DIDACTIC COLLECTION ON

A Selection for the inaugural 2016 Exhibit Columbus Symposium, "Foundations and Futures" DIDACTIC III Collection on Exhibit Columbus A selection for the inaugural 2016 Exhibit Columbus Symposium, "Foundations and Futures"

At Exhibit Columbus we are thrilled to partner with PRINTtEXT to produce this is- sue of Didactic. I hope that you’ll read through these pages with thoughtful attention, as each word was written and each page designed with the same kind of intentionali- ty that has made Columbus, an internationally recognized city for its pursuit of good design. Enrique has written perceptive histories of the nine sites we’ve select- ed to host new temporary installations next year. These installations, built to respond artistically and architecturally to each site’s unique design history, will be featured in the 2017 Exhibit Columbus exhibition. Amy and Matt’s articles show what Colum- bus has meant to them from a personal perspective. All of this work snaps into clari- ty with the beautiful images of Hadley Fruits. I hope you enjoy this issue—and make plans to attend the inaugural symposium, “Foundations and Futures,” Sept 29 - Oct 1.

—Richard McCoy, Director,

Creative Directors / Editors: Janneane & Benjamin Blevins Published by: PRINTtEXT Photography: Hadley Fruits Features Editor: Eleanor Rust

Contributors: Enrique Ramirez “A Home in The Modern World: Sites & Histories of Columbus, Indiana” 2 Site One: First Christian Church (1942) 3 Site Two: (1954) 6 Site Three: Bartholomew County Public Library (1969) 8 Site Four: Cummins Corporate Office Building (1984) 10 Site Five: Mill Race Park (1992) 12 Site Six: Columbus Signature Academy—Lincoln Campus (1967) 14 Site Seven: Columbus Post Office and Federal Building (1912) 18 Site Eight: Washington Street, Between First and Seventh Streets 19 Site Nine: (1964), by 22 Amy Auscherman “The Aluminum Group” 24 Matt Shaw “18 B-sides” 26 Additional Images CIAA, John Cho, Herman Miller Archives A HOME IN THE MODERN WORLD: SITES SITE ONE: FIRST CHRISTIAN AND HISTORIES OF COLUMBUS, INDIANA1 CHURCH (1942) BY SAARINEN AND

