Roadside Vegetation and Conservation Values Boundary Rd Chapman Rd East Boundary Rd in the Shire ofPink Kalamunda poker grevillea Masons Rd – Pear-fruited mallee

Qindanning-Darken Rd

July 2015

COVER PAGE PHOTOS Left to right from top left

 McCorkill Road, Pickering Brook –– Forest red-tailed black cockatoos  Valento Road, Pickering Brook – Fringe Lily (Thysanotus sp.)  Ozone Terrace, Kalamunda – Gould’s monitor overlooking city  Motteram Road, Carmel – Marri (Corymbia calophylla) and Dampiera sp.  Buttercup Crescent, High Wycombe – Many-flowered honeysuckle (Lambertia multiflora)  Lewis Road, Forrestfield - Orange Eremaea (Eremaea pauciflora)  Railway Rd street sign  Ozone Terrace, Kalamunda - Goulds monitor  Ridley Road, Wattle Grove – Kangaroo paw (Anigozanthos manglesii)  Repatriation Road, Pickering Brook – Everlasting daisy  Reeds Road, Carmel – high conservation curved section with grass tree’s (Xanthorrhoea sp.)  Merrivale Road, Pickering Brook – Common hovea (Hovea trisperma)  Hawtin Road, Maida Vale – hairy caterpillar  Valento Road, Pickering Brook – high conservation value road  Gilchrist Road, Lesmurdie – Pink myrtle (Hypocalymma robustum)  Motteram Road, Carmel - Common brown pea (Bossiaea ornata)  Hale Road, Forrestfield – Shire of Kalamunda sign  Gilchrist Road, Lesmurdie – Morning Iris (Orthrosanthus laxus)  Zig Zag Scenic Drive – Diana Papenfus volunteer undertaking surveys  Pickering Brook Road, Pickering Brook – Blue leschenaultia (Lechenaultia biloba)  Morrison Road, Forrestfield - Round-fruit banksia (Banksia sphaerocarpa)  Hawtin Road, Maida Vale – Scented sun orchid (Thelymitra macrophylla)  Ridley Road, Wattle Grove – Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) buds and leaves  Repatriation Road, Pickering Brook – Tamara Wilkes-Jones collecting samples from weedy creekline crossing road  Hinkler Road, Kalamunda – Donkey orchids (Diuris sp.)  Mabel Road, Lesmurdie – Spotted pardalote  Fern Road, Piesse Brook – Sticky star flower (Calytrix glutinosa) with grass tree  Lewis Road, Forrestfield – skink on burnt tree stump  Hewison Road, Pickering Brook - Yellow flags (Patersonia umbrosa)  Pickering Brook Road, Pickering Brook – Blue leschenaultia (Lechenaultia biloba)  Hartfield Road, Forrestfield – Drumsticks (Kingia australis)  Whimbrel Green, High Wycombe – Poison Gully Creek wildlife corridor sign  McCorkill Road, Pickering Brook –– Coral vine (Kennedia coccinea)  Motteram Road, Carmel – Milkmaids (Burchardia multiflora)  Zig Zag Scenic Drive – Tree decline – dead trees from bushfire a few years back, colourful understory plants coming back after fire  Whimbrel Green, High Wycombe – revegetation sign  Woodbine Road, Pickering Brook – Holly-leaved mirbelia (Mirbelia dilatata)

Photos: Kylie.Payne, Roadside Conservation Committee

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………… 1

PART A: OVERVIEW OF ROADSIDE CONSERVATION...... 2

1.0 Why is roadside vegetation important? ……………………………………………….…… 3

2.0 What are the threats? ………………………………………………………………………. 4

2.1 Lack of awareness ………………………..………………………………………… 4

2.2 Roadside clearing ………………………………………………………………….. 4

2.3 Fire …………………………………………………………………………………… 5

2.4 Weeds...………………………………………………………………………….…… 6

2.5 Phytophthora dieback...……………………………………………………….…… 8

3.0 Legislative requirements …………………………………………………………………… 10

4.0 Environmentally Sensitive Areas …………………………………….…………………….. 11

5.0 Flora Roads…………………………………………………………………………………… 12

PART B: THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN KALAMUNDA……..………...…..………… 13

1.0 Flora………………………………………………………………………………………….… 14

2.0 Threatened and Priority flora ……………………….……………………………….……. 14

2.1 Threatened Ecological Communities (TECs)…..……………………………… 17

3.0 Fauna……………………………………………………………………………….……….. 19

3.1 Threatened cockatoos…..………………………………………………………… 21

3.1 Threatened bandicoots…..………………………………………………………… 21

4.0 Remnant vegetation cover………………………………………………….……………. 22

4.1 Kalamunda Vegetation Associations………………..………………………… 23

PART C: ROADSIDE SURVEYS IN THE SHIRE OF KALAMUNDA……………….…… 24

1.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 25

1.1 Methods……………………………………………………………………………… 26

1.2 Mapping Roadside Conservation Values……………………………………….... 27

1.3 Roadside Conservation Value categories……………………………………….. 28

2.0 Using the Roadside Conservation Value (RCV) Map…………………….……………. 30

3.0 Results……………………………………………………………………………………… . 32

3.1 Threats……………………………………………..………………………………… 38

3.2 Roadside Conservation Value scores…………..………………………………… 52

3.3 Comparison of conservation status with nearby shires……………………….. 53

3.4 Flora Roads…………………………………………………………………….….. 54

PART D: ROADSIDE MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………….. 56

1.0 Management recommendations……………………………………………………………. 57

2.0 Minimising disturbance………………………………………………………………………. 58

3.0 Planning for roadsides……………………………………………………………………. 59

4.0 Setting objectives…………………………………………………………………………….. 59

5.0 Specific recommendations for Kalamunda roadsides ………………………………….. 60 6 5.1 Weed management………………………………..…………………………… 60

5.2 Revegetation….………………………………………………………………….... 61

5.3 Education campaign………………………………..…………………………… 62

5.4 Habitat and protection for threatened fauna…………………………….... 62

6.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………... 63

REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………………. 64

FIGURES

Figure 1 The RCV map depicts roadside conservation values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 2 Width of road reserve in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 3 Width of vegetation on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 4 Native vegetation on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 5 Number of native plant species along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 6 Extent of native vegetation on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 7 Habitat value on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 8 Vegetation types along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 9 Weed infestations along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 10 Presence and abundance of chosen weeds along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 11A-F Maps showing the spatial extent of chosen weeds on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 12A-D Graphs of abundance of all weeds found on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 13 Evidence of rabbits on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 14 Possible reasons for tree decline on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 15 Adjoining land use on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 16 Roadside Conservation Value scores of all roadsides surveyed in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 17 Conservation status of roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 18 Comparison of the Shire of Kalamunda’s conservation status with nearby shires

TABLES

Table 1 Remnant vegetation remaining in the Shire of Kalamunda and surrounding shires

Table 2 Vegetation types and percentages remaining in the Shire of Kalamunda

Table 3 Summary of results from the roadside survey in the Shire of Kalamunda

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 RCC Verge Note: Guidelines for Managing the Harvesting of Native Flowers, Seed and Timber from Roadsides

Appendix 2A RCC Verge Note: Guidelines for the Nomination and Management of Flora Roads Appendix 2B Flora Road Nomination Form

Appendix 3 Threatened and Priority Flora definitions

Appendix 4 Shire of Kalamunda - Roadside Conservation Value Map

Appendix 5 Overview of survey program (Smartphone survey devices - screen shots)

Appendix 6 Summarised survey sheet showing sample roads and explanation of fields used to calculate Roadside Conservation Values

Appendix 7A&B Lists and graphs of all weeds recorded on Shire of Kalamunda roadsides

Appendix 8 RCC Verge Note: Roadside Environmental Weeds List

CD

1. Report (.pdf) 2. Report Appendices (.pdf) 3. Council Presentation (.pdf) 4. Roadside Conservation Value map (.pdf) 5. Chosen weed locations on RCV maps with insets (.pdf) 6. Comprehensive spreadsheet showing all survey data and fields 7. Metadata 8. Readme document 9. Shape files of roadside conservation values 10. Shape files of nominated roadside weeds 11. Flora species in the Shire of Kalamunda 12. Fauna species in the Shire of Kalamunda 13. Photos

Report compiled by Kylie Payne, Roadside Conservation Committee (RCC)

Map produced by Geographic Information Services (GIS) Section, Department of Parks & Wildlife (DPaW).

Data supplied by RCC from Shire of Kalamunda roadside surveys conducted by RCC staff and volunteers, and Shire of Kalamunda staff.

Executive Summary

This report provides an overview of the conservation status of roadside remnant vegetation in the Shire of Kalamunda. The report primarily gives detailed results of the roadside vegetation survey and is accompanied by management recommendations. It also describes the natural environment in Kalamunda, legislative considerations and threats to conservation values.

Aware of the need to conserve roadside remnants, the Shire of Kalamunda liaised with the Roadside Conservation Committee (RCC) to survey roadsides in the Shire. Surveys to assess the conservation values of roadside remnant vegetation were conducted between May 2013 and February 2015. Over 220km of the Shire’s rural roadsides and roadsides adjoining bushland (including national parks, nature reserves & shire reserves) were assessed by the RCC for their conservation status, and maps were produced via a Geographic Information System (GIS). Roadside locations of six nominated weeds (African lovegrass, eastern states wattles, fleabane, plantain, tagasaste and Victorian teatree) were also recorded and mapped.

The results of the survey indicated that 42% of the roadsides surveyed in the Shire had high conservation value, and another 11% had medium-high conservation value. Medium-low and low conservation value vegetation occupied 12% and 35% of roadsides surveyed respectively. A more detailed analysis of results is presented in Part C of this report.

It is envisaged that the primary purpose of the roadside survey data and Roadside Conservation Value (RCV) map will be for use by Shire and community groups as a management and planning tool. Applications may range from prioritising work programs to formulating management strategies. Past experience has shown that this document and the accompanying maps are valuable in assisting with: . formulating a roadside vegetation management plan for road maintenance work; . identifying priorities for strategic weed control programs

. identifying degraded areas for strategic rehabilitation or specific management techniques; . re-establishing habitat linkages throughout the Shire’s overall conservation network; . developing regional or district fire management plans; . identifying potential tourist routes (roads with high conservation value provide visitors with an insight into the natural landscape of the district); and . planning for natural resource management or similar 'whole of landscape’ projects.

Successive surveys of some Shires have revealed an alarming decline in the conservation status of many roadside reserves. In some cases the conservation value has declined at a rate of approximately 10% in nine years. This trend indicates that without appropriate protection and management, roadside reserves may become biological wastelands in the near future. However, proactive and innovative management of roadside vegetation has the potential to abate and reverse this general decline. Opportunities exist for the Shire of Kalamunda to utilise the RCV map in many facets of its landcare, tourism, road maintenance operations and natural resource management (NRM) strategies.

1 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

PART A

OVERVIEW OF ROADSIDE CONSERVATION

2 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

1.0 Why is roadside vegetation important?

The south western part of Western Australia (roughly from Kalbarri to Esperance) is home to Australia’s only globally significant biodiversity hotspot, with a large number of species of native plants and animals, many of which occur nowhere else in the world. Since European settlement, it is also where large areas of native vegetation have been cleared for agriculture, settlements and other development. The fragmentation of native vegetation by clearing has resulted in a mosaic of man-made ‘islands’ of often small native vegetation remnants.

The plants and animals in these areas are in jeopardy due to limited resources, increased disease risk and reduced genetic diversity caused by a Wandoo tree hollows are of vital importance to breeding birds. diminishing gene pool. Some habitat fragments may be too small to provide Photo: L. McMahon, Birds Australia the requirements for even a small population; therefore it is essential to species’ survival that they have a means of dispersing throughout the landscape. The presence of native vegetation along roadsides often fills an important role in reducing this isolation effect by providing connectivity between bush remnants. While many roadside reserves are inadequate in size to support plant and animal communities on their own, they are integral in providing connections between larger areas of remnant vegetation. It is therefore important that all native vegetation is protected, regardless of its apparent conservation value in isolation. It is important to acknowledge that even degraded roadsides have the ability to act as corridors for the dispersal of a variety of fauna.

