Archaeological Explorations in District ,

R. N. Kumaran1

1. Archaeological Survey of , Bangalore Circle, Kendriya Sadan, 5th Floor, F – Wing, Koramangala, Bengaluru – 560 034, Karnataka, India (Email: rnkumaran@ gmail.com)

Received: 18 August 2019; Revised: 25 September 2019; Accepted: 29 October 2019 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 7 (2019): 970‐990

Abstract: Karnataka is rich in archaeological vestiges which date from Pre‐historic to till date. The recent intensive explorations in the District Mandya, particularly in Taluk Maddur have revealed rich archaeological vestiges of varied nature. The same are discussed here.

Keywords: Explorations, Maddur, Mandya, Karnataka, Temple, Hero Stone, Sati Stone

Introduction Karnataka is rich in archaeological vestiges dating from prehistoric times. Intensive filed surveys and excavations at few sites have revealed the immense archaeological wealth of this region. Recently, archaeological explorations were untaken in . The district is almost plain but for a few out crops of rock standing out as prominent ridges. On an average, the district is between 762m to 915m MSL. The only mountain range in the district is in the Biligirirangan range. The Cauvery breaks through this range near Shivasamudra, where the river takes a leap forming the two waterfalls, Gagana Chukki and Bara Chukki.

Geology The rock formations in the district belong to the most ancient period of the earth’s history and are divisible into two groups – (i) the Dharwar schist which occur as narrow linear belts and (ii) the Peninsular gneisses and granites. The drainage of the district is towards the Bay of Bengal. Owing to either rocky or shallow beds, none of the rivers in this district is navigable. River Shimsha enters the Maddur Taluk (near Koudle) and flows in a south‐eastern direction by transverse the whole taluk and enters Taluk Malavalli to confluence with river Kaveri (Abhishankar 1967).

The climate of this district is tropical with much less rainfall in winter than summer. The average temperature in Mandya is 25°C and the rainfall is 713 mm (Abhishankar 1967). Kumaran 2019: 970‐990

Figure 1: Archaeological Sites in Taluk Maddur, District Mandya, Karnataka

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Flora and Fauna The chief floras are Jalari, Naviladi, Alale, Jali, Bage, Honge, Kavalu, Hunse, Naibela and Bilimathi. The absence of thick jungles prevents the wild animals from getting into the semi‐jungle areas and it cannot be classified as being rich in fauna.

Archaeological Explorations Mandya district in Karnataka is known for its rich archaeological sites and monuments (IAR 1998‐99, 200‐01, 2010‐11, 2012‐2013). Recently, archaeological explorations were undertaken in the Maddur taluk of District Mandya. The whole taluk was surveyed. Out of these, 133 villages (Figure 1) have revealed rich archaeological vestiges in the form of Natural caverns with paintings, Temples, mandapas sculptures and architectural members, Inscribed and un‐inscribed hero stones, memorial stones and Sati stones, Inscribed stone slabs, Inscribed and Un‐inscribed Oil Mill stones, water structures that includes, tanks, inscribed and un‐inscribed sluice gates, bunds, stepped tanks, etc. (Table 1).

Table 1: Archaeological Explorations in Taluk Maddur, District Mandya, Karnataka No. Village/Co‐ordinates Location Material Culture 01 26 km north west of Inscribed stone of Medieval 12°43ʹ01ʹʹN; Maddur and 2.5 km period. 76°56ʹ19ʹʹE north of Nambi Nayakanahalli 02 Ajjahalli 18km south of Maddur Stambas, hero stones, sati stone 12°30ʹ38ʹʹN; and 1km north‐west of and temple of Medieval / Late 77°07ʹ26ʹʹE Thore Chakanahalli medieval period. 03 Agaralinganadoddi 5 km south of Maddur Inscribed pillar on three sides 12°36ʹ07ʹʹN; and 3km west of Tailuru of Medieval period 77°04ʹ24ʹʹE 04 Alamshettihalli 15km north east of Inscribed stone of Medieval 12°40ʹ20ʹʹN; Maddur and 4 km north period. 77°04ʹ38ʹʹE of Valgiredoddi 05 Albujanahalli 14 km south of Maddur Hero stone of late medieval 12°31ʹ10ʹʹN; and 5 km north of period 77°04ʹ24ʹʹE 06 Aluru 6 km south‐east of Hero stones and inscribed slab 12°34ʹ36ʹʹN; Maddur and 4km north‐ of Medieval / Late Medieval 77°04ʹ03ʹʹE east of Vaidyanathpura period. 07 Ankanathapura 26 km north of Maddur Dilapidated mandapa of late 12°44ʹ58ʹʹN; and 2 km south east of Medieval period 77°01ʹ14ʹʹE Navile 08 Ankegowdanadoddi 20 km south‐east of Natural cavern with red ochre 12°31ʹ40ʹʹN ; Maddur and 5km paintings like wavy lines, palm, 77°07ʹ01ʹʹE northwest of Arethipur trisula?, human, male on animal and some unidentified themes.

