O R K E L! PA P E R S I N H O N O U R O F PA U L Y. SO N D A A R – DEINSEA 7: 199-213 [ISSN 0923-9308]. Published 10 December 1999 The initial docking of the Indian Subcontinent with Asia resulted in the west-to-east closure of the Tethys sea. As a consequence the oldest continental sediments were deposited in the west. This event is documented by the presence of an earliest Eocene mammalian fauna located on the westernmost edge of the Indian Subcontinent (H-GSP 300). Since this fauna has Eurasian affinities, it documents the time of contact between the continental crusts of the two plates. All other Eocene mammalian faunas known from the northern part of the Indian Plate are located more eastward, are younger in age and show local endemism. Eocene sedimentation in the northern part of the subcontinent was succeeded by a period of erosion, with sedimentation not recommencing until early Miocene, as documented by the rodent fauna from the base of the Murree Formation (locality H-GSP 116). Correspondence: Joseph J.M. Leinders, Open University of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 2960, 6401 DL Heerlen, The Netherlands; Mohammad Arif, Geological Survey of Pakistan, P.O. Box 15, Quetta, Pakistan; Hans de Bruijn & Wilma Wessels: Institute of Earth Sciences, P.O. Box 80021, 3580 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands; S. Taseer Hussain, Howard University, Department of A n a t o m y, Wa s h i n g t o n D.C. 20059, U.S.A. Keywords: Pakistan, Indian subcontinent, Siwaliks, paleobiogeopgraphy I N T RO D U C T I O N The Howard University - Geological Survey described (De Bruijn et al. 1981 and 1982, of Pakistan project (H-GSP) started the inves- Wessels et al. 1982, Thewissen et al. 1 9 8 3 , tigations in the Banda Daud Shah area (Fig. Maas et al. in prep.). The geology of the 1) in 1976. A stratigraphic section south of Kohat Quadrangle has been described by Banda Daud Shah was studied and fossil Meissner et al. (1974) and Pivnik & We l l s mammals were collected during several field (1996). Wells (1983) reported on the sedi- seasons. The sediments in this section range mentology of the Eocene redbeds near Banda in age from early Eocene to late Miocene. Daud Shah. D i fferent faunal assemblages have either been 199 ELEPHANTS HAVE A SNORKEL! DEINSEA 7, 1999 The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the village of Banda Daud Shah (Figs. 1 and the reconstruction of the geological and pale- 2), Kohat, Northwest Frontier Province ontological history of the northern rim of the ( N . W. F.P). The southern limb of the anticline Indian plate during the Eocene-Miocene just south of Banda Daud Shah dips towards interval. This is achieved by studying a sec- SSE at an angle of about 60 degrees. tion which is located in the southern part of H o w e v e r, the dip of the beds increases and an eastward plunging anticline just south of eventually they are overturned toward the Figure 1 Geological sketch-map of the area south of Banda Daud Shah. 200 LEINDERS et al.: continental deposits of Northwestern Pakistan west. The sediments in the core of the anti- Barbara Banda I is about 55 m below the cline have been deformed tectonically, espe- contact between the Mami Khel Clay and the cially in the overturned part of the anticline. overlying Kohat Formation. The Barbara We are aware of the fact that formation Banda (I and II) locality has yielded the fol- names of various lithostratigraphic units of lowing taxa: the Siwalik Group should not be used outside the type areas. Since it is beyond the scope of R o d e n t i a this paper to review the lithostratigraphy of C o c o m y i d a e the Kohat Quadrangle, we will use the same gen. indet., sp. I and II lithostratigraphic names as suggested by P a r a m y i d a e Meissner et al. ( 1 9 7 4 ) . gen. and sp. indet. E O C E N E A r t i o d a c t y l a The continental