Enrique Ramirez SAARINEN

We celebrate Columbus, In- IN APPRECIATION FOR THE • Chris Cornelius of stu- gram, students from Colum- The Miller’s sponsorship of tions made to lots 23 and napolis Railroad. In 1852 fires of 1894 and 1895- re diana for its dedication to LEADERSHIP AND GENER- dio:indigenous (Milwau- bus high schools will design modern art and architecture 22 of the original 1821 plan the Jeffersonville Railroad spectively, the city purchased modern and contemporary OSITY OF kee, Wisconsin) and Eric an installation to be erected in Columbus begins with of Columbus. These sites reached Columbus via a the land next to the City Hall J. IRWIN AND XENIA MILLER architecture in the service of AND Höweler and Meejin Yoon at the Old Post Office on Eliel and Eero Saarinen’s were not linked to purchas- competing spur through Ed- and built Firehouse No. 1. improving communities. Sit- CLEMENTINE MILLER TAN- of Höweler + Yoon (Boston, the corner of Washington First Christian Church. es made by the Irwin, Jones, inburgh, and in 1866 the uated in Bartholomew Coun- GEMAN Massachusetts). Site: First and Seventh Streets. A third Completed in 1942, this el- or Mount families and were two lines merged, creating ty, about 50 miles south of THEY HAVE ENRICHED THE Christian Church (1942) program will feature a set egant, abstracted interpreta- presumably made by the the Jeffersonville, Madison , this small com- LIVES OF OUR by Saarinen and Saarinen of installations along Wash- tion of a Renaissance piazza town, which was officially & Indianapolis Railroad. munity features signature PEOPLE AND EMBELLISHED • Dwayne Oyler and Jenny ington Street that engage and campanile is situated on incorporated in 1835.3 The OUR CITY. buildings by Eliel Saarinen, Wu of Oyler Wu Collabora- emerging design galleries. Fifth Street between Frank- sites, however, are linked to A spur of the original Jeffer- Eero Saarinen, Edward Lar- “WHERE THE GOOD THINGS tive (Los Angeles, California) Indiana University students lin Street and Lafayette Av- railroad development and son, Madison & Indianapolis rabee Barnes, Kevin Roche, ARE, and Benjamin Ball and Gas- will design a site-specif- enue, directly across the subsequently to the estab- Railroad ran south through Robert Venturi, Myron Gold- THERE IS HOME.” ton Nogues of Ball-Nogues ic work at North Christian street from the Bartholomew lishment of the City Fire the site on Fifth Street, and smith, Harry Weese, Charles Studio (Los Angeles, Cali- Church under the supervi- County Public Library and Department in Columbus. a small depot was construct- Gwathmey, Robert A.M. EURIPIDES fornia). Site: Irwin Confer- sion of T. Kelly Wilson, di- diagonally across from the ed there. This area was once Stern, Deborah Berke, Car- COLUMBUS, INDIANA ence Center (1954) by Eero rector of Indiana University Irwin Home and Gardens. The site’s links to railroads known as Railroad Square los Jimenez and others. Yet MAY 26, 1984 Saarinen and Associates Center for Art and Design, This area did not officially begin as early as 1836, with and when the original depot Columbus, Indiana is not just • Sharon Johnston, Mark and Jiangwei Wu, Assistant exist when Columbus was the signing of the Internal was demolished, it became a city with a dense and rich Today the plaque can be Lee, and Jonathan Olivares Professor of Interior Design founded in 1820. But by Improvement Bill by Gov- a small public square known collection of notable midcen- found at The Commons, Fred of Johnston Marklee and Jon- at Indiana University. The 1879, the Irwin, Mount, Fin- ernor Noah Noble. One of as Commercial Park. In 1871 tury modern and postmodern Koetter and Susie Kim’s athan Olivares Design Re- sites for these programs are: ley, Sims, and Jones families the key provisions of the bill the City Council ordered the buildings. Columbus’ archi- large steel and glass-en- search (Los Angeles, Califor- had purchased many tracts of was the establishment of a construction of a small fire- tectural offerings were the re- closed public space occu- nia) and Yugon Kim of IKD • Columbus Signature land north, east, and south- railroad line from Madison house on the Park on the sult of a half-century’s worth pying the block at Fourth (Boston, Massachusetts). Academy—Lincoln Cam- east of the original 1821 plat, to Lafayette that would pass block of Fifth Street, between of innovative public-private and Washington Streets in Site: Bartholomew Coun- pus (1967), by Gun- including those that would through Columbus and Indi- Franklin and Mechanics initiatives inspired by and downtown Columbus. And ty Public Library (1969) nar Birkerts and Central eventually become the site for anapolis. The Madison-Co- Streets (now Lafayette Ave- in some cases incentivized though this plaque can be by I.M. Pei and Partners Middle School (2007), the First Christian Church. lumbus line was completed nue). It used to stand roughly by the industrialist and art used to describe the Mill- • Herwig Baumgartner and by Ralph Johnson in 1844, and by 1848 it was in the same place as the First patron J. Irwin Miller (1909- ers’ own approach to public Scott Uriu of Baumgartner for Perkins + Will. The history of the site be- called the Madison-India- Christian Church’s bell tow- 4 2004) and his wife, Xenia stewardship, it emphasizes + Uriu (Los Angeles, Cal- • Columbus Post Office and gins with a series of addi- er. After the St. Denis and Simons Miller (1917-2008). how Columbus’ innovative ifornia) and Joyce Hsiang Federal Building (1912), American Starch Company approach to art and architec- and Bimal Mendis of Plan by James Knox Taylor, J. Irwin was fond of the an- tural stewardship was linked B Architecture & Urban- Supervising Architect. cient Greek playwright Eu- to the creation of a “home ism (New Haven, Con- • Washington Street, Between ripides. Before an audience at in the modern world.” This necticut). Site: Cummins First and Seventh Streets Princeton University in 1979, is all to say that for many Corporate Office Build- • North Christian Church Miller reflected, “Americans of the signature architectur- ing (1984) by Kevin Roche (1964), by Eero Saarinen feel themselves rootless, and al masterpieces in Colum- John Dinkeloo Associates in their anxieties seek, with- bus, their importance lies as • Benjamin Aranda and Chris This publication considers out finding, a sense of home. much on their formal and ar- Lasch of Aranda\Lasch (Tus- the individual histories of There is a line in Euripides tistic innovation as on their con, Arizona and New York, these eight sites. It is worth which says, 'Where the good skillful negotiation of site. New York) and Rachel Hayes noting from the outset that things are, there is home.' Earlier this year, Exhib- (Tulsa, Oklahoma). Site: the emphasis will be on the The artist today has this great it Columbus inaugurated Mill Race Park (1992) by various social, cultural, and chance to show us what the the J. Irwin and Xenia S. Michael Van Valkenburgh architectural developments good things are, to help us Miller Prize Competition. Associates with architec- that informed the particu- find our home in the modern Ten teams of architects and ture by Stanley Saitowitz lar designs in each specif- 2 world.” City leaders invoked artists will be given the ic location. This will give the quotation from Euripid- chance to design and build Exhibit Columbus also in- readers a brief picture of es for Miller's seventy-fifth site-responsive installations cludes three additional com- the myriad collaborations birthday celebration, held at at five sites in Columbus. ponents. The first of these will between architects, artists, Mill Race Park on May 26, The teams and sites of the feature site-specific work by and the people of Columbus. 1984. The Millers were pre- 2016-17 Miller Prize are: groups of student designers sented with a plaque with from regional architectural the following inscription: schools. For the second pro- 1 I would like to thank Tricia Gilson of the Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives, Columbus historian and resident David Sechrest, Richard McCoy of Landmark Columbus, and Benjamin and Janneane Blevins of PRINTtEXT for the necessary materials and advice for writing this brief article. 2 Irwin Miller, “A Matter of Life and Death: Why It’s in Business’s Self-Interest To Support the Creative Arts,” Princeton Alumni Weekly, 12 February 1979, p. 45. 2 3 er “Mr. Booth’s architect.”10 a respect for history and tra- heighten the experiences of in elevation. The classrooms 3 Melvin Lotstutter, ed., City Fire De- partment of Columbus Indiana, 1835- She was referring to Eliel dition. This is evidenced in the space. This is especially flank a “sunken garden” that 1941, p. 3. Saarinen, who had recent- what appears to be a fairly tra- the case with the front facade occupies the western part of 4 Ibid. ly completed the Cranbrook ditional parti: a simple, rect- as well as with the sacristy the site, which once featured 5 Phil Anderson, Pioneer Railroad of the Northwest: History of the Jeffer- School and Art Academy for angular sanctuary alongside in the inside: neither lies on a reflecting pool. The “sunk- sonville, Madison, and Indianapolis the newspaper bar- a separate bell tower, evoc- the dominant axis and there- en garden” on the west of the Railroad. https://web.archive.org/ web/20040406165425/http://www. on Charles Gough Booth in ative of Romanesque basili- fore call attention to the sim- site is just that, a space of hometown.aol.com/ma393/railroad/ 1938. Although Frank Lloyd cas and Renaissance piazzas plicity and functionality of refuge that encourages both index.htm Wright had been considered and campaniles. For the First the spaces inside. Like other contemplation and explora- 6 Hugh Th. Miller, “Tabernacle Church of Christ of Columbus, Indiana: History, as well, he was deemed too Christian Church, Saarinen Saarinen projects, this too tion of the site—people were 1829-1940”, in Tabernacle Church of regional and Wisconsin-cen- clad both structures in stone was a collaborative endeav- even allowed to walk under- Christ, Columbus, Indiana. Dedication 11 Services, May 31, 1942, p. 16. Colum- tered. Saarinen was seen as and light, buffed brick. The or: Loja Saarinen designed neath the classroom. When bus Indiana Architectural Archives. a more appropriate choice bell tower features a sparse, the tapestry on the eastern viewed from across Fifth 7 Hugh Th. Miller, “Tabernacle Church because his own religious yet elegant ornamental relief wall of the interior; Charles Street, the sanctuary and bell of Christ of Columbus, Indiana: History, 1829-1940”, in Tabernacle Church of beliefs mirrored those of on its sides (similar to that Eames designed the pews. tower appear as if on a shal- Christ, Columbus, Indiana. Dedication Columbus churchgoers.12 found at Cranbrook Acade- low plinth, recognizing that Services, May 31, 1942, p. 7. Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives. Moreover, Saarinen insisted my), inspired by the finials The First Christian Church the civic importance of a reli- 8 Elise Irwin Sweeney, “Symbolism 14 that a modernist idiom was of a Jerusalem Cross. In is also unique for its negoti- gious building can sometimes of the First Christian Church”, unpub- appropriate, for the Swee- looking at the two structures, ation of site in plan and el- demand that it be literally lished manuscript, Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives. neys desired that the new the sense is of a volumetric evation. Like other signature raised above everything else, 9 Ibid. church should be modest, emphasis that does not feel projects in the city, this one if only at a modest height. 10 Ibid. 11 Balthazar Korab, Columbus, Indiana bright, and a home for any- heavy and that yet occupies involved the substantial re- (Document Press, 1989), 50. one, no matter his or her the site with a firm, resolute design of an entire city block. A substantial addition and 12 Elise Irwin Sweeney, “Symbolism stature. In Saarinen’s words, footprint. Yet this is a high- The sanctuary connects to a renovation to the classroom of the First Christian Church”, unpub- lished manuscript, Columbus Indiana ly improvisational modern- long, two-story classroom was completed by Colum- Architectural Archives. In 1871 the Pennsylvania the development of the site for their congregation. That As we compare this devel- ism, one that combines the building that hovers above bus architect Nolan Bing- 13 “‘Our Church Is People’: Building Railroad established a small year, Will G. Irwin and Lin- opment of your church with Committee’s Theme”, Columbus Indi- rational grids on the facades the site on pilotis. This is ham in 2000. The building ana Architectural Archives. subsidiary called the Penn- cannot be overstated. The nie I. Sweeney purchased 14 that of the new architectur- of the sanctuary and top of only one instance of how the was designated as a National Elise Irwin Sweeney, “Symbolism sylvania Company to pur- early religious history of Co- Commercial Park from the al thought—according to the bell tower with subtle, First Christian Church also Historic Landmark in 2002. of the First Christian Church”, unpub- chase all of the small trunk lumbus begins with the New Pennsylvania Railroad as the which your church is con- lished manuscript, Columbus Indiana asymmetrical motifs that incorporates subtle changes Architectural Archives. lines in Indiana, including Hope congregation. It was es- site for their new church.7 ceived—we find that they the stations and tracks be- tablished in 1829 to welcome The Irwins and Sweeneys are very much alike, both longing to the Jeffersonville, practitioners from the area. had long been associated as to meaning and course Madison & Indianapolis New Hope competed with with the New Hope church of development, for as your church emancipated itself Railroad. In 1890 the Jef- other congregations for wor- as well as the Christian from theology, so the new fersonville, Madison & In- shipers, the most important Church of Columbus, and architecture has freed it- dianapolis Railroad became being the Christian Church initially, they had wanted a self from traditional styles. part of the Pittsburgh, Cin- of Columbus. Members of building that would contin- And, as your church has cinnati, & St. Lou- this church met in what was ue the style made famous by been based upon the fun- is Railroad Company, which considered one of the most the Tabernacle. According to damentals of Christianity, would be purchased by the important religious buildings Elise Irwin Sweeney, Lin- so the new architectural Pennsylvania Railroad on in Indiana—L.L. Levering’s nie’s sister, they asked their thought is endeavoring to March 26, 1921 for a lease Tabernacle. Completed in nephew, J. Irwin Miller, for build upon the fundamental term of 999 years. Railroad 1879 under the guidance of advice about the church de- principles of architecture. service would decline during Z.T. Sweeney, the Tabernacle sign.8 Miller, who had been As you see then, your form the 1930s. The original Co- attracted parishioners from taking architecture courses of religion and the design of your church are spiritu- lumbus-Madison line ceased throughout the region. It was at Yale, had declared that 13 operations in 1931, and by a Gothic-inspired structure the new church should be ally related to one another. the mid-1930s most passen- with modern flourishes, per- “modern” if only for the fact ger traffic had been replaced haps inspired by the work of that there was nothing about When construction began by U.S. Mail and LCL (Less French architect and preser- their congregation that was in 1939, the old block that Than Carload) cargoes. And vationist Eugène-Emmanuel “Gothic or Early American.”9 contained Commercial Park once the United States en- Viollet-le-Duc. The church was razed and dug out to in- tered the Second World War, was even used as shelter to Irwin and Sweeney’s search stall the foundations and the many of the lines in the re- house victims from the for a modern architect initial- “sunken garden” that would gion were dedicated to mov- River Flood of 1937.6 It was ly led them to E.B. Gilchrist, dominate the site. Complet- ing materials from Camp At- around this time that the then a faculty member ed in 1942, Saarinen’s First terbury in Edinburgh and the church established a “uni- at Princeton University. Christian Church is consid- Jefferson Proving Ground, as fied” service that began with Gilchrist had to resign due ered to be first example of well as Atterbury Air Base.5 a traditional church service to health problems. Not long modern architecture in Co- followed by Bible School. after this, at a Bible Study lumbus. And like other sub- The role played by Colum- course, a woman overheard sequent “signature” projects, bus’ religious community in In 1937, the Christian Church Mrs. Sweeney’s frustrations Saarinen’s First Christian of Columbus began to con- at having to find a new archi- Church balanced its com- 4 sider building a new church tect and suggested she consid- mitment to modernism with 5 sonal interactions between on the building’s facades The site is also an impres- yond. This diagonal cut is SITE TWO: IRWIN CONFERENCE CEN- the bankers and the commu- while at the same time pre- sive example of mid-century still there, although its run TER (1954) BY EERO SAARINEN AND nity.18 The 11.5 foot-high in- senting visitors with reflect- landscape architecture: Dan into Washington Street was terior featured furniture by ed images of the surround- Kiley’s scheme ringed the interrupted by the expan- ASSOCIATES Herman Miller as well as art ing historical buildings. site with honey locust and sion and renovation of the and graphic work by Alexan- other flora, a move that not three-story Irwin Office As with the other sites des- involved the design of a der Girard, all contributing to The redesign of the sur- only turned the old Griffith Building by Kevin Roche ignated as part of the in- modern building that also a pleasant and inviting bank rounding site offers more “quarter-block” into an ur- John Dinkeloo and Associ- augural J. Irwin and Xenia displayed sensitivity to the interior. The nine concrete insight as to how Saarinen ban park, but also provided ates in 1969 and by Colum- Miller Prize, the original site historical context of the site. cupolas diffused the lighting accommodated a modern an elegant transition between bus architect Todd Williams of Saarinen’s Irwin Confer- Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s emanating from gold-plat- vocabulary along with sen- the older urban and historical in 2012. Cummins even- ence Center on the northwest buildings at the Illinois In- ed reflectors, thus bathing sitivity to the history of Co- surroundings and the mod- tually purchased the Irwin corner of Fifth and Wash- stitute of Technology were the interior spaces with a lumbus. The new bank com- ern interiors of the bank. The Conference Center, which ington Streets was not part certainly in Saarinen’s mind. “golden sunlight.”19 Floor- prised several structures and most obvious nod to the his- was designated as a National of the original 1821 plat of Yet this kind of energetic to-ceiling bamboo shades an all-important landscape tory of the site occurs at the Historic Landmark in 2000. Columbus. At that time, the modernism was not deemed helped maintain this gilded intervention. In addition to north end, where the edge of only designated purchas- appropriate for Columbus. light while preventing heat the pavilion-like glass build- the three-story building ap- 18 Columbus Area Visitors’ Center, A es on the block of Harrison Mies’ buildings, with clear, Look At Modern Architecture and Art: gain caused by the full sun. ing on the northwest corner pears to have a diagonal cut. Columbus, Indiana (Columbus, Indi- (now Fifth) and Washing- cubic forms wrought from And similarly, the 4.5 foot- of Fifth and Washington, This is a reminder of the old ana: 2012), 22. ton Streets were Lots 222 glass and steel, showed an wide overhang effectively there was a basement for Jeffersonville, Madison & 19 “No Trace of the Conventional in Glass and Brick Building,” The Repub- and 221 (now corresponding Laundry. An alley separated a barbershop, saloon, and abstracted modernism that prevented harsh reflections vaults and offices (accessi- Indianapolis Railroad that lic, 9 March 1955. Columbus Indiana with the northeast corner of the quarter-block from the J.F. Edwards’ tailor shop. did not seem to respond to ble via a “floating” steel- and ran its southeasterly course Architectural Archives. 