Other important values of transport corridor remnants are that they: . are often the only remaining example of original vegetation within extensively cleared areas; . often contain rare and endangered plants and animals - roadside Aesthetically pleasing and colourful roadside plants represent more than 20% of the known populations of vegetation on McCorkill Rd, Pickering Brook. threatened flora, and three species are known to exist only in Photo: K. Payne, RCC roadside populations (DPaW, 2015c); . provide the basis for our important wildflower tourism industry, as roadside native vegetation in good condition is aesthetically pleasing and colourful in season, and easily accessed by travellers; . provide a sense of place for tourists and residents alike; . often contain sites of Aboriginal or European historic or cultural significance; . provide windbreaks and stock shelter areas for adjoining rural land, helping to stabilise temperature and reduce evaporation; . assist with erosion and salinity control, in both the land adjoining the road reserve and further afield; and . provide a valuable source of seed for regeneration projects, especially shrub species, as clearing and grazing beneath farm trees often removes this layer. Approval of the Shire and a Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPaW) permit are required prior to collection. Guidelines Flora Roads have high conservation value, and are often scenic drives. for seed and timber harvesting can be found in Appendix 1. Photos: RCC

3 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

2.0 What are the threats?

2.1 Lack of awareness The general decline of the roadside environment can, in many instances, be attributed to the lack of awareness of the functional and conservation value of the roadside remnants, both by the general community and those who work in the road reserve environment. The lack of awareness of the roadside vegetation’s values means that those connected with the roadside are unable to modify their actions to minimise their impact. As a result, activities such as road maintenance and the use of fire can act as a Care must be taken when clearing to ensure roadside catalyst for decline in environmental quality. vegetation remains, that the clearing is actually necessary and that the required permits are obtained. Kings Mill Road, Pickering Brook, (above) and Ash Road, 2.2 Roadside clearing Carmel (below). Photos: RCC Western Australia’s Intensive Land-use Zone, covers an area of approximately 25 million ha, of which only 7.5 million ha (30%) retains the original native vegetation. Of the 86 rural Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in this zone, 10 have less than 10% of the original remnant vegetation and a further 38 LGAs have more than 10% but less than 30% of native vegetation extent (DAFWA, 2011).

Road management practices have a significant impact on the conservation of roadside vegetation. The decision to clear selectively for road construction and maintenance, avoiding unnecessary clearing which creates irreversible damage, will enable roadside vegetation to continue to support native plants and animals. Intact native vegetation also suppresses weeds on roadsides.

Due to the movement and disturbance of soil, all road construction and maintenance activities have the potential to introduce and spread weeds and dieback, which have a devastating impact on native vegetation. It is thus important to work from “clean” areas to “dirty” – that is, from areas that are weed and/or dieback free to those areas in which weeds and/or dieback exist. It is also important to clean down machinery before moving between work sites.

In 2004, amendments to the Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act) put in place a permit application process designed to assess proposed native vegetation Creative solutions include creating passing areas rather than clearing based upon a number of clearing principles widening a whole road. Photo: C. Macneall, RCC which ensure environmental values and land degradation issues are considered. Under the EP Act clearing native vegetation requires a permit unless it is for exempt purposes (see pgs. 11-12). The EP Act native vegetation clearing provisions are designed to provide improved protection for native vegetation, maintain biodiversity and allow for some specified clearing activities to continue without the need for a permit.

4 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

2.3 Fire Although Western Australia’s flora and fauna have evolved with a tolerance to pre-European fire regimes, these are generally not present today. Fire is a potential threat to roadside native vegetation; however the extent of impact is dependent on a number of factors such as: . native and weed species present; . intensity of fire; . frequency of fire; and . seasonality of the fire.

Before a decision is made to burn a road verge, the The RCC’s policy on fire management is: impact on natural, cultural and landscape values should be carefully considered and permission from the road manager should be obtained. . roadside burning should not take place without the consent of Repatriation Road, Pickering Brook the managing authority; Photo: K.Payne, RCC . local government authorities should adopt by-laws to control roadside burning; . roadside burning should be planned as part of a total Shire / area Fire Management Plan; . only one side of a road should be burnt in any one year; this will ensure habitat retention for associated fauna and also retention of some of the scenic values associated with the road.

. when designing a Fire Management Plan, the two principles which must be Controlled burning of roadside kept in mind are the ecological management of vegetation and the vegetation should result in a mosaic of abatement of fire hazard; burnt & unburnt patches. Photo: DFES . no firebreaks should be permitted within the road reserve unless the width of the roadside vegetation strip is greater than 20m; . a firebreak on any road reserve should be permitted only when, in the opinion of the road manager, one is necessary for the protection of the roadside vegetation. The road manager shall specify the maximum width to which the break may be constructed; and . in the case of any dispute concerning roadside fire management, the Department of Fire and Emergency Services (DFES) should be called in to arbitrate. Roadside burnt by bushfire showing signs of regeneration. Weeds also come up after fire, so follow up weed control is needed to Before any decision is made to burn a road verge, particularly if ensure flammable weeds don’t threatened flora is present, the proponent should be aware of all values establish/expand in the bare ground. Photo: K.Payne, RCC present and the impact the fire will have. It is illegal to burn roadsides where threatened flora is present without written permission from the Minister for the Environment. Fire can also be particularly destructive to heritage sites of either Aboriginal or European origin.

More information about fire management in roadsides can be found in the RCC’s publication, Biodiversity Conservation and Fire in Road and Rail Reserves: Management Guidelines (2011). It is illegal to burn roadsides where threatened flora is present without Ministerial permission Photo: DPaW, Moora District 5 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

2.4 Weeds

Weeds are generally disturbance opportunists, and the soil disturbance common on road verges provides an easily colonised niche. Their establishment can impinge on the survival of existing native plants, increase flammability of the vegetation and interfere with the engineering structure of the road. The effect of weed infestations on native plant populations can be severe, often with flow-on effects for native fauna such as diminished habitat or food resources.

Once weeds become established in an area, they become a long-term management issue, costing considerable resources to control or eradicate. The roadside survey recorded populations of six significant weeds: • African lovegrass – Eragrostis curvula • Eastern states wattles - Acacia sp. • Fleabane – Conyza sp. • Plantain - Plantago lanceolata • Tagasaste - Chamaecytisus palmensis • Victorian teatree - Leptospermum laevigatum

Roadside populations of these weeds can be observed on the Shire of Kalamunda Roadside Conservation Value maps provided which highlight the locations of each weed. These maps will assist the shire and community in planning, budgeting and coordinating strategic weed control projects. Further information on the presence of these nominated weeds is presented in Part C of this report.

Acacia iteaphylla Eastern states wattles - were introduced into native vegetation as garden escapes or during tree plantings. They are now becoming a growing problem along roadsides and within native vegetation. African lovegrass – Perennial grass growing in dense tufts, 0.3-1.2m high Flinders Range wattle (A. iteaphylla) -shrub 2-5m, leaves silvery blue green, flowers yellow from March to September Flowers: purple/green from August to December or January to May Sydney golden wattle (Acacia longifolia) - shrub or tree 2-10m, flowers yellow from July to September Grows in: a variety of soils in disturbed sites Cyanides in the leaves can lead to stock poisoning

Dispersal: birds, foxes, rabbits, water, soil, machinery – Golden wattle (Acacia pycnantha) shrub or tree, 2-8m, flowers: slashing, vehicles, garden refuse. yellow from July to October. Time to first flowering: 12 years and seedbank persistence of Biology for these wattles: 2-3 years to first flowering. Fire 5 years. Often only top killed by fire and rapidly resprouts, stimulates mass germination of stored seed and adult plants forming dense monocultures, creating large fuel loads can resprout after fire. FloraBase: florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/376 FloraBase. florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/17861 Accessed: March 2015 florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/18217 . florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/3504 Accessed March 2015

6 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Plantain - Rosetted perennial, herb, 0.1-0.9 m high. Flowers: green-yellow-brown from November to December or Fleabane – Erect annual, herb; 0.15-1.5 m high January to March. Flowers: white from January to December. Grows in: a variety of soils, in gardens, roadsides and other Grows in: a variety of soils, waste places & roadsides. disturbed sites. Dispersal: wind, water run-off Dispersal: soil, water, birds including galahs and cockatoos. Reproduces mainly from seed and also stem fragments. Seedbank persistence: 3 years. Light stimulates germination. Resprouts after fire. Resprouts after fire. Deep persistent taproot gives some drought tolerance FloraBase: florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/7939 FloraBase: florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/7303 Accessed March 2015 Accessed March 2015

Victorian teatree is a large shrub or tree, 1.5 to 6m high Tagasaste - Erect shrub or tree, 0.7-6 m high. Flowers: white with 5 broad petals from July to October. Flowers: white-cream-yellow from April to October. Leaves: greyish-green, leathery Grows in: white sand, grey sandy clay, lateritic loam. Grows in: white or grey sand, loam Invades disturbed bushland and roadsides. Native to south eastern Australia; a garden escape in Western Australia and was planted for revegetation, dune stabilisation Naturalised in almost all areas where it has been planted and windbreaks. as a fodder shrub. Forms a dense infestation that can smother native vegetation. Dispersal: wind, vehicles, soil movement, water, garden refuse Adults are killed by fire but seed is released from woody fruits Flowers after 3 years, seedbank persistence over 10 and germinates prolifically after fire years, seeds are poisonous to humans Soil stored seed germinates prolifically following fire and FloraBase florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/5850 mature plants occasionally resprout. Accessed: March 2015 FloraBase. florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/18156 Accessed March 2015

7 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

2.5 Phytophthora dieback

Another major threat to the biodiversity of Western Australia’s ecosystems is Phytophthora dieback. Phytophthora dieback is caused by the microscopic soil-borne pathogens in the Phytophthora genus. These cause the roots to rot in susceptible species. Plant death occurs because plants cannot take up the water and nutrients they need for survival. Infected plants often appear to be dying from drought conditions. Over 40% of native WA plant species are susceptible to this pathogen (Dieback Working Group, 2014). Phytophthora cinnamomi, the most widespread and well known species, usually affects plants in rainfall zones of greater than 400mm. Maintenance of roads and firebreaks often provide an avenue for the spread of the disease as soil is moved along by machinery.

Dieback can cause: . Significant loss of biodiversity including loss of key canopy and understorey species and disruption to woodland vegetation structure; . loss of habitat and food sources for birds, small mammals and insects; . extinctions of threatened plant and animal species; . disruption of ecological function/ change in ecosystem cycles; . increased fire risk;

. altered hydrology and increased erosion; and Recent infestation: Banksia species are very susceptible. Moving gravel and bringing infected soil/gravel to a new area . the increased dominance of resistant plants such can spread Phytophthora. Photo: K.Payne, RCC as grasses, rushes and sedges.

The pathogen is spread through the movement of infested soil and mud, especially by vehicles and footwear. It also moves in free water and via root to root contact between plants.

Phytophthora dieback does not have a cure. However, it has been shown plants can improve their resistance to the pathogen by being sprayed or injected with the fungicide phosphite (a derivative of phosphorus acid).

The most cost effective way of managing Phytophthora dieback is by limiting the spread of the disease rather than managing the impacts of the pathogen once it is introduced into bushland.

