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Millennials Experience of Romantic Relationships During the Period of Emerging Adulthood

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Millennials Experience of Romantic Relationships During the Period of Emerging Adulthood Millennials Experience of Romantic Relationships during the period of Emerging Adulthood in Relation to Attachment Style. Thesis By Judith Bradley Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts In Psychology The University of New York in Prague May 2020 Declaration. I hereby declare that I wrote this thesis individually based on literature and resources stated in references section. 9th May 2020. Judith Bradley 2 Acknowledgments. A special thank you to my mentor Dr Vartan Agopian who dedicated his time and expertise to supporting me through this process. He has been a constant source of motivation from beginning to end, and I am forever grateful. I would also like to extend my gratitude to everyone who participated and shared their personal experiences in such an honest way, I cannot thank you enough for having the courage to share your intimate experiences with me, this research would not have been possible without you. I am forever thankful to my parents and siblings for being there to support, guide and reassure me in reaching my academic goals. And lastly, I want to thank my best friend, Valentina Berger, for your constant support and all the heartening talks I needed along the way. 3 Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine millennials’ experience of romantic relationships during the period of emerging adulthood in relation to attachment style. This quantitative study gathered data on attachment style, partner conflict, relationship satisfaction and openness to consensual non-monogamy from 149 participants in the period of emerging adulthood (18-33 years), both male and female. Results showed that attachment style influences romantic relationship attitudes and behaviours of this group. Secure attachment had high levels of relationship satisfaction and low levels of conflict, while fearful-avoidant attachment had low levels of relationship satisfaction and low levels of conflict. The results also showed that millennials have more liberal attitudes towards and experience of CNM than previous generations. Dismissive- avoidant, anxious-preoccupied and fearful-avoidant attachment have openness to CNM. 4 Table of Contents 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….7 2 Literature Review……………………………………………………………10 2.1 Millennial Generation…………………………………………………….10 2.2 Emerging Adulthood………………………………………………………13 2.3 Adult Attachment Theory…………………………………………………15 2.4 Relationship Conflict and Satisfaction of Millennials……………………20 2.5 Consensual Non-Monogamy (CNM………………………………………23 2.6 Importance of Understanding Millennials’ Experience of Romantic Relationships for Psychological Wellbeing……………………………….28 3 Methodology……………………………………………………………………33 3.1 Participants…………………………………………………………………..33 3.2 Material………………………………………………………………………34 3.2.1 Demographic Information……………………………………………..34 3.2.2 Adult Attachment………………………………………………………34 3.2.3 Relationship Conflict…………………………………………………35 3.2.4 Relationship Satisfaction………………………………………………..36 3.2.5 Consensual Non-Monogamy (CNM)……………………………………36 3.3 Procedure……………………………………………………………………….37 3.3.1 Participant Recruitment…………………………………………………..37 3.3.2 Protection of Participants………………………………………………..37 3.3.3 Data Analysis……………………………………………………………38 3.3.4 Hypothesis………………………………………………………………38 4 Results……………………………………………………………………………….39 4.1 Quantitative Results………………………………………………………….39 5 4.2 Description of the Sample……………………………………………………39 4.3 Descriptive Statistics and Tests of Normality of the Variables………………41 4.3.1 Length of Relationship (in Months)…………………………………..42 4.3.2 Romantic Partner Conflict…………………………………………….42 4.3.3 Romantic Relationship Satisfaction…………………………………...42 4.3.4 Attitudes Towards Consensual Non-Monogamy………………………43 4.4 Hypothesis Testing……………………………………………………………..44 4.4.1 Attachment Style, Relationship Satisfaction, and Partner Conflict…….44 4.4.2 Openness to Consensual Non-Monogamy……………………………..49 5 Discussion………………………………………………………………………….54 6 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………64 6.1 Summary……………………………………………………………………….64 6.2 Limitations of Study and Recommendations for Future Research…………….64 References…………………………………………………………………………….66 Appendix………………………………………………………………………………76 6 1. Introduction This quantitative study focuses on millennials’ experience of romantic relationships, in terms of relationship satisfaction, partner conflict and openness to consensual non- monogamy, in relation to attachment style. Attachment theory originated in the 1950s, demonstrating that an individual’s attachment style will significantly impact on their close relationships and other important areas of their life. The differing styles have implications for an individual’s psychological functioning, and how they form and maintain relationships throughout their life. Upon its development, attachment theory was chiefly concerned with infant and primary caregiver relationships, positing that forming attachments in infancy sets the foundation for all future relationships. As noted in my earlier qualitative study “Some attachment styles are characterised as more psychologically healthy than others. For example, secure attachment is associated with many positive outcomes, including healthy brain development in terms of judgment, decision-making and reasoning, which are important skills to develop to minimise risk of psychological dysfunction throughout the life course. Furthermore, secure attachment is also linked with positive outcomes in social and emotional development in terms of developing empathy, trusting others, and emotional regulation which predicts behaviour” (Bradley, 2020). The study of attachment theory advanced over the decades, to focus on attachment styles in adulthood and the impact this has on an individual’s ability to form and maintain personal and romantic relationships. There is currently a substantial body of research in existence which argues that adult attachment styles are an important factor to consider in a person’s ability to form satisfying, healthy and long-lasting, intimate relationships with others. From a psychological perspective, our overall wellbeing is often dependent upon the 7 close, intimate relationships we form, as they provide us with security and support and benefit our overall psychological functioning. Therefore, it is important to understand the complex relationships between attachment style, and their associated behaviours as this will have implications for individual mental health. This research will study individual attachment styles in relation to experience in romantic relationships during the period of emerging adulthood. Recently, the period of emerging adulthood has been identified as a new developmental stage within the life-course, between the years of adolescence and reaching full adulthood at approximately age twenty- nine. The millennial generation are currently in the emerging adulthood stage of their lives, and for many this period will include key developmental milestones such as forming significant romantic attachments to others for the first time. This generation may be considered as having non-traditional romantic relationship formations which may provide unique experiences in terms of romantic attachment. During the period of young adulthood, romantic relationships will play a significant role in the lives of many and therefore potentially impact on psychological functioning. It is important, as future psychological practitioners, to understand the complexities of millennials’ romantic attachments in order to provide the most effective, supportive service and treatment to our clients when it is needed (Bradley, 2020). This study is a continuation of the authors earlier qualitative research on millennials’ experience of romantic relationships. In order to explore the topic in greater depth, the author chose to conduct this quantitative study using a much larger sample size. This provides a more accurate picture of millennials’ experience of romantic relationships, specifically within Western culture. The findings of this study will deepen our understanding of the role of attachment styles in adult romantic relationships and highlight how romantic relationships are evolving through the generations which has implications for future therapeutic practice. 8 The current body of research has primarily focused on romantic relationships in adolescence, specifically examining the impact of the dissolution of a romantic partnership at this key developmental period and the reasons why these relationships are typically not long- lasting. The author found no such study documenting this experience in the period of emerging adulthood. Current research speculates that there are similarities in the experience of adolescence and emerging adults including, lack of intimacy, boredom, distrust/ dishonesty, poor communication, infidelity, limited quality time together, substance abuse, absence of love and lack of physical attraction and sexual dissatisfaction (The Pew Centre, 2018). However, romantic relationships during the period of emerging adulthood potentially have their own unique characteristics and experiences that are not necessarily evident at other stages of adult life, as they often take place simultaneously with other major life transitions such as living outside of the family home, or embarking on a career. The author aims to discover the types of romantic relationship formations experienced by millennials, and if attachment style influences partner conflict, relationship satisfaction and openness or willingness to engage
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