Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi
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KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI COLLEGE OF ART AND SOCIAL SCIENCES FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT URBANISATION OF THE RURAL LANDSCAPE: ASSESSING THE EFFECTS AND COPING MECHANISMS IN PERI-URBAN KUMASI. JANET AFUA ABRAFI ADOMAKO A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (MPHIL) DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT. MARCH, 2013 DECLARATION I hereby declare that except for references cited, which have been duly acknowledged, this thesis is the result of my own research. It has never been presented anywhere either in part or whole for the award of any degree. Janet Afua Abrafi Adomako ………………… ………………… (PG 3528109) Signature Date (Student) CERTIFIED BY: Mr. Kabila Abass ………………… ………………… (Supervisor) Signature Date Mr. Kwadwo Afriyie ………………… ………………… (Supervisor) Signature Date Dr. (Mrs.) Eva Tagoe-Darko ………………… ………………… (Head of Department) Signature Date ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my siblings, nephews and nieces, most especially, to my late sister and nephew, Martha Aboagyewaa and Frank Owusu Appiagyei respectively. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thanks go to the Almighty God for making it possible for this project to become a reality. I am indebted to a large number of individuals who contributed in diverse ways to the success of this study. It would have been impossible to undertake this research without the scholarly insights and suggestions from my two supervisors, Mr. Kabila Abass and Mr. Kwadwo Afriyie. Their constructive criticisms and tireless support and comments have put this work in its right perspective. I express my deepest appreciation to their efforts. My profound gratitude to Dr. Eva Tagoe-Darko, head of Geography and Rural Development Department, Dr. Alexander Yao Segbefia of Geography and Rural Development Department, Dr. E. M. Osei Jnr of the Department of Geomatic Engineering, Mr. Divine Odame Appiah, Dr. Seth Agyemang and all the lecturers in the Department of Geography and Rural Development for their support and encouragement in diverse ways. My sincere gratitude to Mr. Lawford Boateng Acheamfour of Ghana Statistical Service; Mr. Joshua Tetteh, Assistant Development Planning Officer, KMA; Mr. Joseph Kwame Sarfo, Development Planning Unit, Bosomtwe District; Odefoo Amoaye II, the chief of Appiadu; Nana Appiah-Kubi I, the chief of Deduako-Kodiekrom; Honourable Alex Wiafe Akenteng Jnr, the Assemblyman of Appiadu; Mr. Collins Agyei, the Assemblyman of Deduako; Mr. Lewis Opuni Frimpong, the Assemblyman of Esereso and all respondents who participated in the study. Special thanks to all my friends especially Patrick Osei Darko, Felix Uba, Rashida Ayuma, Angela Naa Atswei Adjetey and Charity Dzifa Amable for their diverse support. I am greatly indebted to David Amoako-Atta, Benjamin Ankomah, Obed Menkah-Menta, and Dorinda Saawah Saah for their support throughout the work. iv ABSTRACT The growth of suburbs has been the clearest expression of expanding urban areas. Diverse opinions have been expressed about the effects of the horizontal expansion of urban areas on the adjoining rural areas. While one school of thought sees urbanisation as a destructive agent depleting rural resources and displacing rural livelihoods without providing alternatives, another school of thought argues that urbanisation provides opportunities that promote growth and development in the adjoining areas through transformation in local economies leading to greater entrepreneurism. This study explores the effects of urbanisation and coping mechanisms in peri-urban Kumasi. Three communities within a 20 km radius from the city were selected to represent peri-urban Kumasi. Household survey, key informants interviews and focus group discussions were used as data collection tools to assess the situation. Quantitative data analyses was done with SPSS, and the results presented in the form of tables, graphs and charts while direct quotations from respondents were used to present qualitative data. Moreover, satellite images were analysed to establish the relationship between urbanisation and land cover changes. The results from the study revealed that the expansion of Kumasi has presented constraints and opportunities to people living in peripheral villages. Key among the problems identified were land use changes from agricultural to residential buildings with negative implications for agriculture. The research has shown that there has been a reduction in the number of people engaged in the agricultural sector. However, while agricultural activities are increasingly declining, new livelihood types are evolving in response to urbanisation. Increase in non-farm job opportunities, infrastructure development and greater access to knowledge and skills in the study areas are noteworthy. Trading has become an important income generating activity, especially for women in the communities studied. The evolution of new livelihood activities has culminated in the adoption of both farm and non-farm v livelihood strategies including diversification, intensification and migration to cope with the effects of urbanisation. It was discovered from the study that interventions from local and traditional institutions are in the form of providing infrastructure facilities such as roads, classroom blocks, among others to support residents. However, these interventions are targeted at the general population and not with the primary aim of supporting households whose farmlands have been converted to houses. Drawing on the results from the study, the study suggests that any future interventions should better integrate and develop farm and non-farm livelihoods through the adoption of a more pro-active, holistic and systematic approach to minimise the negative effects of urbanisation on peri-urban household livelihood through research, capacity building/skill development, development of alternative means of livelihood and implementation of the national urban policy and Land Administration Programme. vi TABLE OF CONTENT Title Page……………………………………………………………………….….…………...i Declaration ................................................................................................................................. ii Dedication .................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................... iv Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... v Table of Content ...................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ xi List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... xii List of Plates ...........................................................................................................................xiii CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ........................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Study Objectives .................................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Propositions.......................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 8 1.5.1 Types and Sources of Data ............................................................................................... 8 1.5.2 Method of Data Collection................................................................................................ 8 1.5.3 Sampling Method and Selection of Communities ............................................................ 9 1.5.4 Techniques of Preparation and Analysis of Data ............................................................ 11 1.5.5. Satellite Images Analysis ............................................................................................... 11 1.6 Justification of the Research .............................................................................................. 12 1.7 Limitations ......................................................................................................................... 13 1.8 Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................. 13 1.9 The Structure of the Report................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL ISSUES ............... 15 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 15 2.2 Global Overview of Urbanisation and Major Causes .......................................................