DOCSLIB.ORG

(Mdtlp7) Enhances Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis Jianing Xu†, Shanshan Xing†, Qinghua Sun, Chunyan Zhan, Xin Liu, Shizhong Zhang* and Xiaoyun Wang*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(Mdtlp7) Enhances Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis Jianing Xu†, Shanshan Xing†, Qinghua Sun, Chunyan Zhan, Xin Liu, Shizhong Zhang* and Xiaoyun Wang* Xu et al. BMC Plant Biology (2019) 19:60 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1662-9 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access The expression of a tubby-like protein from Malus domestica (MdTLP7) enhances abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis Jianing Xu†, Shanshan Xing†, Qinghua Sun, Chunyan Zhan, Xin Liu, Shizhong Zhang* and Xiaoyun Wang* Abstract Background: Tubby-like proteins (TLPs), characterized by a signature tubby domain, are widespread in plants and animals. To date, only plant TLPs involved in multifarious stress responses and male gametophyte development have been identified. However, studies on the molecular functions of plant TLPs are largely unknown. Results: In this investigation, the roles of a TLP from Malus domestica (MdTLP7) in response to abiotic stresses were characterized by expressing it in Arabidopsis. The expression of wild-type full-length MdTLP7 (FL) significantly increased the stress tolerance of Arabidopsis seedlings to osmotic, salt, cold and heat stress, while the expression of truncated MdTLP7 containing only the tubby domain (Tub) also showed some function. Located on a central α helix surrounded by 12 anti-parallel β strands in the tubby domain, the K190/R192 site may be involved in fixation to the plasma membrane, as shown by 3D homology modelling with animal TLPs. This site might play a crucial role in anti-stress functions since site-directed mutagenesis of MdTLP7 reduced stress tolerance. Subcellular localization showed that MdTLP7 was mainly localized in the plasma membrane in plant cells, suggesting that it might participate in the transduction of stress signals. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that MdTLP7 could improve abiotic stress tolerance not only in bacteria but also in plants. The K190/R192 residues in the tubby domain were not only the plasma membrane binding site of MdTLP7 but also played a key role in stress tolerance. These results may provide a basis for further exploring the mechanism of anti-stress functioning and downstream target genes of plant TLPs. Keywords: Tubby-like protein, MdTLP7, Functional site, Stress tolerance, Subcellular localization Background Several plant TLPs are upregulated under abiotic and The tubby-like proteins (TLPs) are widely distributed biotic stress [4, 10–13]. in the animal and plant kingdoms. There are 5 mem- Our previous study showed that a TLP gene from bers of the TLP family in mice, 4 in Homo sapiens,9 Malus domestica (MdTLP7) was upregulated in the tran- in apple and 11 in Arabidopsis [1–4]. In mammals, scriptional profile of apple under cold stress [14]. Heter- many cellular functions of TLPs are involved in ves- ologous expression of MdTLP7 significantly increased icular trafficking, the mediation of insulin signalling, the stress tolerance of E. coli cells against different abi- gene transcription, G-protein signalling, and riboso- otic stresses [15]. In contrast to animal TLPs, MdTLP7 mal RNA synthesis [5–9]. Although several TLPsin contains a highly conserved F-box domain at its plants have been identified, their roles are elusive. In N-terminus in addition to the characteristic tubby do- Arabidopsis, AtTLP3 and AtTLP9 are involved in main [15]. In eukaryotes, F-box proteins participate in ABA-dependent signalling during germination [3]. diverse cellular processes such as the response to stress, signal transduction, and the development of floral or- gans, primarily as a component of the Skp1-cullin-F-box * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] (SCF) complex in protein ubiquitination [16–20]. †Jianing Xu and Shanshan Xing contributed equally to this work. College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Subcellular localization of TLPs clarifies their func- Agricultural University, Shandong Taian 271018, People’s Republic of China tions. Many mammalian and plant TLPs are usually © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Xu et al. BMC Plant Biology (2019) 19:60 Page 2 of 8 localized in the plasma membrane and nucleus [12, 21]. than 10 transgenic lines were identified by kanamycin As to the mechanism of TLP binding to the plasma mem- testing and PCR amplification (T1 generation, brane, a phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) Additional file 1: Figure S1). Homozygous lines were binding site involving two conserved residues in the tubby identified by screening for non-segregation from each domain, lysine330 (K330) and arginine332 (R332), interacted independent transformant (T3 generation). The 2 homo- directlywiththemembranelipidoftheplasmamem- zygous FL transgenic lines (named FL-1, FL-2) and 2 brane, as demonstrated in two TLPs from mouse Tub transgenic lines (named Tub-1, Tub-2) with high (TUB and TULP1) [22]. These two positively charged expression were chosen for further analysis (Additional phosphate-coordinating residues (K330 and R332)are file 2: Figure S2). highly conserved not only in the animal TLPs but Under PEG and salt treatments, the growth of both also in quite a few plant TLPs. The corresponding plasma transgenic lines, FL and Tub, was better than that of membrane binding site in the tubby domain of AtTLP3 WT; little difference was found between the FL and (K187/R189)alsolocalizesAtTLP3 in the plasma mem- Tub lines (Fig. 1a and b). The results suggested that brane. Mutations of these conservative residues to other the expression of wild-type MdTLP7 (FL) or trun- residues could disrupt the localization of AtTLP3 to the cated MdTLP7 (Tub) enhanced tolerance to osmotic plasma membrane [23]. PIP2 affects cell signalling by and salt stresses. binding target proteins or enzymes [24]. When plants suf- To induce temperature stress, we placed seedlings in fer abiotic stress-inducing agents such as mannitol, NaCl hot (45 °C) and cold (− 20 °C) environments. After treat- and H2O2 treatments, AtTLP3 can trigger signals by ment at 45 °C for 12 h, obvious differences were ob- detaching from the plasma membrane and moving served among the transgenic lines (FL and Tub) and through the cytosol to the nucleus to regulate the expres- between the transgenic lines and WT Arabidopsis, and sion of genes [12, 23]. As bipartite transcription factors the growth of the Tub plants was better than that of the (TFs), mouse TLPs have DNA binding domains near their WT plants but worse than that of the FL plants. After 3 C-terminus and transcription modulation segments at days of recovery, all of the WT plants were dead their N-terminus [5]. TFs usually bind to cis-regulatory re- whereas 80% of the FL transgenic plants and 40% of the gions of a gene, which act as molecular switches control- Tub transgenic plants survived (Fig. 1c). Similar results ling various biological processes including abiotic and after cold treatment were observed among the WT, FL biotic stress responses [25, 26]. A chickpea TLP (CaTLP1) and Tub lines. The seedlings were pre-treated at 5°Cto was demonstrated to be a putative TF presumably − 5 °C for 10 h and then subjected to − 20 °C for 40 min. involved in multivariate stresses [11]. A rice TLP All of the WT plants were dead whereas 70% of the FL (OsTLP2) has been shown to bind to the promoter of plants and 30% of the Tub plants survived after 3 days of OsWRKY13 to regulate disease resistance [10]. These recovery (Fig. 1d). reports suggest that TLPs might participate in stress The results indicated that the expression