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Immunogenicity and Protection After Vaccination with a Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara-Vectored Yellow Fever Vaccine in the Hamster Model

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Immunogenicity and Protection After Vaccination with a Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara-Vectored Yellow Fever Vaccine in the Hamster Model ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 02 August 2018 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01756 Immunogenicity and Protection After Vaccination With a Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara-Vectored Yellow Fever Vaccine in the Hamster Model Justin G. Julander1*, Marco Testori2, Cédric Cheminay2 and Ariane Volkmann2 1 Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States, 2 Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Martinsried, Germany The highly efficacious live-attenuated 17D yellow fever (YF) vaccine is occasionally associated with rare life-threatening adverse events. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a non-replicating poxvirus, has been used as a vaccine platform to safely deliver various antigens. A MVA-based YF vaccine (MVA-BN-YF) was tested with and without a non-mineral oil adjuvant in a hamster model of lethal YF disease and protective efficacy Edited by: of this vaccine was compared with the 17D vaccine. The vaccine candidate MVA-BN-YF Oystein Evensen, generated a protective response in hamsters infected with YFV that was comparable to Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway protection by the live 17D vaccine. Similar levels of neutralizing antibody were observed Reviewed by: in animals vaccinated with either vaccine alone or vaccine with adjuvant. Significant Randy A. Albrecht, improvement in survival, weight change, and serum alanine aminotransferase levels were Icahn School of Medicine at observed in vaccinated hamsters when administered 42 and 14 days prior to challenge Mount Sinai, United States Sampa Santra, with Jimenez YF virus (YFV). Neutralizing antibodies induced by MVA-BN-YF were trans- Harvard Medical School, ferred to naïve hamsters prior to virus challenge. Passive administration of neutralizing United States antibody 24 h prior to virus infection resulted in significantly improved survival and weight *Correspondence: Justin G. Julander change. A trend toward reduced liver enzyme levels was also observed. MVA-BN-YF, [email protected] therefore, represents a safe alternative to vaccination with live-attenuated YFV. Keywords: yellow fever, 17D, passive immunization, hamster, modified vaccinia virus Ankara, neutralizing Specialty section: antibodies This article was submitted to Vaccines and Molecular Therapeutics, INTRODUCTION a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology Yellow fever (YF), a hemorrhagic disease with jaundice, occurs throughout endemic areas of South Received: 18 April 2018 America and Africa (1, 2). The etiologic agent, YF virus (YFV) is a mosquito-born flavivirus. The Accepted: 16 July 2018 development of a live-attenuated vaccine in the early twentieth century significantly decreased Published: 02 August 2018 the incidence of YF (3). The live-attenuated 17D vaccine, supplied by seven manufacturers, is Citation: currently used to protect travelers and also in childhood vaccination programs in many affected Julander JG, Testori M, Cheminay C countries, with millions of doses distributed annually (4). Extensive use of this vaccine to combat and Volkmann A (2018) a recent emergence event in Angola strained the supply of vaccine worldwide and demonstrated Immunogenicity and Protection After some limitation of availability and accessibility of the 17D vaccines (5), suggesting a need for an Vaccination With a Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara-Vectored Yellow Fever alternative vaccine. The virus also continues to emerge in new areas, including a 2017 outbreak in Vaccine in the Hamster Model. Brazil (6) and tens of millions of people could soon be at risk of an urban YF outbreak (7). Front. Immunol. 9:1756. Serious adverse events, such as yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease (YEL-AVD) doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01756 and neurotropic disease (YEL-AND), have been reported after vaccination with the 17D vaccine. Frontiers in Immunology | www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2018 | Volume 9 | Article 1756 Julander et al. MVA-BN-YF Protects Against Yellow Fever Incidences of YEL-AVD and YEL-AND in the United States are Tesh and colleagues (15). A seed stock was prepared from livers reported as 0.4 and 0.8 per 100,000 vaccinations, respectively (8). of hamsters, removed 3 days after virus injection and homog- YEL-AVD can be quite severe with a case fatality rate of 65% (9). enized in a 2× volume of sterile phosphate-buffered saline. This Moreover, incidence rates of adverse events are much higher in virus stock had a titer of 106.0 50% cell culture infectious doses −4 infants and the elderly (CDC Yellow Book, 2012). Despite the (CCID50)/mL. Hamsters were challenged IP with 0.2 mL of a 10 infrequency of adverse events, these considerations have sti- dilution of virus stock (20 CCID50/animal). mulated efforts to develop safer YF