20 Jackson and Fifth Streets) adjacent western lot, where a the immediate urban context. Ibid. Columbus Area Visitors’ Center, concrete-staircase) and to the through the Cerealine Mill, A Look At Modern Architecture and and Lot 160 (the southeast flour elevator and grain house This area of downtown is also Saarinen was concerned that north, the three-story Irwin Commercial Park, and be- Art: Columbus, Indiana (Columbus, corner of Jackson and Fifth). was erected. Next to this, important to the history of his own proposed building, Office Building connected to Indiana: 2012), 22. on the corner of Fifth and Columbus’ financial institu- a one-story square pavilion the pavilion with a network Subsequent atlases and maps Jackson Streets, were facili- tions. The Griffith Brothers’ with floor-to-ceiling win- of pneumatic tubes and to the reveal further developments ties for the painting and ser- Bank reorganized as the First dows and a flat, cornice-like west, one of the first drive- to the area, which eventually vicing of carriages. Reeves National Bank in 1865 and overhang, would show too up teller windows (later re- became the city’s main com- and Cooley established an opened up their first office much of a deference to Mies’ placed with remote lanes).20 mercial corridor. The 1879 automobile dealership there in a small brick house on the work while making the sur- Atlas of Bartholomew Coun- in 1923. This eventually corner of Third and Wash- rounding buildings look ty shows that the site rested became the Reeves Auto ington Streets. In 1866, the “shoddy.”16 If the design and in the middle of several addi- Company and subsequent- bank moved to the southeast planning of the site surround- tions by the Doup, Sims, Fin- ly, Harrison Motors in 1950. corner of Fourth and Wash- ing First Christian Church ley, Irwin, Jones and Mounts ington Streets and remained showed the influence of Ital- families. The southeast por- Other buildings in this area there until 1875. Joseph I. ian piazzas, here Saarinen tion of the block bounded merit special attention. The Irwin established Irwin’s looked to the “little green by Fifth, Sixth, Washington, building on the northeast Bank at 301 Washington plazas which pleasantly dot- and Jackson Streets was pur- corner of Fifth and Wash- Street. In 1928, Union Trust ted the city of Seville.”17 chased by the Griffith family ington is also important to purchased the St. Denis Ho- and typically known as the the history of the site. This tel and subsequently merged And like his father’s ratio- “Griffith quarter-block.” The was the Republican Printing with Irwin’s Bank to form nale for the design of the Pennsylvania Company Rail- Office and Bookbindery, a the Irwin-Union Trust Com- First Christian Church, Eero road line (formerly the Jef- building known for decades pany. The tower atop the St. Saarinen believed that a ferson, Madison & Indianap- because of its awkward ap- Denis was removed later that modern bank was needed be- olis Railroad) ran diagonally pearance—its southwest cor- year, and the Irwin-Union cause it served the needs of through the quarter-block, ner appeared to be lopped Trust Company remained the community while stay- and a small spur deviat- off, a visual reminder of the there until the 1950s. ing true to “new architectural ed south into a small pump diagonal railroad line that thought.” Saarinen’s building house that stood on the cor- once crossed the street at this A four-year long planning was the first open-planned ner of Fifth and Washington. point. This eventually be- and construction project be- bank in the United States, a Griffith’s offices originally came a diner and snack shop. gan in 1951 to renovate the gesture that not only showed occupied this part, and in lat- The St. Denis Hotel was Griffith “quarter-block” on the influence of Mies’ ideas er years the old Hooks drug built on the southwest corner the northwest corner of Fifth about space-planning, but store and a shoe store occu- of Fifth and Washington, di- and Washington as the new was also deemed necessary pied were built there. Even- rectly across from the Grif- home for the Irwin-Union for bank customers. Gone tually, this building housed fith “quarter-block.” Until Trust Bank (now the Irwin are the bank teller’s “cages” the Donner and Rominger 1910, several different busi- Conference Center).15 As typical of American banks, Mill Company and a Western nesses occupied the bottom with First Christian Church, here replaced with counters Union, as well as the May floors of the hotel, including Eero Saarinen’s scheme that encouraged more per- 15 “Move To Be Made Without Interruption in Business of Bank,” The Republic, 3 March 1955. Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives. 16 “Architect’s Statement About The Irwin-Union Trust,” November 22, 1954, Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives. 17 Ibid. 6 7 space in the north, with a es on the facade of Pei’s li- SITE THREE: BARTHOLOMEW COUN- covered glass pavilion (simi- brary are gently rhythmic. TY PUBLIC LIBRARY (1969) BY I.M. lar to Kevin Roche John Din- keloo Associates’ addition The dialogue between Pei’s PEI AND PARTNERS to the Irwin Office Build- library and Saarinen’s church ing) that eases the transition relies on what is perhaps the The site for the current Bar- ly became the Bartholomew between the old and new. site’s most memorable fea- tholomew County Public County Library. Cleo Rogers ture: Henry Moore’s Large Library was not included in became the Assistant Librar- Pei’s design for the library Arch . Modeled the original 1821 plat. Its or- ian in 1927 and served as and site creates a pleasant di- after a similar arch in the igins, however, can be linked Director from 1936 to 1964. alogue with the First Chris- courtyard at the Museum of to a subsequent land pur- tian Church. This is at once Modern Art in New York and chase by the Irwin, Jones, Gaddis’ original library was evident, for example, in the built in Germany, Moore’s and Mount families. Accord- a Beaux-Arts building with a asymmetrical orientation of sculpture sits upon a gen- ing to the 1879 Atlas of Bar- rectangular plan built on the windows on the facade of the tly elevated, round shaped tholomew County, lots 63, corner of Fifth and Mechan- Bartholomew County Public plinth that echoes the circu- 64, 71, and 72 correspond ics Streets. It had a stone Library. They complement lar entrance of the old Car- to the current location of the exterior, with double-height the asymmetrical flourishes negie Library. The form is library, directly south of the windows on the south and sue; all looked at the solution as a unit of “Garden Apart- on the facade of Saarinen’s bold and dynamic. Stand- Tabernacle which was com- east facades to light the read- in terms of a new master plan ments for Elderly People” church. Moreover, whereas ing on the northeast side of pleted on Lot 70 in 1879. ing and circulation rooms for the block between Frank- directly south of it. This too the brickwork on the First it, it acts as a “keyhole” that inside. Though generally lin and Lafayette Streets and would be abandoned, as it Christian Church is meticu- frames Saarinen’s bell tower Until the construction of the rectangular, the main feature Fifth and Sixth Streets. Law- would have required the raz- lous, the Flemish scheme on across the street, yet another first library in 1902-03, the of the building was a curved rence V. Sheridan’s proposal ing of homes to make room Pei’s library appears rougher instance where art and archi- most significant building on facade on the southeast cor- for Civic and Cultural Cen- for this building as well as a and yet maintains the integ- tecture are in true concert. the site was the John Vaw- ner. This had several import- ter, for example, would have large parking lot south of it. rity and purity of the build- Viewed from the southwest ter Storey House, built from Storey House faced south $15,000 Carnegie grant to ant functions. First, it served turned the Storey House into From these proposals, it is ing’s form. Here then are side, the sculpture appears 1862-4 by Columbus archi- towards Commercial Park, build a library, which was as a transition between the a “Municipal Building, Au- clear that Pei’s master plan two instances where material to frame the Irwin mansion. tect James Parkinson. Storey now the site of Saarinen and finally completed in 1903 south and east facades. The ditorium, and Library,” and sought to redirect traffic in flourishes appear wildly dif- All of this was intentional, as was a prominent business- Saarinen’s First Christian on Lot 72 on the corner of latter of these was more or- razed Gaddis’ library to cre- the area. This is especially ferent, yet provide the same Pei’s master plan for the site man in the community who Church. As part of the con- Fifth and Mechanics (now nate, with arched windows ate a large parking lot. When evident in a substantial curb aesthetic effect. Similarly, always privileged sightlines arrived in Columbus and es- struction of the Bartholomew Lafayette) Street, next to a that faced the Irwin mansion I.M. Pei was selected to build cut suggested at the corner these two public buildings that called attention to—and tablished one of its first drug- County Public Library, the Ir- small park on the north side across the street. Second, a new library on the site in of Sixth and Pearl Streets—a are each elevated on plinths, yet never overwhelmed—the stores. He also built a mill on win-Sweeney Family Foun- of the lot. The city hired Vin- it turned the southeast cor- 1963, his proposal not only means to steer vehicular traf- and indeed, one can imag- First Christian Church. The the corner diagonally across dation purchased the house. cennes-based architect J.W. ner into a public gathering included a brand-new build- fic away from the Irwin Home ine people flowing from the circular plinth and driveway his home. It burned down The Foundation hired Bruce Gaddis for the design of the space. And third, the circular ing to accommodate an ev- and Gardens—which would steps of Pei’s library into surrounding Moore’s Large in the 1880s and the current Adams to renovate it, and Carnegie Library, with the steps that emanated from the er-increasing number of pa- then ease into a northward those of Saarinen’s church Arch act as a visual pivot City Hall was erected in its the Storey House became firm of Coats and Perkinson southeast facade became an trons and volumes, but also turn into Lafayette Street. and vice-versa, as if the area that orient views toward the place. The Storey House was the Visitors Center in 1973. as contractors. The interi- important point of reference featured a master plan that of Fifth Street between both old city hall on the corner of erected on Lot 63, on the The expansion, completed ors were designed by Hugh for the subsequent master would create a single Library The Bartholomew Coun- buildings were a true urban Fifth and Franklin as well 22 corner of Fifth and Frank- by Kevin Roche in 1995, ex- Range. The Carnegie Li- plan that would incorporate Plaza from the adjacent lots. ty Public Library (former- plaza. And though both build- the tree-lined Irwin Gardens. lin Streets. It is a two-story tends northwards towards the brary was originally desig- the current Bartholomew ly the Cleo Rogers Memo- ings are oriented differently, In other words, the site re- brick house arranged into old Lot 55 of the 1821 plat. nated to serve Columbus, and County Public Library. The corner of Fifth and La- rial Library) occupies the they nevertheless emphasize lies on art and architecture three bays. The middle of in 1922 it became the main fayette—the site of the old northern part of the site. It their particular modularity: to provide a panoramic view these culminates in a pitched The history of libraries in library for Bartholomew After the Second World Carnegie Library—became is a two-story structure with whereas the grid on the First of the history of Columbus. gable that frames a glazed Columbus begins in 1899 County. After the passage War and during the 1950s, the focus of Pei’s master double-height interior spac- Christian Church’s facade roundel and three Gothic when officials designated of the 1947 Indiana Library it became clear that Gaddis’ plan. As the original site es. Its bold cubic forms are is a reminder of the orderly windows below—a flourish two rooms in the Columbus Law, the library became fi- library was unable to ac- plans show, this would be tempered by some signature planning of religious archi- 21 “More Than You Ever Need To Know that anticipates the design of City building for the storage nancially independent from commodate the demands of but one part of a substantial touches, as in the case of the tecture, the irregular spacing About BCL,” Columbus Indiana Archi- and circulation of books.21 the Columbus School Board. redesign of the blocks that brick curtain wall arranged tectural Archives. the Tabernacle a decade lat- growing community. Several of the apertures and cornic- 22 Ibid er. The main entrance of the In 1901 the city received a In 1962, the library official- proposals addressed this is- “pivoted” around the corner. in a Flemish pattern and One element of the redesign providing a more roughly would have been the inclu- hewn, textured appearance. sion of a large auditorium on Cornice-like parapets and the site of the Storey House. recessed windows provide This would be abandoned shading and frame the en- once plans for a Civic Center trances. The interior features on Washington Street moved concrete coffers that diffuse forward. Pei also envisioned the interior lighting and a closing off Fifth Street be- gently spiraling staircase tween Lafayette and Syca- that leads to the ample base- more streets, in effect creat- ment level. Columbus archi- ing a large pedestrian plaza tect James K. Paris designed that would include the Irwin an addition that connects 8 Home and Gardens as well the basement to a plaza-like light to the floors. Opaque pot was demolished for this SITE FOUR: CUMMINS CORPORATE OFFICE and colored glass, paired scheme, with more space now BUILDING (1984) BY KEVIN ROCHE JOHN with mirrored columns, dedicated to the landscaped would also reduce glare and “public garden” facing Jack- DINKELOO ASSOCIATES cut heat gain.28 Roche also son Street. Ivied arcades envisioned how some of the flank the eastern as well as The Cummins Corporate Of- of artillery wagon wheels. spaces at street level could the southern ends of the site: fice Building sits on a large As contracts increased, the be leased out for retail, thus these are, in Roche’s words, block bounded by Jackson, family moved their facilities recreating and preserving the “embracing” parts of the Brown, Sixth, and Eighth to the larger north building some of the urban character building that preserve the Streets. Not all of the site of the Cerealine plant, and it of this part of Columbus.29 “continuity of the street line” appeared in the original was here that the Cummins To preserve the integrity of along with the Post Office to 1821 plat: only lots 217-219 diesel engine business real- the city and Cummins, the the north.30 The exterior of on the west side of Brown ly came to fruition in 1919. building did not alter either the building was constructed Street, as well as a group of The original mill was vacant Jackson or Brown streets, out of precast concrete slabs two-acre lots above that, are until the 1940s when Willis and the shape of the east- with long, horizontal win- shown as part of the origi- Repp and Alvin Mundt pur- west skylights referenced dows that ensured a constant nal plan of Columbus. Sev- chased the building, gutted the pitch roof of the old supply of light to the interior. enth Street also divided the it, and made other substantial Cerealine Mill. And unlike In addition to a small parking site into two parts. W.W. modifications to it. In 1960, the later scheme, this pro- lot on the southwest corner Mooney and Sons as well as they converted the bottom posal also preserved the old of the building, Roche also the Doup family would pur- floor into a soft drink ware- Pennsylvania Central Depot. incorporated a large parking chase other parts of the site. to the Penn Central Depot, site close to Seventh Street.24 house. They sold the build- lot across the site on Brown built to accommodate pas- This eventually became an ing to Cummins in 1975.26 Roche presented the sec- Street which effectively sep- The 1879 Atlas confirms how senger traffic and commer- icehouse and the headquar- ond—and current—version arates the site from Mill Race for most of its existence, the cial traffic, a brewery once ters for Southern Transpor- Soon after, Cummins had of the Cummins Corporate Park. Construction began in site was an important trans- sat near the intersection with tation Company. A fire con- been investigating the pos- Office Building in 1977. It is 1979, and the building was portation and economic cen- Sixth Street. And by far the sumed part of the Thomas sibility of a new corporate a unique structure that con- sold to New York-based In- ter for Columbus. Here was most important early struc- elevator on the night of 3 headquarters on the original tinued Columbus’ interest in tegrated Resources in 1982, the all-important junction tures on the site were the August 1911 as well as some site. Kevin Roche John Din- promoting modern and con- a sale-leaseback scheme that that connected the original large flour grist mill, grain of the adjacent structures on keloo and Associates was se- temporary architecture while ensured that Cummins could Jeffersonville, Madison & house, and water tower built Seventh Street, including the lected for the job, based on making a nod to the city’s maintain capital during the Indianapolis Railroad with in 1867: these became part Commercial Hotel and Wolf the success of the firm’s pre- history. Its bold one-story construction process.31 The the Madison Branch that of Gaff, Gent, and Thomas’ Saloon. Because of exten- vious work on the Columbus “sawtooth” scheme, ensur- building was completed and headed southeast through Cerealine Grain Complex, sive fire damage, Thomas Post Office (1969) and their ing that different parts of the opened to the public in 1984. two other sites discussed whose signature building, moved his company into the current scheme for the addi- building retain maximum earlier: the Griffith quar- the Cerealine Mill, was a three-story Cerealine Mill tion to Saarinen’s Irwin Trust exposure to light through- 25 ter-block on the corner of fully-operating grain store- and modified it. Much of Union Bank (1973). Roche out the year, literally frame 28 “Cummins Engine Corporate Head- Washington and Fifth Streets house that stood next to the this building remained un- presented his first scheme in the old three-story Cerealine quarters,” The Architectural Forum (the site of Eero Saarinen’s 1972. It anticipated the cur- (March, 1974), 52. Columbus Indiana railroad tracks for decades. used until 1917, when it Mill, which was envisioned Architectural Archives. future Irwin Union Bank Part of the original building became the location for the rent building in that it cov- as a cafeteria and learning 29 Ibid. and Trust) and the old depot still stands and has been fa- Cummins Machine Works. ered most of the 18.4-acre center for Cummins employ- 30 Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates, Cummins Engine Company near the corner of Mechan- mously incorporated in Kev- Founder Clessie L. Cummins site. Yet as is readily appar- ees. Like the 1972 scheme, Corporate Headquarters, http://www. ics and Fifth Streets (near in Roche’s initial and final began his illustrious career ent, the first scheme was not the 1979 version also cov- krjda.com/Sites/CuuminsHQInfo1.html the site of Eliel Saarinen’s only devoid of the signature (Accessed 1 June 2016). schemes for the Cummins as a chauffeur for the Irwin ered most of the 18-acre site, 31 “Demolition Work Underway at Site 23 First Christian Church). The Corporate Office Building. family, who had provided “sawtooth” scheme, but also yet as is evident in plan, the of Ceco Headquarters,” The Republic, block of Jackson, Brown, him with space to run an au- used a more standard, or- L-shaped modules from the 7 June 1979; “Cummins Names HQ Buyer.” The Republic, 14 October Sixth, and Eighth Streets The Cerealine company and tomobile repair business. He thogonal plan that still pre- 1972 version were replaced 1982. Columbus Indiana Architectural is also adjacent to Mill its buildings underwent sev- had been contemplating a served the Cerealine Mill. by the more familiar grid and Archives. Creek Park, a site that will eral changes. The compa- move to a different location An L-shaped module gov- skylights reoriented at 45 de- be discussed subsequently. ny moved to Indianapolis since 1916, when demand erned the entire two-story- grees along the north-south in 1898 after a dispute over for his machinery work out- tall building.27 The top floor axis. The Pennsylvania De- As a major railroad cen- rates with the Pennsylvania paced his auto repair con- was reserved for main office ter, the site of the future Railroad and eventually dis- tracts. After the United States functions, and the ground Cummins Corporate Office solved. Ben C. Thomas, a entered World War One, the floor was to be dedicated to Building was also one of the son of one of the company’s Cummins Machine Works at conference rooms and other major grain production, stor- original founders, returned the Cerealine Mill became multipurpose spaces. A sys- age and distribution sections to Columbus and operated one of the most important tem of skylights and win- for Columbus. In addition a large grain elevator on the facilities for the machining dows provided maximum

