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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1643 Edited by G. Goos, J. Hartmanis and J. van Leeuwen 3 Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo Jaroslav Nesetˇ rilˇ (Ed.) Algorithms - ESA ’99 7th Annual European Symposium Prague, Czech Republic, July 16-18, 1999 Proceedings 13 Series Editors Gerhard Goos, Karlsruhe University, Germany Juris Hartmanis, Cornell University, NY, USA Jan van Leeuwen, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Volume Editor Jaroslav Neˇsetˇril Charles University Department of Applied Mathematics and DIMATIA Centre Malostransk´en´am. 25, CZ-11800 Prague 1, Czech Republic E-mail: [email protected] Cataloging-in-Publication data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Algorithms : 7th annual European symposium ; proceedings / ESA ’99, Prague, Czech Republic, July 16 - 18, 1999. Jaroslav Neˇsetˇril (ed.). - Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; Barcelona ; Hong Kong ; London ; Milan ; Paris ; Singapore ; Tokyo : Springer, 1999 (Lecture notes in computer science ; Vol. 1643) ISBN 3-540-66251-0 CR Subject Classification (1998): F.2, G.1-2, E.1, F.1.3 ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN 3-540-66251-0 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author SPIN 10703529 06/3142–543210 Printedonacid-free paper Preface The 7th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA ’99) is held in Prague, Czech Republic, July 16-18, 1999. This continued the tradition of the meetings which were held in – 1993 Bad Honnef (Germany) – 1994 Utrecht (Netherlands) – 1995 Corfu (Greece) – 1996 Barcelona (Spain) – 1997 Graz (Austria) – 1998 Venice (Italy) (The proceedings of previous ESA meetings were published as Springer LNCS vol- umes 726, 855, 979, 1136, 1284, 1461.) In the short time of its history ESA (like its sister meeting SODA) has become a popular and respected meeting. The call for papers stated that the “Symposium covers research in the use, design, and analysis of efficient algorithms and data structures as it is carried out in com- puter science, discrete applied mathematics and mathematical programming. Papers are solicited describing original results in all areas of algorithmic research, including but not limited to: Approximation Algorithms; Combinatorial Optimization; Computa- tional Biology; Computational Geometry; Databases and Information Retrieval; Graph and Network Algorithms; Machine Learning; Number Theory and Computer Algebra; On-line Algorithms; Pattern Matching and Data Compression; Symbolic Computation. The algorithms may be sequential, distributed or parallel, and they should be analyzed either mathematically or by rigorous computational experiments. Submissions that re- port on experimental and applied research are especially encouraged.” The total of 122 papers were received. The program committee thoroughly reviewed the papers (each paper was sent to at least 3 members of the PC) and after an electronic discussion the agreement was reached during the PC meeting in Prague, March 26- 28, 1999. (At this meeting the following members of PC were physically present: G. Billardi, H. Bodlaender, J. Diaz, A. Goldberg, M. Goemans, M. Kaufmann, B. Monien, J. Matouˇsek, E. Mayr, J. Neˇsetˇril, P. Widmayer, G. Woeginger, while most of the other PC members cooperated electronically.) The program committee selected 44 papers, which are presented in this volume. The program of ESA’ 99 includes two invited talks by Bernhard Korte (University of Bonn) and Moti Yung (Columbia, New York). As an experiment, ESA’99 was held at the same time as ICALP’99. Only history will show whether this scheme is suitable to the European context. The ESA’99 was organized by the Centre of Discrete Mathematics, Theoretical Computer Science and Applications (shortly DIMATIA) which is a joint venture of Charles University, the Czech Academy of Science and the Institute for Chemical Tech- nology (all based in Prague) together with its associates (presently in Barcelona, Biele- VI Preface feld, Bonn, Bordeaux, Budapest, Novosibirsk, Pilsen, and Pisa). Also two similar cen- ters DIMACS (Rutgers University, New Jersey) and PIMS (Vancouver, Canada) are associated members of DIMATIA. We thank all our partners for the support and all the work. We would like to thank all the members of the organizing committee, and par- ticularly Mrs. Hana C´ˇ asensk´a (DIMATIA) and Mrs. Anna Kotˇeˇsovcov´a (CONFORG). The electronic efficiency was made possible by Jiˇr´ı Fiala, Jiˇr´ı Sgall, V´it Nov´ak, and Pavel Valtr. We also thank our industrial supporters Cedok,ˇ Telekom, Komerˇcn´ı banka, Mer- cedes Benz Bohemia, and Conforg (all based in Prague). DIMATIA is also supported by GACR grant 201/99/0242 and MSMTˇ grant 055 (Kontakt). We hope that the present volume reflects the manifold spectrum of contemporary algorithmic research and that it convincingly demonstrates that this area is alive and well. We wish the next ESA (to be held in Saarbruecken) success and many excellent contributions. July 1999 Jaroslav Neˇsetˇril Organization ESA’99 is organized by the Conferece Chair Jaroslav Neˇsetˇril (Charles University) Organizing Comitee H. C´ˇ asensk´a L. Kuˇcera J. Fiala H. Neˇsetˇrilov´a V. Janota V. N ovak ´ A. Kotˇeˇsovcov´a J. Sgall J. Kratochv´ıl P. Valtr Program Comitee H. Attiya (Haifa) M. Kaufmann (Tubingen) G. Ausiello (Rome) J. K. Lenstra (Eindhoven) G. Bilardi (Padua) J. Matouˇsek (Prague) H. Boadlander (Utrecht) E. Mayr (Munich) W. Cook (Houston) B. Monien (Paderborn) J. Diaz (Barcelona) B. Shepherd (Murray Hill) A. Frieze (Pittsburgh) P. Widmayer (Zurich) M. Goemans (Louvain) J. Wiederman (Prague) A. Goldberg (Princeton) G. Woeginger (Graz) G. Italiano (Venice) A. Zvonkin (Bordeaux) H. Karloff (Atlanta) Referees Karen Aardal Yossi Azar Fabian Chudak Susanne Albers Ricardo Baeza-Yates Edith Cohen Noga Alon Nicole Bidoit Gerard Cornuejols Carme Alvarez Vita Bortnikov Bruno Courcelle Fabrizio d’Amore Srecko Brlek Olivier Delgrange Matthew Andrews Prasad Chalasani Camil Demetrescu Richard Arratia Otfried Cheong Stephan Eidenbenz VIII Organization Jens Ernst Flaminia Luccio David Sherman Sandor Fekete Conrado Mart´ınez David Shmoys Amos Fiat Colin McDiarmid Alistair Sinclair Joaquim Gabarro Michael Mitzenmacher Job Smeltink Giorgio Gambosi Haiko M¨uller A. Steger Cyril Gavoille Seffi Naor Cliff Stein Leslie Goldberg Gabriele Neyer Robert Strandh Ervin Gyori Rolf Niedermeier Wojtek Szapankowski Alexander Hall John Noga Gerard Tel M. T. Hallett Jordi Petit Prasad Tetali Johan Hastad Kirk Pruhs Roland Ulber Monika Henzinger Martin Raab Eli Upfal Cor Hurkens Yuval Rabani Bernard Vauquelin David Janin R. Ravi Marinus Veldhorst V´ıt Janota Thomas Roos Bram Verweij Bala Kalyanasundaram Guenter Rote Tandy Warnow Claire Kenyon S. Roura Roger Wattenhofer Bettina Klinz Thomas Schickinger Gordon Wilfong Ton Kloks Christophe Schlick Fatos Xhafa Werner Krandick Konrad Schlude Francis Zane Stefano Leonardi Petra Schuurman Wieslaw Zielonka Bertrand Le Saec Maria Serna Lisa Zhang Vincenzo Liberatore Oriol Serra Martin Loebl Ron Shamir Table of Contents ESA’99 Program 1 Adaptively-Secure Distributed Public-Key Systems 4 Yair Frankel, Moti Yung (CertCo), Philip MacKenzie (Bell Laboratories, Mur- ray Hill) How Long Does a Bit Live in a Computer? 28 Bernhard Korte (Bonn University) Approximation Algorithms for the Traveling Purchaser Problem and Its Variants in Network Design 29 R. Ravi, F. S. Salman (Carnegie Mellon University) The Impact of Knowledge on Broadcasting Time in Radio Networks (Extended Abstract) 41 Krzysztof Diks (Uniwersytet Warszawski), Danny Krizanc, Evangelos Kranakis (Carleton University, Ottawa), Andrzej Pelc (UniversiteduQu´ ebec)´ Multipacket Routing on 2-D Meshes and Its Application to Fault-Tolerant Routing 53 Kazuo Iwama (Kyoto University), Eiji Miyano (Kyushu Institute of Design) IP Address Lookup Made Fast and Simple 65 Pierluigi Crescenzi, Leandro Dardini (Universita` degli Studi di Firenze), Roberto Grossi (Universita` degli Studi di Pisa) On-Line Load Balancing in a Hierarchical Server Topology 77 Amotz Bar-Noy (Tel Aviv University), Ari Freund (Technion, Haifa), Joseph Naor (Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill) Provably Good and Practical Strategies for Non-uniform Data Management in Networks 89 Friedhelm Meyer auf der Heide, Matthias Westermann (University of Pader- born), Berthold Vocking¨ (International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley) Approximation Algorithms for Restoration Capacity Planning 101 Steven J. Phillips, Jeffery R. Westbrook (AT&T Labs–Research) Efficient Algorithms for Integer Programs with Two Variables per Constraint (Extended Abstract) 116 Reuven Bar-Yehuda, Dror Rawitz Convex Quadratic Programming Relaxations for Network Scheduling Problems 127 Martin Skutella