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Apart from that, a natural water cistern with a rock cut outlet of Chalcolithic period 09 Annur 19 km south of Maddur Memorial and Sati stones and 12°28ʹ46ʹʹN; and 2 km east of K.M. loose sculpture of 77°07ʹ54ʹʹE Doddi Mahisasuramardini of Medieval / Late Medieval period 10 Arechakanahalli 17 km south west of Hero stones, Memorial stones 12°28ʹ11ʹʹN; Maddur and 1 km west and oil pressing stone of 77°00ʹ11ʹʹE of Karadekere Medieval / Late Medieval period. 11 Arekanadoddi 16 km north west of Memorial stone and temple of 12°41ʹ04ʹʹN; Maddur and 4 km north Medieval / Late Medieval 77°00ʹ35ʹʹE east of Marliga period. 12 Arethipur 22km south east of Inscribed and un‐inscribed Hero 12°30ʹ32ʹʹN; Maddur and 6km north stones, inscribed stones, 77°07ʹ30ʹʹE east of Kabbare memorial stones, architectural members, excavated remains, loose sculptures, etc of Medieval / late Medieval period. 13 Aruvanhalli 16 km south east of Inscribed and un‐inscribed hero 12°30ʹ49ʹʹN ; Maddur and 2 km south stones, memorial stones, sati 77°06ʹ37ʹʹE of Tippuru (Arethipur) stones, sculptural fragments, inscribed burial, inscribed stones, Hero cum sat stone (Figure 2) and a temple of medieval and late l medieva period. 14 Athagur 22 km north of Maddur Hero stones, Memorial and Sati 12°39ʹ46ʹʹN; and 5 km west of stones, dilapidated temple 77°04ʹ06ʹʹE Dundanahalli (Figure 3), inscribed oil pressing stone, broken sculpture of Medieval and Late Medieval period. 15 Avverahalli 25 km north west of Foot print and Memorial stones 12°43ʹ37ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km north of Medieval / Late Medieval 76°57ʹ40ʹʹE of Koppa period. 16 Baidarhalli 13 km west of Maddur Hero stones and Sati stone of 12°35ʹ02ʹʹN; and 2km south of Medieval / late Medieval 77°05ʹ58ʹʹE Madnayakanhalli period. 17 Bannahalli 17 km north east of Inscribed and un‐inscribed hero 12°29ʹ41ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km south stones, memorial stones, sati 77°05ʹ44ʹʹE east of (Kokare) Belluru stones, inscribed pillar on four sides, temple of Medieval / Late

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medieval period. 18 Bekkalale 31 km north of Maddur Hero stones of Medieval and 12°47ʹ20ʹʹN; and 2 km east of Late Medieval period. 76°57ʹ60ʹʹE Yadavanahalli 19 Belturu 11 km north west of Hero stones of Medieval period. 12°37ʹ29ʹʹN; Maddur and 7 km south 77°00ʹ04ʹʹE west of Hosakere 20 12 km north west of Hero stones of Late Medieval 12°38ʹ14ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km north period. 76°59ʹ35ʹʹE of Belturu 21 16 km south west of Memorial stones of Medieval 12°27ʹ48ʹʹN; Maddur and 8 km south (Figure 4) and Late Medieval 77°01ʹ05ʹʹE east of Kadilavagilu period. 22 22 km north west of Hero stones and Memorial 12°40ʹ51ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km west stone of Medieval period. 76°55ʹ52ʹʹE of Guloor 23 Boppasandra 19 km south east of Inscribed and un‐inscribed Hero 12°28ʹ00ʹʹN; Maddur and 1 km west stones, inscribed slabs of 77°04ʹ39ʹʹE of Sunnadadoddi Medieval period. 24 Borapura 6 km south west of Memorial stone of medieval 12°32ʹ02ʹʹN; Maddur and 5 km east period. 77°01ʹ20ʹʹE of Malagaranahalli 25 Bujuvalli 24 km and 8 km south Dilapidated stone temple, 12°25ʹ31ʹʹN; west of Maddur and Memorial stones and foot‐prints 76°58ʹ58ʹʹE Yaladahalli of Medieval / Late Medieval period. 26 Byaladakere 26 km and 2 km north Hero stones and Memorial 12°44ʹ48ʹʹN; west of Maddur and stones of Medieval / Late 76°59ʹ55ʹʹE Hebbalalu Medieval period. 27 Chamanahalli 7 km north of Maddur Hero stones, memorial stones 12°36ʹ51ʹʹN; and 23 km north west and dilapidated mandapa of 77°02ʹ26ʹʹE of Siddanahalli Medieval and Late Medieval period. 28 3 km south of Maddur Memorial stone of late medieval 12°34ʹ02ʹʹN; and 1 km west of period 77°02ʹ53ʹʹE Goravanahalli 29 Chapardoddi 8 km north west o Dilapidated temple of Late 12°37ʹ10ʹʹN; Maddur and 1 km east Medieval period. 77°01ʹ19ʹʹE of 30 Chikka Arasinakere 10 km south of Maddur Various loose sculptures 12°30ʹ39ʹʹN; and 6 km north west of including a jaina panel and 77°02ʹ10ʹʹE Alabujanahalli and on architectural members, Sati and the left bank of River memorial stones of Medieval Hebbal period 31 Chikkankanahalli 23 km north of Maddur Nandi worshipped in the Nandi