23 “Kevin Roche, 1983, Cummins Corporate Office Building, 500 Jackson Street,” Columbus IndianaArchitectural Archives. 24 “Cerealine Building Survives Fire, Elements and Progress,” The Republic, 8 April 1978, Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives. 25 Ibid. 26 Ibid. 27 Francesco Dal Co, “Cummins Engine Corporate Headquarters,” in Kevin Roche (New York: Rizzoli: 1985), 186. Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives. 10 11 SITE FIVE: MILL RACE PARK (1992) BY MI- CHAEL VAN VALKENBURGH ASSOCIATES WITH ARCHITECTURE BY STANLEY SAITOWITZ.

Like the Columbus Corpo- in 1958, and it was eventu- er that would connect visu- edging past community ef- rate Office Building, Mill ally shut down in 1962.34 ally with the courthouse and forts to improve the site. In Race Park is a site with deep the First Christian Church.37 1984, Mayor Robert Stewart ties to the history of Colum- The only remnant of the The original covered bridge appointed a committee to en- bus. It was not part of the Mooney Tannery is the origi- from Clifty Creek was sure the completion of a new original 1821 plat, and, as nal flood retaining wall, now moved to the site in Septem- park by 1992, in time for the indicated in the 1879 Atlas, separating the Mill Race ber 1966. It was destroyed in quincentennial celebration the entire current Park was Park parking lot from the a fire and then replaced with of Christopher Columbus’ part of a land purchase made rest of the grounds. Formed a bridge brought from out- discovery of the new world. by F.T. Crump. The Mooney by the confluence of the Flat side Columbus.38 Mill Race Financing was primarily pri- family, who would prove to Rock and Driftwood Riv- Park was dedicated in 1966, vate, and, in addition to dona- be crucial to the history of ers, this part of the site is a named after the millrace that tions from the Cummins and the site, also acquired some reminder of how this part connected the Flatrock River Arvin Foundations, much of the lands in the current of Columbus was continu- to the East Fork of the White of the $8 million came from site. Edmund Mooney and ally susceptible to flooding. River.39 A small playhouse public donations. In 1990, his son W.W. Mooney built a It was also one of the most was built on the site, but was Michael Van Valkenburgh tannery on the corner of Fifth undesirable and infamous destroyed by wind damage was hired as the principal and Brown Streets in 1837, parts of the city, known to in 1972.40 By the time that designer, with Paul Kennon next to railroad freight depot locals as “Death Valley.” The the Celebrate Columbus fes- responsible for the design of near the edge of what would name was, in a sense, appro- tivities took place at Mill the structures. When Kennon died, Stanley Saitowitz was form, which Van Valken- burgh designed the mound the observation tower also become Mill Race Park. In priate because of the con- Race Park on May 26, 1984, brought on board as architect. burgh believed complement- and site, which was formed complements Henry Moore’s 1858 James E. Mooney re- stant foul odors emanating the site already showed some ed the wooden bridge on out of dirt and clay excavat- : both are view- located his tannery business from the Mooney Tannery, of the features that would be Van Valkenburgh wanted to the site.42 His scheme incor- ed during the construction ing devices that afford vistas from Indianapolis and, with as well as for the presence incorporated into the sub- create a water-dominated porated redbud, river birch, of the “Round Lake.” Sa- along Fifth Street. Whereas the help of his brother, pur- of rat-infested shanty towns sequent design. In addition scheme that respected the and other local flora to com- itowitz designed the stage, the Large Arch allows people chased their father’s interest made of log and tarpaper to the small buildings in- site’s cultural heritage while plement Dan Kiley’s work oriented on a north-north- to look up, Saitowitz’s obser- in the Columbus Tannery near the banks of the river. terspersed throughout the keeping an eye towards the on Row from 1950. easterly axis to prevent au- vation tower gives visitors a and established the firm of landscape, there was, for ex- future.41 This is evident, for diences from staring into the “bird’s eye view” of the city. 32 W.W. & J.E. Mooney. The Two years after the Mooney ample, a pathway encircling example, in Van Valken- Like Bernard Tschumi at sun. The second is the 84- Mooneys built their signa- Tannery was shut down in the pond in the middle of the burgh’s insistence that the re- Parc de la Villette, Stanley foot tall observation tower. The designs at Mill Race ture tannery in 1867 on the 1964, plans were made to park as well as a substantial mains of the flood retaining Saitowitz designed a series It consists of a single verti- Park were the successful re- site of the old tannery. By convert Death Valley into redesign of Lindsey Street. wall from the old Mooney of architectural follies that cal concrete element with sults of an intense collabo- 35 1890 this massive, four-sto- a public park. A group of Tannery be kept as part of appear dispersed through- square apertures that give ration between the designers ry, 331-foot long building concerned citizens headed by Despite the celebrations, the site. Parts of the wall out out Van Valkenburgh’s people a changing view of and community leaders. All was producing over a mil- Carl Miske, Herb Boeschke, Mill Race Park had been dis- were cut to allow pedestrians landscape scheme. Featur- the surrounding landscape as structures and landscapes lion pounds of leather prod- and Virgil Taylor—known used throughout the 1970s to walk from their cars into ing red painted metal, glass they ascend to the top. From were built by local contrac- ucts per year, becoming the as the Mill Race Park River and into the early 1980s. In the site. The “Round Lake,” block and reinforced con- there, it culminates in a view tors such as Repp and Mundt world’s largest tannery. In Rats—spearheaded most of addition to having inade- the center point of Van crete elements, Saitowitz’ that encompasses the history and Taylor Brothers, along 1905, local artist Bink Schur the redevelopment efforts for quate lighting and poor pub- Valkenburgh’s landscape buildings were intended as of Columbus. The tower sits with volunteers from local 36 painted the familiar sign the site. They raised funds to lic and family amenities, the composition, also maintains “micro-destinations.”43 Al- at the farthest westerly point organizations like the At- reading “W.W. Mooney and clear up much of the blight- park had also become noto- a dialogue between past, though many of these—such of Fifth Street. It maintains terbury Job Corps. Further- Sons, Tanners of the Mooney ed areas and planned green rious as a site of illicit ac- present, and future. He came as the boathouse, fishing the original scheme in that more, Van Valkenburgh’s Pure Oak Harness, Belting spaces, playgrounds, and oth- tivities. This forced officials up with the idea for this el- pier, restrooms, and picnic it forms a kind of visual tri- landscape designs allow for & Sole Leather” across the er structures. The 1964 Proj- and locals to once again re- ement after he had visited a shelters—have specific func- angle with the Court House natural flooding to occur in 33 front facade. A massive fire ect Plan envisioned a 64-acre imagine and redevelop Mill volcanic lake in Rome. Wa- tions, two merit special atten- tower as well as the bell tow- some places and use local gutted most of the building site with an observation tow- Race Park, while acknowl- ter from the Flatrock River tion. The first of these is the er of Saarinen’s First Chris- resilient plant species to mit- fed into the pool’s circular amphitheater. Van Valken- tian Church. In this sense, igate inundation in others.

31 “Demolition Work Underway at Site of Ceco Headquarters,” The Republic, 7 June 1979; “Cummins Names HQ Buyer.” The Republic, 14 October 1982. Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives. 32 Henry R. Fish, Illustrated Columbus Indiana, 1914-1915 (1915), 12. 33 “Mooney Tannery,” http://columbusin.proboards.com/thread/46/mooney-tannery (Accessed 2 June 2016). 34 Ibid. 35 “Park’s Plan Rooted in Heritage, History,” The Republic, 4 October 1992, Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives. 36 “‘Rats’ Leave Their Mark Along Mill Race Waterfront,” The Republic, 1992, Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives. 37 “Mill Race Park Report,” Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives. 38 Ibid. 39 Ibid. 40 The Republic, Columbus: 125 Years (Columbus, Indiana: The Republic, 1997), 12. 41 Columbus Area Chamber of Commerce, A Look At Architecture: Columbus, Indiana (Columbus: Columbus Area Chamber of Commerce, 1998 [1974]), 128. 42 “Mill Race Park Report,” Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives. 43 Columbus Area Visitors’ Center, A Look At Modern Architecture and Art: Columbus, Indiana (Columbus, Indiana: 2012), 118 13 SITE SIX: COLUMBUS SIGNATURE ACADEMY—LIN- lic school in Columbus. The became Central Middle ings had been razed in prepa- tary School was supposed cornerstone from this school School. In 1979 a fire gutted ration for the construction of to operate year-round. This COLN CAMPUS (1967), BY GUNNAR BIRKERTS AND read, “To our children, by the building, causing over Lincoln Elementary School. required the incorporation the Citizens of Columbus, a million dollars in dam- of a central air-conditioning CENTRAL MIDDLE SCHOOL (2007), BY RALPH JOHN- 1859.” Old Central, as this age. Officials voted to- re In designing this building, and heating system, which SON FOR PERKINS + WILL school was affectionately pair the school. It was even- Birkerts adhered to a rigid at the time was unheard of Traveling east on Fifth Street, campanile, the belfry tow- Building. A look at Goo- lots in anticipation of larger called, remained the main tually demolished in 2007. set of design principles and for public schools. To mini- past the stately geometry er of City Hall, and even gle Maps or any other aerial buildings. This was how the school in the city until local responded to the site in a vi- mize heat gain and maintain of Saarinen and Saarinen’s the Observation Tower at view of this part of Columbus Irwin, Mounts, Jones and architect Charles Sparrell This site also featured other sually striking manner. Many steady temperatures, Birk- First Christian Church and Mill Race Park—a remind- show how these two build- Sims families assembled the built the Washington School kinds of commercial and in- of the design principles con- erts used corner and clere- the rustic volumes of I.M. er of how even the most re- ings cast large footprints that lots on the current site, as on Pearl between Seventh stitutional buildings. One of cerned the use of materials. story windows to light as Pei’s Bartholomew County cent buildings in Columbus dominate the site. The pres- shown in the 1879 Atlas of and Eighth. This building the earliest was a furniture For example, Lincoln Ele- much of the interior as pos- Public Library, one notices continue to reference the ence is more than physical, Bartholomew County. Colo- served as the first dedicated store that once stood on lot mentary School was to be sible. And yet many of the past histories and possible city’s architectural heritage. however. Birkerts’ and John- nel Keith was also a purchas- High School. In 1904 a fire 114, near the southwest cor- clad with the same kinds of inside spaces were to be ar- futures of Columbus still in son’s buildings embody the er. He built a house on the destroyed the building, and ner of Sixth and Sycamore. bricks that were to be used in tificially illuminated, for the dialogue with each other. A This is certainly the case with dynamic changes that came corner of Pearl and Seventh, soon after this architect El- Another was the Donner and Pei’s Bartholomew County building’s unique form and line of trees on the south side Birkerts’ Lincoln Elementary to this part of Columbus an area of the site that would mer Dunlap designed a new Rominger Mill, located on Public Library as well as other orientation resulted in rooms of Fifth separates traffic from School (now Columbus Sig- since the mid 19th century. be at the center of an educa- addition for Tinsley’s build- lot 89 on the corner of Fifth schools that were being com- that lacked natural light. a bank of small single-fami- nature Academy—Lincoln tional building boom that be- ing, which reopened in 1905 and Pearl. A fire destroyed missioned at the time (most ly houses—all might have Campus) and Ralph Johnson/ This site was not included gan in the 1850s. This started as the new Central High the mill in 1887, forcing notably Harry Weese’s). Birkerts used the site to gen- been razed if parts of Pei’s Perkins + Will’s Central Mid- in the original 1821 plat of when city officials and locals School (the rebuilt Washing- Fred Donner and his son Will Birkerts also wanted to make erate the building’s form— masterplan for this area dle School. Built 40 years Columbus. Land auctions recognized the importance of ton School became an ele- to move the milling business the school as functional and literally. The school is tightly would have been realized. apart, Lincoln Elementary and purchases became the building schools away from mentary school). Dunlap in- into the Griffith Block on expressive as possible. As integrated into a square once 46 And across from here, on the School and Central Middle preferred mechanisms for the downtown area, presum- cluded the cornerstone from Fifth and Washington. The he remarked in a 1966 is- comprised of lots 89, 90, 91, north side, the Irwin Home School share the same site: a development in this area. ably to protect children from Old Central in his design, and Reeves family purchased the sue of Architectural Forum, 92, 95, 96, 97, and 114 of the and Gardens evoke Italian large block that extends east To get a sense of how this railroad traffic and any other a sculpted inscription above land from the Donners and Irwin, Jones, and Mounts’ villas and Roman gardens. along Fifth Street from Pearl worked, one can look to ad- nuisances that were part of the Pearl Street entrance read began building houses on Architecture should con- addition to the original 1821 Past Pearl Street, the very to Chestnut Streets and north vertisements in the April 24, urban life—a concern that “The Hope of Our Country.” lots 89 and 90 and other ad- vey—visually and emo- plat of Columbus. An aerial first thing one might notice towards Eighth Street. Far 1873, issue of The Colum- would also be reflected in Central High School cost jacent lots. The Reeves house tionally—its purpose and view or plan of this part of is the 186-foot-tall spire on more than cozy neighbors, bus Republican announcing later projects on the site. In $76,701 to build. The cost- on Lot 89 eventually became meaning. Architecture the site reveals how Lincoln top of Gunnar Birkerts’ St. these buildings also refer that local businessman and 1858, the Columbus Public ly sum was justified in light the Flanigan, Reed, and Hull should be specifically -ap Elementary School is, in es- Peter’s Lutheran Church on to prior buildings and sites. Civil War Veteran Colonel School Board raised funds of the fact that the building Funeral Home. The house on propriate. In searching sence, a series of alternat- the southeast corner of Fifth Whereas the simple, sunken John A. Keith would dis- to hire Irish-born and Cin- was considered to be one of Lot 90 operated as a hospi- for a proper expression, ing squares and circles. The and Pearl. This impressive geometric plan of Lincoln tribute $123,000 worth of cinnati-based architect Wil- the most progressive schools tal and sanitarium under Dr. I look for the unique and square lot holds a ringed re- copper-clad structure evokes Elementary evokes the clear plots and property in a public liam Tinsley to design the ever built: with a gymnasium John Little Morris from 1909 difficult aspects of a prob- taining wall that determines the old churches of Birkerts’ organization of Saarinen’s auction.44 At events such as first Central School on Pearl in the basement and an audi- until 1912. Dr. A.P. Roope lem. If recognized, they the shape of the surrounding native Latvia and comple- Irwin Conference Center, these, local citizens and busi- between Sixth and Seventh torium on the third floor, the used this house as the first can become the charac- berm. All of this surrounds a ments other tall structures Central Middle School de- ness owners bought land and streets. Tinsley was one of building required some inno- City Hospital from 1912 to ter generating ingredients two-story tall building. This along Fifth Street, including parts from glass-box corpo- eventually submitted proper- the most well-known practic- vative structural engineering 1917 once Bartholomew that will give that archi- logic continues to the interior 47 the First Christian Church’s rate modernism in similar ty deeds to be recorded at the ing architects in the Midwest. work. In 1923, a new gym- County Hospital opened on tecture individuality. program, as a series of square ways as does Kevin Roche Bartholomew County Court- He finished building Bascom nasium was built alongside Seventeenth Street. In 1921, classrooms, offices, and com- John Dinkeloo Associates’ house. Some purchasers built Hall on the University of Central High School. It fea- the H.C. Whitmer Company One of the most “unique mon spaces circle an internal Cummins Corporate Office houses and businesses on Wisconsin the same year that tured swimming pool in the purchased the Reeves house and difficult aspects” -con double-height multipurpose their new plots. They may he completed the Central basement—the first indoor and converted it into a facto- cerned the building’s func- space. The use of materials have also combined adjacent School in Columbus.45 Erect- pool in Indiana. A new high ry for medicinal products. By tion, for Lincoln Elemen- changes as one moves from ed in 1859, this building school building was erect- the early 1950s, both build- was the first dedicated pub- ed in the north side in 1956, and Central High School