of MdTLP7 signal transduction as TFs. in Arabidopsis could enhance tolerance to several abiotic To determine the functions of MdTLP7 in plants, stressors in Arabidopsis. Truncated MdTLP7 (Tub) still full-length and truncated MdTLP7 (without the F-box retained almost complete function compared to that of domain) were transformed into Arabidopsis in this wild-type MdTLP7 (FL) under both PEG and salt stress. study. The responses of transgenic plants to different Regarding temperature stress, truncated MdTLP7 (Tub) stresses were assessed. Using 3D structure modelling only had approximately half or less of the anti-stress and site-directed mutation experiments, we found a crit- function of wild-type MdTLP7 (FL). The results sug- ical site in the tubby domain of MdTLP7 for abiotic gested that the tubby domain of MdTLP7 has key roles stress tolerance. These results open up new horizons for and that the F-box domain may have synergistic effects studying the mechanism of action of stress tolerance in with the tubby domain in the stress response. plant TLPs and may promote the development of methods to improve plant stress resistance. MdTLP7 is localized in the plasma membrane A 3D homology model of the tubby domains of Results MdTLP7 was established using SWISS-MODEL that Expression of MdTLP7 enhanced abiotic stress tolerance is highly consistent with the mouse TLP (TULP3) in Arabidopsis structure. Both contain a central α helix and a closed To examine the function of MdTLP7 in the plant stress 12-stranded β barrel (Fig. 2a and b). Mouse TLPs are response, the full-length cDNAs of wild-type full-length tethered to the plasma membrane via a PIP2 binding MdTLP7 (FL) and truncated MdTLP7 with only the site (K330/R332) in the tubby domain [8]. The corre- tubby domain (Tub) were transformed into wild-type sponding amino acid residues in MdTLP7, K190/R192, Arabidopsis (WT) by the CaMV 35S promoter. More show high positional overlap with residues K330/R332 Xu et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tubby-Like Protein 3 (TULP3) Redistribution Assay
    INSTRUCTIONS TULP3 Redistribution® Assay For High-Content Analysis 059-01.03 Number Description R04-059-01 Recombinant U2OS cells stably expressing human TULP3 (GenBank Acc. NM_ NM_003324) fused to the C-terminus of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). U2OS cells are adherent epithelial cells derived from human osteosarcoma. Expression of EGFP-TULP3 is controlled by a standard CMV promoter and continuous expression is maintained by addition of G418 to the culture medium. Quantity: 2 cryo-vials each containing 1.0 x 106 cells in a volume of 1.0 ml Cell Freezing Medium. Storage: Immediately upon receipt store cells in liquid nitrogen (vapor phase). Warning: Please completely read these instructions and the material safety data sheet for DMSO before using this product. This product is for research use only. Not intended for human or animal diagnostic or therapeutic uses. Handle as potentially biohazardous material under at least Biosafety Level 1 containment. Safety procedures and waste handling are in accordance with the local laboratory regulations. CAUTION: This product contains Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), a hazardous material. Please review Material Safety Data Sheet before using this product. Introduction The Redistribution® Technology The Redistribution® Technology monitors the cellular translocation of GFP-tagged proteins in response to drug compounds or other stimuli and allows easy acquisition of multiple readouts from the same cell in a single assay run. In addition to the primary readout, high content assays provide supplementary information about cell morphology, compound fluorescence, and cellular toxicity. TheTULP3 Redistribution® Assay The Tubby protein family includes five members, namely the human homolog of murine Tubby, named TUB, and the Tubby-like proteins (TULPs) 1-4.
