Contributions in New World Archaeology 

ON THE LOGO OF THE CRACOW MAYA CONFERENCE AND THE ETYMOLOGY OF KRAKÓW

1 2 CHRISTOPHE H ELMKE $1' - $526à$: ħ 5$à.$

1 University of Copenhagen, 2 ,

Abstract 6LQFHWKH&UDFRZ0D\D&RQIHUHQFHKDVEHHQRUJDQLVHGDQGKRVWHGE\VWDIIDQGVWXGHQWVRIWKH,QVWLWXWHRI $UFKDHRORJ\RIWKH-DJLHOORQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\:KHUHDVWKLVDQQXDOHYHQWLVIRFXVHGRQ0D\DFXOWXUHV0HVRDPHULFDQ FXOWXUHVDUHDOVRLQFUHDVLQJO\UHSUHVHQWHGLQUHFHQW\HDUV7KLVFRQIHUHQFHKDVDVLWVSXUSRVHWRFRQYHQH(XURSHDQ VFKRODUVDQGWRGLVVHPLQDWHLQIRUPDWLRQSHUWDLQLQJWRDQFLHQW0HVRDPHULFDQFXOWXUHVWKHLUDUFKDHRORJ\ZULWLQJ and iconography to interested students and D¿FLRQDGRV  YLD D VHULHV RI OHFWXUHV DQG ZRUNVKRSV7KH ORJR WKDW KDVEHHQGHYHORSHGIRUWKHFRQIHUHQFHVHUYHVWRHPERG\WKHXQLRQRIDQFLHQW0D\DZULWLQJDQGWKHZRQGHUIXO ORFDOLW\ZKHUHWKHFRQIHUHQFHLVFRQYHQHG+HUHWKHRULJLQDQGPHDQLQJRIWKHORJRDUHH[SODLQHGLQIXUWKHUGHWDLO

Resumen 'HVGH  OD &RQIHUHQFLD GH 0D\LVWDV GH &UDFRYLD KD VLGR RUJDQL]DGD \ UHFLELGD SRU HO SHUVRQDO \ ORV HVWXGLDQWHVGHO,QVWLWXWRGH$UTXHRORJtDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG-DJXHOyQLFD0LHQWUDVTXHHVWHHQFXHQWURDQXDOWLHQH FRPRVXHQIRTXHFHQWUDOODVFXOWXUDVPD\DVHQDxRVUHFLHQWHVODVFXOWXUDVPHVRDPHULFDQDVWDPELpQVHUHSUHVHQWDQ (VWD FRQIHUHQFLD WLHQH FRPR VX SURSyVLWR GH FRQYRFDU D DFDGpPLFRV HXURSHRV \ GH GLVHPLQDU LQIRUPDFLyQ UHIHUHQWHDODVDQWLJXDVFXOWXUDVPHVRDPHULFDQDVVXDUTXHRORJtDHVFULWXUD\LFRQRJUDItDHQWUHORVHVWXGLDQWHV\ ORVD¿FLRQDGRVLQWHUHVDGRVYtDXQDVHULHGHSRQHQFLDV\GHWDOOHUHV(OORJRWLSRTXHVHKDGHVDUUROODGRSDUDOD FRQIHUHQFLDVLUYHSDUDSHUVRQL¿FDUODXQLyQHQWUHODHVFULWXUDGHORVDQWLJXRVPD\DV\HOPDUDYLOORVROXJDUHQ GRQGHVHFRQYRFDQODFRQIHUHQFLD$TXtHORULJHQ\HOVLJQL¿FDGRGHOORJRWLSRVHH[SOLFDQGHPDQHUDGHWDOODGD

A LITTLE BACKGROUND

2QHHYHQLQJGXULQJWKH¿UVW&UDFRZ0D\D&RQIHUHQFHDVPDOOJURXSRIZRUNVKRSWXWRUVDQGORFDO RUJDQLVHUVPHWIRUDIHZGULQNVDWWKHDSWO\QDPHG 3LHUZV]\ORNDOQD6WRODUVNLHMSROHZHMVWURQLHLGąF RG0DáHJR5\QNX  µ)LUVW3ODFHRQ6WRODUVNDRQWKHOHIWVLGHZKLOHJRLQJDZD\IURPWKH0Dá\5\QHN >µVPDOO PDUNHW¶@¶  RU WKH µ7KH /RQJ 1DPH %DU¶ IRU WKH IDLQWKHDUWHG 'XULQJ WKLV IHVWLYH HYHQLQJ WKHUHZDVPXFKWDONDERXWWKHHYHQWWKHIROORZLQJ\HDUZKLFKZRXOGIRUPDOO\PDUNWKH nd &UDFRZ 0D\D&RQIHUHQFHDQGDVVXFKSDUWRIDVHULHVRIDQQXDOHYHQWV,WZDVDWWKLVMXQFWXUHWKDWWKHLGHDRI HODERUDWLQJDORJRZDVSXWRQWKHSURYHUELDOWDEOH6HYHUDOLGHDVZHUHWKURZQDURXQGEXWWKDWZKLFK DOOSUHVHQWFKHHUIXOO\HQGRUVHGZDVWKHVNHWFKTXLFNO\UHQGHUHGRQDQDSNLQUHSUHVHQWLQJWKH¿UVWGUDIW RIWKHORJRZHQRZNQRZ )LJXUH  8 &KULVWRSKH+HOPNHDQG-DURVáDZħUDáND&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHDQG-DURVáDZħUDáND

Fig. 1:  7KH ORJR RI WKH &UDFRZ 0D\D &RQIHUHQFH ZLWK WKH WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQV RI WKH JO\SKLF VLJQV GUDZLQJ E\ &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH 