44 “Keith’s Grand Distribution of Real Estate!,” The Columbus Republic, 24 April 1873. 45 “The Late William Tinsley,” The Sanitary Engineer (June 25, 1885), 68. Tinsley also designed buildings at Indiana University and Wabash College. For more on Tins- ley, see John Douglas Forbes, Victorian Architect: The Life and Work of William Tinsley (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1953). 46 “Bank Expansion to Raze Old Landmark,” The Republic, 10 January 1951. 47 “Newest Projects of Gunnar Birkerts,” Architectural Record (Aug., 1966), 93, quoted in “Lincoln School, Architect—Gunnar Birkerts,” Columbus Indiana Architec- tural Archives. 14 15 the outside in. The grassy like a pie slice, leads to the tween the berm walls and the site was to be paved and Lincoln Elementary School planning scheme that op- to the ivied arcades on the a pivotal role in connecting berm gives way to the con- second floor. And it appears the actual school to become bounded by a series of gen- was awarded the Nation’s erated at two scales. At the south and east sides of the the schools. This is evident crete circular retaining wall. as if the rest of the building a kind of playground. Sec- tly curving walls that created School of the Month Award building scale, the rough- Cummins Corporate Of- when considering how the These hard exteriors and cir- has disappeared into a crater, ond, the building was part of nooks and grottoes and addi- by Nation’s School maga- ly L-shaped plan of Central fice Building. The materi- plan closes off Sycamore culation spaces surround the which is perhaps why the ed- a larger plan that was to in- tional playground spaces. In zine in 1967. In 1970, Birk- Middle School contains two al flourishes on the facades Street and replaces it with a building’s red brick facade. itors of Architectural Forum clude landscape architecture short, Birkerts turned an old- erts received an AIA/Amer- functional areas. On the north feature masonry and sid- half-green, half-paved “buf- Inside, the artificially light- labeled Lincoln Elementary work by Johnson, Johnson er site into an elegant com- ican Institute of Architects side of the building, facing ing with color schemes that fer zone” that effectively ed, brick-coursed classrooms School as “The School That and Roy. Their scheme fea- position where architectural Honor Award for his work Seventh Street, is the public roughly approximate those combines the two schools to and hallways lead to the Will Vanish.”48 Indeed, it is tured trees planted on top of and landscape elements co- on the school. The State of or “shared” area featuring a found on other signature form a shared campus. Yet central multipurpose room difficult to see that the school the concrete circular retain- existed in a manner that was Michigan honored the work library, gymnasium, and per- buildings along Fifth Street. there is also sensitivity to the made of sloping, spaced tim- is actually a modest two-sto- ing wall—these were to be playful, elegant, and even re- with the Governor’s Award forming arts spaces. Below history of the site. The side- ber beams that frame natu- ry brick building surrounded trimmed into an orthogonal strained. This northern part for Excellence in Design this is a two-story commons Central Middle School is walk, which appears as an ral light pouring in from the by a gently upward-sloping shape, creating a green, leafy was eventually paved over in 1970. Birkerts proposed connecting to the “academ- certainly eclectic, yet pur- elongated trapezoid in plan, clerestory windows above. berm. Yet the series of al- wall that would surround to accommodate bus traffic. additions to Lincoln Ele- ic” area on the south side posefully so. Ralph John- in effect replaces Sycamore ternating squares and circles the building while referenc- mentary School, none of of the building. This area is son’s design is actually part Street while maintaining a Seen from a ground-level that determine the building’s ing the rectangular topiaries Since its completion in 1967, which were ever realized. immediately recognizable of a comprehensive site plan connection between Fifth vantage point, across Fifth form have specific purposes. at the Irwin Gardens across Lincoln Elementary School In 2008, the Lincoln Ele- for its individual classroom that incorporated Lincoln El- and Seventh. More general- Street, the building is dif- First, the surrounding berm Pearl Street. Although trees has earned recognition as mentary School became the modules that jut out in acute ementary School. The track, ly, Johnson’s scheme helps ficult to engage. A narrow- keeps the school, and in turn were eventually planted on one of Birkerts’ most singu- Columbus Signature Acad- angles away from the build- football field, and bus drop- transform what was once a ing staircase, shaped almost its children, away from traf- top of the retaining wall, lar works. On September 21, emy—Lincoln Campus. ing. These classrooms open off areas that dominate the cluttered site with isolated fic on the busy streets. This they were allowed to grow 1967, Lady Bird Johnson, up into a green space on the northwestern part of the site buildings (such as the Lin- allows the sunken areas be- freely. Other aspects did not wife of President Lyndon B. Sited directly east of Birk- corner of Fifth and Chest- are accessible from Birkerts’ coln Elementary School), fare as well. One of Birkerts’ Johnson, visited the school. erts’ Lincoln Elementary nut that was left intention- school. Landscaping plays into a larger urban space. studies shows the extent to To mark the event, a plaque School, Ralph Johnson’s ally open to accommodate This is especially evident in which additional landscaping was installed at the entrance Central Middle School sits future expansion. Ralph the way the “buffer zone” fa- would fill the areas between to the school which read: on what were once lots 102, Johnson’s design, as func- cilitates circulation not just the circular retaining wall 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 100, tional and practical as it may between the two schools, but and the site boundaries. For Commemorating the visit and 115, none of which were seem, does contain lightly also throughout the whole example, the northern part of of Mrs. Lyndon B. John- part the original 1821 plat of veiled architectural referenc- site. When considered in son who has rallied a new Columbus. For years before es. The most notable is the this light, Ralph Johnson’s interest in beauty and the construction of Central academic area’s distinctive scheme for Central Middle culture throughout the High School, the most sig- sawtooth form, reminiscent School continues the tradi- country and who honored nificant nearby buildings of Kevin Roche John Din- tion of earlier projects like Columbus with her rec- were the old German Luther- keloo Associates’ Cummins Pei’s Bartholomew County ognition of the communi- an Church and Parsonage Corporate Office Building. Public Library, Michael Van ty’s architectural progress. School across Fifth Street, When looking at an aerial Valkenburgh’s and Stanley on the site of the Birkerts’ view of Columbus, indeed Saitowitz’ Mill Race Park, future St. Peter’s Lutheran it is hard not to notice how and even Paul Kennon’s pro- 48 “The School That Will Vanish,” Ar- Church. The site plans for Fifth Street is bracketed be- posals for the Washington chitectural Forum (Nov., 1967), 48-53. Lincoln Elementary School tween two sawtooth-shaped Street streetscape—all in- show that as late as 1967, buildings. Moreover, the stances of where architecture, single-family residences part of the shared area that landscape architecture, and occupied almost all of the faces east towards Lincoln urban design become part of lots on this part of the site. Elementary has white-clad- a singular scheme designed to ded suspended modules and instill a sense of community. Ralph Johnson’s scheme for others supported by pilotis Central Middle School was that evoke everything from part of a comprehensive Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye