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12°41ʹ57ʹʹN; and 7 km south west of Basaveshvara temple of 77°02ʹ16ʹʹE Harakanahalli Medieval period. 32 Chikkonahalli 21 km north west of Hero stones and Memorial 12°42ʹ19ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km west stones of Medieval / Late 76°59ʹ03ʹʹE of Kilaghatta Medieval period. 33 Chotnahalli 18 km north west of Hero stones and Sati stone of 12°39ʹ51ʹʹN; Maddur and 4 km east Medieval / Late Medieval 76°57ʹ40ʹʹE of Maragaudanahalli period. 34 D. 20 km north west of Hero stone of Medieval period. 12°40ʹ57ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km south 76°53ʹ10ʹʹE west of Kuntanahalli 35 D.Malligere 35 km north west of Hero stone of Late Medieval 12°44ʹ51ʹʹN; Maddur and 4 km east period. 76°56ʹ20ʹʹE of Somanhalli 36 Desahalli 8 km north west of Hero stones of Medieval period. 12°36ʹ25ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km south 77°01ʹ28ʹʹE of Chapardoddi 37 Doddankanahalli 24 km north of Maddur Hero stones and Memorial 12°43ʹ28ʹʹN; and 2 km north west of stones of Medieval / Late 77°00ʹ23ʹʹE Chikkankanahalli Medieval period. 38 Dodda Arasinakere 13 km south west of Dilapidated Temple, loose 12°30ʹ18ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km sculptures and inscribed panels 77°01ʹ13ʹʹE south east of of Medieval period. Mudenhalli 39 Dundanahalli 22.5 km north of Hero stones and Sati stone of 12°43ʹ12ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km south Medieval period. 77°03ʹ32ʹʹE east of Mallanakuppe 40 Gejjalakere 7 km south west of Hero stones, Memorial stones 12°33ʹ60ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km west and Sati stone of Medieval / 76°59ʹ36ʹʹE of Kudaragundi Late Medieval period. 41 Gopanahalli 21.5 km south west of Hero stones and Memorial 12°27ʹ34ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km south stone of Medieval and late 76°58ʹ45ʹʹE east of Sabbanahalli Medieval period. 42 Gudigere 13 km south west of Memorial stone (?) of Late 12°28ʹ15ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km south Medieval period. 77°01ʹ55ʹʹE of K.P.Doddi 43 Guloor 22 km and 1.5 km north Hero stones of Medieval period. 12°41ʹ05ʹʹN; west of Maddur and 76°56ʹ39ʹʹE Guloor doddi 44 Halehalli 28 km north west of Broken loose sculpture, 12°45ʹ38ʹʹN; Maddur and 4 km north Memorial stones and Sati stone 76°58ʹ29ʹʹE of Haralakere of Medieval / Late Medieval period. 45 Hannahallidoddi 18 km south east of Temple of Late medieval 12°29ʹ33ʹʹN; Maddur and 5 km south period.

