DOCSLIB.ORG

THE UNITED BRANDS COMPANY in CAMEROON a Study of the Tension Between Local and International Imperatives by Barbara J. Heinzen A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE UNITED BRANDS COMPANY in CAMEROON a Study of the Tension Between Local and International Imperatives by Barbara J. Heinzen A THE UNITED BRANDS COMPANY IN CAMEROON a study of the tension between local and international imperatives by Barbara J. Heinzen a thesis submitted towards a PhD in Geography to the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 1984 ProQuest Number: 10731165 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731165 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The study examines the evolution since the 1950s of the banana trades from the former British and former French Cameroons into the 1982 banana business of the United Republic of Cameroon. As a case study in agricultural development, special attention is given to the changing viability of smallholders and to the role of the United Brands Company in the development of the trade. In studying the causes of changes in the business since the Second World War, the thesis examines the interaction of markets, technologies, managerial structures and the politics of independence in the two Cameroons. In that examination, some of the conflicts between the commercial requirements of an international trade operating to international standards, and the local needs of Cameroon’s governments, society and environment are explored. The findings of the study are based principally on unpublished sources. Interviews with all the leaders of the 1982 Cameroon trade were complemented by interviews with company people, former participants in the trade, and residents of Cameroon who could recall the post-war period. Important material has also come from privately- held files of those people involved in the banana business. These files were of meeting minutes, correspondence and contracts from the 1950s to the early 1970s and helped to detail the general information provided in the interviews. - 2 - ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S A list of people who were interviewed during the course of this study appears at the back of the thesis. I would like to thank all of them for their time and patience and great skill at making sense of my questions. I am also grateful to the C. Williams Foundation of Plandome, New York, and the National Science Foundation of Washington, D.C. for their invaluable and timely support, without which this thesis could not have been written. Finally, I want to thank Professor B.W. Hodder for his encouragement and wisdom in bringing this study from the gleam of an idea to a completed study. - 3 - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Maps 7 List of Figures 8 List of Tables 9 List of Appendices 10 A note on names 11 14 Introduction Chapter 1 - Markets and Technologies of the 1950s 23 1950s Markets 27 Smallholders Versus Plantation Technologies 29 Land 29 Sigatoka Disease 34 Panama Disease, Conversion and Packing Stations 37 Vertical Integration and the Industrial Plantation Model 40 Chapter 2 - Managerial Structures of the 1950s; The British Cameroons 44 The Three Principals 46 Cameroons Development Corporation 46 Bakweri Cooperative Union of Farmers 47 Elders and Fyffes 50 Advisors and Managers: Elders and Fyffes and the BCUF 51 Contractual Balances: CDC, Elders and Fyffes, BCUF 55 - 4 - Page Chapter 3 - Managerial Structures of the 1950s: Mungo 60 Syndicat de Defense des Int€rets Bananiers 60 La Compagnie des Bananes 66 Smallholders’ Cooperatives 73 Chapter 4 - The Politics of Reunification in Anglophone Cameroon 80 The Referendum 81 Framing the Question 82 The Vote ' 85 The Process of Federation 91 The Kumba Federation 92 Elders and Fyffes and the Foreign Exchange Office 94 Withdrawal of Elders and Fyffes 99 The Search for Markets 100 Giving up the Bavenga Plantation 101 Chapter 5 ~ The Politics of Independence in Mungo 110 Background History 111 Land 111 African Immigration to Mungo 116 La Guerre Morale 117 The 1959 Smallholders’ Strike 122 "African Planters" Motion of 10 April 1959 125 Role of Outside Pressure 131 Guerilla War and Government Reprisal 139 Return of Pressure to Modernise 141 Smallholders' Response 143 Creation of the 0CB Plantations 150 Collapse