17 cal of the early 1900s. These provided lighting for the in- buildings. Such stylings were sociates’ Columbus Post SITE SEVEN: COLUMBUS POST OFFICE buildings featured symmet- terior core of the building. appropriate for a new build- Office on Jackson Street AND FEDERAL BUILDING (1912) BY JAMES rical floor plans with - mar Outside, the building has a ing in Columbus that was between Fourth and Fifth. ble floors and double-height clean, orthogonal form with supposed to evoke the au- KNOX TAYLOR, SUPERVISING ARCHITECT central areas. Some featured a heavy cornice and slight- thority of the United States. Bartholomew Consolidated columns and pilasters, or ly recessed windows with School Corporation eventu- Post offices have been a vital United States Department In 1910 James Knox Taylor, earliest students of architec- even incorporated semi-cir- minimal neoclassical flour- Construction for the Colum- ally purchased in the build- part of urban life on Wash- of the Treasury, visited Co- supervising architect for the ture in the United States were cular elements inspired by ishes. Attached to this part bus Post Office and Federal ing. In 2006, LHP Software ington Street. Although the lumbus in November 1906 U.S. Treasury Department, deeply immersed in neoclas- Renaissance buildings like of the building is a one-story Building began at 3pm, on purchased the building, and rail depots in Columbus han- to look at sites for the new was selected to oversee the sical styles as well as iron Bramante’s Tempietto. Tay- elongated section. Here, the April 22, 1911. The build- in 2008 began to convert it dled their share of postal ser- building. The sites that were design for the new Federal construction techniques. This lor’s designs for the Colum- windows are deeply recessed ing was completed on April into the LHP Guest House, vices for some time, one of considered included the Sto- building in Columbus. Under was certainly the case with bus Post Office and Federal between an alternating se- 12, 1912. In 1940, the fed- a dormitory-style facility for the first United States Post rey Residence at Fifth and the 1893 Tarsney Act, super- Taylor, who counted Cass Building feature some typ- ries of pilasters. Underneath eral government authorized young professionals. They Offices was located in the Jackson Streets, the Coo- vising architects of federal Gilbert among his MIT class- ical neoclassical elements. the cornice, mouldings and $70,000 for an addition to hired architects to redesign building at 406 Washing- per and Caldwell property agencies were authorized to mates. Gilbert is recognized The austere, stone-clad fa- triglyphs provide a sense the building and for up- and, in some instances, re- ton Street, which became at Seventh and Washington, hold design competitions for as one of America’s most cade facing Fifth Street is of rhythm. The neoclassi- dating the interiors. This store the interiors—includ- the Cummins Book Store in the John Newton proper- federal buildings. This some- prominent Beaux-Arts archi- flanked by two stairways that cal references were typical building served as the main ing the large, central skylight. 1897. A second Post Office ty at Seventh and Franklin, times resulted in scandals, tects, and in 1882 he formed lead into the double-height of federal buildings because Post Office until 1970, with was located on the south- and the Flannigan house and Taylor was no stranger as architectural practice with first floor, where the Post Of- they evoked the nobility and the completion of Kevin west corner of Washington on Sixth and Washington, to this. He selected his friend Taylor in Minnesota. Taylor fice was located. A skylight authority of ancient Roman Roche John Dinkeloo As- and Seventh. As the popula- as well as other residential and colleague Cass Gilbert to moved to Philadelphia in tion in Columbus increased, properties on Jackson Street design the Alexander Hamil- 1893 and became a drafts- so did the demand for post- between Third and Fourth. ton Customs House in New man for another MIT class- SITE EIGHT: WASHINGTON STREET, al services. The enthusiasm York, which led critics to ac- mate, William Martin Aiken, BETWEEN FIRST AND SEVENTH for a new post office began When polled by The Colum- cuse Taylor of nepotism. The then the Supervising Archi- to hit a fever pitch in 1903, bus Republican, the majority Tarsney Act was eventually tect for the U.S. Treasury STREETS when Representative Edgar of residents favored Railroad repealed in 1913, no doubt Department. In 1897, Taylor D. Crumpacker introduced Square (site of the future as a result of such instances. was promoted to the posi- To understand the impor- onto itself. In other words, a bill to appropriate funding First Christian Church) as the tion of Supervising Archi- tance of Washington Street these six blocks constitute for a new Federal building in location for the new Post Of- Taylor was a Midwesterner. tect, the first ever architect to to the history and develop- a singular designed object. Michigan City, Indiana.49 Of- fice. The Cooper and - Cald Born in Illinois and educat- be promoted to this position ment of Columbus, a brief ficials used this development well property on Seventh and ed in Minnesota, he even- from within the department. discussion of the city’s early It is possible to cite instanc- to lobby for funding a sim- Washington (the old offices tually graduated from the planning history is in order. es from the history of art ilar building in Columbus. for the Cerealine Mill Com- Massachusetts Institute of As supervising architect, In 1820, Brigadier General and architecture where en- By June 1906, the House of pany) was eventually select- Technology (MIT). At the Taylor was responsible for John Shields Tipton and Luke tire city streets are planned Representatives passed a bill ed as the site, and construc- time, the only two American the design and construction Bonesteel purchased a parcel in accordance with aesthet- authorizing $15,000 for the tion bidding commenced institutions offering archi- of numerous federal build- of land situated at the conflu- ic ideals. Both Indianapolis construction of a new Fed- on June 20, 1910. The early tectural degrees were MIT ings in the United States. ence of the East Fork of the and Columbus are designed. eral building in Columbus. bidders included Caldwell & and the University of Illi- Some of his notable works White River and Haw Creek. Ralston’s plan features a Sid H. Nealy, member of the Drake and P.H. McCormick nois. Many of the teachers at include post offices and fed- In January 1821 the Indiana combination of grids and di- Washington Architectural & Company. The low bid- these schools were educated eral buildings in New York, General Assembly passed an agonal arterials incorporating Club and Inspector for the der was Dunlap & Company. at the École des Beaux-Arts Cleveland, Baltimore, San act that formed Bartholomew vided into four equal parts mansion there. The second public areas and parks dedi- or École Polytechnique in Francisco, Houston, Albu- County, named after Joseph by 12-foot-wide alleys. The was the main center square, cated for monuments—ideas France, which meant that the querque, and Juneau. All Bartholomew, a soldier who original plat begins from the the future location for In- derived from Pierre L’En- 49 The Columbus Republi- these buildings were built can, September 3, 1903. had served during the War south at Water Street and dianapolis architect Isaac fant’s 1791 plan of Washing- in a neoclassical style typi- 50 of 1812. Occupied with ad- ends one block north of Har- Hodgson’s Bartholomew ton D.C., which in turn has ministrative duties, Tipton rison (now Fifth) Street. It County Courthouse on the its roots in Henry IV’s Plan sold his land to the County extends from the East Fork corner of Tipton (now Third) of Paris from 1599. In Co- in 1821, and the city was re- of the White River and ends and Washington Streets. lumbus, urban design and named Columbus. The city one block east of Mechanic planning became a more aes- was first planned in 1821, (now Franklin) Street. Two None of the sites designat- thetic consideration during roughly around the same squares dominate the original ed for the J. Irwin and Xenia the early 1960s. It is during time that Alexander Ralston plat. The first, situated along Miller Prize or for Exhibit this time that design schemes submitted his own plan for the East Fork of the White Columbus’ educational pro- for Washington Street be- the City of Indianapolis. The River on Third Street, was grams are part of original plat tween First and Seventh re- first recorded plat of Colum- the site of Tipton’s former from 1821. And though other ally came to prominence and bus reveals a standard grid house, the supposed location architects designed signature gained national attention. layout, with guidelines for of an Indian burial mound. projects along and adjacent 60-foot-wide North-South Tipton’s house would be to this corridor, it is worth- As discussed above, there streets and 80-foot-wide razed and J.G. Schwarzkopf, while to consider Washing- were individual sites along East-West streets. Each unit a manufacturer of horse car- ton Street between First and this corridor that were of the plat would be subdi- riages and wagons, built his Seventh Streets as a site planned with some kind of 50 John H. Keith, “History of Bartholomew County, Indiana” in Atlas of Bartholomew County, Indiana, To Which Are Added Various General Maps, Histories, 18 Statistics, Illustrations, &c. &c. &c. (Chicago: J.H. Beers, 1879), 5. 19 aesthetic principle in mind. buildings, individual owners toured the city with local of- building façade.57 Under this Columbus as the “New Ha- rard’s project was staggered; Plan (1967) and Columbus, Area Master Plan is called Some of these develop- took it upon on themselves ficials, he proposed to build scheme, individual buildings ven of the Midwest” (a ti- as parts of Washington Street Indiana Central Area Master Vision 20/20. Initiated in ments are discussed in pre- to redesign storefronts and a “model block” of Wash- “responded” to others. A tle which immediately calls were being renovated and Plan (1983), Lawrence Al- 2003 and including contri- vious sections. For example, add any other design ele- ington Street between Fifth case in point is the burnt or- to mind the Millers’ and recolored, others remained exander’s Washington Street butions from Koetter/Kim James Knox Taylor’s Co- ments according to their own and Sixth Streets that would ange bay window on the Ir- Saarinen’s connections to the same. This is but a re- Project (1973), as well as and Associated, this project lumbus Post Office and Fed- tastes. The result was a mot- demonstrate the potential of win Management Company Yale University).61 Other de- minder that presenting a vi- proposals by Paul Kennon/ focused on redefining land eral Building, on the corner ley assortment of signage his beautification schemes to (on the second floor above signers looked to Girard’s sion of a project—a “how CRS Sirrine, William A. use and streetscaping in the of Washington and Seventh and contrasting colors that the Columbus community. Blue Star Stores) on the work as inspiration for sim- it may be”—alongside its Johnson, and Development areas along Washington and Streets, is not just a neoclas- seemed at odds with what corner of Washington and ilar schemes on the corridor. current manifestation—the Concepts, Inc.66 SOM’s Cen- Second Streets and spurred sical building, but also a city was, in essence, the “heart” In preparing the “Model Sixth, which appears to be For example, a group of Uni- “how it is now”—can be a tral Area Plan, completed in the development of parking block reconfigured and land- of downtown Columbus. Block,” Girard and his assis- in “color commentary” with versity of Illinois urban plan- very powerful design tool.64 1967 with Sasaki, Dawson, garages and the Hotel Indigo scaped to call attention to the tant Karl Tani took multiple the Southside Tavern’s burnt ning students devised two DeMay Associates and Bar- in this area.70 One of Vision architecture. Eero Saarinen’s As design historian Alexan- photographs of buildings in orange-colored façade just plans for the area in 1964 Girard’s chromatic propos- ton-Aschman Associates, 20/20’s highest profile proj- Irwin Conference Center, dra Lange and others noted, the block. From these, they across the street.58 A second and 1965; one even present- als co-existed alongside proposed a new Post Office ects, the proposed Fourth on the all-important cor- architects and design critics prepared two-dimension- model scheme was also pro- ed color schemes for the schemes that were more in and City Hall as well as a Street Entertainment Dis- ner of Washington and Fifth began to lament similar de- al models of the facades posed for the quarter block at White Star market at Fourth line with traditional physical “pedestrian mall” on Sec- trict, was completed in 2013. Streets, featured shaded glass velopments in other cities.52 for various storefronts, in- the southeast corner of Wash- and Franklin and apartments planning approaches. Many ond Street and a reformu- planes that would reflect im- She reminds readers of Peter cluding the Paul W. Smith ington Street and Second at Washington and Second.62 of these are featured in the lated Commons Mall along 51 Materials for Redeveloping Down- 67 town exhibition, Columbus Indiana ages of surrounding build- Blake’s observation that peo- Insurance Co., Melton Hat Street as well as for build- Others were not so fond of recent Redeveloping Down- Washington Street. Trkla, Architectural Archives. ings to people walking on ple who had “lost the art of Shop, Frohman’s Ready to ings around the corner along Girard’s work for Washing- town exhibition at the Indi- Pettigrew, Allen and Payne 52 The most authoritative article in this the street. However, until the seeing” designed townscapes Wear, a vacant store, Del Fourth and Fifth Street.59 This ton Street. One article even ana University Center for Art worked with the Downtown regard is Alexandra Lange, “Alexander Girard in Columbus,” in Mateo Kries 1960s, these projects were similar to the one found on Wininger Jewelers, Deaver’s would be revealed to the pub- declared that Girard’s desire + Design. Houses and busi- Council to implement the and Jochen Eisenbrand, Alexander exception to the rule. Until Washington Street.53 Vi- Realty Company, the office lic at Gene’s Bakery on Fifth to “[r]emove the accumu- nesses in the area between Central Area Master Plan in Girard: A Designer’s Universe (Weil am 60 Rhein, Germany: Vitra Design Museum, that time, this part of the city sual coherence and beau- of optometrist Ray H. Del- Street in August 1966. Gi- lation of old age and ‘mod- Brown, Jackson, First, and 1983. This master plan incor- 2016), 276-219. became somewhat atrophied. tification was needed. traz, Neal’s Paint and Wall- rard would also redesign and ernization’ and bring the area Fourth Streets were razed in porated changes that would 53 Peter Blake, God’s Own Junkyard paper Store, Gene’s Bakery renovate other notable store- back to life again” evoked the mid-1960’s. In 1967, the come about because of the (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 63 1965), 7, quoted in Ibid., p. 276. In the 1960s, architects and In 1961, S.E. Lautner of the and Delicatessen, Economy fronts and interiors along 19th century Columbus. Columbus Redevelopment proposed Cummins Cor- 54 The Columbus Republican, 9 Decem- city officials began to - con Irwin Trust Company con- Furniture, and the Blue Star this corridor, most notably When considering the mood Commission proposed storm porate Office Building and ber 1965. 55 54 The Columbus Republican, 22 April sider solutions to this prob- tacted designer Alexander storefront. In April 1966, Irwin Miller’s offices at 301 of architectural discourse drainage improvements, in- introduced a hotel and cul- 1966. lem. The Redevelopment Girard to come up with a the initial 44x68-inch mod- Washington Street and the in the United States circa creased setbacks, and floor tural center on Washington 56 Lange, “Alexander Girard in Colum- Commission completed comprehensive beautifica- el was unveiled to the public Cummins Corporate Offic- 1966, Girard’s schemes for space rations, culminating and Seventh.68 From 1988- bus,” 279. 57 The Columbus Republican, 2 Febru- several studies that identi- tion scheme for the store- at the Collier Shoe building es at 432 Washington Street. Washington Street present in the blocking off of Jack- 1991, Paul Kennon, along ary 1964. fied blight, and in looking at fronts along Washington on 315 Washington Street.55 an alternative narrative to the son Street in preparation for with architect Michael Shir- 58 The Columbus Republican, 27 April 65 1966. pictures of this era, the ex- Street. Girard was a known Girard’s schemes were cel- Las Vegas strip celebrated the Commons. Other proj- ley and landscape architect 59 The Columbus Republican, 9 August tent of visual disarray along figure in Columbus and- be The “Model Block” displays ebrated and criticized in famously by Robert Ventu- ects, in the spirit of Girard, Michael Van Valkenburgh 1965; The Republic, 27 April 1966. 60 Washington Street becomes yond. He had designed in- Girard’s fastidious attention the trade and popular press- ri, Denise Scott Brown, and proposed substantive street- asked residents to create a The Columbus Republican, 15 Au- 51 gust 1966. clear. There was little or no teriors and textiles for Eero to color patterning and pe- es. The Irwin Management Steven Izenour in Learning and landscaping. From the “Dream-Map” and intro- 61 “How to Do What You Can With landscaping along the side- Saarinen’s Irwin Conference riod detail. Girard and Tani Company’s burnt orange bay From Las Vegas. Yet Gi- late 1960s into the 1990s, duced schemes along Wash- What You Have,” P/A News Report (June, 1965). walks. This part of the city Center (1954) and Miller proposed that the storefronts window graced the cover of the Cummins Engine Foun- ington Street with substantial 62 The Columbus Republican, 9 Decem- 69 was in constant flux. Empty House (1957), projects that be painted according to a the December 1965 Archi- dation sponsored urban de- landscaping. They planted ber 1965; Materials for Redeveloping lots sat next to older build- showcased Girard’s ability 26-color palette dominat- tectural Forum. And in June sign and planning studies. medium-height Aristocrat Downtown exhibition, Columbus Indi- ana Architectural Archives. ings that were spared from to combine different color ed by blues, greens, white, 1965, an article placed Gi- These included Skidmore, pear trees that provide can- 63 “Modernization Scrubbed: Civil War the wrecking ball. In these palettes and textures to cre- and buff.56 Excessive sig- rard’s work on par with other Owings & Merrill’s Colum- opies without obscuring the Aura Recaptured,” Christian Science Monitor, 26 August 1966. ate vibrant, engaging visual nage was also removed and renewal schemes, labeling bus, Indiana Central Area streetscape. Bar Harbor juni- 64 See, for example, the “Red Books” by schemes. He would continue altered; many were recast pers and other salt-resistant English landscape architect Humphry this approach with Washing- in porcelain and mounted plantings at the intersections Repton (1752-1818). For these, Repton included paintings of present and “fu- ton Street. And after Girard 14-16 inches away from the protect brick sidewalks. The ture” versions of a landscape in order to latest redevelopment proj- persuade clients to adopt his designs. 65 Materials for Redeveloping Down- ect since the 1983 Central town exhibition, Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives. 66 United States of the Interior, Nation- al Park Service, Modernism in Bar- tholomew County, Indiana, From 1942, OMB No. 1024-0018. 67 Ibid. 68 Materials for Redeveloping Down- town exhibition, Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives. 69 Ibid. 70 Ibid.