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77°07ʹ37ʹʹE west of Garakahalli 46 Hanumanthpura 10 km north east of Hero stone of Medieval period. 12°38ʹ52ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km east 77°03ʹ38ʹʹE of Yaraganhalli 47 Harakanahalli 26 km north of Hero stones, Sati stones and 12°41ʹ57ʹʹN; Harakanahalli and 11 Memorial stones of Medieval / 77°02ʹ16ʹʹE km north west of Late Medieval period. Kesturu 48 Haralahalli 19 km south west of Hero stones of Medieval period. 12°29ʹ23ʹʹN; Maddur and 9 km east 76°59ʹ28ʹʹE of 49 Haralakere 26 km north west of Hero stones and Sati stone of 12°44ʹ19ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km north Medieval / Late Medieval 76°57ʹ38ʹʹE east of Avverahalli period. 50 Hebbalalu 25 km and 4 km north of Inscribed and un‐inscribed Hero 12°44ʹ26ʹʹN; Maddur and stones, Memorial stones, Sluice 77°00ʹ46ʹʹE Dodankanahalli. gate (Figure 5) of Medieval / Late Medieval period. 51 Hemmanahalli 9 km north east of Hero stones, Sati stone and 12°37ʹ34ʹʹN; Maddur and 5 km north Memorial stones of Medieval / 77°03ʹ28ʹʹE of K.Kodihalli Late Medieval period. 52 Honnayakanhalli 21 km south east of Hero stones and sluice gate of 12°28ʹ33ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km south Medieval period 77°05ʹ42ʹʹE of Tore Bomanhalli 53 Hosagavi 28 km and 2.5 km north Inscribed stones, Hero stones, 12°44ʹ07ʹʹN; west of Maddur and Memorial stones and Temple of 76°55ʹ03ʹʹE Abalavadi Medieval / Late Medieval period 54 Hosakere 13 km north west of Hero stones, Sati and Memorial 12°38ʹ23ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km north stones, temples, loose sculptures 77°01ʹ46ʹʹE of Kottanahalli of Medieval and late medieval period. 55 Hulaganhalli 7.5 km north of Maddur Inscribed and un‐inscribed hero 12°37ʹ35ʹʹN; and 6.5 km north of stones of Medieval / late 77°02ʹ52ʹʹE Sivapura Medieval period 56 Hulikere 13 km south east of Hero stones, memorial stones, 12°28ʹ00ʹʹN; Maddur and 5 km east sati stone, inscribed stone and 77°10ʹ34ʹʹE of Thore Chakanahalli pillared mandapa of Medieval / late Medieval period 57 Hurugalavadi 21 km and 3 km north Hero stones and Nandi of 12°42ʹ14ʹʹN; west of Maddur and Medieval / Late Medieval 76°58ʹ08ʹʹE Chikkonahalli period. 58 K. Honnalgere 11 km south east of Dilapidated stone temple, sate 12°28ʹ33ʹʹN; Maddur and 12 km stone, hero stone, inscribed slab 77°05ʹ42ʹʹE south of Tippuru and sluice gate of medieval /

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(Arethipur) late medieval period 59 K. Settihalli 18 km south west of Hero stones, Memorial stones 12°33ʹ28ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km south and loose sculpture of Medieval 76°59ʹ19ʹʹE of Haralahalli and late Medieval period. 60 K.Hagalhalli 9 km south east of Hero stones and temple of 12°32ʹ07ʹʹN; Maddur and 1 km south Medieval / Late medieval 77°04ʹ48ʹʹE west of Kabbare period. 61 K.Kodihalli 4 km north east of Hero stones and memorial stone 12°36ʹ03ʹʹN; Maddur and 4 km south of Medieval period 77°00ʹ55ʹʹE of Vaidyanathpura 62 K.M.Doddi 13 km south of Maddur Dilapidated 8 pillared 12°28ʹ46ʹʹN; and 6 km north east of mandapa, memorial stones and 77°02ʹ54ʹʹE Dodarasinakere inscribed stone of Medieval / Late medieval period 63 Kabbare 10 km south east of Hero stone, inscribed memorial 12°32ʹ06ʹʹN; Maddur and 1 km north stone, sati stone and temple of 77°04ʹ48ʹʹE east of Chunchugahalli Medieval / Late medieval period 64 Kadalavagilu 22 km south west of Inscribed and Un‐inscribed 12°29ʹ07ʹʹN; Maddur and 1 km north Hero stones, Memorial stones 76°57ʹ49ʹʹE west o Lakshmigoudana and Loose sculpture of Doddi Medieval and late Medieval period. 65 Kadaluru 11 km north east of Hero stone of Medieval period. 12°37ʹ48ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km west 77°04ʹ53ʹʹE of Hosahalli 66 Kadukothanahalli 21 km and 4 km south Hero stones, Memorial stones, 12°27ʹ08ʹʹN; west of Maddur and loose sculptures (Figure 6), 76°59ʹ41ʹʹE Arehakanahalli inscribed stone and un‐ inscribed oil pressing stone of Medieval and Late Medieval period. 67 Karadakere 16 km south west of Hero stones, Memorial stones, 12°28ʹ44ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km south Sati stone and Vishnu baga of 77°00ʹ28ʹʹE east of K.Settihalli Shiva linga of Medieval and late Medieval period. 68 Karakahalli 16 km south of Maddur Hero stones, Sati stone and 12°28ʹ12ʹʹN; and 4 km east of memorial stones of Medieval / 77°03ʹ40ʹʹE Melahalli Late medieval period. 69 Kaudle 33 km north west of Hero stone of Medieval period. 12°47ʹ23ʹʹN; Maddur and 12 km 76°55ʹ11ʹʹE north east of Bolare 70 Kempagoudanadoddi 19 km south east of A dilapidated Shiva temple of 12°31ʹ40ʹʹN: Maddur and 1.5km stone with Nandi of Medieval 77°07ʹ01ʹʹE south of Haruvanhalli period.