of the Syndicat 155 - 5 - Page Chapter 6 - The Cameroon Banana Trade of 1982 161 The Nature of the Market 162 Technologies of 1982 168 Sigatoka Desease 172 Soil Fertility 173 Irrigation 175 Packing Stations and Shipping 181 Managerial Structure of 1982 185 Chapter 7 - Choices» 1982 195 Cameroon Government 197 United Brands and la Compagnie des Bananes 207 Notes 214 Unpublished Sources 230 Bibliography 235 Appendices 247 - 6 - LIST OF MAPS Page Map 1 The Cameroons under Mandate: World War I - Independence 12 Map 2 Federal Republic of Cameroon: 1962 - 1972 12 Map 3 United Republic of Cameroon: 1972 - present 12 Map 4 Estimated Extent of Banana Cultivation in the Cameroons, 1950s 26 Map 5 Estimated Extent of Banana Cultivation in Cameroon, 1982 26 Map 6 Volcanic Soils of Western Cameroon 35 Map 7 Banana Cultivation in the British Cameroons - 1950s smallholders and plantations 45 Map 8 Cultivated Areas and Native Reserves on 1950s CDC Land 48 Map 9 Plantation Banana Production of Mungo, 1937 . 69 Map 10 Geographical Features along the Mandate Boundary of the Southern and French Cameroons 86 Map 11 Major Ethnic Groups Crossing the Mandate Boundary of the Southern and French Cameroons 87 Map 12 Areas of Maximum Population Density along the Mandate Boundary of the Southern and French Cameroons 88 Map 13 Elders and Fyffes Plantation Land at Bavenga/Bafia 102 Map 14 Concession Land in the Mungo Banana Zone, 1937 119 Map 15 Mungo Banana Plantations of the 1950s 120 Map 16 Transfer of UPC Struggle with Government Forces in Francophone Cameroon 124 Map 17 Banana Cultivation in Mungo - 1967 Smallholders and Plantations 144 Map 18 Estimated Cameroon Banana Lands, 1982 171 - 7 - LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Banana Exports of Cameroon: peak exports of the 1950s versus estimated exports of 1982 24 Figure 2 Importance of Production from Smallholders and the British Cameroons during the 1950s 25 Figure 3 West Cameroon Banana Export Tonnage: 1955 - 1964 30 Figure 4 Mungo Banana Export Tonnage: 1946 - 1970 31 Figure 5 Managerial Structure of British Cameroons Banana Trade, 1959 56 Figure 6 April 1959 Membership in the Syndicat de DSfense des IntSrSts Bananiers, Mungo 62 Figure 7 Managerial Structure of Mungo Banana Trade, 1959 71 Figure 8 European and African Banana Exports from Mungo in 1958 and 1959 135 Figure 9 Three Smallholdings in the Banana Zone of Mungo, 1967 151 Figure 10 Cameroonian and Panamanian Bananas, 1982 169 Figure 11 Cameroonian and Antilles Bananas, 1982 170 Figure 12 Average Monthly Rainfall in Tiko and Loum 177 Figure 13 Packing Stations of an OCB Plantation and a Mungo Smallholder, 1982 183 Figure 14 Managerial Structure of the Cameroon Banana Trade, May 1982 187 - 8 - LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Distribution of Cooperative Exports from Mungo, January 1959 - consolidated information 77 Table 2 Distribution of Cooperative Exports from Mungo, January 1959 - detailed information 77 Table 3 Mungo Land Concessions - 1 June 1938 112 Table 4 1938 Rural Concessions According to Region of the French Cameroons 112 Table 5 Average Number of Hectares Held on Concession - 113 Mungo 1938 Table 6 Size of Concession Holdings in Mungo, 1938 - detailed information 115 Table 7 Size of Concession Holdings in Mungo, 1938 - consolidated information 114 Table 8 Number of Concessions in Bananas, Mungo 1938 118 Table 9 1967 ORSTOM Survey of Smallholders - demographic information 145 Table 10 1967 ORSTOM Survey of Smallholders - size of family holdings 146 Table 11 1967 ORSTOM Survey of Smallholders - style of planting 147 Table 12 1967 ORSTOM Survey of Smallholders - percentages of crops in mixed fields 147 Table 13 January 1962 Partition of French Banana Market 163 Table 14 Treatments of Sigatoka Disease, Mungo, 1968 - 1981 173 - 9 - LIST OF APPENDICES Page Appendix A Timelines _ 247 - Administrative Timelines of the United Republic of Cameroon and the United Brands Company of New York 247 - Timeline of the Banana Trade of Anglophone Cameroon 249 - Timeline of the Banana Trade of Francophone Cameroon 250 Appendix B Key to Map 15 "Mungo Banana Plantations of the 1950s" 251 Appendix C Selected Documents from the 1959 Smallholders’ Strike in Mungo 254 - Motion adoptee par less planteurs africains de banane 254 - Motion presente par les Presidents de Cooperatives 255 - Communique du Ministere des Affaires Economiques 256 Appendix D Labour Recruitment in the French Cameroons, as described by Irene Dugast in 1942 259 - 10 - - a note on names The British and French Cameroons were established as Mandated Territories of the League of Nations in 1922 with Britain and France administering the two Cameroons until their independence and reunification in the early 1960s. In 1962, the Federal Republic of Cameroon was created after the reunification of the Southern Province of the former British Cameroons (the Southern Cameroons) with the former French Cameroons.