Management practices include:

. information signs and education;

. seasonal or permanent road and trail closures;

. vehicle washdown using established cleaning stations where available to avoid transport of contaminated soil and vegetative material. Please note: Dry cleaning (cleaning vehicles/machinery when dry) is preferable to wash-down if the cleaning stations are off-site;

Universal Dieback signage system 8 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

. cleaning of all equipment that comes into contact with soil or plant material (vehicles, tools and footwear) before a job, and before moving to next job (eg. with stiff brush, rag, methylated spirits); . using only dieback-free construction and revegetation material. Ensure gravel and seedlingsare sourced from a dieback-free supplier/location; and . applying phosphite to infected plants to help combat symptoms.

Where an infestation has been identified, it is important that works crews take great care to: . schedule activities for low rainfall months and plan

activity for dry soil conditions; Dieback boot cleaning station. . grade toward the infestation area (rather than away Photo: South West Catchments Council from it); . lift the blade frequently to minimise the distance that dirt is carried; . clean (dry clean or wash down) the blade (and the whole machine) before leaving the infested area; A little time and care taken can ensure the disease is not spread to another area.

It is also important to note that where dieback-free areas are mapped, emphasis should be given to the protection of these areas. . Plan activity for dry soil conditions only. . Start clean, stay clean – clean machinery before arriving/working in these areas. This also includes

footwear or any equipment which comes into Dieback protection area at the end of Hill Street in contact with any soil or plant material. Gooseberry Hill which adjoins Kalamunda National Park Photo: K.Payne, RCC

Phytophthora dieback tends to occur in low-lying areas following drainage lines, flats, swamps etc. Upland areas are more often dieback-free and it is important to be aware of this when moving vehicles/equipment from lowland areas to upland (e.g. hills) potentially spreading infection. When moving through the landscape you can stay low or stay high in the profile or clean when moving from low to high areas.

Cleaning/disinfecting also reduces other biosecurity threats such as weeds so it has multiple benefits.

More information about managing Phytophthora dieback Recent infestation: Some species are very susceptible can be obtained from the Dieback Working Group which suggests that the infestation has just reached this website www.dwg.org.au where you can also download area. Close by is a firebreak and it is very likely that the spread of the infestation was accelerated by moving dirt the ‘Managing Phytophthora Dieback: Guidelines for along the firebreak Local Government’ Photo: J. Brooker, Project Dieback http://www.dwg.org.au/files/dieback_lga_guidelines.pdf. 9 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

3.0 Legislative requirements

Uncertainty often exists about the ‘ownership’, control and management of 'the roadside'. This problem is also exacerbated by the multitude of legislative reference to activities within a transport corridor.

The legislation pertaining to the management of road reserves is complex and includes those listed below. State legislation: - Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 - Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 - Bush Fires Act 1954 - Environmental Protection Act 1986 - Environmental Protection (Clearing of Native Vegetation) Regulations 2004 - Heritage of WA Act 1990 - Land Administration Act 1997 - Local Government Act 1995 - Main Roads Act 1930 - Mining Act 1978 - Soil and Land Conservation Act 1945 - State Energy Commission Supply Act 1979 - Water Authority Act 1984 - Wildlife Conservation Act 1950, 1979 Commonwealth legislation: - Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

The Department of Parks and Wildlife has the legislative responsibility to manage and protect all native flora and fauna in Western Australia. It is important to note that all native flora and fauna is protected under provisions of the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (Wildlife Conservation Act) and cannot be impacted on unless relevant permits are held. In addition to the general provisions relating to protected flora under the Wildlife Conservation Act, special protection is afforded to flora that is declared as rare or threatened under Section 23F of that Act.

Under the Environmental Protection Act 1986 all clearing of native vegetation requires a permit, unless it is for an exempt purpose as described in Schedule 6 of the EP Act and the Environmental Protection (Clearing of Native Vegetation) Regulations 2004. Clearing applications are assessed against ten clearing principles, which incorporate the:  biological diversity of the vegetation;  potential impact on wetlands, water sources and drainage;  existence of rare flora and threatened ecological communities; and  land degradation impacts.

There are two types of native vegetation clearing permits available: area and purpose. For example, where clearing is for a once-off clearing event such as clearing for pasture or development, an area permit is required. Where clearing is necessary for a specific purpose, such as a road widening program, a purpose permit is needed. Clearing of regrowth to maintain an existing road formation is exempt, to the width and height legally cleared for that purpose within the last 10 years (refer to Schedule 2 of the Regulations). 10 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

A clearing permit is required for road upgrades. More information can be found on the Department of Environment Regulation’s (DER) website www.der.wa.gov.au/your-environment/native-vegetation or contact Clearing Regulation at DER on 6467 5020.

It is recommended that a precautionary approach be taken when working within roadsides and that the relevant authority be contacted if there is any doubt about the management or protection of heritage or conservation values present in the roadsides.

4.0 Environmentally Sensitive Areas

Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) are protected under the Environmental Protection (Clearing of Native Vegetation) Regulations 2004. They require special protection due to their environmental values at state or national levels. Some of the reasons include protection of: . threatened species or threatened ecological communities; . wetlands and water courses; . sites that have other high conservation, scientific or aesthetic values; and/or . Aboriginal or European cultural sites.

Environmentally Sensitive Areas can be delineated by the use of site markers. The RCC publication Guidelines for Managing Special Roadside ESA markers are highly Environmental Areas in Transport Corridors (2000) has advice on the visible to ensure roadside workers see them and are aware of the significance design and placement of ESA markers. Workers who come across an of the area. ESA marker in the field should not disturb the area between the markers Photo: RCC unless the markers were specifically mentioned in their instructions. If in doubt, the Works Supervisor, Shire Engineer or CEO should be contacted. Western Power and Brookfield Rail also have systems for marking sites near power or rail lines.

To ensure that knowledge of threatened flora and other sites does not get lost due, perhaps, to staff changes, is it recommended that the Shire establish an Environmentally Sensitive Area Register. This should outline any special treatment that the site should receive and be consulted prior

Threatened flora marker Repatriation Road, Pickering to any work being initiated in the area. This will ensure that Brook inadvertent damage does not occur. Photo: K Payne, RCC

Local governments are also encouraged to permanently mark ESAs to prevent inadvertent damage to threatened flora or other values being protected. Markers of a uniform shape and colour will make recognition easier for other authorities using road reserves.

11 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

5.0 Flora Roads A Flora Road is one which has special conservation value because of the vegetation contained within the road reserve. The managing authority may decide to declare a Flora Road based on the results of the survey of roadside conservation value and upon recommendation of the RCC. The RCC has prepared Guidelines for the Nomination and Management of Flora Roads (Appendix 2). The Flora Road signs (provided by the RCC) draw the attention of both the tourist and those working in the road reserve to the roadside flora, indicating that it is special and worthy Flora Roads are high conservation value roadside remnants of protection. The program seeks to raise the profile Photo: C. Wilson, RCC of roadsides within both the community and road management authorities.

There are currently no Flora Roads in the Shire of Kalamunda. The roadside survey and the RCV map highlighted a number of roads or sections of roads that have the potential to be nominated as Flora Roads. These roads can be investigated further to see if they warrant declaration as a Flora Road (see Part C of this report). A number of shires have produced Flora Flora Roads also provide habitat for fauna Drives pamphlets in conjunction with the RCC. Photo: K. Payne, RCC

In order to plan roadworks so that important areas of roadside vegetation are not disturbed, road managers should be aware of these areas. To ensure this is not overlooked, it is suggested that areas declared as Flora Roads be included in the Shire’s Sensitive Environmental Area Register.

Attractive roadsides are an important focus in Western Australia, the "Wildflower State". Flora Roads will by their very nature be attractive to tourists and would often be suitable as part of a tourist drive network. Consideration should be given to: . promoting these roads by means of a small brochure or booklet; . showing all Flora Roads on a map of the shire; and . using specially designed signs to delineate the Flora Road section (provided free of charge by the RCC).

Roadsides are one of the most accessible places tourists to view wildflowers. Pickering Brook Road (left) Some landholders are doing their bit by planting local native shrubs on their verges. Isaacs Road, Pickering Brook (right) Photos: K Payne, RCC

12 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

PART B

THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN KALAMUNDA

13 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

1.0 Flora

On a global scale Western Australia has almost ten times more vascular plant varieties than countries such as Great Britain (JNCC, 2014). In fact, Western Australia has about four percent of the 281,600 known vascular flora present on Earth (Australian National Herbarium, 2012). The native flora of the south-west of Western Australia (which includes the Shire of Kalamunda) is internationally renowned for its diversity and uniqueness, with over 8000 species of native flora. Of these, over 75% are endemic to WA and found nowhere else in the world. (DPaW, 2015a).

The WA Herbarium has recorded 1149 species of native plants from the Shire of Kalamunda. The most prolific families are Fabaceae (peas - 141 species), Proteaceae (eg banksias and grevilleas - 94 species), Myrtaceae (eg eucalypts and melaleucas - 76 species), Orchidaceae (orchids - 70 species), Poaceae (grasses 68 species) and Asteraceae (daisies - 55 species) (NatureMap, DPaW, 2007-2015). The complete list of recorded flora can be viewed on the CD attached to this report.

2.0 Threatened and Priority flora

Threatened flora species are of great conservation significance and should therefore be treated with special care when road and utility service, construction or maintenance is undertaken. Populations of threatened flora along roadsides are designated ESAs and should be delineated by yellow markers. It is the responsibility of the road manager to ensure these markers are installed in consultation with Parks & Wildlife. The RCC suggests using the publication Guidelines for Managing Special Environmental Areas in Transport Corridors (2000) as a guideline for managing these sites.

Priority flora are species which may be threatened, but insufficient information is available to make an assessment. ‘Priority’ refers to the priority of searching other appropriate habitat as circumstances and resources allow. Threatened flora sites should be clearly marked with these yellow posts. As of March 2015, there are eleven species of threatened flora and thirty Photo: RCC seven species of priority flora throughout the Shire of Kalamunda (DPaW, 2015c).

Four species of threatened flora are found on nine shire-managed roadside locations, and four species of priority flora are found on four databased shire-managed roadside locations (DPaW, 2015c).

There was also a possible new location of Priority 4 species Grevillea pimeleoides found during the surveys.

14 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Threatened flora on Kalamunda roadsides  Grass wattle (Acacia anomala)  Wavy-leaved smokebush (Conospermum undulatum)  Keighery's macarthuria (Macarthuria keigheryi)  Star sun orchid (Thelymitra stellata)

Grass wattle Acacia anomala  slender, rush-like shrub  grows 0.2-0.5m high  yellow flowers August to November  found in lateritic soils on slopes FloraBase: florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/3219 Accessed: March 2015 Wavy-leaved smokebush Conospermum undulatum  erect, compact shrub  0.6 to 2m high  white flowers from May to October  found in grey or yellow-orange clayey sand FloraBase: florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/13999 Accessed: March 2015

Keighery's macarthuria Macarthuria keigheryi  erect or spreading perennial herb or shrub  0.2 to 0.4m high, 0.3 to 0.6m wide  cream flowers from September to December  found in white or grey sand FloraBase: florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/17106 Accessed: March 2015 Star sun orchid Thelymitra stellata  tuberous perennial herb  0.15 to 0.25m high  yellow & brown flowers from October to November  found in white or grey sand FloraBase: florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/10862 Accessed: March 2015

15 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Priority flora on Kalamunda roadsides Bloodroot  Cats-paw grevillea (Grevillea pimeleoides) - Priority 4 Haemodorum loratum Priority 3  Bloodroot (Haemodorum loratum) Priority 3  bulbaceous perennial herb  Granite tetratheca (Tetratheca sp. Granite) - Priority 3  0.45 to 1.2m high  Crystal Brook star orchid (Thelymitra magnifica) -  black, brown, green flowers in November Priority 1  found in grey or yellow sand or gravel FloraBase: florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/1469  Lindley’s featherflower (Verticordia lindleyi subsp. Accessed: March 2015 lindleyi) - Priority 4

Cats-paw grevillea Grevillea pimeleoides - Priority 4 Granite tetratheca  non-linotuberous shrub, hairy leaves, clustered Tetratheca sp. Granite - Priority 3 flowers  0.4 to 2.4m high  erect shrub  yellow-orange flowers from May to November  grows to 0.4 m high  found in gravelly soils over granite on rocky  pink to purple flowers in Spring hillsides  found in clay, moist loam, clayey sand and near granite boulders FloraBase: florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/13086 Accessed: June 2015 FloraBase: florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/14333 Accessed: March 2015

Crystal Brook Star Orchid Thelymitra magnifica - Priority 1 Lindley’s featherflower  perennial, herb Verticordia lindleyi subsp. lindleyi  0.15 to 0.25m high Priority 4  yellow & brown flowers from September to October  erect shrub  found on stony ridges  0.2-0.75 m high  similar to Thelymitra stellata but T. magnifica  pink flowers in May or November to January flowers 2-3 weeks earlier  found in sand, sandy clay or winter-wet FloraBase: florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/20729 depressions

Volunteer survey report FloraBase: florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/14714 http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/plants- Accessed: March 2015 animals/threatened- species/Volunteer_surveys_for_Crystal_Brook_sun_orchid.pdf

Accessed: March 2015 16 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

For definitions of threatened and priority flora refer to Appendix 3. For more detailed information regarding threatened and priority flora in the Shire of Kalamunda, contact Parks and Wildlife’s Threatened Flora Administrative Officer in Perth via [email protected]; the Conservation Officer (Flora) in Parks and Wildlife’s Perth Hills District on 9290 6100 for the majority of the Shire; or Parks and Wildlife’s Swan Coastal District on 9303 7740 for the western part (west of Roe and Tonkin Highways). The district borders can be seen on the map in Appendix 4.