7KH ORJR LV D FRPELQDWLRQ RI IRXU JO\SKV RI WKH &ODVVLF 0D\D KLHURJO\SKLF ZULWLQJ V\VWHP LQFOXGLQJWKUHHORJRJUDPV ZRUGVLJQV DQGDSKRQRJUDP VRXQGVLJQ  )LJXUH 7RJHWKHUWKHVHFDQ be transliterated as KAL-wi-K’AK’-CHAPAT WREHWUDQVFULEHGDQGUHDGDV kalaaw k’ahk’ chapaht  7KHJO\SKVXVHGIRUWKHORJRDUHSDUWRIOHQJWKLHUWH[WVIRXQGRQDYDVHGLVFRYHUHGLQLQDUHPRWH FDYHLQ%HOL]HQDPHG&X\FKHQ(DFKRIWKHIRXUJO\SKLFVLJQVHPSOR\HGLQWKHORJRDUHIRXQGRQ WKHDFWXDO&X\FKHQYDVHDOWKRXJKWKHVHDUHKHUHFRPELQHGLQDQRYHOZD\&X\FKHQUHODWHVWRWKH &UDFRZ0D\D&RQIHUHQFHLQWKDWWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQVDWWKHFDYHZHUH¿UVW SUHVHQWHGDWWKLVFRQIHUHQFH +HOPNH et al.  DQGWKHDFFRPSDQ\LQJLFRQRJUDSK\DQGHSLJUDSK\ RIWKHYHVVHOZDVGHVFULEHGGXULQJWKHLQWHUPHGLDWHZRUNVKRSFRWXWRUHGE\&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHDQG +DUUL.HWWXQHQ  7KHORJRRZHVQRWRQO\LWVVW\OHWRWKHJO\SKVIRXQGRQWKH&X\FKHQYHVVHO EXW DOVR WKH KHUHWRIRUH XQDWWHVWHG DQWLSDVVLYH LQÀHFWLRQ RI WKH YHUE kal  µWR KDFN D[H¶ ZULWWHQ ZLWK the wi  V\OODERJUDP FXHLQJ WKH VXI¿[ –aaw ,I WKLV H[FHSWLRQDO VSHOOLQJ ZHUH QRW VWXQQLQJ HQRXJK LW ZDV UHQGHUHG LQ WKUHH VHSDUDWH FDSWLRQV RQ WKLV XQLTXH YDVH$ EULHI DQDO\VLV RI kalaaw  DOORZV XVWRSURSRVHWKHPRUSKRORJLFDOVHJPHQWDWLRQNDODDZ‘WKHDQDO\VLVD[H APASS -3 SA DQGWKHOLWHUDO WUDQVODWLRQµD[HVKH¶+HUHDVLQWKHRULJLQDOWH[WZHKDYHDQREMHFWLQFRUSRUDWLQJYHUEDOFRQVWUXFWLRQ ZKLFKPHDQVWKDWWKHGLUHFWREMHFWRIWKHFODXVHLVLQWHJUDWHGLQWRWKHYHUE,QWKLVFDVHWKHREMHFWLV the k’ahk’ chapaht OLWHUDOO\Dµ¿UHFHQWLSHGH¶DQHRORJLVPIRUWKH2OG:RUOGWHUPµGUDJRQ¶WKDWLV HYLGHQWO\ODFNLQJLQWKHNQRZQFRUSXVRI0D\DWH[WV+HUHKRZHYHUZHVKRXOGQRWWKLQNRIVPDOO FHQWLSHGHVEXWLQVWHDGRIPRQVWURXVVHUSHQWLQHDQGSDUWO\VNHOHWRQLVHGP\WKLFEHDWVVLQFHWKLVLVKRZ WKHDQFLHQW0D\DFRQFHLYHGWKHVHFUHDWXUHV VHH7DXEH.HWWXQHQDQG'DYLV $OO LQDOOWKHORJRFDQWKXVEHUHDGDV kalaaw k’ahk’ chapaht DQGOLWHUDOO\WUDQVODWHGDVµD[HV¿UHFHQWLSHGH KLP¶RULQIUHHUSURVHµKHVOD\VWKHGUDJRQ¶%XWZKRLVWKLV¿JXUHZKRLVVDLGWRVOD\WKHGUDJRQ" )RUWKLVZHQHHGWRWXUQWRWKHIRXQGLQJP\WKRORJ\RI&UDFRZDQGWKHHW\PRORJ\RIWKHSODFHQDPH Kraków 

ON THE ETYMOLOGY OF KRAKÓW

7KH ORJR UHIHUV WR P\WKLF WLPHV ORQJ EHIRUH WKH ¿UVW KLVWRULF ORUGV RI 3RODQG DVVXPHG SRZHU ZKHQDOHJHQGDU\3ROLVKSULQFHQDPHG.UDN DOWHUQDWLYHO\DOVR Krok   Crakus  Grakch DQG Gracchus  WKH IRXQGHU RI &UDFRZ VWUXJJOHG WR RYHUFRPH D WHUULI\LQJ GUDJRQ 7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO GLIIHUHQWVRXUFHVPHQWLRQLQJWKHOHJHQGRI.UDNDQGWKHIDPHGGUDJRQXVXDOO\NQRZQDVWKH Smok Wawelski RUµ:DZHO'UDJRQ¶7KH¿UVWDQGROGHVWRIWKHPLVWKH Kronika Polska  µ3ROLVK&KURQLFOH¶  ZULWWHQE\DELVKRSRI&UDFRZ0DVWHU:LQFHQW\.DGáXEHN FD$' .DGáXEHNPHQWLRQV WKDW.UDN ZKRPKHUHIHUVWRE\WKH/DWLQLVHGIRUP Gracchus ZDVDSULQFHRIWKH/HFKLWLDQVZKR 2QWKH/RJRRIWKH&UDFRZ0D\D&RQIHUHQFHDQGWKH(W\PRORJ\RI.UDNyZ 9

