Natuurlijke Bèta-2-Agonisten in Sportsupplementen

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Natuurlijke Bèta-2-Agonisten in Sportsupplementen Natuurlijke bèta-2-agonisten in sportsupplementen FATIMA DEN OUDEN, WILLEM KOERT | In de gereguleerde sport is het gebruik van bèta-2-agonisten slechts onder strikte voorwaar- den toegestaan. Bèta-2-agonisten kunnen de zuurstofopname en spiermassa van atleten vergroten en hun vetmassa verminderen. Hoewel bèta-2-agonisten officieel alleen op recept verkrijgbaar zijn, zijn er aanwijzingen dat de sportsup- plementenindustrie natuurlijke stoffen met een bèta-2-adrenergene werking is gaan toepassen in bepaalde producten. Dit artikel vat samen om welke stoffen het gaat, en wat er in de wetenschappelijke literatuur over hun werking bekend is. Volgens studies gebruikt veertig tot tachtig de stof de pompfunctie van het hart [6] en natuurlijke stoffen die volgens studies de procent van de topsporters en fitnessfana- laat het de concentratie vrije vetzuren in bèta-2-adrenoceptor stimuleren. Supple- ten supplementen die sportprestaties zou- het bloed stijgen en het energieverbruik mentenproducenten combineren deze den moeten verbeteren, en veel van deze toenemen [7]. Voeg daar nog aan toe dat stoffen vaak met cafeïne [12], een milde sti- producten bevatten plantenextracten. In higenamine volgens in vitro-studies de mulerende verbinding die de biologische dit segment is de scheidslijn tussen food luchtwegen kan verwijden [8], en het is dui- effecten van bèta-2-agonisten versterkt[13] . en pharma vervaagd, onder meer doordat delijk waarom het misschien een interes- Een van deze natuurlijke stoffen staat al op sommige supplementen natuurlijke stof- sante stof voor sporters is. Maar uit de stu- de dopinglijst van de WADA. Dat is octop- fen bevatten in zulke hoge concentraties dies wordt ook duidelijk dat higenamine amine, een stof die onder meer in bittere dat het predicaat ‘natuurlijk’ discutabel bijwerkingen kan hebben, zoals hartklop- sinaasappel (Citrus x aurantium L.) voorkomt is geworden. Een voorbeeld daarvan zijn pingen, pijn op de borst, een droge mond [14]. Een andere natuurlijke bèta-2-agonist de supplementen met ecdysteroïden uit en hoofdpijn [9]. is synefrine, een stof die onder andere ook spinazie, die volgens Duitse onderzoekers In bioactiviteitsonderzoek kwam aan het in citrusvruchten voorkomt. Bewegingswe- geclassificeerd moeten worden als ana- licht dat higenamine de bèta-2-adreno- tenschappers hebben synefrine meerdere bolica, en daarmee dus thuishoren op de receptor activeert [10]. Dat is, gezien de keren bestudeerd, maar de WADA acht dopinglijst [1]. effecten en bijwerkingen van higena- het niet nodig om deze verbinding op de Deze vervaging kan ertoe leiden dat de mine, nauwelijks verrassend. Deze effec- dopinglijst te zetten [15]. De WADA houdt sportsupplementenindustrie producten ten zijn identiek aan die van farmacologi- echter het gebruik van synefrine door op de markt zet met zo’n sterke prestatie- sche bèta-2-agonisten, zoals formoterol verbeterende werking dat ze gebruikers en salbutamol. De WADA stelt dat alle een relevant voordeel geven. Diezelfde bèta-2-agonisten op de dopinglijst horen, producten zouden ook gezondheidsrisi- dus ook higenamine. co’s met zich mee kunnen brengen, zeker omdat sporters die prestatieverbeterende Op de dopinglijst staan stoffen die pres- middelen gebruiken geneigd zijn om de taties op een oneerlijke manier bevor- doses van hun middelen te verhogen [2]. deren, maar die ook riskant kunnen zijn. Bèta-2-agonisten kunnen schadelijk zijn HIGENAMINE omdat ze de hartslag en de bloeddruk In 2017 plaatste de World Anti-Doping verhogen, waardoor de kans op cardio- Agency (WADA) de plantaardige stof hige- vasculaire incidenten toeneemt. In het namine op de dopinglijst. Op deze lijst geval van higenamine wordt die kans nog staan stoffen die prestaties op een oneer- vergroot doordat veel producenten van lijke manier bevorderen, maar die ook ris- sportsupplementen slordig te werk gaan. kant zijn. Higenamine (een alkaloïde) komt Toen onderzoekers van Harvard Medical voor in de wortels van de Chinese monniks- School en het Nederlandse Rijksinstituut kap (Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux) en de voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu 24 sup- zaden van de Indische lotus (Nelumbo nuci- plementen met higenamine analyseerden, fera Gaertn.). De supplementenindustrie bleek de hoeveelheid higenamine te varië- was higenamine gaan verwerken in pro- ren van minder dan 0,01 tot 200% van wat ducten die intensievere trainingen moge- het label vermeldde [11]. lijk zouden moeten maken - in de sport beter bekend als pre-workout formulas - en MEER NATUURLIJKE BÈTA-2- in afslanksupplementen [3]. In 2017 vonden AGONISTEN dopingjagers deze stof bij 58 sporters [4]. In sportsupplementen die op dit moment In kleine humane studies verhoogt higena- op de markt zijn, zitten voor zover we heb- mine de hartslag [5]. Daarnaast