Knowledge of roadside populations may change over time, so it is important that the Shire update information through Parks and Wildlife periodically to avoid inadvertent damage to newly discovered populations of threatened or priority flora. If roadworks need to be carried out near known threatened flora sites, contact Parks and Wildlife at least six weeks in advance to obtain necessary permits and have an inspection to confirm exactly where plants occur near the road.

2.1 Threatened Ecological Communities (TECs)

An ecological community is a naturally occurring group of plants, animals and other organisms that occur in a particular habitat (DPaW, 2014d). The Minister for Environment may list an ecological community as being threatened if the community is at risk of becoming totally destroyed.

There are a number of TECs in the Shire of Kalamunda including:

 Banksia attenuata and/or Eucalyptus marginata woodlands of the eastern side of the Swan Coastal Plain - Endangered

 Banksia attenuata woodland over species rich dense shrublands - Endangered

 Eucalyptus calophylla - Eucalyptus marginata woodlands on sandy clay soils of the southern Swan Coastal Plain – Vulnerable

Banksia attenuata and/or Eucalyptus  Eucalyptus calophylla - Kingia australis woodlands on heavy marginata woodlands of the eastern side of soils, Swan Coastal Plain – Critically Endangered the Swan Coastal Plain - Endangered – Watsonia Rd, Gooseberry Hill Photo: Val English, DPAW  Eucalyptus calophylla - Xanthorrhoea preissii woodlands and shrublands, Swan Coastal Plain – Critically Endangered

 Herb rich saline shrublands in clay pans – Vulnerable

 Shrublands and woodlands of the eastern side of the Swan Coastal Plain – Critically Endangered

 Shrublands and woodlands on Muchea Limestone – Endangered

 Shrublands on dry clay flats – Endangered

 Southern wet shrublands, Swan Coastal Plain - Banksia attenuata woodland over species rich Endangered dense shrublands – Endangered - Forrestfield Photo: Val English, DPAW

17 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

These all occur in the western urban part of the shire.

Herb rich saline shrublands in clay pans – Vulnerable – Wattle Grove

Photos: Val English, DPAW

Eucalyptus calophylla - Kingia australis woodlands on heavy soils, Swan Coastal Plain – Critically Endangered – Dundas Road, High Wycombe

Photo: Val English, DPAW

Shrublands on dry clay flats – Endangered – Wattle Grove

Photo: Jill Pryde, DPAW

Eucalyptus calophylla - Xanthorrhoea preissii woodlands and shrublands, Swan Coastal Plain – Critically Endangered, High Wycombe / Hazelmere

Photo: Val English, DPAW

Shrublands and woodlands on Muchea Limestone – Endangered Photo: Jill Pryde, DPAW There is also a Priority Ecological Community (PEC)  Central Northern Darling Scarp Granite Shrubland Community – Priority 4

Central Northern Darling Scarp Granite Shrubland Community – Priority 4 Photos: Val English, DPAW 18 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

3.0 Fauna

The Western Australian Museum records approximately 304 species of fauna from the Kalamunda area. This list can be viewed on the CD attached. WA Museum fauna records comprise specimen records, museum collections and observations from 1850 to present and therefore it is intended to act only as a general representation of the fauna in the area. Of the fauna species recorded in the Kalamunda area, there were 13 amphibia, 143 bird, 3 fish, 67 invertebrate, 28 mammal and 50 reptile species (DPaW, 2007-2015).

Many fauna species, particularly small birds, need continuous corridors of dense vegetation to move throughout the landscape. Roadsides therefore are of particular importance to birds because they can contain the only continuous vegetation connection in some areas.

The Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 provides for native fauna (and flora) to be specially protected where they are under an identifiable threat of extinction, and as such, are considered to be "Threatened". According to distributional data from NatureMap (DPaW, 2007-2015), 23 species of threatened and priority fauna have been recorded or sighted within the Shire of Kalamunda, Forest red-tailed black cockatoos in bushland adjoining McCorkill and these are listed below. Road, Pickering Brook Photo: K. Payne, RCC

Birds  Australian peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus subsp. macropus) Specially protected  Baudin's cockatoo, long-billed black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) Threatened  Carnaby's cockatoo, short-billed black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris) Threatened  Common greenshank (Tringa nebularia) International agreement Adult male Baudin's cockatoo  Common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) International Photo: Zara Kivell agreement  Eastern great egret (Ardea modesta) International agreement  Forest red-tailed black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii subsp. naso) Threatened  Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) Specially protected  Rainbow bee-eater (Merops ornatus) International agreement

Invertebrates

 Cricket (Kawaniphila pachomai) Priority 1 Rainbow Bee-eater

Photo: Kimberley Page

19 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Mammals  Chuditch, western quoll (Dasyurus geoffroii) Threatened  Numbat, walpurti (Myrmecobius fasciatus) Threatened  Quokka (Setonix brachyurus) Threatened  Quenda, southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) Priority 5  Southern brush-tailed phascogale, wambenger (Phascogale tapoatafa subsp. tapoatafa) Threatened  Rakali, water-rat (Hydromys chrysogaster) Priority 4  Western brush wallaby (Macropus irma) Priority 4  Woylie, brush-tailed bettong (Bettongia penicillata subsp. ogilbyi) Threatened

Mammal Photos

From top: chuditch family, chuditch on the move (K. Page), quenda (K. Page), western brush wallaby

From left: numbat (A. Thomas), brush-tailed phascogale, woylie

All photos: © B. & B. Wells, DPaW unless labeled otherwise

Reptiles

 Black-striped snake (Neelaps calonotos) Priority 3  Carpet python (Morelia spilota subsp. imbricata) Specially protected  Dell's ctenotus, Darling Range heath ctenotus (Ctenotus delli) Priority 4

 Southern death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus) Priority 3 Black-striped snake Photo: Jordon Vos

Southern death adder Photo: Rob Valentic, Gondwana reptile productions

Dell’s ctenotus Southern death adder Carpet python Photo: WA museum Photo: Rob Valentic, Gondwana Reptile Photo: © B. & B. Wells, DPaW Productions

20 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

3.1 Threatened cockatoos

Three species of threatened black cockatoo are found in the Shire of Kalamunda. All are endemic (restricted) to the south west of Western Australia. The Carnaby’s cockatoo has been most extensively studied due to the destruction of habitat (urbanisation) on the Swan Coastal Plain and clearing in the Wheatbelt. Since the late 1940s the species Carnaby’s cockatoo chicks has experienced a thirty percent reduction in range and a fifty percent Photo: R. Dawson, DPaW decline in population (DPaW, 2013).

The Shire of Kalamunda is a significant Carnaby’s cockatoo feeding, breeding and roosting area and is also important for the Baudin's and forest red-tailed black cockatoos. They feed on flowering shrubs such as banksia, grevillea and hakea species and also on seeds of tree species, such as marri and pines.

Old wandoo trees provide ideal breeding sites for these threatened birds. However, remaining nesting and feeding areas are becoming degraded due to clearing,

Carnaby’s cockatoo food urbanisation, weed invasion, storm damage, firewood collection, changes in fire source Banksia woodland management, grazing, water logging and salinity. There is aForest lack ofred new-tailed eucalypt cockatoos Photo: K.Payne, RCC with chicks in a marri tree in trees growing to replace dead trees in remaining nesting sitesbushland and existing alongside nesting McCorkill Rd, Pickering Brook hollows are deteriorating. Photo: K.Payne, RCC

Threatened black cockatoos face competition for hollows from other species (eg. galahs and corellas) that use hollows to nest in. In the metropolitan area, galah and corella flocks are boosted by aviary escapes, increasing competition further. Feral bees also cause problems when they use suitable nest hollows for their hives.

While roadsides aren’t the ideal place for nesting birds, with so much of their habitat destroyed, roadsides are now a significant habitat for Carnaby’s cockatoos. It is important that the vegetation around tree hollows is retained or replaced to ensure close-by feeding areas remain. A recent report confirms the importance of native vegetation close to breeding areas to ensure chicks fledge successfully (Saunders et al, 2014). Roadsides also provide corridors to allow movement between nesting Carnaby’s cockatoo in roadside hollow and feeding areas in larger patches of remnant vegetation. Photo: R. Dawson, DPaW

3.2 Threatened Bandicoots

The Shire of Kalamunda includes a substantial amount of quenda habitat and there have been numerous recorded sightings in the shire. A number of these sightings have been on roads or road verges. Dead vegetation on roadsides can provide important habitat for bandicoots due to much of their habitat being cleared due to urbanisation.

21 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

4.0 Remnant vegetation cover

The Shire of Kalamunda retains 72.9 per cent of the original native vegetation (Table 1) which compares favourably to surrounding shires. The remaining native vegetation is located in a variety of tenures including shire bushland reserves, privately-owned land, road reserves, national parks and nature reserves. While this is higher than most of the other surrounding shires, the remaining vegetation could easily be depleted without proactive management of this priceless resource.

Table 1. Remnant vegetation remaining in the Shire of Kalamunda and surrounding shires (Govt. WA, 2013) Area Cleared Vegetation Cover Remaining Shire Total Area (ha) (ha) (ha) (%)

Kalamunda 32,388 8,774 23,614 72.91 Mundaring 64,372 20,955.55 43,416.18 67.45

Gosnells 12,716.25 9,043.70 3,672.55 28.88

Armadale 55,948.71 12,893.98 43,054.73 76.95

Belmont 3,939.30 3,513.31 425.99 10.81

Swan 104,435.40 58,778.59 45,656.82 43.72

York 213,260.36 137,100.20 76,160.16 35.71

Canning 6,432.09 5,986.77 445.32 6.92

The continued presence of the flora and fauna living in these remnants is dependent on connectivity throughout the landscape. This enables access to habitat and food resources, essential for the survival of species and the overall biodiversity of the region. In many situations remnant native vegetation in transport corridors is of vital importance as it provides a continuous link through the landscape.

Jarrah, Marri, Sheoak, Parrot bush - Mabel Rd, Lesmurdie Jarrah Marri with grass trees - Sadler Drive, Maida Vale Photo: K.Payne, RCC Photo: K.Payne, RCC

22 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

4.1 Kalamunda Vegetation Associations

The vegetation associations known from the Shire of Kalamunda, noted in Table 2, provide an indication of the assemblages of native vegetation present prior to European settlement. It should be noted that these assemblages are indicative of the shire overall and not specifically representative of roadside remnants.