IRXJKWDJDLQVW*DXOVDQGDIWHUFRPLQJWR3RODQGIURPGLVWDQW&DULQWKLDEHFDPHDNLQJDQGIRXQGHG D VWUXFWXUHG DQG ZHOORUJDQL]HG SROLW\ +RZHYHU QRW ORQJ DIWHU D KRUULI\LQJ GUDJRQ WKDW .DGáXEHN called a holophagusµDOOHDWHU¶RUµFDáRĪHUFD¶ VHWWOHGDWWKHIRRWRI:DZHO+LOOGHPDQGLQJWREHIHG FDWWOHHDFKZHHN .DGáXEHN  )LJXUH :KHQWKHLQGLFDWHGWULEXWHZDVQRWGHOLYHUHGWKH GUDJRQVDWLDWHGKLVDSSHWLWHE\GHYRXULQJSHRSOH.UDNVHQWKLVWZRVRQVWRNLOOWKHGUDJRQEXWWKH\ ZHUHXQDEOHWRVXFFHHGLQGLUHFWFRPEDWDQGGHFLGHGLQVWHDGWRSUHSDUHDWUDSE\VWXI¿QJDFDWWOHVNLQ ZLWKVXOSKXU:KHQWKHGUDJRQDWHLWKHVXIIRFDWHG+DYLQJWKXVNLOOHGWKHGUDJRQ.UDN¶VVRQVVWDUWHG WRDUJXHDVWRZKRH[DFWO\KDGVODLQWKHEHDVW,QDERXWRIEOLQGDPELWLRQWKH\RXQJHUEURWKHUNLOOHG KLVHOGHUDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\DQQRXQFHGWKDWWKHGUDJRQZDVWREODPHIRUKLVGHPLVH8SRQWKHGHDWKRI .UDNKLV\RXQJHUVRQWRRNWKURQHEXWVRRQWKHUHDIWHUWKHIUDWULFLGHZDVUHYHDOHGDQGKHZDVGULYHQ IURPWKHNLQJGRP.DGáXEHNVWDWHVWKDWLQRUGHUWRDFNQRZOHGJHWKHDFKLHYHPHQWVRI.UDNWKHSHRSOH VWDUWHGEXLOGLQJDFLW\RQWKHKLOOLQZKLFKGUDJRQRQFHGZHOOHG7KHQHZWRZQZDVQDPHG Gracchovia .UDNyZ  DIWHU WKLV RQH JUHDW ORUG 2GGO\ WKH FKURQLFOHU DOVR RIIHUHG DQ DOWHUQDWH IRON HW\PRORJ\ ZKHUHLQWKHQDPHRIWKHFLW\PD\GHULYHIURPWKHFDZLQJRIFURZVWKDWSUH\HGRQWKHFDUFDVVRIWKH GUDJRQ %DQDV]NLHZLF].DGáXEHN $PRQJWKHHDUOLHVWVRXUFHVWRFLWHWKHQDPH Krak is the anonymous Kronika Wielkopolska  µ8SSHU3RODQG&KURQLFOH¶ GDWHGVRPHWLPHEHWZHHQWKH HQGRIWKH th DQGVWDUWRIWKH th FHQWXULHV7KHVDPHVRXUFHGHULYHVWKHQDPH Krak IURPWKH/DWLQ corvus µFURZ¶DQGUDWKHUVDOLHQWO\RPLWVDOOPHQWLRQWRWKHGUDJRQHSLVRGH7KH Kronika Wielkopolska is thus an evident rejoinder to the Kronika Polska DQGLWVDOWHUQDWHDYLDQHW\PRORJ\ VHH+DHIV  

Fig. 2. :RRGFXW¿JXUHIURP6HEDVWLDQ0QVWHU¶V Cosmographia Universalis  VKRZLQJWKH Smok Wawelski HPHUJLQJIURPKLVFDYHUQRXVODLUDQGSUH\LQJRQVKHHS%DVHGRQSUHVHQWHYLGHQFH0QVWHU¶VZRUNLVWKH¿UVW IRUHLJQ VRXUFH WR PHQWLRQ WKH IRXQGLQJ P\WK RI &UDFRZ LQYROYLQJ WKH :DZHO 'UDJRQ$QDFKURQLVWLFDOO\ WKH DFURSROLQH:DZHO&DVWOHKDVDOUHDG\EHHQEXLOWDWRSWKHVXPPLWRI:DZHO+LOO 10 &KULVWRSKH+HOPNHDQG-DURVáDZħUDáND&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHDQG-DURVáDZħUDáND

+RZHYHU FHQWXULHV EHIRUH WKH ¿UVW ZULWWHQ PHQWLRQ RI DQ\ OHJHQG LQYROYLQJ D GUDJRQVOD\HU &UDFRZKDGDOUHDG\EHHQIRXQGHGDQGIURPDOODFFRXQWVDOUHDG\ERUHWKLVQDPH7KHHDUOLHVWVRXUFH WR WKLV HIIHFW DUH WKH DFFRXQWV RI WKH FKURQLFOHU ,EUkKvP LEQ

 7KHGHQDULXVLQTXHVWLRQEHDUVWKHSUR¿OHRI:áDG\VáDZ,+HUPDQRQWKHREYHUVHDFFRPSDQLHGE\DUDWKHU WUXQFDWHGFDSWLRQUHDGLQJ /&$9'=¶/$96!2QWKHUHYHUVHWKHFDSWLRQ &5$&29!HQFLUFOHVDGHSLFWLRQRI DWKUHHVSLUHGFKXUFKDSSDUHQWO\WKH5RPDQHVTXHYHUVLRQRIWKH:DZHO&DWKHGUDOWKDWZDVEXLOWDWWKLVWLPH7KLV LVDOOWKHPRUHOLNHO\FRQVLGHULQJWKHPDQ\FKXUFKHVWKDW:áDG\VáDZ,+HUPDQIRXQGHGLQFOXGLQJWKUHHGHGLFDWHG WR6W,G]L 6W*LOHV LQ.UDNyZ,QRZáyG]DQG*LHEXá tyZUHVSHFWLYHO\/HJHQGDOVRDWWULEXWHVKLPWKHIRXQGLQJ RID³FKXUFKRQWKHVDQG´GHGLFDWHGWRWKH9LUJLQ0DU\ZKLFKLVWKRXJKWWREHWKH&KXUFKRIWKH9LVLWDWLRQRI WKH%OHVVHG9LUJLQ0DU\ .RĞFLyá1DZLHG]HQLD1DMĞZLĊWV]HM0DU\L3DQQ\ LQ&UDFRZ  $FFRUGLQJWRWKHUHSRUWRQWKHH[FDYDWLRQVFRQGXFWHGLQWKH6PRF]D-DPDE\SURI$OWKLQWKH th century KHGLGQRW¿QGDQ\HYLGHQFHRISUHKLVWRULFXWLOLVDWLRQQRUWKHUHPDLQVRI3OHLVWRFHQHDQLPDOVZLWKLQWKHFDYH +RZHYHU3OH]LD  VXJJHVWVWKDWSHRSOHPLJKWKDYHIRXQGWKHERQHVRIH[WLQFWPHJDIDXQDLQWKHFDYH GXULQJWKH0HGLHYDOSHULRGZKLFKWKH\LQWHUSUHWHGDVERQHVRIDQDQFLHQWJLDQWFUHDWXUHVSDUNLQJWKHVWRU\ RIWKHGUDJRQDQGXVLQJDNQRZQELEOLFDODFFRXQWWRFUHDWHWKHIRXQGDWLRQDOVWRU\UHODWLQJWKHIRXQGLQJRI &UDFRZ 2QWKH/RJRRIWKH&UDFRZ0D\D&RQIHUHQFHDQGWKH(W\PRORJ\RI.UDNyZ 11

