DOCSLIB.ORG

Information to Users

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Information to Users Demographic and social consequences of oil and gas development in Siberia, 1960s-early 1990s Item Type Thesis Authors Logunov, Eugene V. Download date 24/09/2021 17:24:50 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/9534 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT IN SIBERIA, 1960s - EARLY 1990s A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Eugene V. Logunov, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Fairbanks, Alaska May 1998 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9939795 Copyright 1999 by Logunov, Eugene V. All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9939795 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. 300 UMINorth Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT IN SIBERIA, 1960s - EARLY 1990s By Eugene V. Logunov RECOMMENDED: ( Xj. (>2 _ j ? ^ s f ) /C l Ac^isory Committee Chai Dirajztor, Northern Studies Program APPROVED: C De&s-r^College of LutJBTcfi'^Arts !l L. Dean, Graduate School Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT. The main goal of this thesis is to study the demographic and social consequences of rapid oil and gas development in Siberia, to show the experience of solving or failing to solve of wide range of social and cultural issues, and to sum up the results of both the economic impact on the social-cultural processes and the social impact on industrial production. In three decades, the number of new settlers in the Tyumen province was no less than 2,000,000 people. Such a pace of settling previously uninhabited territories with extreme environmental conditions had never occurred before in world practice. This explosive growth of population, dominated by young single males, has resulted in a distorted demographic structure which is hardly capable of reproduction. The birth rate declined sharply, whereas the death rate grew because of accidents, diseases, alcoholism, narcotics addiction, etc. The situation has been aggravated by complete neglect of the development iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. of a social infrastructure. Nearly half of population live in conditions conducive to the degradation of family, morals, health and cultural values. Oil and gas development had numerous negative effects on indigenous peoples of the North. Destruction of the environment has undermined the natural base and functioning of their traditional occupations. They were unable to adapt to the new kinds of economic activity, and social and physical problems have become aggravated. There has been growth of the disease rate and of alcoholism. The descent into poverty has been rapid, and they find themselves under threat of ethnic degeneration and extinction. It was the initial orientation toward creation of a new but permanent population, the politics of «development through settlement,» that proved to be one of the main causes of the deep crisis which has affected the region. The formation of a large, heterogeneous, unstable population, taken together with all its problems, accompanied by the inability to iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. create a favorable social environment, mismanagement manpower resources and an inadequate social infrastructure, have become the leading causes of production failures in the oil and gas industry. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION. 1 1.1. Historical background. 2 1.1.1. The importance of oil and gas development for the former USSR. 2 1.1.2. Crisis signs in the Tyumen oil development. 6 1.1.3. Demographic and social consequences of the «fight for oil»: a general observation. 14 1.2. Research literature review. 23 1.2.1. Russian literature review. 24 1.2.2. Western literature review. 29 1.3. The main purpose of study. 33 1.4. Chronological and geographical framework. 35 1.5. Methodological approach and sources. 37 2. MIGRATION PATTERNS IN THE TYUMEN NORTH. 46 2.1. Motives for migration. 49 2.2. Geographical characteristics of migration. 57 2.3. Immediate impact of migration. 70 2.4. Population growth. 79 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.5. Change in population distribution. 83 2.6. Urbanization and growth of urban population. 91 2.7. Housing, infrastructure and out-migration. 96 3. CHANGE IN POPULATION STRUCTURE. 108 3.1. Sex composition. 108 3.2. Age composition. 119 3.3. Ethnic composition of population. 142 3.4. Population reproduction. 152 4. INDIGENOUS POPULATION IN THE TYUMEN NORTH. 