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71 Kesturu 16 km and 3 km north Loose sculptures of Ganesha, 12°41ʹ35ʹʹN; east of Maddur and Nandi, sluice gate, architectural 77°03ʹ25ʹʹE Tubinkere members in the form of pillars of Medieval period. 72 Kilaghatta 19 km north of Maddur Hero stones and Sati stone of 12°42ʹ03ʹʹN; and 3.5 km north west Medieval /Late Medieval 77°00ʹ16ʹʹE of N.Kodihalli period. 73 31.5 km north of Hero stones, Memorial stones, 12°46ʹ53ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km south sati stone and a unique hero 76°59ʹ20ʹʹE east of Bekkalale stone cum Sati stone of Medieval / Late Medieval period. 74 Kodi Naganahalli 34.5 km north west of Hero stones and Memorial 12°47ʹ24ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km east stones of Medieval and Late 76°56ʹ37ʹʹE of Kaudle Medieval period. 75 Konasalu 17 km north west of Hero stone of Medieval period. 12°39ʹ345ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km east 76°56ʹ30ʹʹE of Chotnahalli 76 Koppa 23 km and 5 km north Hero stones and Dilapidated 12°42ʹ44ʹʹN; west of Maddur and temple of Medieval / Late 76°57ʹ34ʹʹE Hurugalavadi Medieval period. 77 Kottanahalli 10 km and 4 km north Hero stone and temple of 12°36ʹ11ʹʹN; west of Maddur and Medieval and late Medieval 77°01ʹ44ʹʹE Chamanahalli period. 78 Kudaragundi 6 km south west of Hero stones and memorial 12°33ʹ42ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 k m stones of Medieval and late 77°00ʹ07ʹʹE north east of Sadalalu Medieval period. 79 Kukkera Belluru 16 km north east of Inscribed and un‐inscribed hero 12°30ʹ37ʹʹN ; Maddur and 6 km south stones, memorial stone of 77°05ʹ38ʹʹE east of Arethipur Medieval period. 80 Kulikere Gate 21 km south east of Inscription (Figure 7), 12°29ʹ09ʹʹN; Maddur and 4 km north architectural members, Hero 77°06ʹ58ʹʹE west of Arethipur stones and Memorial stone of Medieval / late Medieval period. 81 Kundanakuppe 23 km north of Maddur A dilapidated temple and a hero 12°44ʹ56ʹʹN; and 4 km south east of stone of Late Medieval period. 77°02ʹ52ʹʹE Ankanathapura 82 Kyataghatta 17 km south east of Hero stones, Memorial stones, 12°29ʹ59ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km north Sati stone, inscribed oil pressing 77°03ʹ36ʹʹE east of Karkahalli and in stone of Medieval/ Late between the river medieval period. Shimsha and River Hebbal 83 Machahalli 19 km north of Maddur Hero stones and Memorial