redbeds exposed in the core D i c h o b u n i d a e of the Banda Daud Shah anticline were map- Diacodexis pakistanensis TH E W I S S E N et al. 1 9 8 3 ped as the Mami Khel Clays by Meissner e t a l . (1974). Wells (1983) considered the Mami P r i m a t e s Khel Clays as part of the Kuldana Formation O m o m y i d a e representing the same regressive phase as the K o h a t i u s sp. RU S S E L L & GI N G E R I C H 1 9 8 7 ‘ c l a s s i c ’ Eocene mammal bearing deposits in the Kala Chitta Hills, west of Rawalpindi (see P e r i s s o d a c t y l a also Dehm & zu Oetingen-Spielberg 1958, A new Isectolophid Tapiroid, MA A S et al. in prep Hussain et al. 1978 and West 1980). Pivnik & Wells (1996) grouped the Mami Kehl Clays The following suggestions are made based on and the Kuldana Formation in a new litho- the fauna: stratigraphic unit: the Mami Khel Formation, 1 Diacodexis pakistanensis is the smallest with a synchronous age throughout the Kohat and most primitive artiodactyl yet known. It - Rawalindi area (late early Eocene). T h e retains a clavicle, has five complete digits in Mami Khel Clay in the Banda Daud Shah the manus and four in the pes and it is digiti- area consists mainly of a brownish-red to red grade (Thewissen et al. 1983, Thewissen & coloured silty clay sequence with intercalat- Hussain 1990). ions of thin sandy channels containing cal- 2 The Perissodactyl from Barbara Banda is crete nodules. Wells (1983) reported that the the most primitive tapiromorph known from Kuldana Formation consists of about 95% red the Indian subcontinent (Maas et al. in prep.). mudstone and 5% channel sands. The presen- 3 The rodent material from Barbara Banda ce of numerous calcrete nodule beds and the indicates the presence of a relatively diverse absence of coarse clastics in the Mami Khel fauna, with representatives of the Paramyidae Clay (as well as in the Kuldana Formation in and the Ctenodactyloidea. The latter group the Kala Chitta Hills) indicates the presence probably is ancestral to the Chapattimyidae of extensive and flat floodplains. (De Bruijn et al. 1982), which are reported from the Eocene deposits near Chorlakki Two localities with vertebrate fossils have ( H a r t e n b e rge r 1982 and Gingerich et al. been reported from the Mami Khel Clay, 1979) and Kala Chitta (Hussain et al. 1 9 7 8 ) . south of Banda Daud Shah: Barbara Banda I The comparison of a very primitive (code indication H-GSP 300) and II (De Ctenodactyloid from Barbara Banda with an Bruijn et al. 1982, Thewissen et al. 1 9 8 3 ) . unpublished association of Chapattimyidae The thickness of the redbeds near Mami Khel from a locality near the base of the Kuldana is about 130 m (Meissner et al. 1 9 7 4 ) . Formation at the Jhalar section in the Kala 201 ELEPHANTS HAVE A SNORKEL! DEINSEA 7, 1999 Figure 2 Diagrammatic section of the Te r t i a r y sediments near Banda daud Shah (after Meisssner et al. 1 9 7 4 ) . The fossil localities are plotted by us. 202 LEINDERS et al.: continental deposits of Northwestern Pakistan Chitta Hills (loc. H-GSP 223) suggests that These emersion horizons consist partly of the former locality is much older than the thin gypsum beds and some major lignite l a t t e r. The association from locality H-GSP intervals. Generally, the Kuldana deposits in 223 is quite similar to the one described the Kala Chitta area consist of thick mudsto- from locality H-GSP 144 in the Kala Chitta nes with intercalations of thin sandy chan- area (Hussain et al. 1978), but very diff e r e n t nels and thin bedded lacustrine limestones from that of Barbara Banda. containing abundant P l a n o r b i s . The upper part of the shallow marine sediments mainly We consider the Barbara Banda fauna to consists of thick marls (about 200 meters) represent the early part of the early Eocene with abundant Foraminifera.
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