* This Federation consisted of two states: West Cameroon whose official language was English and which was administered according to British traditions, and East Cameroon whose official language was French and whose administration was based on French practice. Since 1972, when the Federal Republic was replaced by the United Republic, there have been no administrative names for these two different regions. As a result, the former West Cameroon is now often known as "Anglophone" or "English-speaking" Cameroon, while the former East Cameroon is called "Francophone" or "French-speaking" Cameroon.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Minmap Region Du Littoral Synthese Des Donnees Sur La Base Des Informations Recueillies
    MINMAP REGION DU LITTORAL SYNTHESE DES DONNEES SUR LA BASE DES INFORMATIONS RECUEILLIES Nbre de N° Désignation des MO/MOD Montant des Marchés N° page Marchés 1 Communauté Urbaine de de Douala 94 89 179 421 671 3 2 Communité Urbaine d'édéa 5 89 000 000 14 3 Communité Urbaine de Nkongsamba 6 198 774 344 15 4 Services déconcentrés Régionaux 17 718 555 000 16 Département du Moungo 5 Services déconcentrés départementaux 5 145 000 000 18 6 Commune de BARE BAKEM 2 57 000 000 18 7 Commune de BONALEA 3 85 500 000 19 8 Commune de DIBOMBARI 3 105 500 000 19 9 Commune de LOUM 16 445 395 149 19 10 Commune de MANJO 8 132 000 000 21 11 Commune de MBANGA 3 108 000 000 22 12 Commune de MELONG 12 173 500 000 22 13 Commune de NJOMBE PENJA 5 132 000 000 24 14 Commune d'EBONE 12 299 500 000 25 15 Commune de MOMBO 3 77 000 000 26 16 Commune de NKONGSAMBA I 1 27 000 000 26 17 Commune de NKONGSAMBA II 3 59 250 000 27 18 Commune de NKONGSAMBA III 2 87 000 000 27 TOTAL Département 78 1 933 645 149 Département du Nkam 19 Services déconcentrés départementaux 12 232 596 000 28 20 Commune de NKONDJOCK 16 258 623 000 29 21 Commune de YABASSI 14 221 000 000 31 22 Commune de YINGUI 4 53 500 000 33 23 Commune de NDOBIAN 17 345 418 000 33 TOTAL Département 63 1 111 137 000 Département de la Sanaga Maritime 24 Services déconcentrés départementaux 8 90 960 000 36 25 Commune de Dibamba 3 72 000 000 37 26 Commune de Dizangue 5 88 500 000 37 27 Commune de MASSOCK 4 233 230 000 38 28 Commune de MOUANKO 15 582 770 000 38 29 Commune de NDOM 12 339 237 000 40 Nbre de N° Désignation
    [Show full text]
  • Piggery Production Manual
    PIGGERY PRODUCTION MANUAL How to Rear Pigs Using Fermented Bed Technology or The Deep Litter System (DLS) April 2016 April 2016 Africa Innovations Institute, Kampala, Uganda Africa Innovations Institute, Kampala, Uganda Africa Innovations Institute (www.afrii.org) is a non governmental center of excellence dedicated to research and innovations for the betterment of resource poor farmers and the sustainability of the environment. Current Citation: AfrII 2016 Piggery Production Manual: How to Rear Pigs using The Deep Litter System (DLS) or Fermented Bed Technology (FBT). Africa Innovations Institute, Kampala, 54pp C Africa Innovations Institute. All rights reserved. Africa Innovations Institute, Piggery Production Manual TABLE OF CONTENT Disclaimer..........................................................................................................................................v Foreword......................................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgement..........................................................................................................................vii List of Acronyms.............................................................................................................................viii Definition of common terminologies............................................................................................ix 1. Introduction....................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Corruption in Cameroon