Table 2. Vegetation types and percentages remaining in the Shire of Kalamunda (Govt. WA, 2013)

% Kalamunda Vegetation Association Types* Remaining Medium forest; jarrah-marri (3) 80.49 Medium woodland; marri & wandoo (4) 71.04 Medium woodland; jarrah, marri & wandoo (968) 16.10 Medium very sparse woodland; jarrah, with low woodland; banksia & casuarina (1001) 8.22 Medium woodland; marri & river gum (Eucalyptus rudis) (1009) 5.30 Mosaic: Medium forest; jarrah-marri / Low woodland; banksia / Low forest; teatree / Low woodland; Casuarina obesa (1018) 12.13

* Numbers in brackets refer to the identification numbers of vegetation associations listed in the Statewide Vegetation Statistics Report (Govt. WA, 2013).

Figure 8 in Part C of this report shows the vegetation types and amounts recorded along the Shire of Kalamunda roadsides during the survey.

Wandoo woodland – Girrawheen Drive Gooseberry Hill

Photos: K.Payne, RCC

Jarrah-marri forest – Elson Road, Piesse Brook

Jarrah-marri, banksia Jarrah-marri, sheoak, parrot bush Horace Road, Lesmurdie Ash Road, Carmel 23 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

PART C

ROADSIDE SURVEYS IN THE SHIRE OF KALAMUNDA

24 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

1.0 Introduction The roadside survey and mapping program was developed to provide a method of determining the conservation status of roadsides. Using this method, community volunteers are able to participate in a ‘snap-shot’ survey of roadside vegetation to identify a range of attributes that, when combined, give an overall indication of the conservation value of the vegetation.

Usually the survey is undertaken by a group of local volunteers, who, aided by their knowledge of the area, are able to provide a useful and cost effective method of data collection. Community participation also ensures a sense of 'ownership' of the process, which increases the likelihood of its acceptance and use by the local community and road

managers.

Over 220km of the Shire of Kalamunda’s roads were surveyed between May 2013 and February 2015. This is almost 100% of the shire’s urban roads adjoining bushland reserves and rural roads. RCC, Shire of Kalamunda staff and volunteers surveyed the conservation status of the 204 road reserves. The enthusiastic effort of the roadside surveyors ensured that this project was successfully completed. A total of 220 volunteer hours were contributed to this project, plus hundreds of staff hours. The roadside surveyors were:

 Alexandra Kirkby  Kaye Amann  Andrea Wernli  Kendra Vallejo  Annette Morris  Kylie Payne  Carmel O’Halloran  Lynne King  Chris Morris  Marilyn Grenda  Chris Munro  Mark Anthes  Diana Papenfus  Peta Douglas  Djuarli Taylor  Ray Maher  Gillian Stack  Robin Faulkner  Glen Speering  Rosemary Zeehandelaar  Jade Kelly  Steve Cam  Katherine Hope  Tamara Wilkes-Jones  Katrina Zeehandelaar

Roadside surveyors: Glen Speering, Kaye Amman, Jade Kelly & Tamara Wilkes-Jones.

Photos: K.Payne, RCC 25 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

1.1 Methods

The roadside surveys were undertaken in a vehicle, generally with two people per vehicle. The passenger recorded the roadside survey data using a smart phone with software developed specifically for the roadside surveys, as shown in Appendix 5. The survey devices have inbuilt GPS and camera and collect a large amount of data including vegetation type, tree decline, environmentally sensitive areas, fauna habitat features and weeds. The data is uploaded to a

purpose-built RCC survey website via the mobile Surveying Repatriation Road, Pickering Brook phone network. This data is then downloaded and analysed by the RCC. The RCC then works with Parks and Wildlife’s Geographic Information Systems (GIS) section to generate the Roadside Conservation Value and weed maps.

The methods to assess and calculate the conservation value of the roadside reserves are described in Assessing Roadsides: A Guide for Rating Conservation Value (Jackson, 2002). However, this has been expanded with the new computerised system. All volunteers participate in a one day pre-survey training session. During this session, volunteers are given an overview of the survey process, information to assist with identifying vegetation types and weeds, step by step instructions on how to use the survey Roadside surveyor volunteer: Diana Papenfus device and survey safety information. Photos: K.Payne, RCC

The survey process involves choosing an option from a set of attributes, which when combined represent a roadside's conservation status.

The following attributes are used to produce a quantitative measure of conservation value: . the structure of native vegetation (e.g. layers - trees, shrubs, groundcovers) (Scores: 0-2) . the extent of native vegetation (% of native vegetation cover) (Scores: 0-2) . the approximate number of different native plant species (diversity) (Scores: 0-2) . the degree of weed infestation (% weed cover) (Scores: 0-2) . habitat value/value as a biological corridor (Scores: 0-3) (i) connects to other bushland areas;

provides habitat or food for reptiles, birds and other animals e.g. (ii) hollow logs, (iii) tree hollows and (iv) flowering shrubs;

(v) environmentally sensitive areas (yellow hockey stick markers)

. width of vegetated roadside (Scores: 0-1).

26 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Each of these attributes is given a score ranging from 0 to 3 points (see above). Their combined scores provide a Roadside Conservation Value score ranging from 0 to 12. The conservation values are represented on the roadside conservation value map by the following colour-coded conservation status categories.

Conservation Value Conservation Status Colour Code 9 – 12 High Bright Green 7 – 8 Medium High Pale Green 5 – 6 Medium Low Orange 0 – 4 Low Yellow

The following attributes are also noted but do not contribute to the conservation value score: . adjoining landuse; . width of road reserve; . vegetation type; . tree decline; . revegetation; . clearing; . rabbits; . presence of utilities/disturbances; . general comments; . presence and percentage of six nominated weeds; and . presence and extent of additional weeds.

It is intended that the recording of these attributes will provide a dataset capable of being used by a broad range of shire staff as well as other community and land management interests.

1.2 Mapping Roadside Conservation Values

The RCC in conjunction with Parks and Wildlife’s GIS section produced maps at a scale of 1:50,000 and 1:1,000,000 for the Shire of Kalamunda. Known as the Roadside Conservation Value map (RCV map), it shows the conservation status of the roadside vegetation within the Shire of Kalamunda. The data used to produce both the map and the following figures and tables is on the CD attached. A simplified data sheet with a small sample of roads can be found in Appendix 6.

Digital information of roads, remnant vegetation and watercourses on both Crown estate and privately owned land used in the map was obtained from Main Roads WA, Landgate, Parks and Wildlife, Department of Agriculture and Food WA and Geoscience Australia.

27 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

1.3 Roadside Conservation Value categories

High conservation value roadsides are those with a score between 9 and 12, and generally display the following

characteristics:  intact natural structure consisting of a number of

layers, often ground, shrub and tree layers;  extent of native vegetation greater than 70%, i.e. little

or no disturbance;  high diversity of native flora, i.e. greater than 20

different species; High conservation value  few weeds, i.e. less than 30% of the total Lewis Road, Forrestfield plants; and (above) and Valento Road, Pickering Brook  high value as a biological corridor; i.e. may (right) - contain intact, connect uncleared areas, contain flowering undisturbed and diverse remnant vegetation with shrubs, tree hollows and/or hollow logs for a variety of habitat habitat, and/or environmentally sensitive features. Photo: K.Payne, RCC areas.

Medium-high conservation value roadsides are those with a score of 7 or 8, and generally have the following characteristics:  generally intact natural structure, with one layer disturbed or absent;

 extent of native vegetation between 30 and 70%;  medium to high diversity of native flora, i.e. between 6 and 19 species;  few to half (less aggressive) weeds, i.e. between 30 and 70% of the total plants; and  medium to high value as a biological corridor and with some habitat features.

Medium-high conservation value roadsides contain a moderate number of native species, some weed invasion, but have relatively intact natural structure. For example: Hewison Road, Pickering Brook and Tanner East Road, Carmel. Photos: K.Payne, RCC

28 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Medium-low conservation value roadsides are those with a score between 5 and 6, and generally have the following characteristics:

 natural structure disturbed, i.e. one or more vegetation layers absent;

 extent of native vegetation between 30 and 70%;

 medium to low diversity of native flora, i.e. between 0 and 5 species;

 half to mostly weeds, i.e. between 30-70% of total plants; and

 medium to low value as a biological corridor and with few habitat features. May still contain ESAs with yellow hockey stick markers.

Medium-low conservation value roadsides have some native vegetation but may not have understorey plants and often have many weeds. For example, Forrest (left) and Hewison (right) Roads, Pickering Brook have some local eucalypts but the shrub layer is dominated by eastern states wattles and ground layer by watsonia. Photos: K.Payne, RCC

Low conservation value roadsides are those with a score between 0 and 4, and generally have the following characteristics:  narrow roadsides with no natural structure i.e. two or more vegetation layers absent;  low extent of native vegetation, i.e. less than 30%;  low diversity of native flora, i.e. between 0 and 5 different species;  mostly weeds, i.e. more than 70% of total plants, or ground layer totally weeds; and  low value as a biological corridor and minimal habitat value.

Low conservation value roadsides are often dominated by weeds (for example, soursob, cotton bush and a variety of other weeds on Aldersyde Road, Bickley). Low conservation value roadsides have little Photo: K. Payne, RCC or no native vegetation due to clearing (for example Anderson Road, Forrestfield (above)or Buttercup Rd, High Wycombe(below)). Photos: K. Payne, RCC 29 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

2.0 Using the Roadside Conservation Value (RCV) map

The Roadside Conservation Value (RCV) map (Figure 1 and Appendix 4) initially provides an inventory of the condition of the roadside vegetation. This is important as the quality of roadside vegetation has far reaching implications for sustaining biodiversity, tourism and landcare values.

Moreover, the data and map can be incorporated as a management and planning tool for managing the roadsides, as it enables the condition of roadside vegetation to be easily viewed. This information can then be used to identify environmentally sensitive areas, high conservation roadsides or strategically important areas, and thus ensure their conservation. Conversely, it enables degraded areas near high conservation values (eg nature reserves) to be identified as areas important for strategic rehabilitation or in need of specific management techniques or weed control programs.

The map can also be used as a reference to overlay other information relevant to roadside conservation. This enables the roadside vegetation to be assessed in the context of its importance to the Shire’s overall conservation network. Using the shire’s GIS system and the data sheet and shape files provided with the CD, other data layers could be added to the map via GIS such as the degree of weed infestation, the location of environmentally sensitive areas, habitat value, vegetation type, vegetation decline or future planned developments, to aid roadside management.

Figure 1. The RCV map depicts Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

30 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

As well as providing a road reserve planning and management tool, the RCV map can also be used for developing:

. roadside vegetation management plans;

. regional or district fire management plans;

. natural resource management projects that would be able to incorporate the information from this survey into 'whole of landscape’ projects; and

. tourist routes, i.e. roads depicted as high conservation value would provide visitors to the district with a view of the native flora of the district.

Figure 1. The RCV map depicts Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Cranbrook

The road manager can declare high conservation value roads as Flora Roads. Repatriation Road - a potential Flora Weed control along a rural roadside Road in the Shire of Kalamunda Photo: D.Morgan, Morgan Rural Services Photo: K. Payne, RCC

Landcare projects, such as revegetation programs can The survey data and map can be used in developing regional utilise the information conveyed on roadside or district fire management plans. conservation value maps. Photo: K. Payne. Photo: D. Perrie, Wagin Woodanilling Landcare Zone

31 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

3.0 Results Data collected during the Shire of Kalamunda roadside survey has been compiled and a summary is presented in Table 3. Total distances and percentages of roadside vegetation within each of the conservation status categories and the attributes used to calculate the conservation values are provided. As roadsides occur on both sides of the road, roadside distances (km) are equal to twice the actual distance of road travelled.