Fig. 3. 0DSRIWKHOLPHVWRQHFDYHNQRZQDVWKH-DVNLQLD6PRF]D-DPDVDLGWREHWKHODLURIWKH6PRN:DZHOVNL PDSE\&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHEDVHGRQ6]HOHUHZLF]DQG*yUQ\ 

:HVKRXOGDOVREULHÀ\PHQWLRQWKDWLWZDV-DQ'ąEUyZNDSURIHVVRUDWWKH&UDFRZ$FDGHP\ ODWHUUHQDPHG-DJLHOORQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\ ZKRLQKLVFRPPHQWDULHVWRWKHFKURQLFOHRI.DGáXEHN ¿UVWSXEOLVKHGDURXQGDVVRFLDWHGDKXJHPRXQGZLWK.UDN .XUW\ND 7KLV RSLQLRQZDVIROORZHGE\-DQ'áXJRV]ZKHQKHVXJJHVWHGWKDWWKHPRXQGORFDWHGRQWKHULJKWEDQN RIWKH9LVWXOD5LYHUFDNPVRXWKRIWKHFLW\FHQWUHLQWKH3RGJyU]HGLVWULFWZDVLGHQWL¿HGZLWK .UDN )LJXUH 'XHWRLWVDOOHJHGDVVRFLDWLRQWKLVPRXQGLVQRZFDOOHGWKH Kopiec Krakusa RU µ.UDNXV0RXQG¶DQLPSRUWDQWWXPXOXVWKDWRULJLQDOO\PHDVXUHGFDPLQGLDPHWHUDQGDVPXFK DVPLQKHLJKW LWQRZPHDVXUHVRQO\PLQGLDPHWHUDQGDOLWWOHRYHUPLQKHLJKWUHVXOWLQJ IURPWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQHIIRUWVXQGHUWDNHQLQWKHV  6áXSHFNL%XNR  ([WHQVLYHDUFKDHRORJLFDOH[FDYDWLRQVKDYHEHHQFRQGXFWHGKHUHEHWZHHQDQGDQG DOWKRXJKOHJHQGKDVLWWKDWWKLVLVWKH¿QDOUHVWLQJSODFHRI.UDNQRWRPERUEXULDOFKDPEHUKDV EHHQIRXQG -DPND 7KHPL[WXUHRIERQHÀLQWDVZHOODVFHUDPLFDQGPHWDODUWHIDFWVWKDW ZHUHUHFRYHUHGIURPWKHFRUHUHSUHVHQWKDSKD]DUGLQFOXVLRQVVLQFHWKHVHGDWHIURPWKH0HVROLWKLF RQZDUGVWRWKH0HGLHYDOSHULRG7KHGDWLQJRIWKHSULPDU\SKDVHVRIFRQVWUXFWLRQLVEDVHGRQDQ $YDUVW\OHEHOW¿WWLQJ DIHUUXOHWREHSUHFLVH WKDWZDVGLVFRYHUHGLQXQGLVWXUEHGVWUDWDDWDGHSWKRI PIURPWKHVXPPLWDQGZKLFKGDWHVWRWKHODWHth FHQWXU\ -DPND6áXSHFNL %XNR:\UR]XPVNL DQGRQDVLOYHU%RKHPLDQGHQDURI%ROHVODY,, $'   -DPND6áXSHFNL%XNR 7KHVHVLJQL¿FDQWDUWHIDFWVLQGLFDWH WKDWWKHPRXQGZDVFRQVWUXFWHGVRPHWLPHEHWZHHQWKH th DQG th FHQWXULHV$'GXULQJWKHSUHVWDWH RUWULEDOSHULRG 12 &KULVWRSKH+HOPNHDQG-DURVáDZħUDáND&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHDQG-DURVáDZħUDáND

