ADOPTED BD Nitrobenzene 04042012

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

ADOPTED BD Nitrobenzene 04042012 ANNEX 1 – BACKGROUND DOCUMENT TO RAC OPINION ON NITROBENZENE Committee for Risk Assessment RAC Annex 1 Background document to the Opinion proposing harmonised classification and labelling at Community level of Nitrobenzene ECHA/RAC/CLH-O-0000002350-87-01/A1 EC number: 202-716-0 CAS number: 98-95-3 Adopted 3 February 2012 1 ANNEX 1 – BACKGROUND DOCUMENT TO RAC OPINION ON NITROBENZENE CONTENTS JUSTIFICATION .........................................................................................................................................................8 1 IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES .................................8 1.1 Name and other identifiers of the substance ...................................................................................................8 1.2 Composition of the substance.........................................................................................................................8 1.3 Physico-chemical properties...........................................................................................................................9 2 MANUFACTURE AND USES..............................................................................................................................10 2.1 Manufacture....................................................................................................................................................10 2.2 Identified uses.................................................................................................................................................10 3 CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING ...............................................................................................................11 3.1 Classification in Annex I of Directive 67/548/EEC........................................................................................11 4 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE PROPERTIES...........................................................................................................12 4.1 Degradation ....................................................................................................................................................12 4.1.1 Stability ...............................................................................................................................................12 4.1.2 Biodegradation ....................................................................................................................................12 4.1.2.1 Biodegradation estimation.....................................................................................................12 4.1.2.2 Screening tests.......................................................................................................................12 4.1.2.3 Simulation tests .....................................................................................................................13 4.1.3 Summary and discussion of persistence ..............................................................................................13 4.2 Environmental distribution .............................................................................................................................13 4.3 Bioaccumulation.............................................................................................................................................13 4.3.1 Aquatic bioaccumulation.....................................................................................................................13 4.3.1.1 Bioaccumulation estimation ..................................................................................................13 4.3.1.2 Measured bioaccumulation data............................................................................................13 4.3.2 Terrestrial bioaccumulation.................................................................................................................14 4.3.3 Summary and discussion of bioaccumulation .....................................................................................15 4.4 Secondary poisoning.......................................................................................................................................15 5 HUMAN HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT.....................................................................................................15 5.1 Toxicokinetics (absorption, metabolism, distribution and elimination) .........................................................15 5.2 Acute toxicity .................................................................................................................................................15 5.2.1 Acute toxicity: oral..............................................................................................................................16 5.2.1.1 Human data ...........................................................................................................................16 5.2.1.2 Animal data ...........................................................................................................................18 5.2.2 Acute toxicity: inhalation ....................................................................................................................20 5.2.2.1 Human data ...........................................................................................................................20 5.2.2.2 Animal data ...........................................................................................................................20 ANNEX 1 – BACKGROUND DOCUMENT TO RAC OPINION ON NITROBENZENE 5.2.3 Acute toxicity: dermal.........................................................................................................................24 5.2.3.1 Human data ...........................................................................................................................24 5.2.3.2 Animal data ...........................................................................................................................25 