    Corruption in Cameroon CORRUPTION IN CAMEROON - 1 - Corruption in Cameroon © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Cameronn Tél: 22 21 29 96 / 22 21 52 92 - Fax: 22 21 52 74 E-mail : [email protected] Printed by : SAAGRAPH ISBN 2-911208-20-X - 2 - Corruption in Cameroon CO-ORDINATED BY Pierre TITI NWEL Corruption in Cameroon Study Realised by : GERDDES-Cameroon Published by : FRIEDRICH-EBERT -STIFTUNG Translated from French by : M. Diom Richard Senior Translator - MINDIC June 1999 - 3 - Corruption in Cameroon - 4 - Corruption in Cameroon PREFACE The need to talk about corruption in Cameroon was and remains very crucial. But let it be said that the existence of corruption within a society is not specific to Cameroon alone. In principle, corruption is a scourge which has existed since human beings started organising themselves into communities, indicating that corruption exists in countries in the World over. What generally differs from country to country is its dimensions, its intensity and most important, the way the Government and the Society at large deal with the problem so as to reduce or eliminate it. At the time GERDDES-CAMEROON contacted the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung for a support to carry out a study on corruption at the beginning of 1998, nobody could imagine that some months later, a German-based-Non Governmental Organisation (NGO), Transparency International, would render public a Report on 85 corrupt countries, and Cameroon would top the list, followed by Paraguay and Honduras. - 5 - Corruption in Cameroon Already at that time in Cameroon, there was a general outcry as to the intensity of the manifestation of corruption at virtually all levels of the society.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Review Report of Cameroon
    Country Review Report of Cameroon Review by the Republic of Angola and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia of the implementation by Cameroon of articles 15 – 42 of Chapter III. “Criminalization and law enforcement” and articles 44 – 50 of Chapter IV. “International cooperation” of the United Nations Convention against Corruption for the review cycle 2010 - 2015 Page 1 of 142 I. Introduction 1. The Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption was established pursuant to article 63 of the Convention to, inter alia, promote and review the implementation of the Convention. 2. In accordance with article 63, paragraph 7, of the Convention, the Conference established at its third session, held in Doha from 9 to 13 November 2009, the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the Convention. The Mechanism was established also pursuant to article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, which states that States parties shall carry out their obligations under the Convention in a manner consistent with the principles of sovereign equality and territorial integrity of States and of non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other States. 3. The Review Mechanism is an intergovernmental process whose overall goal is to assist States parties in implementing the Convention. 4. The review process is based on the terms of reference of the Review Mechanism. II. Process 5. The following review of the implementation by Cameroon of the Convention is based on the completed response to the comprehensive self-assessment checklist received from Cameroon, supplementary information provided in accordance with paragraph 27 of the terms of reference of the Review Mechanism and the outcome of the constructive dialogue between the governmental experts from Cameroon, Angola and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, by means of telephone conferences, and e-mail exchanges and involving: Angola Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Cameroon CAMEROON SUMMARY Cameroon Is a Bicameral Parliamentary Republic with Two Levels of Government, National and Local (Regions and Councils)