    [Show full text]
  • A Genomic, Transcriptomic, and Metabolic Database for Coriander
    Song et al. Horticulture Research (2020) 7:55 Horticulture Research https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-0261-0 www.nature.com/hortres ARTICLE Open Access Coriander Genomics Database: a genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolic database for coriander Xiaoming Song1, Fulei Nie1, Wei Chen1,2,XiaoMa3,KeGong1, Qihang Yang1, Jinpeng Wang 1, Nan Li1, Pengchuan Sun 1, Qiaoying Pei1, Tong Yu1, Jingjing Hu1,XinyuLi1,TongWu1,ShuyanFeng1, Xiu-Qing Li4 and Xiyin Wang 1,2 Abstract Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), also known as cilantro, is a globally important vegetable and spice crop. Its genome and that of carrot are models for studying the evolution of the Apiaceae family. Here, we developed the Coriander Genomics Database (CGDB, http://cgdb.bio2db.com/) to collect, store, and integrate the genomic, transcriptomic, metabolic, functional annotation, and repeat sequence data of coriander and carrot to serve as a central online platform for Apiaceae and other related plants. Using these data sets in the CGDB, we intriguingly found that seven transcription factor (TF) families showed significantly greater numbers of members in the coriander genome than in the carrot genome. The highest ratio of the numbers of MADS TFs between coriander and carrot reached 3.15, followed by those for tubby protein (TUB) and heat shock factors. As a demonstration of CGDB applications, we identified 17 TUB family genes and conducted systematic comparative and evolutionary analyses. RNA-seq data deposited in the CGDB also suggest dose compensation effects of gene expression in coriander. CGDB allows bulk 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; downloading, significance searches, genome browser analyses, and BLAST searches for comparisons between coriander and other plants regarding genomics, gene families, gene collinearity, gene expression, and the metabolome.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome-Wide Identification of the Tubby-Like Protein (Tlps) Family in Medicinal Model Plant Salvia Miltiorrhiza
    Genome-wide identification of the Tubby-Like Protein (TLPs) family in medicinal model plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Kai Wang1,2,*, Yating Cheng1,*, Li Yi1, Hailang He1, Shaofeng Zhan2 and Peng Yang1,3 1 Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China 2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China 3 Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China * These authors contributed equally to this work. ABSTRACT Tubby-Like Proteins (TLPs) are important transcription factors with many functions and are found in both animals and plants. In plants, TLPs are thought to be involved in the abiotic stress response. To reveal the potential function of TLPs in the medicinal model plant Salvia miltiorrhiza, we identified 12 S. miltiorrhiza TLPs (SmTLPs) and conducted a comprehensive analysis. We examined SmTLP gene structure, protein structure, phylogenetics, and expression analysis. Our results show that all SmTLPs, except SmTLP11, have a complete typical Tub domain. Promoter analysis revealed that most SmTLPs are involved in hormone and abiotic stress responses. Expression analysis revealed that the 12 SmTLPs could be divided into three categories: those specifically expressed in roots, those specifically expressed in stems, and those specifically expressed in leaves. Additional studies have shown that SmTLP10 may play an important role in the plant cold resistance, while SmTLP12 may be involved in the S. miltiorrhiza ABA metabolic pathway. Our study represents the first comprehensive investigation of Submitted 14 November 2020 TLPs in S.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Reveals That Tubby Family Proteins Help Deliver Gpcrs and Other Integral Membrane Proteins Into Cilia
    In Focus Tubby proteins prove their adaptability Ben Short Study reveals that Tubby family proteins help deliver GPCRs and other integral membrane proteins into cilia. Primary cilia are enriched in a variety of in- tegral membrane proteins, many of which have important roles in cell signaling. How these proteins are trafficked to the ciliary membrane is largely unknown, but Badgandi et al. now reveal that the Tubby family of phospholipid-binding proteins delivers a range of membrane proteins into cilia by linking them to the intraflagellar transport machinery (1). Focal Point Saikat Mukhopadhyay (left), Hemant Badgandi (right), and colleagues reveal that TULP3 and TUB, two members of the Tubby family of phospholipid-binding proteins, serve as adaptors that target More than 20 G protein–coupled recep- a diverse set of integral membrane proteins into primary cilia by linking them to the intraflagellar trans- tors (GPCRs) have been shown to localize port machinery. The proteins’ cargoes include multiple G protein–coupled receptors having a variety of to primary cilia, and defects in the localiza- ciliary localization sequences, the single-pass transmembrane protein fibrocystin, and the channel pro- tion of these proteins are thought to under- teins polycystin 1 and 2. Polycystin 2 (green), for example, localizes to cilia (red) in wild-type cells (left, arrows) but fails to enter the ciliary membrane in cells lacking Tulp3 (right, arrowheads). Photos courtesy lie many of the pathologies associated with of the authors. ciliary dysfunction in “ciliopathies” such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome (2). But these re- or fibrocystin were sufficient to redirect the same way as TULP3 to deliver a subset of ceptors may not all be targeted to the ciliary a plasma membrane protein to cilia in a GPCRs into neuronal cilia (1).