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12°40ʹ56ʹʹN; and 1km south east of stones of Medieval period. 77°03ʹ46ʹʹE Alamshettihalli 84 Madanayakanhalli 11 km north west of Temples (recently renovated), 12°35ʹ51ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km south loose sculptures, hero stones, 77°05ʹ40ʹʹE west of Tippuru inscribed Sluice gate (Figure 8), memorial stones, sati stones, dilapidated temple ad mandapa of Medieval / late medieval period. 85 Madarahalli 19 km north west of Memorial stones of Late 12°36ʹ25ʹʹN; Maddur and 6 km north Medieval period. 77°01ʹ28ʹʹE west of Yaladahalli 86 Maddur Taluk Head quarters Temples, inscriptions, hero 12°35ʹ09ʹʹN; and 19 km west of stones, loose sculptures of 77°02ʹ42ʹʹE Madhya Medieval / Late medieval period 87 Madenahalli 18 km south east of Mandapa of Late Medieval 12°28ʹ46ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km west period. 77°04ʹ53ʹʹE of Thorebommanahalli 88 Malagaranhalli 8 km south west of Hero stones, loose sculptures 12°32ʹ25ʹʹN; Maddur and 4 km north and Inscribed go‐kallu (Figure 9) 77°03ʹ41ʹʹE east of Huligerepura of Medieval period. 89 Mallanaikanahalli 21 km north of Maddur Hero stones and foot‐prints of 12°4ʹ35ʹʹN; 77°03ʹ15ʹʹE and 5 km south east of Medieval period Lingasandra 90 Mallanakuppe 22 km north of Maddur A dilapidated temple with 12°44ʹ14ʹʹN; and 3 km south west of Mandapa, ardhamandapa and 77°03ʹ02ʹʹE Mallanaikanahalli garbhagriha along with dwarapalas, head less god and a pitha, Hero stone of Medieval period. 91 Manigere 15 km south of Maddur Inscribed Hero stone (Figure 12°27ʹ41ʹʹN; and 2 km north east of 10), Memorial stones and 77°02ʹ16ʹʹE Bidarahosahalli sculptures of Medieval and late medieval period. 92 Maradevanhalli 14 km north east of Inscribed stone of Medieval 12°39ʹ13ʹʹN; Maddur and 10 km period 77°05ʹ29ʹʹE south west of Tubinkere 93 Marangere 30 km north west of Hero stones of Late Medieval 12°43ʹ47ʹʹN; Maddur and 5 km east period. 76°56ʹ34ʹʹE of Hosagavi 94 Marasinganhalli 11.5 km north of Hero stones and Memorial 12°39ʹ09ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km east stones of Medieval / Late 77°02ʹ02ʹʹE of Anedoddi Medieval period. 95 Maraliga 16km north east of Sluice gate, Hero stones,

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12°40ʹ26ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km west Memorial and Sati stones of 77°00ʹ03ʹʹE of Naganadoddi Medieval / Late Medieval period. 96 Matadadoddi 15 km and 12 km south Inscribed Hero stone, memorial 12°29ʹ40ʹʹN; of Maddur and stone, inscribed slab, sapta‐ 77°04ʹ53ʹʹE Nilakantanhalli and on matrikas in separate panels the confluence of river (Figure 11), temple of Medieval Shimsha and R.Hebbal / Late medieval period. 97 Melahalli 15 km south of Maddur Sati stone of Medieval period. 12°28ʹ34ʹʹN; and 1 km east of 77°02ʹ06ʹʹE Gudigere 98 Menasigere 31 km south of Maddur Inscribed hero stone, loose 12°28ʹ16ʹʹN; and 4 km west of sculpture and sluice gate of 77°03ʹ50ʹʹE Boppasandra Medieval period. 99 Moudya 26 km north of Maddur Dilapidated mandapa of Late 12°44ʹ27ʹʹN; and 4 km north west of Medieval period 76°58ʹ38ʹʹE Halehalli 100 Mudenahalli 21 km south east of Hero stone of Medieval period 12°28ʹ23ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km east 77°06ʹ20ʹʹE of S.Hagalahalli 101 15 km north east of Hero stones, Memorial stones, 12°40ʹ16ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km north Sati stone and temple of 77°01ʹ45ʹʹE of Marasinganhalli Medieval / Late Medieval period. 102 Naganahalli 21 km north east of Hero stone of Late Medieval 12°44ʹ24ʹʹN; Maddur and 1 km south period. 77°04ʹ45ʹʹE of Gollardoddi 103 Nagarkere 7 km south east of Loose sculptures, hero stones 12°33ʹ19ʹʹN; Maddur and 5 km north and Sati stone of Medieval / late 77°03ʹ08ʹʹE east of Huligerepura Medieval period. 104 Nambi Nayakanahalli 27 km north west of Hero stones of Medieval / Late 12°41ʹ36ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km north Medieval period. 76°56ʹ06ʹʹE east of Bidarakote 105 Navile 27 km north of Maddur Hero stones, Loose sculpture of 12°45ʹ52ʹʹN; and 4 km north east of Nandi and Memorial stones of 77°00ʹ02ʹʹE Byladakere Medieval / Late Medieval period. 106 Nidaghatta 11.5 km north east of A dilapidated stepped tank of 12°37ʹ11ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km south Late Medieval period. 77°05ʹ28ʹʹE east of Kadaluru 107 Nilakantanhalli 7 km and 5 km south Hero stones, Memorial stones 12°33ʹ33ʹʹN; east of Maddur and and inscribed stone of Medieval 77°04ʹ26ʹʹE Vaidyanathpura / Late Medieval period. 108 Nilavagalu 16 km north of Maddur Hero stones, Memorial stones 12°40ʹ58ʹʹN; and 2 km north east of and temple of Medieval / Late