    COUNTRY PROFILE 2019 THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN cameroon CAMEROON SUMMARY Cameroon is a bicameral parliamentary republic with two levels of government, national and local (regions and councils). There is constitutional provision for local government, as well as for an intermediary higher territorial tier (regions), although this has yet to be implemented. The main laws governing local government are Law No. 2004/17 on the Orientation of Decentralization, Law No. 2004/18 on Rules Applicable to Councils, and Law No. 2004/19 on Rules Applicable to Regions. The Ministry of Decentralization and Local Government is responsible for government policy on territorial administration and local government. There are 374 local government councils, consisting of 360 municipal councils and 14 city councils. There are also 45 district sub-divisions within the cities. Local councils are empowered to levy taxes and charges including direct council taxes, cattle tax and licences. The most important mechanism for revenue-sharing is the Additional Council Taxes levy on national taxation, of which 70% goes to the councils. All councils have similar responsibilities and powers for service delivery with the exception of the sub-divisional councils, which have a modified set of powers. Council responsibility for service delivery includes utilities, town planning, health, social services and primary education. 1. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT Q Decree 1987/1366: City Council of Douala Cameroon is a unitary republic with a Q Law 2009/019 on the Local Fiscal System 10.1a bicameral parliament. The head of Q Law 2012/001 on the Electoral Code, state is the president, who is directly as amended by Law 2012/017.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Prunus Africana Bark Exploitation Methods and Sustainable Exploitation in the South West, North-West and Adamaoua Regions of Cameroon
    GCP/RAF/408/EC « MOBILISATION ET RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES DES PETITES ET MOYENNES ENTREPRISES IMPLIQUEES DANS LES FILIERES DES PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX EN AFRIQUE CENTRALE » Assessment of Prunus africana bark exploitation methods and sustainable exploitation in the South west, North-West and Adamaoua regions of Cameroon CIFOR Philip Fonju Nkeng, Verina Ingram, Abdon Awono February 2010 Avec l‟appui financier de la Commission Européenne Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... i ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .................................................................................................................. iii 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem statement ...................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research questions .......................................................................................... 2 1.4 Objectives ....................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Importance of the study ................................................................................... 3 2: Literature Review .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mbororo Migrant Workers in Western Cameroon: Case Study of Bahouan
    Mbororo migrant workers in Western Cameroon: Case study of Bahouan Flavie Chiwo Tembou Master thesis in Visual Cultural Studies Faculty of Archaeology and Social Anthropology October 2014 Mbororo migrant workers in Western Cameroon: Case study of Bahouan Flavie Chiwo Tembou Master thesis in Visual Cultural Studies Faculty of Archaeology and Social Anthropology October 2014 DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my mother and my informants for making this thesis possible. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am very grateful to Hege Kritin and Line Vraberg for their kindness, moral support and comfort during the difficult moment of my stay in Tromso. I thank Koulthoumi Babette, Inga Britt, my teachers and classmates for their contribution during the thesis writing process. Special thanks to Ibrahim my main informant for giving me his time for sharing his knowledge and experience about the Mbororo people. I am also indebted to my supervisor, Prof. Arntsen Bjørn and to Prof. Sidsel Saugestad for their constructive feedback and scholarly insights regarding the overall thesis. The same gratitude goes to Prof. Holtedahl Lisbet for her moral support and encouragement in writing this study. I thank my husband for his comfort and constant encouragement during difficult