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen Polymorphisms of the TUB Gene Are
    University of Groningen Polymorphisms of the TUB Gene Are Associated with Body Composition and Eating Behavior in Middle-Aged Women van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V.; Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte; Shiri-Sverdlov, Ronit; van Gorp, Patrick J. J.; Custers, Anne; Peeters, Petra H. M.; Wijmenga, Cisca; Hofker, Marten H.; van der Schouw, Yvonne T. Published in: PLoS ONE DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001405 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2008 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, J. V., Onland-Moret, N. C., Shiri-Sverdlov, R., van Gorp, P. J. J., Custers, A., Peeters, P. H. M., Wijmenga, C., Hofker, M. H., & van der Schouw, Y. T. (2008). Polymorphisms of the TUB Gene Are Associated with Body Composition and Eating Behavior in Middle-Aged Women. PLoS ONE, 3(1), [1405]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001405 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-TUB / Tubby Protein Homolog Antibody (ARG59102)
    Product datasheet [email protected] ARG59102 Package: 50 μg anti-TUB / Tubby protein homolog antibody Store at: -20°C Summary Product Description Rabbit Polyclonal antibody recognizes TUB / Tubby protein homolog Tested Reactivity Hu Tested Application FACS, WB Host Rabbit Clonality Polyclonal Isotype IgG Target Name TUB / Tubby protein homolog Species Human Immunogen Synthetic peptide corresponding to aa. 395-429 of Human TUB / Tubby protein homolog. (VHERVSIRPRNEHETLLARWQNKNTESIIELQNKT) Conjugation Un-conjugated Alternate Names rd5; Tubby protein homolog; RDOB Application Instructions Application table Application Dilution FACS 1:150 - 1:500 WB 0.1 - 0.5 µg/ml Application Note * The dilutions indicate recommended starting dilutions and the optimal dilutions or concentrations should be determined by the scientist. Properties Form Liquid Purification Affinity purification with immunogen. Buffer 0.9% NaCl, 0.2% Na2HPO4, 0.05% Sodium azide and 5% BSA. Preservative 0.05% Sodium azide Stabilizer 5% BSA Concentration 0.5 mg/ml Storage instruction For continuous use, store undiluted antibody at 2-8°C for up to a week. For long-term storage, aliquot and store at -20°C or below. Storage in frost free freezers is not recommended. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles. Suggest spin the vial prior to opening. The antibody solution should be gently mixed before use. Note For laboratory research only, not for drug, diagnostic or other use. www.arigobio.com 1/2 Bioinformation Gene Symbol TUB Gene Full Name tubby bipartite transcription factor Background This gene encodes a member of the Tubby family of bipartite transcription factors. The encoded protein may play a role in obesity and sensorineural degradation.
    [Show full text]
  • Implication of Tubby Proteins As Transcription Factors by Structure
    R ESEARCH A RTICLES resolution crystal structure by MAD analysis of the selenomethionyl (SeMet) protein (14) Implication of Tubby Proteins (Tables 1, 2, and 3). The structure reveals a striking fold in which a central hydrophobic as Transcription Factors by helix at the COOH-terminus wholly traverses the interior of a closed 12-stranded ␤ barrel Structure-Based Functional (Fig. 2). This arrangement is unique among known protein structures. The tubby ␤ barrel adopts an alternating Analysis up-down nearest-neighbor topology, such Titus J. Boggon,1 Wei-Song Shan,2 Sandro Santagata,3 that hydrogen bonding is in the antiparallel mode for all strands. We have numbered the Samuel C. Myers,1 Lawrence Shapiro1* strands of the barrel as 1 through 12 in se- quence order. Several excursions in the loops Tubby-like proteins (TULPs) are found in a broad range of multicellular organ- between these strands are observed. A three- isms. In mammals, genetic mutation of tubby or other TULPs can result in one stranded ␤ sheet intervenes in the 9 and 10 or more of three disease phenotypes: obesity (from which the name “tubby” connection, and we have thus designated is derived), retinal degeneration, and hearing loss. These disease phenotypes these strands as 9A, 9B, and 9C. Similarly, indicate a vital role for tubby proteins; however, no biochemical function has four helices, H4, H6A, H6B, and H8, are yet been ascribed to any member of this protein family. A structure-directed found in the corresponding loop regions be- approach was employed to investigate the biological function of these proteins. tween strands of the main barrel.
