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Age-Related Dendritic Changes in Human Occipital and Prefrontal Cortices: a Quantitative Golgi Study

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Age-Related Dendritic Changes in Human Occipital and Prefrontal Cortices: a Quantitative Golgi Study Modern Psychological Studies Volume 4 Number 1 Article 3 1996 Age-related dendritic changes in human occipital and prefrontal cortices: a quantitative Golgi study Kelly A. Courns Colorado College Bob Jacobs Colorado College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.utc.edu/mps Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Courns, Kelly A. and Jacobs, Bob (1996) "Age-related dendritic changes in human occipital and prefrontal cortices: a quantitative Golgi study," Modern Psychological Studies: Vol. 4 : No. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholar.utc.edu/mps/vol4/iss1/3 This articles is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals, Magazines, and Newsletters at UTC Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Modern Psychological Studies by an authorized editor of UTC Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modem Psychological Studies Copyright 1996 by 1996, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 10-20 Modem Psychological Studies Age-related Dendritic Changes in Human Occipital and Prefrontal Cortices: A Quantitative Golgi Study Kelly A. Courns and Bob Jacobs Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology Department of Psychology Colorado College Qualitative (Scheibe!, 1992) and quantitative (Jacobs & Scheibel, 1993) research indicates a general decline in dendritic neuropil with increasing age. The present study extends previous human dendritic research by examining quantitatively age-related changes in 2 cortical areas: prefrontal cortex (area 10) and occipital cortex (area 18). Tissue blocks were obtained from the left hemisphere of 10 neurologically normal subjects, ranging in age from 23 to 81 years. Blocks were stained with a modified rapid Golgi technique. Supragranular pyramidal cells were quantified on a Neurolucida computer/microscope interface system (Microbrightfield, Inc.). Dendritic system complexity was determined by several dependent measures: total dendritic length, mean dendritic length , dendritic segment count (DSC), dendritic spine number, and dendritic spine density. All dependent measures, except DSC, decreased with age, with a substantial (approximately 50%) decrease in dendritic spines. Although area 10 exhibited greater dendritic aborizations than area 18, dendritic declines were slightly more pronounced in area 10 than in area 18. The present results quantitatively document the ongoing, dynamic refinement of dendritic systems across the human life span, and suggest that higher order cortical areas (e.g., area 10) may be more susceptible to age-related changes. Those cognitive changes in processing speed and Other age-associated histological changes have style that develop, benignly during the process of been observed across several cortical areas. Declines in normal aging, and more catastrophically in dementias such as Alzheimer's disease, can be related in large brain weight, cortical thickness, and in the number of measure to the loss of dendritic surface, with resultant large neurons have been observed in midfrontal, disappearance of synaptic connections and superior temporal, and inferior parietal areas of aged progressive restriction in the computational power of human brains (Terry , DeTeresa, & Hansen, 1987). the brain. (Scheibel, 1992, p. 159) More specifically, a 13-20% reduction in soma area, which appears to be related to a reduction in dendritic Several age-related neural changes have been systems, has been revealed in individuals between the documented in both nonhuman and human animals ages of 70 and 85 years in the superior temporal gyms (Flood & Coleman, 1988). In particular, qualitative (Anderson, Hubbard, Coghill, & Slidders, 1983). (Scheibel, 1992) and quantitative (Jacobs & Scheibel, Similar decreases in neuron density have been observed 1993) analyses reveal age-related decreases in dendritic in human somatosensory and visual cortices (Flood & complexity. Scheibel noted that aged human brains exhibited irregular swelling of the soma, loss of dendritic spines, and decreases in both basilar and apical I would like to thank the Associated Colleges of the dendritic systems. Age-related declines in basilar Midwest for developing the Minority Scholar Program, which gave me the invaluable opportunity to do the dendritic length have also been quantitatively observed present research. I am grateful to Dr. Bowerman, the El in Wernicke's area (Jacobs & Scheibel). More recently, Paso County Coroner, and Dr. Sherwin from Penrose Baca et al. (1995) documented age-related decreases in Hospital for providing brain tissue. I would also like to basilar dendritic length and dendritic spine number in thank Lori Larsen, Serapio Baca, and Jonathan Driscoll for preparing me for the present study. Lastly, several human cortical areas and suggested that age- I thank my family for their continued support. Partial related changes may not be uniform across all cortical support for this work was provided by the National regions. Science Foundation Division of Undergraduate Education through grant DUE - #9550790. 