Fig. 4. 7KH.UDNXV0RXQGLQWKH3RGJyU]HGLVWULFWRI&UDFRZ SKRWRJUDSKE\5REHUW6áDERĔVNL 

$PRQJWKHODVWKLVWRULFVRXUFHVWRPHQWLRQWKHWRSLFDWKDQGDUHZRUNVRI0DUFLQ%LHOVNL   7KH¿UVWRIWKHPWKH .URQLNDĝZLDWD µ7KH&KURQLFOHRIWKH:RUOG¶ SXEOLVKHGLQVWLOO DVVRFLDWHV.UDNZLWKVOD\LQJWKHGUDJRQ)RUWKH¿UVWWLPHKRZHYHULWPHQWLRQVWKDWWKHGUDJRQ¶V GHPLVHZDVEURXJKWDERXWZKHQWKHGUDJRQEXUVWRSHQIURPGULQNLQJWRRPXFKZDWHURIWKH9LVWXOD 5LYHU %LHOVNL ,QDQRWKHUZRUNHQWLWOHG WKH Kronika polska  QRWWREHFRQIXVHGZLWK .DGáXEHN¶VERRNZULWWHQIRXUFHQWXULHVEHIRUH HGLWHGDQGSXEOLVKHGSRVWKXPRXVO\LQE\KLV VRQ-DNXEZHFRPHDFURVVDGLIIHUHQWYHUVLRQRIWKHOHJHQGWKDWFUHGLWVWKHGHDWKRIWKHGUDJRQ WRDQRWKHUHQWLUHO\GLIIHUHQWLQGLYLGXDODFREEOHUQDPHG6NXED$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVDFFRXQW Crakus (or Krok DFWHGXQGHUWKHDGYLFHRI6NXEDWRVWXIIWKHFDWWOH¶VVNLQZLWKVXOSKXUDQGOHDYHLWDW WKHPRXWKRIWKHFDYHZKHUHGUDJRQKDGKLVODLU7KHSDVVDJHLQTXHVWLRQLVSDUWLFXODUO\UHYHDOLQJ µ.URNWKHQRUGHUHGWKHFDOI¶VVNLQWREHVWXIIHGZLWKVXOSKXUDQGWROD\LWRSSRVLWHWKHFDYHGHQLQ WKHPRUQLQJZKLFKKHGLGRQWKHDGYLFHRI6NXEDDFHUWDLQVKRHPDNHU¶ .D]DáWHG\.URNQDG]LDü VNyUĊFLHOĊFąVLDUNąDSU]HFLZMDPLHSRáRĪ\üUDQR FRXF]\QLá]DUDGą6NXEDV]HZFDQLHMDNLHJR >%LHOVNL@ :KHQWKHVKHHS¶VVNLQZDVHDWHQE\WKHGUDJRQLWLPPHGLDWHO\VXFFXPEHGWR XQTXHQFKDEOHWKLUVWDQGVWDUWHGGULQNLQJZDWHUIURPWKHQHDUE\9LVWXOD5LYHU+HGUDQNDQGGUDQN XQWLOKHGLHG %LHOVNL  6FKRODUV FRQWLQXH WR GHEDWH WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH OHJHQG LQYROYLQJ DQ HYLO GUDJRQ 2QH PLJKW FRQFOXGHIRUH[DPSOHWKDWWKHGUDJRQPHUHO\VHUYHGDVD¿JXUHKHDGIRUHYLOGDUNQHVVDQGFKDRV PHDQZKLOH.UDNRU.UDNXVZDVDV\PERORIODZDQGRUGHUDVZHOODVFXOWXUDOKHUR 'HSWXáD 6WU]HOF]\N 7KHZKROHVWRU\DERXWWKHGUDJRQDQGWKHIUDWULFLGDO¿JKWEHWZHHQ 2QWKH/RJRRIWKH&UDFRZ0D\D&RQIHUHQFHDQGWKH(W\PRORJ\RI.UDNyZ 13

.UDN¶VFKLOGUHQPD\DOVRKDYHP\WKRORJLFDODQGFRVPRORJLFDOGLPHQVLRQVHVSHFLDOO\LIZHIROORZWKH DFFRXQWRI0DVWHU:LQFHQW\.DGáXEHN7KHEHDVW¶VGHIHDWIROORZHGE\GHDWKRI.UDN¶VVRQDWKHQRI .UDNKLPVHOI±DOORIZKLFKPD\V\PEROL]HDIRXQGLQJVDFUL¿FH±JLYHZD\WRWKHRULJLQVRIDQGQHZ FLW\DQGWRWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQRIDQHZFRPPXQLW\LQPXFKWKHVDPHZD\DVRWKHUVLPLODUIRXQGDWLRQDO P\WKV %DQDV]NLHZLF]3OH]LD  +RZHYHU RWKHU LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV DUH HTXDOO\ SUREDEOHWKDWVWUHVVWKHKLVWRULFDOLPSRUWDQFHRIWKLVWDOHDVVXPLQJWKDWP\WKVFDQ¿QGWKHLURULJLQ LQVRFLHWDOPHPRU\6RPHKLVWRULDQVKDYHDUJXHGWKDWWKHGUDJRQPD\V\PEROL]HWKH$YDUV±WKH QRPDGLFWULEHRI$VLDWLFRULJLQVWKDWLQYDGHG(XURSHLQ th FHQWXU\DQGVHWWOHGLQ3DQQRQLDQRWRQO\ LQWHUIHULQJZLWKEXWDOVRGRPLQDWLQJPDQ\6ODYLFWULEHV 'HSWXáD6WU]HOF]\N  7KHLUDSSHDUDQFHLQWKHDUHDRISUHVHQWGD\&UDFRZPD\EHFRQ¿UPHGE\DUFKDHRORJLFDOGLVFRYHULHV DOWKRXJKVXFK¿QGVPD\DOVRLQGLFDWHOHVVEHOOLFRVHWUDGHFRQWDFWVEHWZHHQ6ODYVDQG$YDUV,WLVDOVR SRVVLEOHWKDWWKLVSDUWRISUHVHQWGD\3RODQGPLJKWKDYHEHHQLQYDGHGE\$YDUVIURPWLPHWRWLPH DQGDVDUHVXOWVHYHUDOODUJHVWURQJKROGVZHUHEXLOWIRUSURWHFWLRQLQ/RZHU3RODQG .DF]DQRZVNL DQG.R]áRZVNL3ROHVNL ,QWKLVVFHQDULRWKHFDWWOHGHYRXUHGE\WKHEHDVWPLJKW YHU\ZHOOV\PEROLVHRIWKHWULEXWHREOLJDWLRQVWRZKLFKWKHORFDOSRSXODWLRQZDVH[SHFWHGWRFRPSO\ 1HYHUWKHOHVVLWLVGLI¿FXOWWRFRQ¿UPLIVXEMXJDWLRQRIDQ\W\SHH[LVWHGLQWKLVUHJLRQEHWZHHQWKH 6ODYLFLQKDELWDQWVDQGWKH$YDUV /DVWO\ ZH VKRXOG DOVR PHQWLRQ WKH K\SRWKHVLV WKDW VWLSXODWHV WKDW WKH VWRU\ LQYROYLQJ .UDN DQG WKHGUDJRQDUHXOWLPDWHO\GHULYHGIURPWKHGHXWHURFDQRQLFDOELEOLFDOVWRU\RI'DQLHOZKRNLOOHGWKH %DE\ORQLDQ GUDJRQ 6WU]HOF]\N    6LPLODUO\ 'DQLHO RYHUFDPH WKH GUDJRQ E\ IHHGLQJ LW FDNHVPDGHRISLWFKIDWDQGKDLUXSRQZKLFKWKHPRQVWHUEXUVWRSHQ,QDYDULDQWWKHGUDJRQLVIHG FDPHOVNLQV¿OOHGZLWKKRWFRDOVDQGLQ\HWDQRWKHULWLV$OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDWZKRLVFUHGLWHGZLWK RYHUFRPLQJ WKH PRQVWHU E\ IHHGLQJ LW SRLVRQ DQG WDU =LPPHUPDQQ   3OH]LD   HDFK WKHUHE\ UHFDOOLQJ WKH YHUVLRQ RI WKH P\WK ¿UVW SUHVHQWHG E\ 0DVWHU:LQFHQW\ .DGáXEHN :HUHWKLV WKHFDVHWKHODWWHUVWRU\ZRXOGDSSHDUDVWKHORFDO3ROLVKDGDSWDWLRQRIWKHIDPRXVELEOLFDOVWRU\RU WKHDFFRXQWRI$OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDW 3OH]LD 7KHFRQQHFWLRQRUEHWWHUVDLGV\QFUHWLVPEHWZHHQ &KULVWLDQLW\DQGSDJDQP\WKLFKLVWRU\UHPDLQVWRWKLVGD\ZKHQRQHFRQVLGHUVWKDWWZRRIWKHFKXUFKHV QRZVDGO\LQUXLQV RI:DZHO&DVWOHZHUHGHGLFDWHGUHVSHFWLYHO\WR6W*HRUJHDQG6W0LFKDHOWKH SDUDPRXQWGUDJRQVOD\HUVRI&KULVWLDQLW\ (VWUHLFKHU3OH]LD $OVRDWWKHHQWUDQFHRI:DZHO &DWKHGUDODFROOHFWLRQRI³GUDJRQERQHV´DUHKXQJDORQJWKHZDOOVDQGDOWKRXJKWKHVHPD\RULJLQDOO\ KDYHJHQXLQHO\EHHQWKRXJKWWRUHSUHVHQWWKHUHPDLQVRIWKH Smok Wawelski LWLVQRZFOHDUWKDWWKHVH VWHPIURPDFROOHFWLRQRISUHKLVWRULFDQLPDOV )LJXUH :HQHHGQRWKRZHYHUWUDZOWRRGHHSLQWR KLVWRU\ WR ¿QG WDOHV RI PRQVWURXV FUHDWXUHV VWLUULQJ LQ SRSXODU LPDJLQDWLRQ$ FDVH LQ SRLQW LV WKH IDVFLQDWLQJHSLVRGHUHODWHGE\.DURO(VWUHLFKHU  $WWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH th century a strange GUDJRQOLNH EHDVW ZLWK D ZKLWH EHOO\ DQG ORQJ VQRXW DSSHDUHG LQ WKH9LVWXOD 5LYHU FORVH WR:DZHO +LOO1HHGOHVVWRVD\WKHVHVLJKWLQJVLPPHGLDWHO\VWLPXODWHGDZKROHVHULHVRIIDEXORXVVWRULHVFKLHI DPRQJWKHPWKDWWKH:DZHO'UDJRQZDVVZLPPLQJRQFHPRUHLQWKHULYHU4XLWHE\FKDQFH:DFáDZ $QF]\F  ±DERRNVHOOHUDQGWKHRZQHURIRQHRI&UDFRZ¶VSULQWLQJKRXVHV±FDPHDFURVV WKHFUHDWXUHDQGNLOOHGZKDWDSSHDUHGWREHDVPDOOFURFRGLOH+RZWKLVUHSWLOHFDPHWREHLQWKHULYHU UHPDLQVXQNQRZQWRWKLVGD\