172 4.1. Territorial and administrative divisions. 172 4.2. Economic, ethnic and cultural issues. 176 4.3. Environmental issues and northern natives. 181 4.4. Problems of reproduction among indigenous population. 195 4.5. Social climate in the region and relationship between indigenous people and migrants. 214 5. CONCLUSIONS. 234 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 245 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES. Table 1. Migration processes in the Tyumen province, 1966-1989. 47 Table 2. Motives for migration to the Tyumen North. 51 Table 3. Motives for migration to the Tyumen North by sex and age groups. 55 Table 4. Workers of the oil-and-gas complex by regions of previous employment. 60 Table 5. Workers of the oil-and-gas complex by place of birth. 64 Table 6. In-migrants to the Tyumen province by different age groups in 1966-1989. 69 Table 7. Time of permanent residence in the Tyumen province in 1990. 77 Table 8. Population of the Tyumen province according to the data of all-Russian censuses. 81 Table 9. Urban and rural population of the Tyumen province. 87 Table 10. Sex and age composition of population in northern autonomous okrugs of the Tyumen province. 112 Table 11. Share of males in the main cities of the Tyumen North. 117 viii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table 12. Age composition of migrants in the Tyumen province in 1986-89. 1 2 2 Table 13. Age composition of population of the Tyumen province. 123 Table 14. Age composition of population in the main cities of the Tyumen North. 132 Table 15. Medium age of the population. 136 Table 16. Ethnic composition of population of the Tyumen province. 147 Table 17. Birth rate, death rate and natural increase of population in the Tyumen North, Russia and the USSR. 153 Table 18. Birth rate, death rate and net natural increase of population in the Tyumen province, autonomous okrugs and main cities in 1986-1987. 158 Table 19. Rural population of the Tyumen province by ethnic groups and size of household. 162 Table 20. Change in the ethnic composition of population in different regions of the Russian North. 194 Table 21. Life expectancy of population in different regions of the Russian North in 1989. 197 ix Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table 22. Main ethnic groups in different regions of the Russian North in 1989. 2 0 2 Table 23. Disease cases in the Tyumen province classified by types. 210 Table 24. Negative estimates of life conditions in the North 5-10 years ago and at present by indigenous population and in-migrants in Yamalo-Nenetskii okrug. 216 Table 25. Evaluation of prospects of the development of the North by indigenous population and in-migrants in Yamalo- Nenetskii okrug. 220 Table 26. Relations between indigenous and in-migrant population in Yamalo- Nenetskii okrug. 223 Table 27. Reasons causing tension in relations between indigenous and in-migrant population in Yamalo-Nenetskii okrug. 223 Table 28. Idea of the danger for indigenous people lose their original culture among the indigenous and in-migrant population of Yamalo-Nenetskii okrug. 227 x Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • FSC National Risk Assessment
    FSC National Risk Assessment for the Russian Federation DEVELOPED ACCORDING TO PROCEDURE FSC-PRO-60-002 V3-0 Version V1-0 Code FSC-NRA-RU National approval National decision body: Coordination Council, Association NRG Date: 04 June 2018 International approval FSC International Center, Performance and Standards Unit Date: 11 December 2018 International contact Name: Tatiana Diukova E-mail address: [email protected] Period of validity Date of approval: 11 December 2018 Valid until: (date of approval + 5 years) Body responsible for NRA FSC Russia, [email protected], [email protected] maintenance FSC-NRA-RU V1-0 NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 2018 – 1 of 78 – Contents Risk designations in finalized risk assessments for the Russian Federation ................................................. 3 1 Background information ........................................................................................................... 4 2 List of experts involved in risk assessment and their contact details ........................................ 6 3 National risk assessment maintenance .................................................................................... 7 4 Complaints and disputes regarding the approved National Risk Assessment ........................... 7 5 List of key stakeholders for consultation ................................................................................... 8 6 List of abbreviations and Russian transliterated terms* used ................................................... 8 7 Risk assessments