5.2.4 Acute toxicity: other routes .................................................................................................................26 5.2.4.1 Comparison With criteria ......................................................................................................26 5.3 Irritation..........................................................................................................................................................29 5.3.1 Skin .....................................................................................................................................................29 5.3.2 Eye.......................................................................................................................................................29 5.3.3 Respiratory tract ..................................................................................................................................30 5.3.4 Summary and discussion of irritation..................................................................................................30 5.3.5 Comparison with classification criteria ...............................................................................................31 5.3.6 Conclusions on classification and labelling.........................................................................................31 5.4 Corrosivity......................................................................................................................................................31 5.5 Sensitisation....................................................................................................................................................32 5.5.1 Skin .....................................................................................................................................................32 5.5.2 Respiratory system ..............................................................................................................................32 5.5.3 Summary and discussion of sensitisation ............................................................................................33 5.5.4 Comparison with classification criteria : .............................................................................................33 5.5.5 Conclusions on classification and labelling.........................................................................................33 5.6 Repeated dose toxicity....................................................................................................................................33 5.6.1 Repeated dose toxicity: oral ................................................................................................................33 5.6.2 Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation.......................................................................................................44 5.6.3 Repeated dose toxicity: dermal ...........................................................................................................58 5.6.4 Other relevant information ..................................................................................................................63 5.6.5 Summary and comparison with classification criteria.........................................................................64 5.6.5.1 Comparison with classification criteria .................................................................................65 5.6.6 Conclusions on classification
Recommended publications
  • Aniline and Aniline Hydrochloride
    SOME AROMATIC AMINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS VOLUME 127 This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans, which met remotely, 25 May–12 June 2020 LYON, FRANCE - 2021 IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF CARCINOGENIC HAZARDS TO HUMANS ANILINE AND ANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE 1. Exposure Characterization 1.1.2 Structural and molecular formulae, and relative molecular mass 1.1 Identification of the agent (a) Aniline 1.1.1 Nomenclature NH2 (a) Aniline Chem. Abstr. Serv. Reg. No.: 62-53-3 EC No.: 200-539-3 Molecular formula: C H N IUPAC systematic name: aniline 6 7 Relative molecular mass: 93.13 (NCBI, 2020a). Synonyms and abbreviations: benzenamine; phenylamine; aminobenzene; aminophen; (b) Aniline hydrochloride aniline oil. NH2 (b) Aniline hydrochloride Chem. Abstr. Serv. Reg. No.: 142-04-1 EC No.: 205-519-8 HCl IUPAC systematic name: aniline hydro - Molecular formula: C6H8ClN chloride Relative molecular mass: 129.59 (NCBI, Synonyms: aniline chloride; anilinium chlo- 2020b). ride; benzenamine hydrochloride; aniline. HCl; phenylamine hydrochloride; phenylam- monium chloride. 1.1.3 Chemical and physical properties of the pure substance Aniline is a basic compound and will undergo acid–base reactions. Aniline and its hydrochlo- ride salt will achieve a pH-dependent acid–base equilibrium in the body. 109 IARC MONOGRAPHS – 127 (a) Aniline Octanol/water partition coefficient (P): log Kow, 0.936, predicted median (US EPA, 2020b) Description: aniline appears as a yellowish Conversion factor: 1 ppm = 5.3 mg/m3 [calcu- to brownish oily liquid with a musty fishy lated from: mg/m3 = (relative molecular odour (NCBI, 2020a), detectable at 1 ppm 3 mass/24.45) × ppm, assuming temperature [3.81 mg/m ] (European Commission, 2016; (25 °C) and pressure (101 kPa)].
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrobenzene
    This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization or the World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 230 NITROBENZENE First draft prepared by L. Davies, Office of Chemical Safety, Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australian Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, Australia Plese note that the pagination and layout of this web verson are not identical to those of the (to be) printed document Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. World Health Organization Geneva, 2003 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), established in 1980, is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 by UNEP, ILO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, WHO, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the United Nations Institute for Training and Research and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Participating Organizations), following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase coordination in the field of chemical safety.