21 Saarinen’s North Christian Saarinen’s North Christian munity. Shortly before his death in Saarinen’s North Christian Church SITE NINE: NORTH CHRISTIAN Church is a breathtaking building Church appears to soar, and yet it 1961, he wrote to J. Irwin Miller, and Kiley’s landscape were recog- that shows the architect at his most is a building that is firmly, indeli- nized as National Historic Land- CHURCH (1964), BY EERO SAARINEN mature. Its abstract hexagonal bly rooted in Dan Kiley’s master- I feel I have this obligation to mark and placed on the U.S. Na- plan is more abstract than and vi- ful landscape scheme. Early site the congregation and as archi- tional Register of Historic Places sually distinct from the rectilinear and roof plans reveal the same tect I have that obligation to in May 2000. However, as its con- gestures of First Christian Church kind of geometric simplicity ev- my profession and my ide- gregation is shrinking, the build- Architectural historian Claire ka-hued fabrics. Loengard aimed like any other: it was an open farm buildings. Following on the suc- and Eero’s Irwin Union Bank and ident at Irwin Union Bank and als. I want to solve it so that ing and landscapes of North Cen- Zimmerman argued recently that for something altogether different field for most of its existence. cess of First Christian Church, J. Trust. Saarinen’s last building Trust. Both buildings featured as an architect when I face St. tral Church are in need of repair. modern architecture has had an in his photograph. Here, what re- Irwin Miller established the Cum- echoed his expressive designs for a grid of trees designed to pro- Peter I am able to say that out afterlife preserved and communi- ally captures the viewer’s atten- This site was not part of the orig- mins Architectural Foundation in the Ingalls Rink at Yale Universi- vide shade for a parking lot. Yet of buildings I did in my life- cated by dint of the photographic tion is not the building’s familiar inal 1821 plat and would have 1953 to foster the design and con- ty (1953-1958), Washington Dull- at North Christian Church, this time, one of the best was this 71 image. Indeed, modern archi- spire reaching into the sky in the been well north of the city limits struction of “innovative” public es International Airport (1958- array of trees becomes a verdant little church, because it has in tecture in Columbus, Indiana, background, but rather the fore- when the Atlas of Bartholomew buildings. In 1957, the Foundation 1962) and the TWA Terminal promenade that orchestrates the it a real spirit that speaks forth continues to live in our collec- ground, where a tractor lumbers County appeared in the 1870s. commissioned the building of var- (1962). Viewed from the outside, approach into the main entrance to all Christians as a witness tive imagination because of the slowly through rows of planted There is an important develop- ious schools throughout Colum- the building literally mediates on the eastern side of the build- to their faith.76 work of photographers like Ezra corn. This is more than modern ment to be taken into account, for bus, with Harry Weese’s Lillian C. between earth and sky, between ing. Here, landscape comple- Stoller, Balthazar Korab, and architecture and agricultural ma- if railroad traffic and construction Schmitt Elementary (1957) being the Congregation and God. The ments and affirms Saarinen’s for- more recently, Hadley Fruits. Yet chinery sharing equal billing in contributed to the rise of down- the first to be funded through this flat cornfields bordering on- Tip mal gestures. For example, hedge 73 there is one image that captures a photograph. Here, architecture town Columbus, proposed road- program. Other architectural de- ton Lane reveal a building that, at plantings inside the sunken hex- the spirit of Columbus’ commit- and community are inseparable. work in the northern part of the velopments in this period includ- first glance, appears to be rising agonal gardens surrounding the ment to modern architecture like city set the stage for additional ed the construction of Weese’s from the ground. When approach- church accentuate the building’s no other. Appearing in the No- The previous site histories all growth. As early as 1820, the Bar- Northside Middle School (1961) ing the building more closely, one plan. So do the rows of arborvitae vember 17, 1967, issue of Life, share a common attribute in that tholomew County Board of Com- and Norman Fletcher/The Ar- sees how the building rests inside at ground level, planted so as to John Loengard’s photograph of they described areas of intense missions designated local roads chitects Collaborative’s Parkside a hexagonal-shaped sunken gar- echo and root Saarinen’s hexago- Eero Saarinen’s North Christian architectural activity. This is es- as State Roads, and began to Elementary School (1962). The den. North Christian Church’s nal plan into the earth.75 In other Church is arresting. It lacks the pecially the case with the sites on plan for additional 70 foot-wide most important project from form features an interplay of re- words, as the form of Saarinen’s high contrast of Balthazar Kor- Fifth Street and on Washington roads that would extend north- this era is Eero Saarinen’s Mill- ceding and extruding angles that building connects Earth to ab’s early black-and-white pho- Street. As mentioned above, so- wards towards Indianapolis. One er House, completed in 1957, eventually meld into the angled Heaven, Kiley’s landscape con- tographs, which seem to capture cial, economic, and architectural of these roads was the Edinburgh which featured a substantial land- rooflines that lead into the build- nects the building to its site. buildings in a kind of dazzling developments informed the ways Road, which ran from the north- scape program by Dan Kiley and ing’s iconic spire. The inside of play between light and shadow. that Eliel and Eero Saarinen, west corner of the public square interiors by Alexander Girard. North Christian Church is a land- Eero Saarinen died in 1961, Loengard’s photograph of North I.M. Pei, Gunnar Birkerts, Ralph in downtown Columbus to the scape of sorts in that it continues prompting his associates Kevin Christian Church is not metic- Johnson, or Kevin Roche John north. The second was a northern The Miller House carried forward the hexagonal motif. The arrange- Roche and John Dinkeloo to com- ulous in the same way as, for Dinkeloo Associates approached extension of Washington Street several aspects of Saarinen’s, Ki- ment of pews echo the form of plete his vision. And though these 72 example, Ezra Stoller’s images their particular designs. Whereas called Hawpatch Road. Both ley’s, and Girard’s designs for the building as it leads down into two architects continue to give of Saarinen’s Miller House. In the Fifth Street and Washington roads would intersect with the the Irwin Union Bank and Trust a central space, one that uses ar- form to Saarinen’s design legacy, it Stoller’s iconic photographs, ar- Street sites all had historic ties to main road connecting Madison building on Washington Street. chitecture to affirm the centrality was Eero himself who understood chitectural space becomes a stage the railroad, businesses, and ed- to Indianapolis, eventually des- Yet around this time, Miller pre- of not only congregational space, the significance of this building as set for potted plants, bookshelves, ucational institutions, the site of ignated as U.S. Highway 31 and occupied himself with a pressing but also the congregation itself. well as its importance to the com- and Alexander Girard’s papri- North Christian Church sits is un- now known as National Road. community concern. The con- 71 servative First Christian Church Claire Zimmerman, Photographic Architecture in the Twentieth Century (Minne- apolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014). Throughout the early and mid ousted Miller and other members 72 George Pence, “Makers of Bartholomew County,” Indiana Magazine of History, 20th century, community groups in 1956, forcing them to consider Vol. 22, No. 1 (Mar., 1926), 75. focused on the large area between a new site and building for their 73 Ricky Berkey, “Timeline of Columbus History,” Columbus Indiana Architectural National Road and Downtown congregation in 1958.74 The con- Archives. 74 Columbus as sites for additional gregation moved to the old Cald- Will Miller, “Eero and Irwin: Praiseworthy Competition with One’s Ancestors,” in Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen and Donald Albrecht, eds., Eero Saarinen: Shaping the well Mansion, which gave Miller Future (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006), 64. and his colleagues time to delib- 75 A very good summary of Kiley’s landscape work for North Christian Church erate a new building and location. appears in Chris Merritt, “Dan Kiley: Modern Landscapes in Columbus, Indiana,” They chose a site on Tipton Lane, Unpublished Document, 2016. Special thanks are in order for Chris Merritt and just south of National Road, and Richard McCoy for sharing this document with me. 76 Miller, “Eero and Irwin: Praiseworthy Competition with One’s Ancestors”, 64. in 1959 hired Eero Saarinen to design a building for the congre- gation. Saarinen and Miller chose the site because it would create a northern entrance to Columbus. It would be the last building Saarinen A HOME IN THE MODERN WORLD designed before his death in 1961.

The above site histories are architectural offering in Co- their combinations of sunken and economic changes that mere glimpses. They demon- lumbus. Moving west to east spaces, berms, and towering came to Columbus. These strate how architecture has a along Fifth Street, we have spires. Moving from north two streets intersect at Eero peculiar and universal role: in Mill Race Park, First Chris- to south along Washington Saarinen’s Irwin Conference Columbus, buildings create tian Church, Bartholomew Street, we encounter the Ir- Center, a fitting reminder of dialogues between site and County Public Library, Lin- win Conference Center, Post modern architecture’s role as community. Yet these site coln Elementary School, Office and Federal Build- an intermediary of sorts be- histories also reveal a series Central Middle School, ing, and even Girard’s color tween communities and civ- of general formal gestures. and even North Christian schemes: this eclectic group ic institutions in Columbus. The most important of these Church: buildings linked not of buildings and landscapes is the way in which Fifth only by their sites and the shows how this part of the and Washington Streets are communities they represent, city, in many ways, accom- corridors that showcase the but by their formal qualities, modated the various social 23 THE ALUMINUM GROUP Amy Auscherman

sign collection from which I build his new home. “I think Eventually everything connects. made my own personal read- we will have a great deal of – Charles Eames ing list. I was then hired by fun working this out,” Mill- I frequently answer ques- acutely aware of when these the IMA Archives to digitize er wrote to Girard after he tions about the history of the chairs first made their way the Miller House and Gar- bought the parcel of land. Eames Aluminum Group, into my visual landscape, den collection, an archival At the end of construction one of Herman Miller’s they have become an ambi- treasure trove of correspon- in 1957, Girard needed an best-selling groups of fur- ent presence in my life. The dence, textile samples, and outdoor seating solution for niture, and am often called engineered connections that technical drawings that doc- the terraces, something ele- upon to share archival ads, frame these airy, sculptur- ument the home’s design, gant and functional in which brochures, and photography al seats have in turn forged building, and maintenance. the Miller family could en- for education and publica- valuable connections in my The Miller House and Gar- joy Dan Kiley’s lush and or- tion. When I help draw con- career as a design archivist. den and its archive led me to dered exterior landscape. nections between the furni- my current post as corporate ture and others’ interests, I The first time the Aluminum archivist at Herman Miller. The creative connections often return to that moment Group made a distinct im- between Alexander Girard, when the Aluminum Group pression on me was when, In 1953, J. Irwin Miller used Eero Saarinen and Charles made itself known to me. as an intern at the Indianap- his own personal connec- Eames were the next step in olis Museum of Art, I saw tions to, in a way, bring the the process. Charles, Ray, and Like all designs generat- the lounge chairs on the ve- Aluminum Group into be- the rest of the Eames Office ed by the Eames Office, the randas of the Miller House ing. Miller was already a re- were already exploring ways chairs and tables of the Alu- and Garden. One of my first nowned patron of modern to connect metal and textile minum Group seamlessly tasks as an intern was inven- architecture in his home- when Girard asked them for blend into any environment, torying J. Irwin and Xenia S. town of Columbus when he help. The Eames Office had serving their intended func- Miller’s expansive library, a commissioned old friends already perfected the use of tion while radiating a hum- heady collection of “greatest Eero Saarinen and Alexander molded plywood—Charles’ ble beauty. Though I’m not hits” including an art and de- Girard as a “dream team” to earliest explorations in ply-

wood were with Saarinen for “sitting pocket” with tex- graphics and films—among the Aluminum Group. This MoMA’s 1940 Organic De- tile slung between two light, myriad eclectic objects col- revelation stuck with me, signs in Home Furnishings sculptural aluminum frames. lected from Charles and Ray’s and upon returning to Hol- competition. They were also The two braces at the top travels around the world. In land, I arranged an Eames experienced with fiberglassand back of the chair—called one studio on the property, Aluminum Group chair in and bent wire, used in oth- “antlers” because of their the many prototypes of the the Herman Miller Archives er successful seating groups shape—establish a connec- Aluminum Group’s antlers vault on the highest shelf of for Herman Miller. To solve tion between the frames, are on display, a testament to furniture storage. The curved the Miller House’s partic- maintain the fabric’s tension, Charles and Ray’s exhaustive, pieced of polish aluminum— ular design problem, the and add crucial design el- iterative design process. The the central connection of the Eameses opted to construct ements to the chair’s form. first prototypes were shaped design—is now the most vis- chairs from cast aluminum: out of wood, then made into ible element of the chair, and a light, recyclable material I came to love the antler, aluminum castings. Thepart of a design story I never resistant to corrosion that this seemingly simple con- Eames Office designed and tire of recounting to visitors. was also readily available in necting piece, during a visit cast thirteen different itera- post–World War II America. to the Eames family ranch. tions of the antlers before de- My own connection to the After the death of Charles ciding that the first one they Eames Aluminum Group In a 1962 ad for the Eames and Ray, Charles’ daughter came up with was the best. may have begun with its am- Aluminum Group, this inno- Lucia Demetrios relocated bient presence in my every- vative product was framed in the contents of the Venice Another area of the home ar- day life. As my own career terms of connections: “Ever Beach Eames Office to her chive situates the Aluminum has progressed, I take great take a close look at the con- William Turnbill–designed Group in what at first seems pride in ensuring that the nections in any Eames-de- home and studio in north- like an odd display. Thefurniture—and its countless signed product? Herman ern California. Both a home chairs sit high above eye-lev- fascinating connections— Miller’s aluminum group il- and the ultimate archive of el on a shelf, making their are made plainly visible. lustrates how important this the Eames Office work pro- undersides—the antler and All chair images courtesy of the Herman Miller consideration is.” Departing cess, the ranch is an Eames- base—most visible. What Archives. from the long-held concept ian wonderland of furniture seems like a mistake was ac- that chairs had to be made prototypes, bits and bobs Ray tually Lucia’s conscious deci- from a solid shell, the Eameses used for styling, and marbled sion: she felt the antler was an 24 devised a suspension-based paper used in exhibit design, overlooked design element of 25 19 B-SIDES 2 5 6 Matt Shaw 4 After seeing all of the incredi- experimental buildings not in the more eccentric places that Co- Note: This list is arranged in an 3 7 ble world-class architecture that “high midcentury” canon that are lumbus has to offer, as well as a efficient driving order, with lunch 14. Alley behind defines Columbus, you might worth checking out. The town better sense of the context that at Taqueria Mexicana or Upland Conference Center 12. Cummins Occupa- still be hungry for more. This is was profoundly affected by the makes the heavy-hitter buildings Pump House. The tour can be 1 tional Health Center 8. Otter Creek a list of the B-sides, or the stuff influx of world-class architecture, so special. The small midwestern rearranged depending on your 13. Upland Clubhouse that is often forgotten about when and it “trickled down” to com- town and its current conditions lunch cravings and tastes, it is all Pump House 10. Giant Milk Bottle most excursions focus on famous mercial and residential buildings. frame the wonderful architectur- quite close together. You should buildings. Columbus is not just al history in an even more im- really have dinner at The Brick. 15. Lafayette Ave about 7 National Historic Land- By venturing off the beaten path, pressive way than when iconic 11. Pence 16. Southside Elementary. This marks and 40 Dan Kiley projects. you will get a glimpse of some buildings are viewed in isolation. Special thanks to Louis 9. Taqueria Place brutalist elementary school was There are also some later, more of the “minor” architectures and Joyner for his editorial help. el Mexicano 17. Harrison designed by Eliot Noyes and fin- Lake 2. Forest Park Houses 16. Southside Elementary ished in 1969. It is a classic ex- ample of the fashionable and progressive concrete, expressive style, but at a very small scale. What was originally popular- 6. Sherwood Place Houses ized as public housing in Europe 5. Noble Roman's soon became popular for Ameri- can campus buildings. Southside is a two-story brutalist build- 1b. End Franklin ing in a huge green field, almost Street Housing certainly one of the least urbane 4. FairOaks Mall pieces of béton brut in the world.