    [Show full text]
  • Workers' Alliance Against Forced Labour and Trafficking
    165˚W 150˚W 135˚W 120˚W 105˚W 90˚W 75˚W 60˚W 45˚W 30˚W 15˚W 0˚ 15˚E 30˚E 45˚E 60˚E 75˚E 90˚E 105˚E 120˚E 135˚E 150˚E 165˚E Workers' Alliance against Forced Labour and Tracking Chelyuskin Mould Bay Grise Dudas Fiord Severnaya Zemlya 75˚N Arctic Ocean Arctic Ocean 75˚N Resolute Industrialised Countries and Transition Economies Queen Elizabeth Islands Greenland Sea Svalbard Dickson Human tracking is an important issue in industrialised countries (including North Arctic Bay America, Australia, Japan and Western Europe) with 270,000 victims, which means three Novosibirskiye Ostrova Pond LeptevStarorybnoye Sea Inlet quarters of the total number of forced labourers. In transition economies, more than half Novaya Zemlya Yukagir Sachs Harbour Upernavikof the Kujalleo total number of forced labourers - 200,000 persons - has been tracked. Victims are Tiksi Barrow mainly women, often tracked intoGreenland prostitution. Workers are mainly forced to work in agriculture, construction and domestic servitude. Middle East and North Africa Wainwright Hammerfest Ittoqqortoormiit Prudhoe Kaktovik Cape Parry According to the ILO estimate, there are 260,000 people in forced labour in this region, out Bay The “Red Gold, from ction to reality” campaign of the Italian Federation of Agriculture and Siktyakh Baffin Bay Tromso Pevek Cambridge Zapolyarnyy of which 88 percent for labour exploitation. Migrant workers from poor Asian countriesT alnakh Nikel' Khabarovo Dudinka Val'kumey Beaufort Sea Bay Taloyoak Food Workers (FLAI) intervenes directly in tomato production farms in the south of Italy. Severomorsk Lena Tuktoyaktuk Murmansk became victims of unscrupulous recruitment agencies and brokers that promise YeniseyhighN oril'sk Great Bear L.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic Marine Aviation Transportation
    SARA FRENCh, WAlTER AND DuNCAN GORDON FOundation Response CapacityandSustainableDevelopment Arctic Transportation Infrastructure: Transportation Arctic 3-6 December 2012 | Reykjavik, Iceland 3-6 December2012|Reykjavik, Prepared for the Sustainable Development Working Group Prepared fortheSustainableDevelopment Working By InstituteoftheNorth,Anchorage, Alaska,USA PROCEEDINGS: 20 Decem B er 2012 ICElANDIC coast GuARD INSTITuTE OF ThE NORTh INSTITuTE OF ThE NORTh SARA FRENCh, WAlTER AND DuNCAN GORDON FOundation Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgments ......................................................................... 6 Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................................... 7 Executive Summary ....................................................................... 8 Chapters—Workshop Proceedings................................................. 10 1. Current infrastructure and response 2. Current and future activity 3. Infrastructure and investment 4. Infrastructure and sustainable development 5. Conclusions: What’s next? Appendices ................................................................................ 21 A. Arctic vignettes—innovative best practices B. Case studies—showcasing Arctic infrastructure C. Workshop materials 1) Workshop agenda 2) Workshop participants 3) Project-related terminology 4) List of data points and definitions 5) List of Arctic marine and aviation infrastructure AlASkA DepartmENT OF ENvIRONmental
    [Show full text]
  • Subject of the Russian Federation)
    How to use the Atlas The Atlas has two map sections The Main Section shows the location of Russia’s intact forest landscapes. The Thematic Section shows their tree species composition in two different ways. The legend is placed at the beginning of each set of maps. If you are looking for an area near a town or village Go to the Index on page 153 and find the alphabetical list of settlements by English name. The Cyrillic name is also given along with the map page number and coordinates (latitude and longitude) where it can be found. Capitals of regions and districts (raiony) are listed along with many other settlements, but only in the vicinity of intact forest landscapes. The reader should not expect to see a city like Moscow listed. Villages that are insufficiently known or very small are not listed and appear on the map only as nameless dots. If you are