    [Show full text]
  • Reactions of Benzene & Its Derivatives
    Organic Lecture Series ReactionsReactions ofof BenzeneBenzene && ItsIts DerivativesDerivatives Chapter 22 1 Organic Lecture Series Reactions of Benzene The most characteristic reaction of aromatic compounds is substitution at a ring carbon: Halogenation: FeCl3 H + Cl2 Cl + HCl Chlorobenzene Nitration: H2 SO4 HNO+ HNO3 2 + H2 O Nitrobenzene 2 Organic Lecture Series Reactions of Benzene Sulfonation: H 2 SO4 HSO+ SO3 3 H Benzenesulfonic acid Alkylation: AlX3 H + RX R + HX An alkylbenzene Acylation: O O AlX H + RCX 3 CR + HX An acylbenzene 3 Organic Lecture Series Carbon-Carbon Bond Formations: R RCl AlCl3 Arenes Alkylbenzenes 4 Organic Lecture Series Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution • Electrophilic aromatic substitution: a reaction in which a hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced by an electrophile H E + + + E + H • In this section: – several common types of electrophiles – how each is generated – the mechanism by which each replaces hydrogen 5 Organic Lecture Series EAS: General Mechanism • A general mechanism slow, rate + determining H Step 1: H + E+ E El e ctro - Resonance-stabilized phile cation intermediate + H fast Step 2: E + H+ E • Key question: What is the electrophile and how is it generated? 6 Organic Lecture Series + + 7 Organic Lecture Series Chlorination Step 1: formation of a chloronium ion Cl Cl + + - - Cl Cl+ Fe Cl Cl Cl Fe Cl Cl Fe Cl4 Cl Cl Chlorine Ferric chloride A molecular complex An ion pair (a Lewis (a Lewis with a positive charge containing a base) acid) on ch lorine ch loronium ion Step 2: attack of
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of 2, 4-Dinitrophenoxyacetic Acid, Pyridylglycine and 2- Methoxy-5-Nitrophenylglycine As Intermediates for Indigo Dyes
    IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 9, Issue 2 Ver. II (Feb. 2016), PP 01-05 www.iosrjournals.org Synthesis of 2, 4-Dinitrophenoxyacetic Acid, Pyridylglycine and 2- Methoxy-5-Nitrophenylglycine as Intermediates for Indigo Dyes Nwokonkwo, D.C1, Nwokonkwo, H.C2, Okpara, N. E3 ,2,3 1Faculty of Science Industrial Chemistry Department Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, Nigeria Abstract : The preparation of indigo dye intermediates was carried out using 2, 4-dinitrophenol, 2- aminopyridine and 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline as starting materials or reactants in the search for new indigo dye intermediates. Approximately 0.5 mole of 2, 4-dinitrophenol, 0.42 mole of 2- aminopyridine and 0.2 mole of 2- methoxy-5-nitroaniline, were treated separately with appropriate quantity of chloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide pellets using nitrobenzene a high boiling liquid as solvent. The products that resulted: 2, 4- dinitrophenoxyacetic acid, pyridylglycine and 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenylglycine were purified using solvent extraction, activated carbon and column chromatography to reveal different amorphous powders in each case. Their structures were established by spectral analysis: ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry (MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and carbon- 13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C-NMR). Keywords: Analysis, Dye, Extraction, Intermediates, Precursors, Solvent I. Introduction The sources of organic raw materials for the synthetic dyes are mainly coal tar distillate from petroleum industry. These primary raw materials are benzene, toluene, o-, m- and p- xylenes naphthalenes anthracene etc [1]. A great variety of inorganic chemicals are also used as well. In some cases, laboratory preparation of the required compound may act as the sources of the raw material.
    [Show full text]
  • Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Just Like an Alkene, Benzene Has Clouds of  Electrons Above and Below Its Sigma Bond Framework
    Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Just like an alkene, benzene has clouds of electrons above and below its sigma bond framework. Although the electrons are in a stable aromatic system, they are still available for reaction with strong electrophiles. This generates a carbocation which is resonance stabilized (but not aromatic). This cation is called a sigma complex because the electrophile is joined to the benzene ring through a new sigma bond. The sigma complex (also called an arenium ion) is not aromatic since it contains an sp3 carbon (which disrupts the required loop of p orbitals). Ch17 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds (landscape).docx Page1 The loss of aromaticity required to form the sigma complex explains the highly endothermic nature of the first step. (That is why we require strong electrophiles for reaction). The sigma complex wishes to regain its aromaticity, and it may do so by either a reversal of the first step (i.e. regenerate the starting material) or by loss of the proton on the sp3 carbon (leading to a substitution product). When a reaction proceeds this way, it is electrophilic aromatic substitution. There are a wide variety of electrophiles that can be introduced into a benzene ring in this way, and so electrophilic aromatic substitution is a very important method for the synthesis of substituted aromatic compounds. Ch17 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds (landscape).docx Page2 Bromination of Benzene Bromination follows the same general mechanism for the electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS). Bromine itself is not electrophilic enough to react with benzene. But the addition of a strong Lewis acid (electron pair acceptor), such as FeBr3, catalyses the reaction, and leads to the substitution product.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Nitro-Organic Compounds in Diesel Engine Exhaust: DE-AC36-08-GO28308 Final Report, February 2007–April 2008 5B