    [Show full text]
  • P2 Binding Site Determines PI(4,5)P2 Sensitivity of the Tubby Domain
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.23.309492; this version posted September 23, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. A second PI(4,5)P2 binding site determines PI(4,5)P2 sensitivity of the tubby domain Veronika Thallmair1,2, Lea Schultz1,2, Siewert J. Marrink3, Dominik Oliver1,2*, Sebastian Thallmair3* 1Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps- University Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 1-2, 35037 Marburg, Germany 2DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps University, Germany 3Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands *Address correspondence to: Dr. Sebastian Thallmair Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands E-Mail: [email protected] KEYWORDS: tubby, phosphoinositide, PIP2, TULP, membrane interface, cilium, Martini model 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.23.309492; this version posted September 23, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ABSTRACT: Phosphosinositides (PIs) are lipid signaling molecules that operate by recruiting proteins to cellular membranes via PI recognition domains. Such domains are also used widely as fluorescence-coupled biosensors for cellular PIs. For PI(4,5)P2, the dominant PI of the plasma membrane (PM), only two recognition domains have been characterized in detail and used as sensors.
    [Show full text]
  • G-Protein Signaling Through Tubby Proteins
    R ESEARCH A RTICLES yond saturation) and found all to be in good Accelerator Conference, L. Gennari, Ed. (IEEE, Piscat- Fawley for his help with the simulation code GINGER, agreement with theory. The detailed exper- away, NJ, 1995), pp. 183Ð185. P. Emma for many insights into the design of the 28. K.-J. Kim, M. Xie, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Rev. bunch compressor system, and the people of the imental confirmation of the SASE process Sect. A 331, 359 (1993). Argonne Wakefield Accelerator for the occasional and the beam manipulation methodologies 29. W. Fawley, “An Informal Manual for GINGER and Its testing of laser and rf equipment. This work is sup- required to achieve saturation will continue Post-processor XPLOTGIN,” BP Tech Note-104 (Law- ported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of rence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, Basic Energy Sciences, under contract W-31-109- to improve and move the process to shorter 1995). ENG-38. wavelengths, creating the possibility of 30. This work would not have been possible without the building a very high brightness, tunable outstanding help and dedication of the Advanced 16 February 2001; accepted 20 April 2001 Photon Source (APS) technicians, the supporting en- Published online 17 May 2001; coherent x-ray source. gineers and scientists, and the management and ad- 10.1126/science.1059955 ministrative staff of the APS. In addition, we thank W. Include this information when citing this paper. References and Notes 1. J. L. Laclare, in Proceedings of the IEEE 1993 Particle Accelerator Conference, S. T. Coneliassen, Ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Diverse Cell Type-Specific Mechanisms Localize G Protein
    INVESTIGATION Diverse Cell Type-Specific Mechanisms Localize G Protein-Coupled Receptors to Caenorhabditis elegans Sensory Cilia Andrea G. Brear, Jason Yoon, Martin Wojtyniak,1 and Piali Sengupta2 Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454 ABSTRACT The localization of signaling molecules such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to primary cilia is essential for correct signal transduction. Detailed studies over the past decade have begun to elucidate the diverse sequences and trafficking mechanisms that sort and transport GPCRs to the ciliary compartment. However, a systematic analysis of the pathways required for ciliary targeting of multiple GPCRs in different cell types in vivo has not been reported. Here we describe the sequences and proteins required to localize GPCRs to the cilia of the AWB and ASK sensory neuron types in Caenorhabditis elegans.Wefind that GPCRs expressed in AWB or ASK utilize conserved and novel sequences for ciliary localization, and that the requirement for a