looking for an administrative region Go to the Index on page 185 and find the list of administrative regions. The numbers refer to the map on the inside back cover. Having found the region on this map, the reader will know which index map to use to search further. If you are looking for the big picture Go to the overview map on page 35. This map shows all of Russia’s Intact Forest Landscapes, along with the borders and Roman numerals of the five index maps. If you are looking for a certain part of Russia Find the appropriate index map. These show the borders of the detailed maps for different parts of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Associated with Urban Development in Northern West Siberia
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9563–9577, 2016 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/9563/2016/ doi:10.5194/acp-16-9563-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Trends in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) associated with urban development in northern West Siberia Igor Esau1, Victoria V. Miles1, Richard Davy1, Martin W. Miles2, and Anna Kurchatova3 1Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre/Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway 2Uni Research Climate/Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA 3Institute of the Earth’s Cryosphere, Tyumen Oil and Gas University, Tyumen, Russia Correspondence to: Igor Esau ([email protected]) Received: 17 January 2016 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 18 March 2016 Revised: 21 June 2016 – Accepted: 27 June 2016 – Published: 1 August 2016 Abstract. Exploration and exploitation of oil and gas re- with the urban heat islands and succession of more produc- serves of northern West Siberia has promoted rapid indus- tive shrub and tree species growing on warmer sandy soils. trialization and urban development in the region. This devel- opment leaves significant footprints on the sensitive northern environment, which is already stressed by the global warm- ing. This study reports the region-wide changes in the veg- 1 Introduction etation cover as well as the corresponding changes in and around 28 selected urbanized areas. The study utilizes the Significant shifts in the vegetation land cover and biologi- normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from high- cal productivity manifest rapid climate change in the north- resolution (250 m) MODIS data acquired for summer months ern high latitudes (Hinzman et al., 2005; Groisman and Gut- (June through August) over 15 years (2000–2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Relict Permafrost in the Central Part of Western Siberia
    Permafrost, Phillips, Springman & Arenson (eds) © 2003 Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, ISBN 90 5809 582 7 Relict permafrost in the central part of Western Siberia G.V. Ananjeva (Malkova), E.S. Melnikov & O.E. Ponomareva Earth Cryosphere Institute, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences: Russia, Moscow ABSTRACT: Relict permafrost has been encountered during the investigation of numerous oil and gas fields in the central part of Western Siberia at depths ranging from 100–150 m (top of permafrost) to 250–400 m (base) below ground surface. We present results of ongoing geological and hydrogeological research and provide additional information on the geocryological conditions prevalent in this territory. The new data have modified our scien- tific views on the character of relict permafrost in the central part of Western Siberia. Computer maps depicting the extent of relict permafrost and the accompanying database are available based on GIS – technology. 1 INTRODUCTION A map of Western Siberian permafrost thickness and structure (scale 1:2 500 000; V. Baulin editor) accompa- The cryolithozone in the central part of Western Siberia nied by explanations and borehole catalogues was is characterized by the presence of relict permafrost at issued in 1985 as a result of this research (Baulin & depth. The relict permafrost was formed as a result of Dubikov 1982). severe climatic conditions in the Pleistocene. Huge Furthermore, geologists and geographers from soils masses froze which were both on land and under Moscow State University under the supervision of V. the shallow sea at that time. With subsequent Holocene Trofimov were engaged in the exploration of per- climate warming the permafrost soils thawed from the mafrost occurrences in Western Siberia in 1970–1985 ground surface, but persisted at depth as relics.