Table 3. Summary of results from the roadside survey in the Shire of Kalamunda Summary Information: Shire of Kalamunda 2015 Length of roadsides surveyed (left & right): 440.92km (Length of road 220.46km)

Roadside Conservation Status Roadside Conservation Values Total (km) (%) Score Total (km) (%) High (9-12) 186.28 42.25 0 6.20 1.4 Medium-high (7-8) 49.50 11.23 1 21.23 4.8 Medium-low (5-6) 50.48 11.45 2 41.76 9.5 Low (0-4) 154.66 35.08 3 44.69 10.1 Total 440.92 100.00 4 40.78 9.2 5 24.79 5.6 Structure of Native Vegetation 6 25.69 5.8 Total (km) (%) 7 25.39 5.8 2-3 vegetation layers 297.12 67.4 8 24.11 5.5 1 vegetation layer 93.80 21.3 9 21.15 4.8 0 vegetation layers 50.00 11.3 10 27.29 6.2 Total 440.92 100.0 11 61.42 13.9 12 76.42 17.3 Number of Native Plant Species Total 440.92 100.0 Total (km) (%) Over 20 species 159.81 36.2 Width of Vegetated Roadside 6 to 19 species 91.08 20.7 Total (km) (%) 0 to 5 species 190.03 43.1 1 to 5 m 225.65 51.2 Total 440.92 100.0 5 to 20 m 61.47 13.9 Over 20 m 4.87 1.1 Adjoining Land Use Unfenced 148.93 33.8 Total (km) (%) Total 440.92 100.0 Cleared 19.68 4.5 Scattered 44.31 10.0 Extent of Native Vegetation Native Veg 174.95 39.7 Total (km) (%) Plantation 2.10 0.5 Over 70% 176.02 39.9 Orchard 23.54 5.3 30% to 70% 96.67 21.9 Planted Natives 2.52 0.6 Less than 30% 168.23 38.2 Urban/farm houses 164.58 37.3 Total 440.92 100.0 Other 9.24 2.1 Total 440.92 100 Habitat Features Total (km) (%) Weed Infestation Low (0) 113.33 25.7 Total (km) (%) Medium low (1) 106.73 24.2 Light <30% weeds 274.33 62.2 Medium high (2) 106.12 24.1 Medium 30-70% weeds 131.78 29.9 High (3-5) 114.74 26.0 Heavy >70% weeds 34.81 7.9 Total 440.92 100.0 Total 440.92 100.0 Roadside surveys were carried out in the Shire of Kalamunda from May 2013 to February 2015 32 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Width of road reserve

The RCV map indicates the width of assessed road reserves as well as their conservation value. The width of road reserves was recorded in increments of 20 metres, generally from fence to fence. The majority (61%) of road reserves were 20 metres wide (Table 3, Figure 2). Thirty six percent of road reserves were unfenced. These are usually found along roads adjacent to uncleared vegetation, for example nature reserves and national Figure 2. Width of road reserve in the Shire of Kalamunda parks.

Width of vegetated roadside

The width of roadside vegetation is closely linked with its resilience and is often related to conservation value. The wider the reserve, the more resilient to disturbance it is, and often the higher conservation value it has (i.e. more bush equals more habitat, generally in better condition).

The width of vegetated roadside was recorded by selecting one of four categories: 1-5 metres, 5-20 metres or over 20 metres or unknown in width. The left and right hand sides were recorded independently, and then summed to give the figures presented here (Table 3 and Figure 3). Most roadsides (51%) had vegetation between 1 and 5 metres wide. 34% of roadsides were ‘unfenced’ where no fence line defined the edge of the road reserve.

These results indicate that a majority of roadsides in the shire are highly vulnerable to disturbance, and that care will be needed to prevent a marked decline in condition.

Figure 3. Width of vegetation on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

33 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Structure of native vegetation on roadsides

The number of native vegetation layers present (i.e. tree, shrub and/or ground layers) determined the ‘native vegetation on roadside’ score. Most of the surveyed roadsides (68%) still had two to three layers of native vegetation present (Table 3 and Figure 4). This vegetation will maintain more natural ecosystem function than that with one or no layers of native vegetation. It will also have value to a greater range of Figure 4. Native vegetation on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda plants and animals. The tree layer is often retained in road management - this is very positive, as they are long-lived and provide both home and food for many vertebrates and invertebrates. Retaining the shrub and ground layers is also extremely important for conservation, as they provide home and food for a different set of species. These layers also do a great deal to suppress weeds, and in wildflower season will provide a colourful display for residents and tourists. If care is taken during maintenance such as pruning, slashing and clearing, these layers should persist with minimal input.

Number of native plant species

As mentioned in Section B, Western Australia has a very high number of native plant species in world terms, with many restricted to small areas of the state. In Kalamunda, a diverse range of native plant species would be expected in intact vegetation. The ‘number of native plant species’ score provides a measure of the diversity of the roadside vegetation. Survey sections with over 20 plant species spanned 36% of the roadsides surveyed, while 43% of surveyed roadsides contained less than 5 indigenous plant species (Table 3 and Figure 5). These figures suggest that natural plant diversity is dropping in roadside vegetation and with it the range of animals that can be supported there. Hopefully these species persist in larger remnants of vegetation, but the ease with which residents and tourists can see and appreciate local flora and fauna is falling. Likewise, the animals’ ability to traverse the landscape to meet their various needs is also dropping. Measures Figure 5. Number of native plant species along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda need to be taken to ensure this diversity is not lost altogether.

34 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Extent of native vegetation The ‘extent of native vegetation’ cover refers to the continuity of the roadside vegetation and takes into account the presence of disturbances such as weeds. Gaps in vegetation cover provide more opportunity for weeds to establish and spread. Roadsides with extensive vegetation cover, i.e. greater than 70%, occurred along 176km (40%) of the roadsides surveyed. Survey sections with medium vegetation Figure 6. Extent of native vegetation on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda cover, i.e. 30% to 70%, accounted for 96km (22%) of the roadsides. The remaining 168km (38%) had less than 30% native vegetation cover, and would therefore be very vulnerable to weed incursion (Table 3 and Figure 6).

Habitat value

This factor considered the presence of five attributes: connection of remnant vegetation patches; presence of flowering shrubs; presence of large trees with hollows; presence of hollow logs; and environmentally sensitive areas. Roadsides with a high number (more than 3 out of 5) of habitat features were present along 26% (115km) of Figure 7. Habitat value on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda the roadsides surveyed. Roadsides having no habitat features at all were recorded along another 26% (113km) of the roadsides (Table 3 and Figure 7). This indicates that three quarters half of the roadsides surveyed in the shire are serving at least some habitat function.

Flowering shrubs, tree hollows, branches, leaves and hollow logs provide food source/nectar, nesting and habitat value for birds, bees and caterpillars and reptiles.

Photos: K.Payne, RCC 35 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Roadside vegetation types

Surveyors were asked to record the main vegetation type along each section of roadside to identify the variety of types present. There was an extensive range of vegetation types found within the shire. The most common vegetation type recorded along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda was jarrah marri (23%). Non- native weeds bare ground was the next most common at 12%, followed by jarrah marri parrot bush (9%) jarrah marri sheoak parrot bush (8%) and planted non-natives (8%). Sparse shrubs and weeds, mixed shrubland and jarrah marri sheoak were each found on 5% of roadsides. Less common vegetation types included wandoo, found on 4% of roadsides (2% of that being with jarrah and marri), flooded gum and grass trees which were each found on 1% of roadsides. Banksia dominated woodland and melaleuca were the other minor vegetation types. (Figure 8).

Some of the vegetation types found on Kalamunda roadsides:  Jarrah Marri Banksia (left) – Francais Road, Pickering Brook.  Mixed shrubland (right) – Zig Zag Scenic Drive, Gooseberry Hill.

Photos: K. Payne, RCC 36 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Environmentally Sensitive Areas

ESA markers marking threatened flora on roadsides Left: Burnt bushland on neighbouring property dangerously close to threatened flora on roadside. Photo: DPAW, Moora District. Middle: Priority 3 species Tetratheca sp. Granite on a roadside in Kalamunda. Right: Threatened flora marker on a roadside in Pickering Brook. Photo: K. Payne, RCC

ESA markers were noted along:

 Carmel Rd East, Carmel;

 Falls Rd, Lesmurdie;

 Pipers Place, Kalamunda; and

 Repatriation Rd, Pickering Brook.

A possible new location of Priority 4 species Grevillea pimeleoides was found in Bickley.

There are other roadsides in the shire which contain threatened and priority flora which has either not been marked or was not noted during the surveys.

It is important to maintain contact with the local Parks & Wildlife Office when road upgrades and maintenance work are to be undertaken to find out about any threatened or priority flora populations which may be impacted. Sometimes these populations are found in weedy and otherwise unattractive roadsides, so it is important to check even if it appears there is nothing there but weeds. The Flora Conservation Officers in the Perth Hills District of Parks and Wildlife can be contacted for information and advice on 9290 6100.

37 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

3.1 Threats

Weed infestation Light levels of weed infestation (weeds comprising less than 30% of total plants), were recorded on most of the roadsides surveyed (274km, 62%), while heavy infestations (more than 70% of the plants present were weeds) were recorded on 35km (8%) of roadsides surveyed (Table 3 and Figure 9). Roadsides with light or no weed presence are a priority for protection and minimising soil disturbance. This is because it is more efficient and cost effective to prevent weed invasion by retaining Figure 9. Weed infestations along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda native vegetation than it is to control weeds once established.

Nominated weeds

The following weeds were chosen for the Shire of Kalamunda survey: • African lovegrass – Eragrostis curvula • Eastern states wattles - Acacia sp. • Fleabane – Conyza sp. • Plantain - Plantago lanceolata • Tagasaste - Chamaecytisus palmensis • Victorian teatree - Leptospermum laevigatum

Roadside populations of nominated weeds were recorded as being present in the road reserve, and were not recorded specifically for the left and/or right hand sides. Therefore, the occurrence of each weed (in kilometres) indicates the presence of the weed within the road reserve generally. Figure 10. Presence and abundance of chosen weeds along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Of the selected weed species, African lovegrass was the most prevalent and was recorded on 134km of the roads surveyed. For 13km of this distribution it was at a density greater than 30%. This was followed closely by eastern states wattles which were found on 133km of road. Over 20km of weedy wattles were found at a density greater than 30% and 2km at greater than 70%. Plantain was found on 85km of roadside, mostly at low density.

Tagasaste (55km), Victorian tea tree (53km) and fleabane (52km) occurred along smaller sections of roadside (Figure 10). However the densities of Victorian tea tree and tagasaste were significant. Victorian tea tree occurred at a density greater than 30% on 14km of road, while tagasaste occurred at density greater than 30% on 6km of road. If a targeted program to control the nominated weeds is instigated along with an education program for property owners the outbreaks could become more manageable. Contact RCC if advice on control methods is required.

38 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figures 11A to 11F show the spatial extent of these chosen weeds on the Kalamunda Roadside Conservation Value map. There are also inset maps for each weed plus broom on the PDFs plus shapefiles for each weed on the CD attached to this report.

Figures 12A-D show graphs of abundance for all the weeds recorded along roadsides throughout the May 2013 to February 2015 surveys.

Most records of weeds were at a density of less than 30%. Therefore, control will need to be done with care to minimise harm done to the native vegetation. If the native vegetation maintains or improves in health, it will help to suppress future weed levels.

Appendix 7 shows the weed tables which the graphs were produced from.

The final data sheet (on CD attached) is a comprehensive spreadsheet which includes all the data for all the roads surveyed, including which weeds were recorded on each section of each road during the surveys.