ciliary targeting sequence in a given GPCR is different in different neuron types. Consistent with the presence of multiple ciliary targeting sequences, we identify diverse proteins required for ciliary localization of individual GPCRs in AWB and ASK. In particular, we show that the TUB-1 Tubby protein is required for ciliary localization of a subset of GPCRs, implying that defects in GPCR localization may be causal to the metabolic phenotypes of tub-1 mutants. Together, our results describe a remarkable complexity of mechanisms that act in a protein- and cell- specific manner to localize GPCRs to cilia, and suggest that this diversity allows for precise regulation of GPCR-mediated signaling as a function of external and internal context.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of Protein–Membrane Interaction Inhibitors by Virtual Ligand Screening, Proof of Concept with the C2 Domain of Factor V
    Design of protein–membrane interaction inhibitors by virtual ligand screening, proof of concept with the C2 domain of factor V Kenneth Segers*, Olivier Sperandio†, Markus Sack‡, Rainer Fischer‡§, Maria A. Miteva†, Jan Rosing*, Gerry A. F. Nicolaes*, and Bruno O. Villoutreix†¶ *Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; ‡Department of Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; §Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, Rheinisch–Westfa¨lische Technische Hochschule 52074 Aachen, Germany; and †Institut National de la Sante´et de la Recherche Me´dicale U648, University of Paris 5, 45 Rue des Sts Pe`res, 75006 Paris, France Edited by Robert Huber, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany, and approved June 8, 2007 (received for review February 7, 2007) Most orally bioavailable drugs on the market are competitive cient and cost-effective protocols for the design of small inhibitors inhibitors of catalytic sites, but a significant number of targets would represent a valuable new therapeutic approach for many remain undrugged, because their molecular functions are believed disease indications. Indeed, with the availability of complete ge- to be inaccessible to drug-like molecules. This observation specif- nome sequences for several different organisms and with structural ically applies to the development of small-molecule inhibitors of genomics initiatives
    [Show full text]
  • Tubby Mice Succumb to Blindness, Deafness, and Obesity
    INVESTIGATING THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL ROLE OF TUBBY, A PROTEIN INVOLVED IN OBESITY by RYAN MUI A THESIS SUBMITTED IN CONFORMITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE DEPARTMENT OF MOLECULAR GENETICS UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO SAMUEL LUNENFELD RESEARCH INSTITUTE © Copyright by Ryan Mui, 2010 ii INVESTIGATING THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL ROLE OF TUBBY, A PROTEIN INVOLVED IN OBESITY Ryan Mui Master of Science 2010 Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute ABSTRACT Tubby mice succumb to blindness, deafness, and obesity. Vision and auditory deficits are attributed to neurodegeneration and tubby-associated obesity has been postulated to result from neuronal deficits in brain regions controlling weight regulation. TUB has been implicated in Gαq signaling and 2 isoforms of TUB, found exclusively in the brain, may have opposing effects on transactivation. Toward this end, I developed several cell culture assays to interrogate TUB function and found that TUB directs neuronal outgrowth in an isoform-specific manner. One isoform directs stable and polar outgrowth while the other directs multiple process outgrowths and branching. These effects can occur via Gαq signaling and require nuclear localization. Furthermore, I have found that the serotonergic system of tubby mice displays morphological and innervation deficits. Since the serotonergic system is implicated in modulating moods and behaviours, including appetite, these deficits may result in the obesity and motivational issues observed in tubby mice. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to gratefully express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Sabine Cordes, whose expertise, patience, and enthusiastic support has considerably enriched my graduate experience at Mt.
    [Show full text]