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77°01ʹ06ʹʹE Medieval period. 109 Rajagandoddi 12 km south east of Ruined mandapa and loose (Rajegoudanadoddi) Maddur and 3 km north sculpture of late medieval 12°33ʹ58ʹʹN; east of K.Honnalagere period. 77°06ʹ15ʹʹE 110 Rampura 12 km north west of Hero stones and Linga of Late 12°37ʹ00ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km south Medieval period. 76°59ʹ28ʹʹE of Besagarahalli 111 S.Hagalahalli 23 km south east of Inscribed and un‐inscribed Hero 12°28ʹ25ʹʹN; Maddur and 9 km south stones, inscribed slab, inscribed 77°07ʹ13ʹʹE west of Tippuru oil pressing stone, dwaja (Arethipur). stamba, sapta‐matrika panel, loose sculpture and a temple of Medieval / Late medieval period 112 S.I.Honnalegere 25 km south east of Inscribed and un‐scribed Hero 12°30ʹ59ʹʹN; Maddur and 21 km east stones, Sati (Figure 12) and 77°05ʹ50ʹʹE of K.K.Halli memorial stones of Medieval and Late medieval period. 113 Sabbanahalli 23 km and 4 km south Hero stones and Sati stone of 12°28ʹ56ʹʹN; west of Maddur and Medieval period. 76°57ʹ01ʹʹE Yadaganahalli 114 Sadalalu 8 km south west of Hero stone of Medieval period. 12°32ʹ39ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 k m west 77°00ʹ19ʹʹE of Borapura 115 Sankarapura 9 km north west of Hero stones of Late Medieval 12°37ʹ21ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km east period. 77°01ʹ11ʹʹE of Rampura 116 Singatagere 22 km south west o Hero stone of Medieval period. 12°29ʹ55ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km north 76°58ʹ48ʹʹE west of Madarahalli 117 Sollepura 13 km north west of Hero stones of Medieval period. 12°36ʹ16ʹʹN; Maddur and 7 km north 76°59ʹ02ʹʹE of Gejjalakere 118 Somanhalli 29 km north west of Hero stones and Sanyasi kallu 12°44ʹ59ʹʹN; Maddur, 3 km north of (Figure 13) of Late Medieval 76°56ʹ35ʹʹE Marangere and 10 km period. east of Bolare 119 Tailuru 10 km east of Maddur Saptamatrika panel, hero stone 12°35ʹ31ʹʹN; and 2 km south east of and loose sculptures, Habitation 77°04ʹ50ʹʹE Rudrakshipura site with red ware, red slipped ware, black and red ware pot shreds of Medieval / Late Medieval period. 120 Tarekere 27 km north west of Shiva Linga and Nandi (Figure

