DOCSLIB.ORG

Consultation on Public Health and Animal Transmissible Spongiform

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Consultation on Public Health and Animal Transmissible Spongiform WHO/CDS/CSR/APH/2000.2 WHO Consultation on Public Health and Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: Epidemiology, Risk and Research Requirements with the participation of Office International des Epizooties Geneva, Swizterland 1-3 December 1999 World Health Organization Communicable Disease Surveillance and Control This document has been downloaded from the WHO/CSR Web site. The original cover pages and lists of participants are not included. See http://www.who.int/emc for more information. © World Health Organization This document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization (WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organization. The document may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale nor for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. The mention of specific companies or specific manufacturers' products does no imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Contents Opening ..............................................................................................................................1 Section 1. Background ..........................................................................................................4 1.1 Trends in Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy..........................................................4 1.2 Trends in variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease ..............................................................5 Section 2. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Sheep.....................................................6 2.1 Transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy into sheep: Experimental evidence and ongoing work in the United Kingdom ...............................................6 2.2 Estimating the epidemiology of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in sheep ........7 2.3 France: Status report on investigations of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in sheep ........................................................................................................................8 2.4 Netherlands: Status report on investigations of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in sheep ....................................................................................................................8 2.5 Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee - Risk assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in sheep......................................................................9 2.6 European Union - Risk assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in sheep ......................................................................................................................10 2.7 Office International des Epizooties - Measures relating to BSE ............................14 Section 3. Scrapie Elimination............................................................................................15 3.1 Principles, practice and experience of scrapie elimination.......................................15 3.2 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in sheep – Surveillance programmes ............................................................................................................16 3.3 Breeding scrapie resistant sheep: The genetics of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in sheep .....................................................................................16 3.4 Industry and scrapie elimination: Perspective of the Scrapie Information Group....17 3.5 Animal vaccine-related Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy risks: Scrapie outbreak in Italy .....................................................................................................18 Section 4. Chronic Wasting Disease ...................................................................................18 4.1 Epidemiology of Chronic Wasting Disease..............................................................18 4.2 Diagnosis and pathogenesis of Chronic Wasting Disease........................................20 4.3 Assessing interspecies Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy transmission using the cell-free conversion assay.......................................................................21 4.4 Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention investigations relating to Chronic Wasting Disease exposures....................................................................................22 Section 5. Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy ...................................................................22 5.1 Pathology and epidemiology of Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy ......................22 Section 6. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in Other Species.........................24 6.1 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in captive wild bovids and felids......24 6.2 The implications to humans of zoo primates infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy......................................................................................................25 6.3 Are there prion diseases of fish?...............................................................................25 6.4 The case for the zoonotic origins of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ..............................26 Section 7. Evaluation of Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Zoonotic Potential..............................................................................................................27 7.1 Diagnostic tests for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: Status and update of the European Union initiative .............................................................................27 7.2 Potential of diagnostic tests to distinguish between Bovine Spongiform Encepathology and scrapie ......................................................................................27 7.3 Diagnostic protocols for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: Rationales and their applications...............................................................................................28 7.4 Diagnostic tests and standardized reagents: WHO initiative....................................29 7.5 The Rendering Industry – Current sourcing and current product uses in animals....29 7.6 Could vaccines prepared from animal brain tissue pose a risk of transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies to humans?..................................33 7.7 Surveillance and eradication of animal diseases: Principles from human diseases....................................................................................................................34 Section 8. Recommendations.............................................................................................36 Section 1: Background on new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy .................................................................................36 Section 2: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in small ruminants such as sheep and goats .......................................................................................................................36 Section 3: Scrapie control programmes ...................................................................................38 Section 4: Chronic Wasting Disease........................................................................................39 Sections 5 and 6:Feline Spongiform Encephalopathies and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in other species.............................................40 Section 7: Evaluation of animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy zoonotic potential .................................................................................................................41 Annex 1 Agenda ..............................................................................................43 Annex 2 List of Participants ............................................................................47 WHO/CDS/CSR/APH/2000.2 This report summarizes the presentations made to the World Health Organization on the occasion of a meeting held at its headquarters in Geneva from 1 to 3 December 1999, and provides the assessments and recommendations made by the consultation. Opening In 1986 the first case of a previously unrecognized neurologic disease of cattle was diagnosed in the United Kingdom (UK). Within a few years it was clear that there was an evolving epidemic outbreak of a new transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). To date over one hundred and seventy-five thousand cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle (BSE) have been reported from the UK, and over eleven hundred in eight countries of continental Europe (ranging from one to over four hundred cases per country). The TSEs are degenerative brain diseases seen in humans and some domestic and wild (captive and free-ranging) animals. The family of diseases is characterized by an incubation period usually measured in months to years. There is no treatment and no cure. The nature of the agent has not been fully determined, although the predominant theory is that a previously unrecognized pathogenic agent called a prion, an abnormally folded protein, is responsible. There is no early diagnostic test or screening test available for use on an easily accessed biological tissue in live animals, and to date, the gold standard tests to differentiate the strains of TSEs within an animal species require inoculation of mice and the observation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks' 2020 Chronic Wasting Disease
    Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks’ 2020 Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance and Monitoring Report Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Grant W-171-M Annual report, May 14, 2021 Dr. Emily Almberg Matthew Becker Disease Ecologist, MTFWP Wildlife Veterinary Technician, MTFWP 1400 S. 19th Avenue, Bozeman, MT 59718 1400 S. 19th Avenue, Bozeman, MT 59718 406-577-7881, [email protected] 406-577-7882, [email protected] Justin Gude John Thornburg Wildlife Research & Technical Services CWD Program Lead Technician, MTFWP Bureau Chief, MTFWP 1400 S. 19th Avenue, Bozeman, MT 59718 1420 E. 6th Avenue, Helena, MT 59620 406-577-7883, [email protected] 406-444-3767, [email protected] Dr. Jennifer Ramsey Wildlife Veterinarian, MTFWP 1400 S. 19th Avenue, Bozeman, MT 59718 406-577-7880, [email protected] STATE: Montana AGENCY: Fish, Wildlife & Parks GRANT: Montana Wildlife Disease Surveillance & Response Program MT TRACKING: W-171-M Executive Summary Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks (FWP) has been conducting surveillance for chronic wasting disease (CWD) since 1998, and first detected CWD in wild deer in 2017. In 2020, FWP prioritized sampling in northwestern, southwestern, and eastern/southeastern Montana. In addition, FWP continued to target sampling in the Libby CWD Management Zone and organized a special CWD hunt known as the Southwestern Montana CWD Management Hunt. FWP offered free state-wide testing available via mail-in, CWD-check stations, and all regional FWP headquarter offices in 2020. During the 2020 season, FWP tested 7974 samples from mule deer (n=3108), white-tailed deer (n=4088), elk (n=729), and moose (n=49). Of these, 271 animals tested positive for CWD, including 38 mule deer and 233 white-tailed deer.