    [Show full text]
  • Macro-Regional System Development of Yugra Cities
    Brief for GSDR – 2016 Update Macro-regional system development of Yugra cities A. Vykhodtсev, N. Voitik, I. Akhmedova, Tyumen State University, Russia* Introduction town (the Russian term of that time "town" meant any inhabited locality, surrounded by a Nowadays Khanty-Mansy Autonomous Dis- defensive wall). Most of these principalities and trict is the most urban area in Russia and the Eur- their capital cities-towns ceased to exist by the asian continent. The area with severe climatic end of the 16th century. conditions and rich oil resources attracts labour migrants. During the resources development no In the 16-17 centuries the colonization of one knew that after a time big cities would grow Yugra by the Russians had a pronounced military there, gradually becoming urban agglomerations. character that allowed creating conditions for Natural, economic and ecological features of mass development of the territory by farmers Yugra make us looking at the development of the and industrialists. The outposts-cities were built – urbanization process. Obskoy (Mansurov) town (1585, lasted until 1594), Berezov (1593), Surgut (1594) (History..., Historical aspects of urbanization in Yugra 1999, Essays..., 2000). The first settlements appeared on the terri- Due to changing trade routes (Mangazeya tory of Yugra in the upper Paleolith, for example, trade route) and increasing depletion of fur- the unique ancient Neolithic hillfort of Amna in bearing riches of the Priobskaya taiga these set- the pool of the Kazim River in Northern Eurasia. tlements gradually fell into decay. In the first half of the 1st Millennium BC there were large settlements of 30-40 homes up to The Russian Empire policy in the early 20th 300-350 people in communities (History..., 1999, century tended to preserve the fishing grounds of Essays..., 2000, Yugra..
    [Show full text]
  • Gazprombank Group Annual Report 2010 Based on Ifrs Consolidated Financial Statements
    YUZHNOSAKHALINSK KHABAROVSK VLADIVOSTOK YAKUTSK IRKUTSK KRASNOYARSK KEMEROVO TOMSK BARNAUL NOVOSIBIRSK NOVY URENGOI SURGUT OMSK TYUMEN UGORSK CHELYABINSK EKATERINBURG PERM GAZPROMBANK GROUP ANNUAL REPORT 2010 BASED ON IFRS CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS UFA ORENBURG UKHTA IZHEVSK SAMARA KAZAN ASTRAKHAN JOSHKAROLA MAKHACHKALA CHEBOKSARY SARATOV VOLGOGRAD NIZHNY NOVGOROD STAVROPOL KOSTROMA ROSTOVONDON LIPETSK KRASNODAR SHCHELKOVO MOSCOW TULA BELGOROD BRYANSK MURMANSK ST.PETERSBURG KALININGRAD GAZPROMBANK GROUP 2010 ANNUAL REPORT BASED ON IFRS consolidated FINANCIAL statements Statement by the Chairman of the Board of Directors 3 Statement by the Chairman of the Management Board 4 Bank Profile 6 Main Events of 2010 and Positioning 6 Key Performance Indicators 8 Geographic coverage 10 Shareholders 12 Board of Directors 13 Management Board 14 Performance Results and Development Prospects 15 Russian Economy in 2010 15 The Russian Banking System in 2010 18 Group’s Financial Totals and Performance Indicators 19 Development Strategy for 2011-2015 22 Participation in Federal and Regional Programs and Projects 23 Classic Banking Services 25 Corporate Business 25 Retail Business and E-Services 30 Private Banking and Art Banking 32 Depository Business 32 Investment Banking 34 Financial Market Transactions 34 Project and Structured Finance 35 Mergers and Acquisition Advisory Service 37 Structured and Syndicated Finance 38 Trust Management 39 Management of Non-Financial Assets 40 Risk Management 43 Risk Management Framework 43 Internal Control System 48 Compliance Control in the Bank 50 Corporate Governance 51 Corporate Governance System 51 Infrastructure and Regional Network Development 53 Personnel and Organizational Development 54 IT Development 55 Social Responsibility 56 Summary Consolidated Financial Statements 58 Reference Information 72 1 2 GAZPROMBANK GROUP.