stimuleert ben kunnen achterhalen nog vier andere AFBEELDING 1 | Chinese monnikskap (Aconitum carmichaelii). Foto BotBln Nederlands tijdschrift voor fytotherapie, 33e jaargang, nr. 1, 2020 17 sporters wel in de gaten. Zowel octopa- humane studies of dierstudies bekend of effects of the Chinese herbal medicine higenamine on mine als synefrine interacteren overigens die deze claims kunnen onderbouwen. left ventricular function using a cardiac probe. Eur J Nucl niet exclusief met de bèta-2-adrenoceptor, Wel zijn er in vitro-studies waaruit blijkt Med. 1983;8(6):233-236. [7] Lee SR et al. Acute oral intake of a higenamine-based dietary supplement increases cir- maar ook met andere adrenerge recepto- dat N-caffeoyldopamine en N-coumaro- culating free fatty acids and energy expenditure in human ren [16-17]. yldopamine waarschijnlijk interacteren subjects. Lipids Health Dis. 2013;12:148. [8] Tsukiyama M Minder bekende natuurlijke bèta-2-ago- met de adrenerge bèta-2-receptor [25]. et al. Beta2-adrenoceptor-mediated tracheal relaxation nisten zijn halostachine en de clovamide- Na inname worden N-caffeoyldopamine induced by higenamine from Nandina domestica Thun- derivaten; twee natuurlijke verbindingen en N-coumaroyldopamine betrekkelijk berg. Planta Med. 2009;75(13):1393-9. [9] Zhang N et al. Applications of higenamine in pharmacology and medi- die niet met naam op de dopinglijst staan, snel gemetaboliseerd in inactieve stoffen, cine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;196:242-252. [10] Bai G et maar daar misschien wel op hun plaats waardoor de biologische beschikbaarheid al. Identification of higenamine in Radix Aconiti Lateralis zouden zijn. van deze stoffen beperkt is [26]. Supple- Preparata as a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist. Acta mentenmakers kunnen dit volgens een Pharmacol Sin. 2008;29(10):1187-1194.[11] Cohen PA et al. The stimulant higenamine in weight loss and sports HALOSTACHINE patent uit 2014 [27] ondervangen door een supplements. Clin Toxicol. 2019;57(2):125-130.[12] Marles De chemische structuur van de alkaloïde natuurlijke remmer van het enzym COMT R. Synephrine, Octopamine and Caffeine Health Risk halostachine, aanwezig in Halostachys - zoals de groene theecatechine EGCG - Assessment (HRA) Report. Health Canada. 2011. [13] Liu belangeriana (Moq.) Botsch. [18], Engels aan hun producten toe te voegen. COMT AG et al. The effect of caffeine and albuterol on body com- raaigras (Lolium perenne L.) en rietzwenk- is betrokken bij de omzetting van deze position and metabolic rate. Obesity 2015; 23(9):1830- 1835. [14] Pellati F. et al. Fast high-performance liquid gras (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) [19], stoffen in actieve metabolieten. Er zijn sup- chromatography analysis of phenethylamine alkaloids laat zich beschrijven als een vereenvou- plementen met N-caffeoyldopamine en in Citrus natural products on a pentafluorophenylpropyl digde versie van efedrine. Sommige pro- N-coumaroyldopamine op de markt waar- stationary phase. J Chromatogr A. 2007;1165(1-2):58-66. ducenten van sportsupplementen zetten aan daadwerkelijk EGCG is toegevoegd. [15] Gutiérrez-Hellín J. et al. Acute p-synephrine inge- halostachine in poeder- of capsulevorm in stion increases fat oxidation rate during exercise. Br J de markt als energiesupplement, afslank- SLOT Clin Pharmacol. 2016;82(2):362-368. [16] Visentin V. et al. Dual action of octopamine on glucose transport into supplement of pre-workoutproduct, soms De EU-regelgeving stelt weliswaar paal adipocytes: Inhibition via beta(3)-adrenoceptor activa- in zuivere vorm. Dierstudies en humaan en perk aan de vrije verkoop van supple- tion and stimulation via oxidation by amine oxidases. J onderzoek naar de prestatieverbeterende menten, maar via webwinkels van bedrij- Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001;299(1):96-104. [17] Carpéné C. of afslankende werking van halostachine ven buiten Europa zijn supplementen met et al. Selective activation of β3-adrenoceptors by octopa- zijn er echter nog niet. Wel hebben in natuurlijke bèta-2-agonisten als halosta- mine: Comparative studies in mammalian fat cells. Nau- nyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1999;359(4):310- vitro-studies aangetoond dat halostachine chine en clovamidederivaten inmiddels 321. [18] Syrneva YI. The pharmacology of the new interacteert met de bèta-2-receptor [20]. binnen bereik van sporters gekomen. alkaloid halostachine. Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya De bèta-2-adrenerge werking van halosta- In hoeverre de supplementenindustrie, 1941;4:45-51. [19] Bush LP. et al. Isolation and separation chine is, vergeleken met die van adrenaline gewapend met innovatiedrang en niet te of tall fescue and ryegrass alkaloids. J Chromatogr. 1975 Aug 20;111(1):165-170. [20] Liapakis G. et al. Synergistic en isoprenaline, betrekkelijk gering [21]. onderschatten biochemische
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