moments. I am grateful to the Nordic Africa Institute of Uppsala (Sweden) for their one month scholarship which allowed me to discover a great part of the literature for my thesis. I thank the Norwegian government, Lanekassen, Sami Center of the University of Tromso and the faculty of Social Sciences for supporting my project financially. Table of contents Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………………………ii Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………….iii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………....iv Chapter one: Introduction 1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • NW SW Presence Map Complete Copy
    SHELTER CLUSTER PARTNERS SW/NWMap creation da tREGIONe: 06/12/2018 December 2019 Ako Furu-Awa 1 LEGEND Misaje # of Partners NW Fungom Menchum Donga-Mantung 1 6 Nkambe Nwa 3 1 Bum # of Partners SW Menchum-Valley Ndu Mayo-Banyo Wum Noni 1 Fundong Nkum 15 Boyo 1 1 Njinikom Kumbo Oku 1 Bafut 1 Belo Akwaya 1 3 1 Njikwa Bui Mbven 1 2 Mezam 2 Jakiri Mbengwi Babessi 1 Magba Bamenda Tubah 2 2 Bamenda Ndop Momo 6b 3 4 2 3 Bangourain Widikum Ngie Bamenda Bali 1 Ngo-Ketunjia Njimom Balikumbat Batibo Santa 2 Manyu Galim Upper Bayang Babadjou Malentouen Eyumodjock Wabane Koutaba Foumban Bambo7 tos Kouoptamo 1 Mamfe 7 Lebialem M ouda Noun Batcham Bafoussam Alou Fongo-Tongo 2e 14 Nkong-Ni BafouMssamif 1eir Fontem Dschang Penka-Michel Bamendjou Poumougne Foumbot MenouaFokoué Mbam-et-Kim Baham Djebem Santchou Bandja Batié Massangam Ngambé-Tikar Nguti Koung-Khi 1 Banka Bangou Kekem Toko Kupe-Manenguba Melong Haut-Nkam Bangangté Bafang Bana Bangem Banwa Bazou Baré-Bakem Ndé 1 Bakou Deuk Mundemba Nord-Makombé Moungo Tonga Makénéné Konye Nkongsamba 1er Kon Ndian Tombel Yambetta Manjo Nlonako Isangele 5 1 Nkondjock Dikome Balue Bafia Kumba Mbam-et-Inoubou Kombo Loum Kiiki Kombo Itindi Ekondo Titi Ndikiniméki Nitoukou Abedimo Meme Njombé-Penja 9 Mombo Idabato Bamusso Kumba 1 Nkam Bokito Kumba Mbanga 1 Yabassi Yingui Ndom Mbonge Muyuka Fiko Ngambé 6 Nyanon Lekié West-Coast Sanaga-Maritime Monatélé 5 Fako Dibombari Douala 55 Buea 5e Massock-Songloulou Evodoula Tiko Nguibassal Limbe1 Douala 4e Edéa 2e Okola Limbe 2 6 Douala Dibamba Limbe 3 Douala 6e Wou3rei Pouma Nyong-et-Kellé Douala 6e Dibang Limbe 1 Limbe 2 Limbe 3 Dizangué Ngwei Ngog-Mapubi Matomb Lobo 13 54 1 Feedback: [email protected]/ [email protected] Data Source: OCHA Based on OSM / INC *Data collected from NFI/Shelter cluster 4W.
    [Show full text]
  • SCHOOLING and NATIONAL INTEGRATION in CAMEROON by GRACE MARY ELAD Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for The
    SCHOOLING AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN CAMEROON By GRACE MARY ELAD Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Institute of Education University of London December 1982 Department of Education in Developing Countries Department of Child and Educational Psychology. DEDICATED to my mother Anna Abamut Elad and my father Philip Mfontem Elad whose moral and financial support has been responsible for the completion of this STUDY. ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of the level of schooling on National integration in English-speaking Cameroon. National integration is con- ceptualised as the creation of an individual's sense of identification and loyalty to the nation and his willingness to accept and integrate voluntarily with one's fellow citizens irrespective of their cultural or ethnic differences. The main hypothesis adopted for the investigation (there will be a significant increase in positive attitudes towards National integration from primary to secondary and from secondary to post-secondary education) was confirmed. However, a Step-wise Multiple Regression Analysis of all the variables indicated that urbanization and not levels of educational attainment is a better predictor of National integration as far as this study is concerned. Four scales, the Nationalism scale, the Friendship Choice scale, the Language Choice scale and the Language Use scale. A questionnaire was used to obtain data from 491 randomly selected subjects from primary, secondary and post-secondary students and also from the adult population. In addition to the demographic facts, the questionnaire used was composed of four scales, three behavioural and an attitude scale of the Likert type.