    [Show full text]
  • RNGS Prequalification
    TILLER GROUP 430 Park Ave, 8th Floor 5 Manchester Square New York, NY 10022 London W1U 3PD United States of America United Kingdom Joint Stock Company for Oil and Gas Construction CONTENTS PARAMETERS AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: Strategic Lines of Activity Scope of RNGS Specialized Works and Services on Complex Project Engi- neering RNGS Works and Services with respect to Turn-Key Pipeline Construction Scope of Special Works and Services Offered by RNGS in Industrial and Civil Construction Scope of RNGS Works and Services on Procurement and Production of Spe- cial Materials, Structures and Parts for Construction Projects PROJECT EXPERIENCE: Pipeline Construction: . Gas Pipelines . Oil Pipelines . Other Pipelines Construction of Oil and Gas Facilities Industrial and Civil Construction Construction of Oil and Gas Facilities outside Russia Pipeline Network Map - laid down by RNGS in the F.S.U. List of RNGS major Projects already implemented, being under construction as well as prospective Projects ENGINEERING LEASING CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY: Preparation and Earth-Moving Works Machinery Load Lifting Machinery Machinery for Welding, Coating and Special Works Machinery for Concrete Works and General Construction Works Vehicles Quality Inspection and Control Equipment Vessels PRODUCTION AND PROCUREMENT MAIN STAFF LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION: Deputy Minister for Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation “Transneft” Oil Transporting Joint Stock Company JSC “Gazprom” IPLOCA European Market Research Center
    [Show full text]
  • International Airport Codes
    Airport Code Airport Name City Code City Name Country Code Country Name AAA Anaa AAA Anaa PF French Polynesia AAB Arrabury QL AAB Arrabury QL AU Australia AAC El Arish AAC El Arish EG Egypt AAE Rabah Bitat AAE Annaba DZ Algeria AAG Arapoti PR AAG Arapoti PR BR Brazil AAH Merzbrueck AAH Aachen DE Germany AAI Arraias TO AAI Arraias TO BR Brazil AAJ Cayana Airstrip AAJ Awaradam SR Suriname AAK Aranuka AAK Aranuka KI Kiribati AAL Aalborg AAL Aalborg DK Denmark AAM Mala Mala AAM Mala Mala ZA South Africa AAN Al Ain AAN Al Ain AE United Arab Emirates AAO Anaco AAO Anaco VE Venezuela AAQ Vityazevo AAQ Anapa RU Russia AAR Aarhus AAR Aarhus DK Denmark AAS Apalapsili AAS Apalapsili ID Indonesia AAT Altay AAT Altay CN China AAU Asau AAU Asau WS Samoa AAV Allah Valley AAV Surallah PH Philippines AAX Araxa MG AAX Araxa MG BR Brazil AAY Al Ghaydah AAY Al Ghaydah YE Yemen AAZ Quetzaltenango AAZ Quetzaltenango GT Guatemala ABA Abakan ABA Abakan RU Russia ABB Asaba ABB Asaba NG Nigeria ABC Albacete ABC Albacete ES Spain ABD Abadan ABD Abadan IR Iran ABF Abaiang ABF Abaiang KI Kiribati ABG Abingdon Downs QL ABG Abingdon Downs QL AU Australia ABH Alpha QL ABH Alpha QL AU Australia ABJ Felix Houphouet-Boigny ABJ Abidjan CI Ivory Coast ABK Kebri Dehar ABK Kebri Dehar ET Ethiopia ABM Northern Peninsula ABM Bamaga QL AU Australia ABN Albina ABN Albina SR Suriname ABO Aboisso ABO Aboisso CI Ivory Coast ABP Atkamba ABP Atkamba PG Papua New Guinea ABS Abu Simbel ABS Abu Simbel EG Egypt ABT Al-Aqiq ABT Al Baha SA Saudi Arabia ABU Haliwen ABU Atambua ID Indonesia ABV Nnamdi Azikiwe Intl ABV Abuja NG Nigeria ABW Abau ABW Abau PG Papua New Guinea ABX Albury NS ABX Albury NS AU Australia ABZ Dyce ABZ Aberdeen GB United Kingdom ACA Juan N.
