Demographic and social consequences of oil and gas development in Siberia, 1960s-early 1990s Item Type Thesis Authors Logunov, Eugene V. Download date 24/09/2021 17:24:50 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/9534 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. 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DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT IN SIBERIA, 1960s - EARLY 1990s A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Eugene V. Logunov, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Fairbanks, Alaska May 1998 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9939795 Copyright 1999 by Logunov, Eugene V. All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9939795 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. 300 UMINorth Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT IN SIBERIA, 1960s - EARLY 1990s By Eugene V. Logunov RECOMMENDED: ( Xj. (>2 _ j ? ^ s f ) /C l Ac^isory Committee Chai Dirajztor, Northern Studies Program APPROVED: C De&s-r^College of LutJBTcfi'^Arts !l L. Dean, Graduate School Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT. The main goal of this thesis is to study the demographic and social consequences of rapid oil and gas development in Siberia, to show the experience of solving or failing to solve of wide range of social and cultural issues, and to sum up the results of both the economic impact on the social-cultural processes and the social impact on industrial production. In three decades, the number of new settlers in the Tyumen province was no less than 2,000,000 people. Such a pace of settling previously uninhabited territories with extreme environmental conditions had never occurred before in world practice. This explosive growth of population, dominated by young single males, has resulted in a distorted demographic structure which is hardly capable of reproduction. The birth rate declined sharply, whereas the death rate grew because of accidents, diseases, alcoholism, narcotics addiction, etc. The situation has been aggravated by complete neglect of the development iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. of a social infrastructure. Nearly half of population live in conditions conducive to the degradation of family, morals, health and cultural values. Oil and gas development had numerous negative effects on indigenous peoples of the North. Destruction of the environment has undermined the natural base and functioning of their traditional occupations. They were unable to adapt to the new kinds of economic activity, and social and physical problems have become aggravated. There has been growth of the disease rate and of alcoholism. The descent into poverty has been rapid, and they find themselves under threat of ethnic degeneration and extinction. It was the initial orientation toward creation of a new but permanent population, the politics of «development through settlement,» that proved to be one of the main causes of the deep crisis which has affected the region. The formation of a large, heterogeneous, unstable population, taken together with all its problems, accompanied by the inability to iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. create a favorable social environment, mismanagement manpower resources and an inadequate social infrastructure, have become the leading causes of production failures in the oil and gas industry. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION. 1 1.1. Historical background. 2 1.1.1. The importance of oil and gas development for the former USSR. 2 1.1.2. Crisis signs in the Tyumen oil development. 6 1.1.3. Demographic and social consequences of the «fight for oil»: a general observation. 14 1.2. Research literature review. 23 1.2.1. Russian literature review. 24 1.2.2. Western literature review. 29 1.3. The main purpose of study. 33 1.4. Chronological and geographical framework. 35 1.5. Methodological approach and sources. 37 2. MIGRATION PATTERNS IN THE TYUMEN NORTH. 46 2.1. Motives for migration. 49 2.2. Geographical characteristics of migration. 57 2.3. Immediate impact of migration. 70 2.4. Population growth. 79 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.5. Change in population distribution. 83 2.6. Urbanization and growth of urban population. 91 2.7. Housing, infrastructure and out-migration. 96 3. CHANGE IN POPULATION STRUCTURE. 108 3.1. Sex composition. 108 3.2. Age composition. 119 3.3. Ethnic composition of population. 142 3.4. Population reproduction. 152 4. INDIGENOUS POPULATION IN THE TYUMEN NORTH. 172 4.1. Territorial and administrative divisions. 172 4.2. Economic, ethnic and cultural issues. 176 4.3. Environmental issues and northern natives. 181 4.4. Problems of reproduction among indigenous population. 195 4.5. Social climate in the region and relationship between indigenous people and migrants. 214 5. CONCLUSIONS. 234 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 245 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES. Table 1. Migration processes in the Tyumen province, 1966-1989. 47 Table 2. Motives for migration to the Tyumen North. 51 Table 3. Motives for migration to the Tyumen North by sex and age groups. 55 Table 4. Workers of the oil-and-gas complex by regions of previous employment. 60 Table 5. Workers of the oil-and-gas complex by place of birth. 64 Table 6. In-migrants to the Tyumen province by different age groups in 1966-1989. 69 Table 7. Time of permanent residence in the Tyumen province in 1990. 77 Table 8. Population of the Tyumen province according to the data of all-Russian censuses. 81 Table 9. Urban and rural population of the Tyumen province. 87 Table 10. Sex and age composition of population in northern autonomous okrugs of the Tyumen province. 112 Table 11. Share of males in the main cities of the Tyumen North. 117 viii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table 12. Age composition of migrants in the Tyumen province in 1986-89. 1 2 2 Table 13. Age composition of population of the Tyumen province. 123 Table 14. Age composition of population in the main cities of the Tyumen North. 132 Table 15. Medium age of the population. 136 Table 16. Ethnic composition of population of the Tyumen province. 147 Table 17. Birth rate, death rate and natural increase of population in the Tyumen North, Russia and the USSR. 153 Table 18. Birth rate, death rate and net natural increase of population in the Tyumen province, autonomous okrugs and main cities in 1986-1987. 158 Table 19. Rural population of the Tyumen province by ethnic groups and size of household. 162 Table 20. Change in the ethnic composition of population in different regions of the Russian North. 194 Table 21. Life expectancy of population in different regions of the Russian North in 1989. 197 ix Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table 22. Main ethnic groups in different regions of the Russian North in 1989. 2 0 2 Table 23. Disease cases in the Tyumen province classified by types. 210 Table 24. Negative estimates of life conditions in the North 5-10 years ago and at present by indigenous population and in-migrants in Yamalo-Nenetskii okrug. 216 Table 25. Evaluation of prospects of the development of the North by indigenous population and in-migrants in Yamalo- Nenetskii okrug. 220 Table 26. Relations between indigenous and in-migrant population in Yamalo- Nenetskii okrug. 223 Table 27. Reasons causing tension in relations between indigenous and in-migrant population in Yamalo-Nenetskii okrug. 223 Table 28. Idea of the danger for indigenous people lose their original culture among the indigenous and in-migrant population of Yamalo-Nenetskii okrug. 227 x Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.