    Subcontract Report Investigation of Nitro-Organic NREL/SR-540-45597 Compounds in Diesel Engine June 2010 Exhaust Final Report February 2007 – April 2008 John Dane and Kent J. Voorhees Colorado School of Mines Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry Golden, Colorado Subcontract Report Investigation of Nitro-Organic NREL/SR-540-45597 Compounds in Diesel Engine June 2010 Exhaust Final Report February 2007 – April 2008 John Dane and Kent J. Voorhees Colorado School of Mines Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry Golden, Colorado NREL Technical Monitor: Matthew Ratcliff Prepared under Subcontract No. NEV-7-77395-01 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC Contract No. DE-AC36-08-GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • 1-Bromo-2-Nitrobenzene Standard
    Page 1/9 Safety Data Sheet acc. to OSHA HCS Printing date 03/30/2019 Version Number 2 Reviewed on 03/30/2019 * 1 Identification · Product identifier · Trade name: 1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene Standard (1X1 mL) · Part number: PPS-350-1 · Application of the substance / the mixture Reagents and Standards for Analytical Chemical Laboratory Use · Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet · Manufacturer/Supplier: Agilent Technologies, Inc. 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA · Information department: Telephone: 800-227-9770 e-mail: [email protected] · Emergency telephone number: CHEMTREC®: 1-800-424-9300 2 Hazard(s) identification · Classification of the substance or mixture GHS02 Flame Flam. Liq. 2 H225 Highly flammable liquid and vapor. GHS07 Eye Irrit. 2A H319 Causes serious eye irritation. STOT SE 3 H336 May cause drowsiness or dizziness. · Label elements · GHS label elements The product is classified and labeled according to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS). · Hazard pictograms GHS02 GHS07 · Signal word Danger · Hazard-determining components of labeling: acetone · Hazard statements Highly flammable liquid and vapor. Causes serious eye irritation. May cause drowsiness or dizziness. · Precautionary statements Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking. Ground/bond container and receiving equipment. Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/equipment. Use only non-sparking tools. (Contd. on page 2) US 48.1.26 Page 2/9 Safety Data Sheet acc. to OSHA HCS Printing date 03/30/2019 Version Number 2 Reviewed on 03/30/2019 Trade name: 1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene Standard (1X1 mL) (Contd. of page 1) Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
    [Show full text]
  • Intramolecular Ene Reactions of Functionalised Nitroso Compounds
    INTRAMOLECULAR ENE REACTIONS OF FUNCTIONALISED NITROSO COMPOUNDS A Thesis Presented by Sandra Luengo Arratta In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON Christopher Ingold Laboratories Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ July 2010 DECLARATION I Sandra Luengo Arratta, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where work has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. ABSTRACT This thesis concerns the generation of geminally functionalised nitroso compounds and their subsequent use in intramolecular ene reactions of types I and II, in order to generate hydroxylamine derivatives which can evolve to the corresponding nitrones. The product nitrones can then be trapped in the inter- or intramolecular mode by a variety of reactions, including 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, thereby leading to diversity oriented synthesis. The first section comprises the chemistry of the nitroso group with a brief discussion of the current methods for their generation together with the scope and limitations of these methods for carrying out nitroso ene reactions, with different examples of its potential as a powerful synthetic method to generate target drugs. The second chapter describes the results of the research programme and opens with the development of methods for the generation of functionalised nitroso compounds from different precursors including oximes and nitro compounds, using a range of reactants and conditions. The application of these methods in intramolecular nitroso ene reactions is then discussed. Chapter three presents the conclusions which have been drawn from the work presented in chapter two, and provides suggestions for possible directions of this research in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 16 the Chemistry of Benzene and Its Derivatives
    Instructor Supplemental Solutions to Problems © 2010 Roberts and Company Publishers Chapter 16 The Chemistry of Benzene and Its Derivatives Solutions to In-Text Problems 16.1 (b) o-Diethylbenzene or 1,2-diethylbenzene (d) 2,4-Dichlorophenol (f) Benzylbenzene or (phenylmethyl)benzene (also commonly called diphenylmethane) 16.2 (b) (d) (f) (h) 16.3 Add about 25 °C per carbon relative to toluene (110.6 C; see text p. 743): (b) propylbenzene: 161 °C (actual: 159 °C) 16.4 The aromatic compound has NMR absorptions with greater chemical shift in each case because of the ring current (Fig. 16.2, text p. 745). (b) The chemical shift of the benzene protons is at considerably greater chemical shift because benzene is aromatic and 1,4-cyclohexadiene is not. 16.6 (b) Among other features, the NMR spectrum of 1-bromo-4-ethylbenzene has a typical ethyl quartet and a typical para-substitution pattern for the ring protons, as shown in Fig. 16.3, text p. 747, whereas the spectrum of (2- bromoethyl)benzene should show a pair of triplets for the methylene protons and a complex pattern for the ring protons. If this isn’t enough to distinguish the two compounds, the integral of the ring protons relative to the integral of the remaining protons is different in the two compounds. 16.7 (b) The IR spectrum indicates the presence of an OH group, and the chemical shift of the broad NMR resonance (d 6.0) suggests that this could be a phenol. The splitting patterns of the d 1.17 and d 2.58 resonances show that the compound also contains an ethyl group, and the splitting pattern of the ring protons shows that the compound is a para-disubstituted benzene derivative.