    [Show full text]
  • A T L a N T I C O C E
    60˚ 30˚ 20˚ 10˚ 0˚ 10˚ 20˚ 30˚ 40˚ 50˚ 60˚ 70˚ Isafjordhur Nizhnevartovsk 60˚ Barents Sea Inta Surgut Siglufjordhur Hammerfest Nar'yan-Mar Ob' Parma Ussinsk Nefteyugansk Reykjavik Zapolyarnyy Polyarnyy Akureyri Tromso Pecora Igrim Pechora Ob' Verkhnetulomskiy Irtys Selfoss Thjorsa Harstad Murmansk Khanty-Mansiysk Iceland Kozhva Neskaupstadhur Monchegorsk Lovozero Narvik Kiruna Vuktyl Sovetskiy Kovdor Apatity Bodo Malmberget Ukhta Yugorsk Uray Irtys Isim Alakurtti Tobol'sk Norwegian Sea Yarega Troitsko-Pechorsk Rovaniemi Kemimarvi Kemi Severodvinsk Archangel Blagoyevo Ivdel' Lulea Krasnotur'insk Serov Tavda Ishim Mikun' Tobol Oulu Belomorsk Vycegda Turinsk Pitea Onega Torshavn Namsos Kostomuksa Zhershart Solikamsk Irbit Lycksele Finland Kizel Tyumen' Faroe Islands Segezha Plesetsk R u s s i a Trondheim Kotlas Asbest Stenkjaer Jakobstad Kudymkar A t l a n t i c Kristiansund Lake Onega Sweden Kuopio Velikiy Ustyug Perm' Alesund Ostersund Vaasa Kirs Kungur O c e a n Petrozavodsk Murashi Yekaterinburg Shetland Islands Jyvaskyla Lake Suchona Norway Glama Mikkeli Vytegra Tot'ma Osa Sundsvall Ladoga Igra Tobol Kirovo-Chepetsk Lerwick Bollnas Chelyabinsk Stornoway Gjovik Lappeenranta Sarapul Gavle Shar'ya Sovetsk Yanaul Qostanay Bergen Oslo Turku Helsinki St. Petersburg Neya Agryz Kama Oufa Haugesund Sauda Vasteras Kostroma Yaransk Magnitogorsk Inverness Stavanger Tallinn Tverca Kazan' Skien Orebro Rybinsk Cheboksary Sibay 50˚ Aberdeen StockholmEstoniaJarve Volga Salavat Glasgow Yaroslavl' Svetlyy Dundee Staraja Russa Gay Londonderry Gothenburg
    [Show full text]
  • Fire and Vegetation Dynamics in North-West Siberia During the Last
    Fire and vegetation dynamics in North-West Siberia during the last 60 years based on high-resolution remote sensing Oleg Sizov1,*, Ekaterina Ezhova2,*, Petr Tsymbarovich3, Andrey Soromotin4, Nikolay Prihod’ko4, Tuukka Petäjä2,4, Sergej Zilitinkevich2,5, Markku Kulmala2,4, Jaana Bäck6, and Kajar Köster6 1Institute of Oil and Gas Problems Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia 2Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland 3Institute of Geography Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia 4Tyumen’ State University, Tyumen’, Russia 5Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland 6Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland *These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence: Ekaterina Ezhova (ekaterina.ezhova@helsinki.fi) Abstract. Rapidly warming Arctic undergoes transitions that can influence global carbon balance. One of the key processes is the shift towards plant species with higher biomass underlining a stronger carbon sink. The shift is predicted by the models based on abiotic climatic factors but it is not always confirmed with observations. Here we use high-resolution remote sensing to study the process of transition of tundra into forest on the 20 000 km2 area in North-West Siberia. Overall, 40% of the study 5 area was burned during 60-yr period. Three quarters of the burned areas were dry tundra. Ca 10% of the study area experienced 2-3 fires with an interval of 15-60 years suggesting a shorter fire return interval than that reported earlier for the northern areas of Central Siberia (130-350 years). Based on our results, the shift in vegetation (within the 60-years period) occurred in 40-85% of the burned territories.
    [Show full text]