vaccines. The modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a highly Vaccine attenuated vaccinia virus strain that is non-replicating in humans. MVA-BN YF was prepared by inserting the coding region of preM It has been used extensively as an antigen delivery vector. More- and E that are based on the naturally occurring sequence of YFV over, MVA (MVA-BN®/IMVANEX®/IMVAMUNE®) has been (NCBI Accession No NC_002031) into the MVA-BN® backbone. licensed as safer smallpox vaccine in Europe and Canada. There The virus was propagated in primary chicken embryo fibroblast is an extensive safety record of MVA in various vaccine platform cells in serum-free conditions. Montanide (Montanide™ ISA applications (10–13). We have developed an MVA-vectored YF 720 VG manufactured by SEPPIC S.A., France) was used as a vaccine expressing the poly-protein PreM-E of YFV. In mice, non-mineral oil adjuvant mixed with MVA-BN-YF to obtain a the vaccine was shown to induce neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) stable emulsion. that were increased by a non-mineral oil adjuvant (unpublished YF-VAX® (Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, USA) 17D YFV observation), but efficacy could not be tested in this model. was obtained as a lyophilized powder and was suspended in the Challenge of hamsters with the adapted Jimenez strain of manufacturer-supplied buffer. A 1:10 dilution of the vaccine was YFV causes viscerotropic disease after IP inoculation that is prepared and animals were vaccinated with > 1.0 × 104 plaque similar to disease in humans (14, 15). This model has been used forming units (pfu) 14 days prior to virus challenge. in the evaluation of both antiviral interventions (16–19) and vac- cines (20, 21). We have evaluated immunogenicity and efficacy Neutralization Tests of MVA-BN vectored YF and the approved live 17D vaccines in Antibody levels in serum were quantified using the PRNT50 as this model. Moreover, protective levels of nAb present after vac- previously described (21). Briefly, samples of test sera were heat- cination with MVA-BN YF were tested in naïve hamsters upon inactivated (56°C, 30 min), serial diluted (twofold), and mixed passive transfer. The results of these studies provide proof of with an equal volume of YF 17D virus containing 50–70 pfu, principle for advancement of this investigational vaccine toward incubated for 16–20 h at 2–8°C, and inoculated onto Vero76 clinical trials. monolayers grown in 12-well plates. Monolayers were covered with an overlay medium (0.85% methylcellulose in DMEM with MATERIALS AND METHODS 10% fetal bovine serum) after adsorption for 1 h at 37°C. Plates were fixed and stained with crystal violet-formaldehyde after Animals 5 days incubation at 37°C. The endpoint was the highest dilution of serum inhibiting plaques by 50% or more when compared with Female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) with an average virus controls. weight of 100 g were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA, USA). Following a 48-h quarantine and 5-day Serum Aminotransferase Assays acclimation period, animals were randomly assigned to groups Serum was collected via ocular sinus bleed on 6 dpi. Alanine ami- and individually marked with ear tags. All work with animals notransferase (ALT) (SGPT) reagent (Teco Diagnostics, Anaheim, was performed in the Biosafety Level 3 area of the AAALAC- CA, USA) was used, and the protocol was altered for use in accredited Laboratory Animal Research Center at Utah State 96-well plates as described previously (14). The aminotransferase University (USU). Hamsters were cared for under an animal concentrations were determined per manufacturer’s instructions. use protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Laboratory Animals (IACUC) at USU. Infectious Cell Culture Assay Test serum samples collected 4 dpi were serially diluted and Viruses added to Vero 76 cells. Ten days later, CPE was used to identify YF virus 17D was prepared by passaging in a monolayer culture the endpoint of infection. Four replicates were used to calculate of Vero cells and by harvesting cell culture fluid at the appearance the CCID50/mL. of cytopathic effects (CPE). The virus was incubated overnight at 4°C followed by quantification by plaque assay in Vero76 cells Protective Efficacy of MVA-BN YF grown in 12-well plates under methylcellulose overlay. After Hamsters were randomly assigned to groups of 10–15 animals. 5 days of incubation at 37°C and 5% CO2, plates were fixed and Animals were immunized s.c. with MVA-BN YF ± adjuvant stained with 0.3% crystal violet-formaldehyde and plaques were on −42 and −14 dpi or s.c. on −14 dpi with YF-VAX. A 10−4 2.0 counted. dilution (10 CCID50/mL) of the virus was prepared in minimal The Jimenez strain (South American genotype I, isolated in essential media. Hamsters were challenged on day 0 with Jimenez Panama, 1974) was used for hamster challenge studies. The virus YFV. Serum was collected on −1, 4, and 6 dpi from all surviving was adapted by serial passage in hamster liver, as described by hamsters for quantification of neutralizing antibody, serum virus, Frontiers in Immunology | www.frontiersin.org 2 August 2018 | Volume 9 | Article 1756 Julander et al. MVA-BN-YF Protects Against Yellow Fever and ALT, respectively.
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