    [Show full text]
  • Banana Plantation?
    www.entrepreneurindia.co Introduction Banana is a very popular fruit due to its low price and high nutritive value. It is consumed in fresh or cooked form both as ripe and raw fruit. Banana is a rich source of carbohydrate and is rich in vitamins particularly vitamin B. It is also a good source of potassium, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. The fruit is easy to digest, free from fat and cholesterol. Banana powder is used as the first baby food. It helps in reducing risk of heart diseases when used regularly and is recommended for patients suffering from high blood pressure, arthritis, ulcer, gastroenteritis and kidney disorders. www.entrepreneurindia.co Processed products, such as chips, banana puree, jam, jelly, juice, and wine can be made from the fruit. The tender stem, which bears the inflorescence is extracted by removing the leaf sheaths of the harvested pseudostem and used as vegetable. Plantains or cooking bananas are rich in starch and have a chemical composition similar to that of potato. Banana fibre is used to make items like bags, pots and wall hangers. Rope and good quality paper can be prepared from banana waste. Banana leaves are used as healthy and hygienic eating plates. www.entrepreneurindia.co Banana cultivation is a very profitable agriculture business in India. Tissue culture banana cultivation is the new trend to lower the risk and get higher banana production. Banana is one of the most important major fruit crops grown in India. In respect of area it ranks second and first in production only after mango in this country.
    [Show full text]
  • “These Killings Can Be Stopped” RIGHTS Government and Separatist Groups Abuses in Cameroon’S WATCH Anglophone Regions
    HUMAN “These Killings Can Be Stopped” RIGHTS Government and Separatist Groups Abuses in Cameroon’s WATCH Anglophone Regions “These Killings Can Be Stopped” Abuses by Government and Separatist Groups in Cameroon’s Anglophone Regions Copyright © 2018 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-36352 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JULY 2018 ISBN: 978-1-6231-36352 “These Killings Can Be Stopped” Abuses by Government and Separatist Groups in Cameroon’s Anglophone Regions Map .................................................................................................................................... i Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Skeeling 1.Pdf
    Musicking Tradition in Place: Participation, Values, and Banks in Bamiléké Territory by Simon Robert Jo-Keeling A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor Judith T. Irvine, Chair Emeritus Professor Judith O. Becker Professor Bruce Mannheim Associate Professor Kelly M. Askew © Simon Robert Jo-Keeling, 2011 acknowledgements Most of all, my thanks go to those residents of Cameroon who assisted with or parti- cipated in my research, especially Theophile Ematchoua, Theophile Issola Missé, Moise Kamndjo, Valerie Kamta, Majolie Kwamu Wandji, Josiane Mbakob, Georges Ngandjou, Antoine Ngoyou Tchouta, Francois Nkwilang, Epiphanie Nya, Basil, Brenda, Elizabeth, Julienne, Majolie, Moise, Pierre, Raisa, Rita, Tresor, Yonga, Le Comité d’Etudes et de la Production des Oeuvres Mèdûmbà and the real-life Association de Benskin and Associa- tion de Mangambeu. Most of all Cameroonians, I thank Emanuel Kamadjou, Alain Kamtchoua, Jules Tankeu and Elise, and Joseph Wansi Eyoumbi. I am grateful to the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research for fund- ing my field work. For support, guidance, inspiration, encouragement, and mentoring, I thank the mem- bers of my dissertation committee, Kelly Askew, Judith Becker, Judith Irvine, and Bruce Mannheim. The three members from the anthropology department supported me the whole way through my graduate training. I am especially grateful to my superb advisor, Judith Irvine, who worked very closely and skillfully with me, particularly during field work and writing up. Other people affiliated with the department of anthropology at the University of Michigan were especially helpful or supportive in a variety of ways.
    [Show full text]