 ,QKLVLQWHUHVWLQJVWXG\3OH]LD  VWDWHVWKDW.DGáXEHN±ZKRZDVWKH¿UVWWRPHQWLRQWKHOHJHQGRIWKH GUDJRQLQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWK&UDFRZ±PD\ZHOOKDYHNQRZQWKHVWRU\FRQFHUQLQJ$OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDWDQGKLV H[SORLWVDVDGUDJRQVOD\HUHVSHFLDOO\VLQFH.DGáXEHNKDGVWXGLHGLQ)UDQFHDQG,WDO\ZKHUHKHFRXOGFRPHDFURVV WKLVWDOHHYHQWXDOO\ZHDYLQJLWLQWRDORFDOLVHG6ODYLFIRXQGDWLRQP\WK 14 &KULVWRSKH+HOPNHDQG-DURVáDZħUDáND&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHDQG-DURVáDZħUDáND

Fig. 5. &ROOHFWLRQRI³GUDJRQERQHV´DWWKHHQWUDQFHWR:DZHO&DWKHGUDO SKRWRJUDSKE\5REHUW6áDERĔVNL 

$OWKRXJK WDOHV LQYROYLQJ YDOLDQW NQLJKWV DQG IULJKWHQLQJ GUDJRQV DUH QDWXUDOO\ HQWLFLQJ WKHUH LV OLWWOHFRQVHQVXVDVWRWKHGH¿QLWLYHHW\PRORJ\DQGRULJLQRIWKHWRSRQ\P.UDNyZ,QDGGLWLRQWRWKH 0HGLHYDO WDOHV WKDW ZH KDYH SUHVHQWHG LW EHDUV PHQWLRQLQJ WKDW FHUWDLQ KLVWRULDQV KDYH GHOYHG LQWR WKHHW\PRORJ\RISURWR6ODYLFWHUPVDQGKDYHVXJJHVWHGWKDWWKHQDPHRIWKHP\WKLFIRXQGHUDQGRI WKHFLW\GHULYHVIURPRWKHUVRXUFHVFRPSOHWHO\$VVXFKZKHUHDVWKHRULJLQRI&UDFRZDQGLWVQDPH UHPDLQVKURXGHGE\XQFHUWDLQW\ZHKRSHWRKDYHEHHQDEOHWRFODULI\ZK\WKHP\WKLFGUDJRQVOD\HU ZKRVWLOO¿JXUHVVRSURPLQHQWO\LQPRGHUQWKLQNLQJVHUYHVDVDQDSWDQGHPEOHPDWLF¿JXUHRIWKH &UDFRZ0D\D&RQIHUHQFH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

)LUVWDQGIRUHPRVWZHZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQN'DULXV]1LHPLHFIRUKLVH[SHUWLVHDQGIRUPDNLQJVHYHUDO NH\ REVHUYDWLRQV WKDW KDYH JUHDWO\ LPSURYHG WKLV SDSHU:DUPWKDQNV DOVR WR 5REHUW 6áDERĔVNL IRU WDNLQJH[FHOOHQWSKRWRJUDSKVWKDWZHKDYHWKHSOHDVXUHRIUHSURGXFLQJKHUH:HZRXOGDOVROLNHWR WKDQNWKHVSRQVRUVRI nd &UDFRZ0D\D&RQIHUHQFHIRUZLWKRXWWKHLUJHQHURXVVXSSRUWWKHHYHQWZRXOG QRWKDYHEHHQSRVVLEOH:HWKHUHIRUHH[WHQGRXUWKDQNVWRWKH,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKDHRORJ\DQG)DFXOW\ RI+LVWRU\RIWKH-DJLHOORQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\WKH3ROLVK$FDGHP\RI$UWVDQG6FLHQFHVWKH)RXQGDWLRQ IRU6WXGHQWVDQG*UDGXDWHVRIWKH-DJLHOORQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\³%UDWQLDN´WKH-DQ.RFKDQRZVNL)XQGWKH 4XOLQDULD&RPSDQ\WKH(PEDVV\RI0H[LFRLQ3RODQGDQGWKH(PEDVV\RI*XDWHPDODLQ%HUOLQ,Q FRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHFKLOGUHQ¶VZRUNVKRSVZHDFNQRZOHGJHWKHVXSSRUWRIWKH0$/2.$&URVV&XOWXUDO $VVRFLDWLRQDQGWKH&LW\0XVHXPRIĩRU\DWWKH$UFKDHRORJLFDO0XVHXPRI&UDFRZ7KHSHRSOHWKDW 2QWKH/RJRRIWKH&UDFRZ0D\D&RQIHUHQFHDQGWKH(W\PRORJ\RI.UDNyZ 15

PDGHWKHHYHQWKDSSHQDQGZHUHWKHUHDWHYHU\VWHSRIWKHZD\DUH0RQLND%DQDFK=ELJQLHZ%DQDFK DQGKLVEDWPRELOH 0DFLHM%XU]D0DJGDOHQD5XVHN%HDWD*ROLĔVND.DWDU]\QD5DGQLFND3DXOLQD *ą]ZD 0DJGDOHQD .U]HPLHĔ :LHVáDZ 6LHGODU] DQG 2OLYLD ĩPXGD2UáRZVND 7KDQN \RX IRU \RXU KDUGZRUNDQGSHUVHYHUDQFH

REFERENCES

$/7+$/2-=<  6SUDZR]GDQLH ] EDGDĔ JHRORJLF]QRDQWURSRORJLF]Q\FK GRNRQDQ\FK Z WDN ]ZDQHM Ä6PRF]HM MDPLH´ QD:DZHOX,Q =ELyUZLDGRPRĞFLGRDQWURSRORJLLNUDMRZHMZ\GDZDQ\VWDUDQLHP.RPLV\L$QWURSRORJLF]QHM $NDGHPLL8PLHMĊWQRĞFLZ.UDNRZLH SS&UDFRZ'UXNDUQLD8QLZHUV\WHWX-DJLHOORĔVNLHJR %$1$6=.,(:,&=-$&(.  3ROVNLHG]LHMHEDMHF]QH0LVWU]D:LQFHQWHJR.DGáXEND :URFáDZ)XQGDFMDQD5]HF]1DXNL3ROVNLHM :\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX:URFáDZVNLHJR %,(/6.,0$5&,1  .URQLNDZV]\VWNLHJRĞZLDWD &UDFRZDFFHVVLEOHDWZZZSELHGXSO  Kronika polska, Marcina Bielskiego nowo przez Joachima Bielskiego syna jego wydana  &UDFRZ 'UXNDUQLD-DNRED6LEHQH\FKHUDDFFHVVLEOHDWZZZSELHGXSO %8.2$1'5=(-  The Archaeology of Early Medieval Poland: Discoveries, Hypotheses, Interpretations /HLGHQ%ULOO '(378à$&=(6à$:  $UFKDQLRá L VPRN = ]DJDGQLHĔ OHJHQG\ PLHMVFD L PLWX SRF]ąWNX Z 3ROVFH ĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHM /XEOLQ :HUVHW '8'$=(121-2$11$+<'=,.$1'0$&,(-:,ĝ1,(:6.,  2FHQDVWDQXWHFKQLF]QHJRMDVNLQL6PRF]D-DPDQDZ]JyU]X:DZHOVNLPZ.UDNRZLH Dzieje górnictwa – element e uropejskiego dziedzictwa kultury, 3  HGLWHG E\ 33 =DJRĪGĪRQ DQG 0 0DG]LDU] SS  :URFáDZ 'à8*26=-$1  -DQD 'áXJRV]D .DQRQLND .UDNRZVNLHJR ']LHMyZ 3ROVNLFK .VLąJ 'ZDQDĞFLH WUDQVODWHG E\ .DURO 0HFKHU]\ĔVNL&UDFRZ'UXNDUQLDÄ&]DV´DFFHVVLEOHDWZZZSELHGXSO  5RF]QLNLF]\OLNURQLNLVáDZQHJR.UyOHVWZD3ROVNLHJR 9ROV:DUVDZ (675(,&+(5.$52/  =SRZRGXLNRQRJUD¿LVPRNDZDZHOVNLHJR Rocznik Krakowski ;/,, ),5/(7(/ĩ%,(7$0$5,$  Smocza Jama na Wawelu  Historia, legenda, smoki. &UDFRZ8QLYHUVLWDV +$()6+$16:,/+(/0  Polen: Wie byzantinische Balten und Slawen aus Thrakien, Böotien, Illyrien in 1000 Jahren mit Deutschrittern und niederdeutschen Bauern und Händlern zu einer Nation, einem Staat, einem Volk zusammengezwungen wurden 0XQLFK%XFK PHGLD*PE+ +(/0.(&+5,6723+(-$,0(-$:($1'6+$:1*025721  7KH DUFKDHRORJ\  HSLJUDSK\ RI &X\FKHQ 0DFDO 9DOOH\ %HOL]H 1st Cracow Maya Conference: Archaeology and Epigraphy of the Eastern Central Maya Lowlands  &UDFRZ 'HSDUWPHQW RI 1HZ :RUOG $UFKDHRORJ\,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKDHRORJ\-DJLHOORQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\)HE th  +(/0.(&+5,6723+($1'+$55,.(7781(1  Where Atole Abounds: Naranjo during the Reign of K’ahk’ Tiliw Chan Chahk   st  &UDFRZ 0D\D &RQIHUHQFH7KH$UFKDHRORJ\ DQG (SLJUDSK\ RI WKH (DVWHUQ &HQWUDO 0D\D /RZODQGV  th  RI )HEUXDU\ &UDFRZ'HSDUWPHQWRI1HZ:RUOG$UFKDHRORJ\,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKDHRORJ\-DJHOORQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\ -$0.$58'2/)  :\QLNLEDGDĔZ\NRSDOLVNRZ\FKQD.RSFX.UDNXVDZ.UDNRZLH Slavia Antiqua  16 &KULVWRSKH+HOPNHDQG-DURVáDZħUDáND&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHDQG-DURVáDZħUDáND