Roadside Weeds Top inset: Tangier pea on Reserve Rd, Pickering Brook Top left: Tagasaste and African veldt daisy on Valencia Road, Carmel Top middle: Eastern states wattle on John Street, Gooseberry Hill Top right: Flaxleaf broom on Mottram Road, Carmel Bottom left and insets: Tambookie grass on Kalamunda Road Bottom right: Bridal creeper, fumitory and soursob on Brook Road, Wattle Grove

Photos: K.Payne, RCC 39 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 11A - Spatial extent of African lovegrass 40 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 11B - Spatial extent of Eastern states wattles 41 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 11C - Spatial extent of Fleabane

42 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 11D - Spatial extent of Plantain

43 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 11E - Spatial extent of Tagasaste

44 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 11F - Spatial extent of Victorian tea tree

45 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

All weeds

Figure 12: Graphs showing all weeds recorded on Shire of Kalamunda roadsides.

Graphs show distance of roadside each weed was recorded along and the degree of infestation: less than 30%, 30-70% or greater than 70%.

* weed is on Roadside Conservation Committee’s Roadside Environmental Weed List

46 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

47 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

* On Roadside Conservation Committee - Environmental Roadside Weed List

48 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

* On Roadside Conservation Committee - Environmental Roadside Weed List

49 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

* On Roadside Conservation Committee - Environmental Roadside Weed List

50 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

51 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Feral animals – rabbits There was no evidence or sightings of rabbits on 98% (434km) of the roadsides surveyed. On 2% (7km) of road reserves there was evidence (e.g. warrens) of the presence of rabbits (Figure 13). This is positive for the condition of vegetation, as rabbits foster weeds through their disturbance of soil and spread of weed seed. Rabbit presence was noted along sections of: East Terrace, Kalamunda; Kings Mill Road, Pickering Brook; McCorkill Road, Pickering Brook; Figure 13. Evidence of rabbits on roadsides in Kalamunda Morrison Road, Forrestfield; Mottram Road, Carmel; Snowball Road, Kalamunda; Valcan Road, Wattle Grove; and Watsonia Road, Gooseberry Hill.

Rabbit on roadside of Morrison Road, Forrestfield

Photo: K.Payne, RCC

Tree decline Roadside surveyors were asked to record areas of tree decline and to suggest a possible reason for that decline. Of the roadsides surveyed, 84% (370km) did not have noticeable signs of tree decline. The majority of tree decline recorded (71%) was from an unknown cause. Recent fire was the likely cause of 18% (12.6km) of tree decline, while dieback was the probable cause of 9% (6.4km) and recent clearing was the cause of 2% of tree decline (Figure 14). Figure 14. Possible reasons for tree decline

Nightshade 52 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Adjoining land use Most (40%) of surveyed roadsides adjoined land that supported native vegetation. Another 37% of roadsides surveyed adjoined urban land. Ten percent of the roadsides were next to land which was mostly cleared but retained scattered native vegetation. Five percent adjoined orchards and 4% was cleared with no vegetation or housing. It is important to protect the areas adjoining native bushland particularly from weed invasion to Figure 15. Adjoining land use prevent the roadside acting as a launch pad for weeds into these larger areas of vegetation. (Figure 15). The photos below show some of the different adjoining landuses.

Scattered native vegetation Hewison Road, Pickering Brook Photos: K. Payne, RCC Remnant native vegetation - Lewis Road, Forrestfield

Transition zone – cleared front on left, then Urban - Palmer Crescent, High Wycombe planation, then native vegetation. Canning Road, Canning Mills

Orchard – Repatriation Road, Pickering Brook

Photos: K.Payne, RCC Planted natives- Morrison Road, Forrestfield 53 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

3.2 Roadside Conservation Value scores

Figure 16. Roadside Conservation Value scores of all roadsides surveyed in the Shire of Kalamunda

Roadside Conservation Value (RCV) scores were calculated for each section of roadside surveyed. Scores ranged from 0 to 12, from lowest to highest conservation value respectively (Figure 16). The graph shows the scores were generally at the high conservation value end rather than low conservation value. The single most commonly occurring RCV score was 12, followed by 11, which is very encouraging and is also a reflection of the amount of roadsides adjoining native bushland. There were also quite a few roadsides with very low conservation value - 128km of roadside scored 2, 3 or 4.

Conservation Status

The conservation status category indicates the combined conservation value of roadsides surveyed in the Shire of Kalamunda. A total of 154km (35%) of roadsides surveyed rated as low value (coloured yellow in Figure 17), and 50km (12%) rated as medium-low value (orange). Eleven percent of the surveyed roadsides were of high or medium- high conservation value, with 49km (11%) rated as medium-high (pale green) and 186km (42%) rated as Figure 17. Conservation status of roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda high (dark green) (Table 3 and Figure 17). Although a number of these roadsides are alongside nature reserves and national parks, considering all the pressures that roadside vegetation has faced and continues to face, this resilience is considerable. 54 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

3.3 Comparison of conservation status with nearby shires

Roadside conservation mapping has been undertaken in two other urban rural fringe shires with comparable vegetation and landscapes to Kalamunda: Mundaring and Serpentine-Jarrahdale. The Shire of Kalamunda had the highest percentage of high conservation value roadsides of the roadsides surveyed (42%), followed by the Shire of Mundaring (25%), and Serpentine-Jarrahdale (24%). In contrast the Shire of Serpentine- Jarrahdale had the highest percentage of low conservation value (42%) roadside vegetation followed by the Shire of Kalamunda with 35%. The Shire of Mundaring had the lowest occurrence of low conservation value roads with 29%. (Figure 18). However, it should be noted that the roadside conservation status values recorded for the other shires may have decreased since being surveyed 5 to 15 years ago, due to the general trend of declining vegetation condition along roadsides.

Figure 18. Comparison of the Shire Kalamunda roadside conservation status with nearby mapped shires

55 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

3.4 Flora Roads

A Flora Road is one which has special conservation value because of the vegetation contained within the road reserve. The Roadside Conservation Committee has prepared Guidelines for the Nomination and Management of Flora Above: Native fuchsia Roads (Appendix 3). (Grevillea wilsonii) Moffett Road, Carmel There are currently no Flora Roads in the Shire of Sticky Starflower (Calytrix glutinosa) - Kalamunda. However, the roadside survey and the 2015 RCV Edward Road, Lesmurdie map highlight a number of roadsides that have the potential to Photos: K. Payne, RCC be declared as Flora Roads. Roadsides determined as having high conservation value in the Shire of Kalamunda include: . Asher Road, Paulls Valley; . Canning Mills Road, Canning Mills; . Dodd Road and Punai Place, Bickley; . Gladstone Road, Kalamunda/Walliston; . Edward, Francis, Gilchrist, Horace, Mabel, Moffett and Reid Roads, Lesmurdie/Carmel; Canning Mills Road . Palmateer Drive, Walliston /Bickley; . Westons Road, Pickering Brook; and . Zig Zag Scenic Drive, Gooseberry Hill.

Francis Road, Carmel These were not assessed for access or other Flora Road characteristics, but

they all had high Mabel Road, Lesmurdie conservation value vegetation for most or all of their length.

Gilchrist Road, Lesmurdie – Main photos from left: Sundew flower (Drosera), pink myrtle (Hypocalymma), Insets: Sundew (Drosera) hibbertia, dampiera and milkmaids Zig Zag Scenic Drive, Gooseberry Hill (Burchardia multiflora). 56 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Roads with large sections of medium to high Elson Road, Piesse Brook is a quiet conservation value vegetation can also become road in the north east of the shire Flora Roads. In some cases these roads can be with pink Tetratheca targets for weed control or revegetation to hirsuta and yellow hibbertia. improve the consistency of conservation value. The following roads have some sections of low Below: Fern Road, Piesse Brook - value vegetation, but also high value sections grass tree and sticky starflower which may be long (Calytrix glutinosa)

enough to be Photos: K. Payne, RCC considered for Flora Road nomination: . Canning Road, Carmel/Canning Mills; . Elson and Fern Roads, Piesse Brook; . Glenisla Road, Carmel; . Mitchell Road, Bickley (middle section through national park); . Patterson Road, Pickering Brook/Bickley (northern section); . Reeds Road, Carmel/Bickley; . Repatriation Road, Pickering Brook (northern section); . Tanner East Road, Carmel; . Valento Road, Pickering Brook (first section off Repatriation Road); & . Walnut Road, Bickely Potential Flora Roads – Valento Road, Pickering (some sections after Brook. Dodd Rd particularly on Lovely wildflowers in the southern side of the road). spring including yellow flags (Patersonia umbrosa) and fringe These roadsides have sections which could be lily’s (Thysanotus sp.) These are all relatively targeted for revegetation & weed control. quiet roads with safe Several of these roads could be linked into a areas for tourists to pull off road and reserves to wildflower drive or tourist route through the explore. area. There may be other roads in the shire which could also be considered for Flora Road nomination. Nominated Flora Roads are assessed by the RCC to determine their

Tanner East Road, Carmel suitability with regard to Top: large overhanging marris produce a landscape, tourism, access and cathedral effect. other factors, in addition to their While the road has some weed issues, it has a diverse array of colourful high roadside conservation wildflowers including purple hovea and yellow hibbertia. Reeds Road, Carmel value.

57 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

PART D

ROADSIDE MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

58 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

1.0 Management recommendations

The primary aim of road management is the creation and maintenance of a safe, efficient road system. However, there are often important conservation values within the road reserve and thus this section provides general management procedures and recommendations that will assist in retaining and enhancing roadside conservation values, where possible.

The Executive Officer of the Roadside Conservation Committee is available to provide assistance with roadside conservation matters, and can be contacted on (08) 9334 0423. The following RCC publications provide guidelines and management recommendations that will assist Local Government Authorities: . Guidelines for Managing Special Environmental Areas in Transport Corridors . Handbook of Environmental Practice for Road Construction and Maintenance Works . Biodiversity Conservation and Fire in Road and Rail Reserves: Management Guidelines . Relevant Verge Notes – Roadside Weeds List, Flora Roads, harvesting flowers, seeds and timber. They are available for download from the RCC website (www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/rcc), or as hardcopy from the RCC on request.

1.1 Protect high conservation value roadsides by maintaining the native plant communities. This can be achieved by: . retaining remnant vegetation; . minimising disturbance to existing roadside vegetation; . minimising disturbance to soil; and . preventing or controlling the introduction of weeds.

1.2. Promote and raise awareness of the conservation value associated with roadside vegetation by: . establishing a register of Shire roads important for conservation; . declaring suitable roadsides as Flora Roads; and . incorporating Flora Roads into tourist, wildflower and/or scenic drives.

1.3 Improve sections of medium to low conservation value roadside by: . minimising disturbance caused by machinery, adjoining land practices and fire; . retaining remnant trees and shrubs; . encouraging regeneration or revegetation projects

by adjacent landholders; . carrying out a targeted weed control program, ideally followed by measures to increase native plant cover to suppress future weeds; . where good native cover exists, allow natural regeneration; . where natives are a bit sparse, spread local native seed to encourage regeneration; and . where natives are very patchy to non-existent,

more intensive planting would be needed to Revegetation area – Keats Road, Gooseberry Hill provide suppressive native cover. Photo: K. Payne, RCC.

59 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

2.0 Minimising disturbance

Some methods of minimising disturbance include: . adopting a road design that occupies the minimum space; . diverting the line of a table drain to avoid disturbing valuable flora; . removing minimum material necessary for sightlines to be maintained, such as lowering height of shrubby vegetation by slashing rather than removing altogether; . pruning branches rather than removing the whole tree or shrub; . not dumping cleared vegetation or pushing spoil into areas of native flora; . applying the Fire and Roadside Assessment before burning roadside vegetation and using methods other than fuel reduction burns to reduce fire threat. Refer to the Management Strategies recommended in ‘Biodiversity Conservation and Fire in Road and Rail Reserves: Management Guidelines’; . following good hygiene practices like machinery clean-down to prevent spread of Phytophthora dieback and weeds; . encouraging adjacent landholders to set back fences to allow roadside vegetation to proliferate; . encouraging adjacent landholders to plant windbreaks or farm tree lots adjacent to roadside vegetation to create a denser windbreak or shelterbelt; and . encouraging revegetation projects by adjacent landholders.