    [Show full text]
  • Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values for 4-Amino-2,6-Dinitrotoluene
    EPA/690/R-20/002F | June 2020 | FINAL Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for 4-Amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (CASRN 19406-51-0) U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment EPA/690/R-20/002F June 2020 https://www.epa.gov/pprtv Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for 4-Amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (CASRN 19406-51-0) Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 ii 4-Amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS CHEMICAL MANAGER Daniel D. Petersen, MS, PhD, DABT, ATS, ERT Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH DRAFT DOCUMENT PREPARED BY SRC, Inc. 7502 Round Pond Road North Syracuse, NY 13212 PRIMARY INTERNAL REVIEWERS Jeffry L. Dean II, PhD Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH Michelle M. Angrish, PhD Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC This document was externally peer reviewed under contract to Eastern Research Group, Inc. 110 Hartwell Avenue Lexington, MA 02421-3136 Questions regarding the content of this PPRTV assessment should be directed to the U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development’s Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment. iii 4-Amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................... v BACKGROUND ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrobenzene D5 Article Number: 9914 Date of Compilation: 26.08.2016 Version: 1.0 En SECTION 1: Identification of the Substance/Mixture and of the Company/Undertaking
    safety data sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH), amended by 2015/830/EU Nitrobenzene D5 article number: 9914 date of compilation: 26.08.2016 Version: 1.0 en SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking 1.1 Product identifier Identification of the substance Nitrobenzene D5 Article number 9914 Registration number (REACH) This information is not available. EC number 224-014-3 CAS number 4165-60-0 1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Identified uses: laboratory chemical 1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Carl Roth GmbH + Co KG Schoemperlenstr. 3-5 D-76185 Karlsruhe Germany Telephone: +49 (0) 721 - 56 06 0 Telefax: +49 (0) 721 - 56 06 149 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.carlroth.de Competent person responsible for the safety data : Department Health, Safety and Environment sheet e-mail (competent person) : [email protected] 1.4 Emergency telephone number Emergency information service Poison Centre Munich: +49/(0)89 19240 SECTION 2: Hazards identification 2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) Classification acc. to GHS Section Hazard class Hazard class and cat- Hazard egory state- ment 3.1O acute toxicity (oral) (Acute Tox. 3) H301 3.1D acute toxicity (dermal) (Acute Tox. 3) H311 3.1I acute toxicity (inhal.) (Acute Tox. 3) H331 3.6 carcinogenicity (Carc. 2) H351 3.7 reproductive toxicity (Repr. 1B) H360F 3.9 specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure (STOT RE 1) H372 4.1C hazardous to the aquatic environment - chronic hazard (Aquatic Chronic 3) H412 Malta (en) Page 1 / 13 safety data sheet according to Regulation (EC) No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kinetics of Aromatic Nitration
    Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2010 Vol II WCECS 2010, October 20-22, 2010, San Francisco, USA The Kinetics of Aromatic Nitration Ameya P. Diwan, Sanjay M. Mahajani, and Vinay A. Juvekar* Our hypothesis is that nitrobenzene forms microemulsion Abstract—Nitration reactions are generally conducted above a critical concentration of sulfuric acid (> ca 80% using mixed acid. These are extremely exothermic, and w/w) and the critical loading of nitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene tend to run away. Our study show that the reaction is is a polar molecule and in the presence of concentrated more complex than it is generally believed. We have sulfuric acid, its polarity may get enhance due to the provided some preliminary evidence to show that association of the nitro-group with hydrogen ions. It is nitrobenzene, above a critical concentration of sulfuric therefore likely that beyond a critical concentration of the acid exists forms microemulsion at ambient acid, nitrobenzene tends to aggregate with nitro-group temperatures. This hypothesis is consent with anomalous exposed to sulfuric acid and aromatic groups shield from the solubility of nitro-aromatics in concentrated sulfuric acid. The important evidence for this hypothesis is the sudden acid. There is also formation of Winsor III-phases. In this increase in the solubility nitrobenzene in sulfuric acid beyond work we have studied kinetics of nitration of 80% w/w concentration. We also show below the existence nitrobenzene (NB) (below solubility limits) in of Winsor three phases in nitrobenzene-sulfuric acid-water concentrated sulfuric acid ( > 82% w/w) and found that system.
    [Show full text]