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12°45ʹ25ʹʹN; Maddur and 4 km north 14), Hero stones and Memorial 76°57ʹ43ʹʹE east of Koppalu stones of Medieval / Late Medieval period. 121 Thaggahalli 23 km north west of Hero stones, Inscription and 12°43ʹ20ʹʹN; Maddur and 10 km Temple of Medieval / Late 76°59ʹ13ʹʹE South east of Kopulu Medieval period. 122 Thoppanahalli 10 km south east of Different level of fortification 12°33ʹ47ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km east along with the contour of the 77°06ʹ50ʹʹE of K.Honnalagere hill, locally known as ‘koligudda’. On the top with two pillared mandapa with lime flooring, rock cut water cisterns with three post holes for temporary shelters, foundations for rooms, evidences for stone quarry, game board etc. 123 Thore Settihalli 12 km and 3 km north Hero stones and Memorial 12°40ʹ04ʹʹN ; of Maddur and stones of Medieval / Late 77°03ʹ12ʹʹE Hanumanthpura Medieval period. 124 Tippuru 12 km south east of Hero stones, memorial stones 12°36ʹ33ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km east and a four pillared mandapa of 77°06ʹ13ʹʹE of Madnayakanhalli Late Medieval period. 125 Tore Bomanahalli 19 km south east of Inscribed and un‐inscribed Hero 12°28ʹ23ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km west stones, sati stone, architectural 77°06ʹ21ʹʹE of Mudenhalli members, loose sculptures, mandapa, sluice gate, temples of Medieval / late Medieval period. 126 Tore Chakanahalli 15 km north west of Hero stones of Medieval period. 12°30ʹ35ʹʹN; Maddur and 1 lm south 77°04ʹ19ʹʹE east of Achahalli 127 Tubinkere 14 km north east of Hero stones of Medieval period. 12°40ʹ58ʹʹN; Maddur and 2 km north 77°03ʹ17ʹʹE of Thore Settihalli 128 V. 23 km north west of Dilapidated temple, a memorial 12°40ʹ15ʹʹN; Maddur and 12 km west stone and a Nandi housed 76°55ʹ53ʹʹE of Haralahalli inside a temple of Medieval / Late Medieval period. 128 Vaidyanathpura 2 km south east of Temple of Medieval period, 12°34ʹ17ʹʹN; Maddur and 5 km north loose sculptures (Figure 15), 77°03ʹ52ʹʹE of Nagarkere Hero stones and memorial stones and Inscribed panels. 129 Valagarhalli 10 km north west of Hero stones and Memorial 12°36ʹ07ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km south stones of Medieval and Late 77°00ʹ42ʹʹE east of Sollepura Medieval period.

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130 Yadaganahalli 22 km south west of Inscribed Hero stone, Memorial 12°27ʹ55ʹʹN; Maddur and 3 km north stone and Sati stone of Medieval 76°58ʹ01ʹʹE west of K.K.Halli / Late Medieval period. 131 Yadavanahalli 39 km north west of Temple and Memorial stones of 12°47ʹ27ʹʹN; Maddur and 1 km east Medieval and Late Medieval 76°57ʹ12ʹʹE of Kodi Naganahalli period 132 Yaladahalli 18 km south west of Hero stone, Memorial stone and 12°27ʹ24ʹʹN; Maddur and 6 km east foot print of Medieval and Late 77°00ʹ20ʹʹE of Gopanahalli Medieval period. 133 Yaraganhalli 12 km north of Maddur Hero stone, Memorial stone and 12°38ʹ41ʹʹN; and 1 km north of un‐inscribed oil pressing stone 77°03ʹ19ʹʹE Hemmanahalli of Medieval / Late Medieval period.

Figure 2: Hero cum Sati stone, Aruvanahalli

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Figure 3: Dilapidated Temple, Athugur Figure 4: Hero stone, Bidarakote

Figure 5: Un‐inscribed Sluice gate, Figure 6: Bas relief Sculpture, Hebaralu Kadukothanahalli

Figure 7: Inscribed stone, Figure 8: Inscribed Sluice gate, Kulikere gate Madanayakanahalli

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Figure 9: Inscribed Go‐kallu, Malagaranahalli

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Figure 10: Vandalized Inscribed hero stone, Manigere

Figure 11: Saptamatrika panel, Matadadoddi

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Figure 12: Inscribed Sati stone, SI. Honnalegere

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Figure 13: Sanyasi kallu, Somanahalli

Figure 14: Shiva Linga and Nandi, Tarekere

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Figure 15: Loose sculpture, Vaiynathapura

Discussion The exploration in whole of Maddur Taluk has revealed more number of Hero stone, memorial stones and Sati stones when comparing to other archaeological vestiges. Though River Shimsha transverse the whole taluk many villages has revealed tank with or without Sluice gates etc. This shows that the storing and water harvesting has become part and parcel of their life. Even some of the inscriptions from here reveal excavating the tank or providing sluice is considered as pious act.

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Acknowledgement The author is very much thankful to Mr. P. Aravazhi, Assistant Archaeologist, Archaeological Museum, Halebidu. Special thanks are due to Dr. V. P. Yathees Kumar, Asst. Archaeologist, Archaeological Survey of India, Chennai Circle in preparation of the map.

References Abhishankar. K. 1967. Mysore State Gazetteer: Mandya District. Bangalore: Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press. Misra, R. C. (Ed.). 2004. Indian Archaeology 1998‐99 ‐ A Review. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. Rajeev, B. (Ed.). 2006. Indian Archaeology 2000‐01 ‐ A Review. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. Tewari, R. (Ed.). 2015. Indian Archaeology 2012‐13 ‐ A Review. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. Tewari, R. (Ed.). 2016. Indian Archaeology 2010‐11 ‐ A Review. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

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