Creative solutions: A high value Flora Road in the Shire Widen a road to one side only so that a wider section of of Plantagenet. Passing bays were established at roadside vegetation is retained on the other side of the various locations along the road to eliminate the need road reserve. for widening the whole road. Photo: C. Macneall, RCC.

60 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

3.0 Planning for roadsides

The RCC is able to provide examples of Roadside Management Plans and encourages all shires to adopt this practice of planning for roadside conservation.

The following actions greatly enhance the likelihood of a plan which changes behaviour and results in on- ground actions: . Community support - encourage ongoing community involvement and commitment by establishing a local Roadside Advisory Committee or working group within the Shire Environmental Committee; . Contract specifications - maintain roadside values by developing environmental specifications for inclusion in all tender documents or work practices (WALGA has templates that can assist with this); . Community education - use of innovative and relevant material can increase community understanding of roadside values; and . Training - promote local roadside planning initiatives and gain acceptance and understanding by involving shire staff, contractors, utility provider staff and the community in workshops, seminars or training days. The Roadside Conservation Committee can provide this training.

Training develops recognition and understanding of roadside values and highlights best work practices. Workshops are developed to ensure that local issues and environments are dealt with and they include site visits to high conservation value sites and/or current projects and works. For training enquiries please contact the RCC Executive Officer on (08) 9334 0423.

4.0 Setting objectives

The objective of all roadside management should be to:

. Protect . Minimise - road users - land degradation - native vegetation - spread of weeds and vermin - rare or threatened flora or fauna - spread of soil borne pathogens - cultural and heritage values - risk and impact of fire - community assets from fire - disturbance during installation and maintenance of service assets . Maintain - safe function of the road . Enhance - native vegetation communities - native vegetation communities - fauna habitats and corridors - fauna habitats and corridors - visual amenity and landscape qualities - visual amenity - water quality

61 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

5.0 Specific recommendations for Shire of Kalamunda roadsides

5.1 Weed management Target the six chosen weeds, African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula), eastern states wattles (Acacia sp.), fleabane (Conyza sp.), plantain (Plantago lanceolata), tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis), and Victorian teatree (Leptospermum laevigatum) as the highest priority for control. Work first on roadsides which have high conservation value followed by roadsides of medium-high Bridal creeper and tagasate along Tanner East Road conservation value. Refer to RCC’s Roadside Photos: K. Payne, RCC Environmental Weeds List Verge Note and Roadside Environmental Weeds webpage for practical suggestions for weed management, or additional sources of information.

Be clear about the goal of any weed control program – grassy weeds like veldt grass and African lovegrass are too abundant to eradicate from the shire, but can be reduced near high value assets, and spread contained by controlling outlier populations. Dense grassy weeds are also a fire hazard so could be slashed prior to setting seed to reduce dry biomass. Note that slashing after seed set will spread the seed to new areas, increasing the scale of the problem.

Montpellier and flaxleaf broom are Weeds of National Significance known to be aggressive and is much easier to control while plants are small. While it was found on a number of roads, the infestations were generally small enough to control. Some of the other weeds which cover less than 5km could be eradicated from the shire if a targeted program is undertaken while infestation levels are still manageable. A watch should be maintained for new incursions, as some weeds are spread by birds over some distance.

 Identify five to ten significant weeds to target for control in high value areas such as potential Flora Roads and high conservation value roads. For example: . Lavender and broom on Mottram Road, Carmel . Broom and many other invasive garden plants on Ozone Terrace, Kalamunda. Broom is spreading rapidly into the adjoining Mundy Regional Park on the southern and western side of the road. . False bamboo and eastern states wattles on Reeds Road, Carmel. . Bridal creeper and tagasaste along Tanner East Road, Carmel. . Victorian teatree in thickets on eastern part of Welshpool Road East, Carmel. . Tambookie grass along Kalamunda Road southern side from Davies Crescent to Gray Road and Sadler Drive, Maida Vale near Ridgehill Road. . Fountain grass on Girrawheen Drive, Lavender and broom on Mottram Road, Carmel Gooseberry Hill Photos: K. Payne, RCC Most of these roads have high conservation value sections. 62 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

 Identify five to ten significant weeds with small infestations on one or a small number of roadsides to target for eradication. (See Figures 12C & 12D ‘Extent of weeds covering less than 1-5km of roadside and less than 1km’). For example: . Black flag on Norwood Rd . Dolichos pea on Carinyah Road, Pickering Brook, Kalamunda Road, Sadler Drive, Maida Vale and Welshpool Road East, Lesmurdie.

. Morning glory and false bamboo on Hartfield Road. Reeds Road, Carmel - False bamboo and eastern states wattles and general weedy section opposite . Golden crownbeard (Verbesina encelioides) on and adjacent to Marko Travich Reserve which could be targeted for weed control and then revegetation. Hale Road south west of Tonkin Highway Photo: K.Payne, RCC

There are many other weeds and roads that deserve attention. For information to guide choices, refer to the:

(i) weed pdfs provided on the CD and with the Roadside Conservation Value Map;

(ii) maps and graphs Figures 11 and 12 in Part C and tables in Appendix 7 of this Report;

(iii) RCC Roadside Environmental Weed List verge note in Appendix 8; and

(iv) the comprehensive data available on the CD.

Refer to the RCC website for information and links to resources on weed identification and management http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/management/off-reserve- conservation/roadside-conservation/338-roadside- environmental-weeds?showall=&start=1 and to the Parks and Wildlife website for information on control methods and resources www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/plants-and- animals/plants/weeds/155-how-to-control-weeds Roadside revegation along Morrison Road, Forrestfield (above) Revegetation sign - Whimbrel Green, High Wycombe 5.2 Revegetation Photo: K. Payne, RCC

Identify five to ten areas on high value roads suitable for revegetation. For example:  Ozone Terrace, Kalamunda once weedy garden plants and flammable weedy grasses are removed.  Mottram and Tanner East Road, Carmel once weeds are removed.  Sections along Lewis Rd and Hartfield Rd in Forrestfield  small sections on other roads suggested as potential Flora Roads on pages 54 and 55 of this report.

63 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Refer to the RCV Map and look for small low conservation value sections in otherwise high to medium-high conservation value roads. In most of these sections, the revegetation would need to be preceded by weed control (see Section 5.1). Contact RCC (9334 0423) or Parks and Wildlife for advice.

5.3 Education campaign

Some ideas to consider:  Produce a pamphlet for residents who live alongside or opposite native bushland highlighting environmental weeds to watch which should not be planted due to their invasive potential into the native bushland eg. Eastern states wattles, Victorian tea tree, tagasaste and broom.  Have a monthly weed profile in shire newsletter or local paper. A large number of the roadside weeds are escaped garden plants, so a regular campaign highlighting some of the worst weeds would be beneficial, as would promotion ofthe shires weed booklet.  Organise a ‘wallop a weed’ action weekend to control specific weeds in specific areas. Promote as a street (eg. Ozone Terrace) or suburb event; similar to a litter clean-up day.

5.4 Habitat and protection for threatened fauna

Retain all large eucalypt trees, unless they are a public safety hazard.

Plant banksia, grevillea and hakea species as a food source for threatened cockatoos.

Female Carnaby’s cockatoo at entrance to hollow. Work with the recovery teams to install cockatoo Recently hatched chick in roadside tree hollow north of Perth signage on roads where cockatoo deaths have occurred Photos: R. Dawson, DPaW due to being hit by vehicles.

Install wildlife signage for any roads where fauna deaths and sightings eg. Bandicoots are known

Roadside Carnaby’s cockatoo signage Photo: K.Payne, RCC

Bandicoot Photo: Kimberley Page

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6.0 Conclusion

The Shire of Kalamunda has a number of high conservation roadsides with intact native vegetation, a high diversity of species and habitat for native fauna. Selective weed management near these areas is a priority to ensure they remain intact; otherwise they will gradually decline in condition.

Many of the low and medium-low conservation roadsides have been cleared in the past and are being taken over by weeds. These are causing a greater fire hazard and smothering the native plants which may also be found on these roadsides. The scarcity of native vegetation on these roadsides may also be contributing to other problems including flooding and aesthetics of the road. Overgrown weeds look unsightly and if bare ground isn’t replaced with something, weeds will inevitably take Prickly Moses (Acacia pulchella) roadscape over. Some of these roadsides could be targeted Skink on burnt tree trunk – Lewis Rd, Forrestfield Spotted pardalote on Mabel Road, Lesmurdie

for revegetation. Photo: K. Payne, RCC

A number of roadsides contain large trees, some with hollows for sheltering breeding birds. Other roadsides have logs and native debris which provide habitat for ground-dwelling reptiles and small mammals like bandicoots.

The environmental, landcare, aesthetic, tourism and cultural values of roadside vegetation are many. Degradation of road verges by weeds spreading from gardens can also exacerbate the introduction of weeds into adjacent bushland areas. Once roadside vegetation is removed or degraded, it requires considerable effort, time and expense to reinstate.

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References Australian National Herbarium (2012). Australian Flora Statistics. Australian National Botanic Gardens and Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Canberra. http://www.anbg.gov.au/aust- veg/australian-flora-statistics.html Accessed February 2014

Brown, K and Brooks, K. (2002). Bushland Weeds: A practical guide to their management. Environmental Weeds Action Network WA (Inc). http://www.environmentalweedsactionnetwork.org.au/images/pdf/bushlandweedsbook.pdf

Burns, Cliff & Sharron. (2011). Darlington and surrounds Local Flora and Bushlands.

Department of Agriculture and Food WA. (2011, unpub.). Geographic Information Services. Current Extent of Native Vegetation statistics.

Department of Environment & Conservation (2008). Declared Rare Flora and Road Maintenance. http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/conservation-management/off-road- conservation/rcc/marking_roadside_declared_rare_flora.pdf

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Jackson KA. (2002). Assessing Roadsides: A Guide to Rating Conservation Value. Roadside Conservation Committee. Kensington, Western Australia. http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/conservation- management/off-road-conservation/rcc/assessing_roadsides.pdf

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), statutory adviser to UK Government and devolved administrations, Peterborough, UK (2014) Plants http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-1739. Accessed February 2014.

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Roadside Conservation Committee (2015) Roadside Conservation Committee website. www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/management/off-reserve-conservation/roadside-conservation

Roadside Conservation Committee (2014) Verge Notes: Roadside Environmental Weeds List. http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/conservation-management/off-road- conservation/rcc/Threats_posed_by_weeds_to_native_vegetation.PDF

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Roadside Conservation Committee. (2011). Biodiversity Conservation and Fire in Road and Rail Reserves: Management Guidelines. Roadside Conservation Committee. Kensington, Western Australia. http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/conservation-management/off-road- conservation/rcc/rcc_fire_guidelines.pdf

Roadside Conservation Committee. (2010). Handbook of Environmental Practice for Road Construction and Maintenance Works. Roadside Conservation Committee. Kensington, Western Australia. http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/conservation-management/off-road-conservation/rcc/rcc- handbook-environmental-practice_may10.pdf

Roadside Conservation Committee (2006) Verge Note: Guidelines for Managing the Harvesting of Native Flowers, Seed and Timber from Roadsides. http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/conservation-management/off-road- conservation/rcc/vergenote_harvesting_guidelines.pdf

Roadside Conservation Committee (2004) Verge Note: Guidelines for the Nomination and Management of Flora Roads. http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/conservation-management/off-road- conservation/rcc/rcc_flora_roads_vergenote_2004.pdf

Roadside Conservation Committee. Lamont DA and Atkins K. (2000). Guidelines for Managing Special Environmental Areas in Transport Corridors. Roadside Conservation Committee. Kensington, Western Australia. http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/conservation-management/off-road- conservation/rcc/sea_guidelines.pdf

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