18. Mt. 17. Harrison Lake. This neigh- Healthy borhood has a golf course, two Elementary lakes, and a host of modernist 3. Becker's Drive In homes. Harry Weese’s Bassett 7. Smith Elementary House (1951) is also located at the corner of Raintree Dr South and W Tulip Ct. The star is Castalia, a neo-formalist gem in- 19. The Brick spired by Palladio that was built 5. *Food Noble Romans. A re- 11. Pence Place. Gwathmey Sie- in 1963 by Elsie Irwin Swee- gional pizza chain built this shed- gel & Associates designed this ney, aunt of J. Irwin Miller. The like structure where the drive-th- HUD-assisted housing complex in 16-million-dollar Romanesque ru canopy acts as the building 1984. The Cummins Foundation villa sits on a hill, so its vaulted sign, proclaiming “pizza.” The paid the design fees, so this is an roofline is easily visible from the diagonal siding and over-artic- 8. Otter Creek Clubhouse. Com- unusual example of well-designed road. 9467 W Tulip Dr., 47201 ulated trim adds flair to the su- pleted in 1964, the Otter Creek public housing in the US. Units 14. Alley behind Cummins Inc. 1a. Franklin per-mannerist massing. They golf course is considered one of are attached and each has a front Irwin Conference Center 18. Mt. Healthy Elementary. Street Housing have excellent breadsticks and the finest public courses in the na- yard, with a light blue/grey siding (Formerly Irwin Union Bank Another masterpiece by Har- cheese— highly recommend- tion. It’s also one of the most im- that mimics many quotidian hous- and Trust). Here, you can get a dy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates ed. 2995 N National Rd.,47203 portant corporate projects cham- es of the area. 300 Pence St, 47201 glimpse of the utilitarian offic- (1972), located 20 minutes outside 15 3. Becker's Drive In. This Goo- pioned by J. Irwin Miller. The es that support the spe 14. Alley of Columbus, returns to the nos- 14 6. Sherwood Place houses. 12. Cummins gie-style drive-in root beer stand 27-hole course is complemented 12. Cummins Occupational behind Cummins Inc. Irwin Con- talgic idea of the one room school Three modernist homes reside on Occupational was originally just that, a stand. by a Harry Weese–designed club- Health Center. Hardy Holzman ference Center (Formerly Irwin house. Less formal, more varied this block. The spectacular ex- Health Center It is a rare remnant of the mid- house. Check out the fireplace Pfeiffer Associates was notorious Union Bank and Trust). Here, you spaces for learning and color-co- ample at 3201 resembles some- 13 century modern commercial style upstairs. 11522 E 50 N, 47203 for its playful, purposeful rejec- can get a glimpse of the utilitar- ordinated building systems show known as Googie, which adorned thing by the New York Five. tion of the International Style. At ian offices that support the spec- an evolution of architecture in the 9. Taqueria 3201 Sherwood Place, 47203 el Mexicano diners and drive-ins with futur- 9. *Food Taqueria el Mexica- COHA, Modernist elements are tacular Saarinen-designed bank. late 60s and early 70s. The ex- istic flair. Becker’s served the no. This nice little Mexican place exaggerated and stylized. Tech- Google location: 500 Washington posed structure, bright colors, and 7. Smith Elementary. In the best fast-food in town and was serves solid Mexican food in East nology and building systems are St, 47201 ctacular Saarinen-de- formal pastiche contrasts nicely 11. Pence Place style of Mannerist Brutalism, L a central part of Columbus sum- Columbus, a working-class neigh- exposed to express the building as signed bank. Google location: with Columbus' earlier elementary 1. Franklin St. housing. Start- Frances Smith Elementary (1969) mers from 1949 until it closed borhood. It is not a Tex-Mex joint, a machine. Today it is painted red 500 Washington St, 47201 schools such as Schmitt Elemen- ing at the Visitors Center, a trip sought a more human condition, in 2015. 1024 25th St, 47201 but a more authentic Mexican and black, Cummins's corporate tary. 12150 E State Rd 58, 47201 north along Franklin St. is like both in scale and form. Architect 10. Giant Milk Bottle place with good tacos, burritos, colors, but the original design fea- a timeline of housing in Amer- John Johansen broke away from 15. Lafayette Ave. historic hous- 4. FairOaks Mall. When the and salsas, as well as horchata, tured a vibrant mix of greens and ica. The Civil War–era John V. (1964). At the end of the block the establishment Modernism of ing. Behind the Pei library you’ll mall opened in the early 90s pollo al carbon, goat barbacoa, and blues. 605 Cottage Ave, 47201 19. *Food The Brick. This Storey house is now the Visitors is the Hamilton House (1948) by it was the hottest new place to contemporaries like Eliot Noyes brain tacos. 251 Center St., 47201 find a block of historic housing 19th-century tavern in nearby Center, near the Heritage Fund Maurice Thornton, with an iconic go shopping, one of the subur- and I.M. Pei, who also studied 13. *Food Upland Pump House. from before WWII, when Colum- Jonesville was a popular spot in located at 538 Franklin St. Pro- garden by Dan Kiley. 506 5th St., ban attractions that helped take under Gropius. Painted steel tubes 10. Giant Milk Bottle. On a quiet Part of the city’s latest urban re- bus was not yet the prosperous city the days when the railroad was gressing through pre-war Victori- 47201 to 300 Tipton Lane, 47201 business from downtown. It is connect concrete boxes, a small- street in East Columbus, a giant development, the Pump House it is today. It is a mix of everyday king and the establishment gained an houses and bungalows, you’ll now following nationwide trends scale example of Johansen's ex- milk bottle remains as a reminder serves solid pub fare and good houses and Victorian mansions. culinary notoriety in the 1950s, see modernism take hold as the 2. Forest Park Houses. This again, as it has a large number uberant, colorful mashups that of the era of overscaled roadside beer under spectacular brick On the NW corner of 7th and La- when Pete Lucas would grill up houses tell the story of how the classic neighborhood features of vacant stores. What is left is were based on systems theory. objects as signs. In the 1950s the archways. The building, perched fayette is the Crump House built burgers with onions at the bar. It town sprawled slowly north. Be- some nice mid-century houses an oddball assortment of shops, (See Johansen's 1970's Mummers milk bottle was built by Franke’s over the east fork of the White by Francis Crump, the builder of was a favorite of J. Irwin Miller tween 25th and 27th St. is a col- and very old trees that make its all set in a wonderful neon and Theater in Oklahoma City for a Dairy, but it now resides in a park- River, was originally a pump- the Crump Theater. He was one and still serves up a great burger lection of fine modernist homes swooping boulevards and cul-de- marble pomo building. A truly more radical version of this Man- ing lot nearby as a piece of public ing station designed by Harri- of the richest men in town, per- to clientele of all walks of life. including Harry Weese’s Lauther sacs a great drive. 3360 Grove bizarre place to see. 2380 25th nerist High Modernism (MHM)). art between Center and Cher- son Albright and completed in haps surpassing the Irwin Fam- If you only eat at one place, this House (1952) and Newlin House Parkway, 47203 Street, 47201 4505 Waycross Drive, 47203 ry Sts. 282 S Cherry St, 47201 1903. 148 Lindsey St., 47201 ily. 619 Lafayette Ave., 47201 should be it. 309 Walnut St, 47247 EXHIBIT COLUMBUS 2016 SYMPOSIUM "FOUNDATIONS AND FUTURES" SCHEDULE OF EVENTS

Foundations and Futures Friday, September 30 (Morning Session)

September 29 –October 1 Modern Art and Life Session chaired by Michelangelo Sabatino (Illinois Institute of Technology “Foundations and Futures,” the 2016 inaugural symposium for Exhibit Colum- College of Architecture) bus, will be held September 29 to October 1. In addition to a keynote session • Jochen Eisenbrand (Vitra Design Museum) featuring the return of Columbus legends Deborah Berke, Will Miller, Robert A. M. Stern, and Michael Van Valkenburgh, you will hear from experts in architec- • Ron Henderson (Illinois Institute of Technology College of Architecture) tural history, community members who built and maintain many city landmarks, leaders in manufacturing and fabrication, and all ten of the finalists in the J. • Alexandra Lange (Independent) Irwin and Xenia S. Miller Prize Competition. For tickets and more information • Marleen Newman (IUCA+D) visit exhibitcolumbus.org. • Eeva-­Liisa Pelkonen (Yale School of Architecture)

Thursday, September 29 (Evening Event) Miller Prize Finalist Panel Discussion Gallery Exhibition Opening Moderated by T. Kelly Wilson (IUCA+D) with selection of Miller Prize Finalists 10: The Miller Prize Competition Finalists A gallery exhibition at the Indiana University Center for Art+Design (IUCA+D) Friday, September 30 (Afternoon Session) featuring the work of the ten finalists competing for the five J. Irwin and Xenia S. Miller Prizes. The finalists are: Making and Maintaining • Benjamin Aranda and Chris Lasch of Aranda\Lasch (Tucson and New York) Session chaired by Tricia Gilson (Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives) • Herwig Baumgartner and Scott Uriu of Baumgartner + Uriu (Los Angeles) • Jeff Brown (The Republic) • Rachel Hayes (Tulsa) • Mary Chandler (Cummins Foundation) • Eric Höweler and Meejin Yoon of Höweler+Yoon (Boston) • Steve Forster (Bartholomew Consolidated School Corporation) • Yugon Kim of IKD (Boston) • Ben Wever (Miller House and Garden) • Ball-Nogues Studio (Los Angeles) • Sharon Johnston, Mark Lee, and Jonathan Olivares of Johnston Marklee and Miller Prize Finalists Panel Discussion Jonathan Olivares Design Research (Los Angeles) Moderated by T. Kelly Wilson (IUCA+D) with selection of Miller Prize Finalists • Dwayne Oyler and Jenny Wu of Oyler Wu Collaborative (Los Angeles) • Joyce Hsiang and Bimal Mendis of Plan B Architecture & Urbanism (New Haven, CT) Friday, September 30 (Evening Session) I. M. Pei design for Columbus. Image courtesy Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives

• Chris Cornelius of studio:indigenous () Architecture for Everyday Life Session chaired by Michelangelo Sabatino (Illinois Institute of Technology College of Architecture) moderated by Will Miller. EXHIBIT COLUMBUS PARTNERS • Deborah Berke in conversation with stakeholders from Hope Library • Robert A.M. Stern in conversation with stakeholders from Columbus Ball State University Regional Hospital Bartholomew Consolidated School Corporation • Michael Van Valkenburgh in conversation with stakeholders from Mill Race City of Columbus Park Columbus Area Arts Council Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives Columbus Indiana Philharmonic Saturday, October 1 (Morning Session) and Design Architecture + Industry in the Future –> of Cities COlumbus–Ivy Tech Visual Communications Program Session chaired by Kevin Klinger (Ball State University Institute for Digital Indiana University Center of Art+Design Fabrication) Indianapolis Museum of Art • Mark Burry (Melbourne School of Design) • Matthias Kohler and Fabio Gramazio (Gramazio Kohler Architects) • William Kreysler (Kreysler & Associates) • Jennifer Rumsey (Cummins Inc.) FOUNDING SPONSORS • L. William Zahner (A. Zahner Company) Columbus Area Visitors Center Miller Prize Finalists Panel Discussion Columbus Museum of Art & Design Moderated by T. Kelly Wilson (IUCA+D) with selection of Miller Prize Finalists Cummins Inc. Efroymson Family Fund Saturday, October 1 (Afternoon Session) Haddad Foundation Heritage Fund–The Community Foundation of Bartholomew County Future of Design in Columbus Irwin Sweeney Miller Foundation Presentations by Exhibit Columbus Curatorial Team on the 2017 exhibition, Johnson Ventures including the Miller Prize Competition, Washington Street Installations, Moravec Realty University Installations, and projects by students in Columbus primary and secondary schools. Schumaker Family SIHO Insurance Services Exhibit An Annual Exploration 2016 Symposium 2017 Exhibition Columbus of Architecture, Art, Design, September 29–October 1 August–November and Community Deborah Berke Michael Van Valkenburgh Will Miller Robert A.M. Stern exhibitcolumbus.org