10 MODERN PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES AGE-RELATED DENDRITIC CHANGES IN HUMAN CORTEX Coleman, 1988). changes in two cortical areas: prefrontal cortex (area 10) Several indirect measures further suggest decreases and occipital cortex (area 18). These two regions were in dendritic systems with age. Chugani, Phelps, and chosen because preliminary results (Baca et al., 1995) Mazziotta (1987) found lower local cerebral metabolic indicate that cortical areas higher in the information rates for glucose (CMRG1c) in adults than in children. processing hierarchy—as determined by Benson's These changes were specifically associated with age- (1994) functional schema—may be preferentially related alterations in dendritic systems (Jacobs et al., susceptible to age-related changes. Age-related decreases 1995; Jacobs & Scheibel, 1993). Age-related decreases in dendritic complexity and especially in dendritic spine in mean CMRGIc (Yoshii et al., 1988) and decreases in number/density are expected in both cortical areas. cerebral blood flow (Kety, 1956; Leenders et al., 1990; However, it is predicted that unimodal association Melamed, Lavy, Bentin, Cooper, & Rinot, 1980) have cortex (area 18), which is involved in basic visual been documented along with decreases in blood volume. processing, will be less affected by aging than Such metabolic changes parallel declines in synaptic supramodal association cortex (area 10), which is density with increasing age (Leenders et al.). More involved in executive (cognitive) control of mental directly, age-related decreases in the synaptophysin functions. The magnitude of age-related decreases is content have been observed in older rat brains (Saito et expected to be greater in supramodal cortex because, al., 1994), a decrease that correlates closely with loss of with increasing age, higher order cortical areas may not synapses (Masliah, Terry, Alford, DeTeresa, & Hansen, be as fully utilized as cortices involved in more basic 1991). Bondareff and Geinisman (1976) and Feldman (e.g., visual) processing. (1976) found a decrease in deafferented dendritic spines, indicating a correlation between loss of synapses and Method decreases in dendritic spine number. Apart from Huttenlocher's (1979) intensive Subjects developmental work, the present study is the first to examine quantitatively age-related changes in dendritic Tissue was removed from the left hemisphere of 10 spines across the human life span. The current project neurologically normal subjects, ranging in age from 23 extends previous human dendritic research (Jacobs & to 81 years (M = 50±19.5; see Table 1). The average Scheibel, 1993; Larsen, Swanson, Wainwright, & autolysis time was 10.4±4.6 hours. Brains were divided Jacobs, 1994) by specifically examining age-related into a younger group (n = 5; 23-48 years of age; M = 33.8±9.0) and an older group (n = 5; 51-81 years of Table 1 age; M = 66.2±10.8). Brains were obtained from the County Coroner's office and a local hospital. The Subject summary research protocol was approved by The Colorado College Human Subjects Institutional Review Board Age Gender Race Autolysis Cause of death (#H94-004). (years) time (hours) Apparatus 23 M C 12.0 Motor vehicle accident (chest trauma) All cells were quantified on a Neurolucida computer/microscope interface system 32 F C 20.0 Bulimia (Microbrightfield, Inc.) with an Olympus BH-2 32 M C 9 .0 Suicide (asphyxia) microscope under a 40X (.70) dry objective. 34 F C 14.5 Heroine overdose Histological Techniques 48 F C 4.0 Myxoid leiomyosarcoma 51 F C 6.0 Respiratory distress/ Tissue was immersion fixed in 10% neutral emphysema buffered formalin for 2-4 weeks before staining. One 3- 64 F C 11.0 Myocardial infarction 5 mm tissue block was removed from the frontal pole 66 M C 9.0 Pneumonia/cardiac (area 10) and the lateral surface of the occipital lobe arrest (area 18). Coded tissue blocks were stained using a 69 M C 7.0 Prostate cancer modified rapid Golgi technique (Scheibel & Scheibel, 1978). Adjacent cortical blocks were stained with a 81 M C 11.0 Gastro-intestinal bleeding cresyl echt violet technique (Gridley, 1960) to determine laminar depth and cortical thickness. Golgi- MODERN PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 11 Kelly A. Courns and Bob Jacobs stained tissue was serially sectioned at 120 tm on a systems, Pearson product correlations across TDL, vibratome such that sections were perpendicular to the soma size, and DSN averaged 0.98, indicating high long axis of the gyrus. Tissue sections were then agreement between raters.
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