.$&=$12:6.,3,275$1'-$186=..2=à2:6.,  Najdawniejsze dzieje ziem polskich (do VII w.) :LHOND+LVWRULD3ROVNL9RO&UDFRZ)RJUD .$'à8%(.:,1&(17<  Kronika polska  WUDQVODWHG E\ .D]LPLHU] $EJDURZLF] DQG %U\JLGD .UELV :DUVDZ 3DĔVWZRZH :\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH .(7781(1+$55,$1'%219'$9,6,,,  6QDNHV&HQWLSHGHV6QDNHSHGHVDQG&HQWLVHUSHQWV&RQÀDWLRQRI/LPLQDO6SHFLHVLQ0D\D,FRQRJUDSK\ DQG(WKQR]RRORJ\ Wayeb Notes  .857<.$-$186=  .UDNXVD.RSLHF 6áRZQLNKLVWRU\F]QRJHRJUD¿F]Q\]LHPSROVNLFKZ ĞUHGQLRZLHF]X , Kraków, F]ĊĞü,,, HOHFWURQLFHGLWLRQDFFHVVLEOHDWZZZVORZQLNLKSDQHGXSOHGLWHGE\7RPDV]-XUHN,QVW\WXW+LVWRULL 3ROVNLHM$NDGHPLL1DXN .h1.(5)5,7=58'2/)  The de Wit Collection of Medieval Coins 2VQDEUFN.QNHU±0Q]DXNWLRQHQXQG*ROGKDQGHO .h5%,6%5<*,'$  :VWĊS ,Q Mistrza Wincentego Kronika Polska WUDQVODWHG E\ .D]LPLHU] $EJDURZLF] DQG %U\JLGD .UELVSS:DUVDZ3DĔVWZRZH:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH 0h167(56(%$67,$1  Cosmographia. Beschreibung aller Lender durch Sebastianum Munsterum, in welcher begriffen Aller Y|OFNHU +HUUVFKDIIWHQ 6WHWWHQ XQG QDPKDIIWLJHU ÀHFNHQ KHUNRPPHQ 6LWWHQ JHEUHFK RUGQXQJ JODXEHQ VHFWHQYQGKDQWLHUXQJGXUFKGLHJDQW]HZHOWYQGIUQHPOLFK7HXWVFKHUQDWLRQ:DVDXFKEHVXQGHUVLQLHGHP ODQGWJHIXQGHQYQQGGDULQEHVFKHKHQVH\$OOHVPLW¿JXUHQYQGVFK|QHQODQGWWDÀHQHUNOHUWYQGIUDXJHQ gestelt +HLQULFK3HWUL%DVHO 3/(=,$0$5,$1  /HJHQGDRVPRNXZDZHOVNLP Rocznik Krakowski ;/,, 32/(6.,-$&(.  =DJDGNDZLHONLFKJURGyZ:LĞODQL/ĊG]LDQ Alma Mater  675=(/&=<.-(5=<  0LW\SRGDQLDLZLHU]HQLDGDZQ\FK6áRZLDQ 3R]QDĔ5HELV 6à83(&.,/(6=(.3$:(à  7KH.UDNXV¶DQG:DQGD¶V%XULDO0RXQGVRI&UDFRZ Studia Mythologica Slavica   .UDNL:DQGDSU]HG.DGáXENLHPX.DGáXENDLSR.DGáXENX 2QXV$WKODQWHXP6WXGLDQDG.URQLNą biskupa Wincentego HGLWHGE\$QGU]HM'ąEUyZNDDQG:LWROG:RMWRZLF]SS:DUVDZ6WRZDU]\V]HQLH 3UR&XOWXUD/LWWHUDULD,QVW\WXW%DGDĔ/LWHUDFNLFK3ROVNLHM$NDGHPLL1DXN 6=(/(5(:,&=0$5,86=$1'$1'5=(-*Ï51<  -DVNLQLH:\Ī\Q\.UDNRZVNR:LHOXĔVNLHM &UDFRZ :DUVDZ377..UDM 7$8%(.$5/$  0DZVRI+HDYHQDQG+HOO7KH6\PEROLVPRIWKH&HQWLSHGHDQG6HUSHQWLQ&ODVVLF0D\D5HOLJLRQ Antropología de la eternidad: la muerte en la cultura maya HGLWHGE\$QGUpV&LXGDG5XL]0DULR+XPEHUWR 5X] 6RVD DQG 0DUtD -RVHID ,JOHVLDV 3RQFH GH /HyQ SS  0DGULG 6RFLHGDG (VSDxROD GH (VWXGLRV 0D\D &HQWURGH(VWXGLRV0D\DV :<52=806.,-(5=<  Dzieje Polski piastowskiej (VIII wiek - 1370) :LHOND+LVWRULD3ROVNL9RO&UDFRZ)RJUD =$%256.,$1'5=(-  %LODQVLSU]\V]áRĞüEDGDĔQDGWHNVWHP,EUDKLPD,EQ-DNXED Ibrahim ibn Jakub i Tadeusz Kowalski ZV]HĞüG]LHVLąWąURF]QLFĊHG\FMLPDWHULDá\]NRQIHUHQFMLQDXNRZHM.UDNyZPDMD7DGHXV].RZDOVNL and his edition of Ibrahim Ibn Jakub sixty years later: proceedings of the conference, Cracow, 10 th May 2006HGLWHGE\$QGU]HM=DERUVNLSS&UDFRZ2ULHQWDO&RPPLWWHH7KH.UDNyZ%UDQFKRIWKH3ROLVK $FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHVDQG,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKDHRORJ\RI-DJLHOORQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\ =,00(50$11)  %HODQGWKH'UDJRQ Vetus Testamentum