    [Show full text]
  • Prion Disease: Information for Health Care and Public Health Professionals
    Prion Disease: Information for Health Care and Public Health Professionals Michigan Department of Community Health Updated 09/2012 1 Presentation Outline • Prion Disease Etiology • Animal Prion Diseases • Human Prion Diseases • Prion Disease Diagnostic Testing • Prion Disease Infection Control • Prion Disease Surveillance 2 Prion Diseases- What are they? • Progressive, transmissible, and fatal diseases of the central nervous system • Also known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) due to the spongy appearance of brain tissue • Long incubation periods, but usually rapidly progressive once clinical symptoms appear 3 Prion Disease Etiology • All humans have prion proteins as a normal part of their central nervous system • Specific gene mutations may cause the production of an abnormal, misfolded prion protein • The abnormal form of prion protein is more stable than the normal conformation • When an abnormal prion protein encounters a normal prion protein, the normal protein refolds into the abnormal conformation 4 Etiology Cont’d • A cascade of normal prion proteins being converted into the abnormal form occurs • The abnormal proteins cannot be broken down by the body and accumulate in the brain • Holes in brain matter occur where the abnormal proteins accumulate – The term “spongiform” is derived from the spongy appearance of the brain • Clinical disease results from the damage caused by the accumulation of these abnormal prion proteins 5 Progression of Prion Disease 3. Normal prion protein refolds into 2. Abnormal Normal the abnormal prion protein Prion form Proteins comes into contact with normal prion protein Normal Abnormal Abnormal Abnormal 1. Genetic mutation causes the creation of 4. Original abnormal an abnormal protein and refolded copy form of prion encounter and convert protein 5.
    [Show full text]
  • About BSE in Canada, See the Canada Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Website
    BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, or Mad Cow Disease) Additional Case of BSE Detected in Canada: On February 28, 2010, the Canadian Food, Inspection Agency (CFIA) announced the confirmation of another bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in a 70.5 month-old beef cow from Alberta. See the CFIA notice . For more information about BSE in Canada, see the Canada Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) website . Archive: News and Highlights, Featured Items About BSE Beef cattle grazing. (Image courtesy USDA) BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection by an unusual transmissible agent called a prion. The nature of the transmissible agent is not well understood. Currently, the most accepted theory is that the agent is a modified form of a normal protein known as prion protein. For reasons that are not yet understood, the normal prion protein changes into a pathogenic (harmful) form that then damages the central nervous system of cattle. Research indicates that the first probable infections of BSE in cows occurred during the 1970's with two cases of BSE being identified in 1986. BSE possibly originated as a result of feeding cattle meat-and-bone meal that contained BSE-infected products from a spontaneously occurring case of BSE or scrapie-infected sheep products. Scrapie is a prion disease of sheep. There is strong evidence and general agreement that the outbreak was then amplified and spread throughout the United Kingdom cattle industry by feeding rendered, prion-infected, bovine meat- and-bone meal to young calves. The BSE epidemic in the United Kingdom peaked in January 1993 at almost 1,000 new cases per week.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronic Wasting Disease and Atypical Forms of Bovine Spongiform
    Journal of General Virology (2012), 93, 1624–1629 DOI 10.1099/vir.0.042507-0 Short Chronic wasting disease and atypical forms of Communication bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie are not transmissible to mice expressing wild-type levels of human prion protein Rona Wilson,1 Chris Plinston,1 Nora Hunter,1 Cristina Casalone,2 Cristiano Corona,2 Fabrizio Tagliavini,3 Silvia Suardi,3 Margherita Ruggerone,3 Fabio Moda,3 Silvia Graziano,4 Marco Sbriccoli,4 Franco Cardone,4 Maurizio Pocchiari,4 Loredana Ingrosso,4 Thierry Baron,5 Juergen Richt,63 Olivier Andreoletti,7 Marion Simmons,8 Richard Lockey,8 Jean C. Manson1 and Rona M. Barron1 Correspondence 1Neuropathogenesis Division, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Rona M. Barron Midlothian, UK [email protected] 2Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Turin, Italy 3IRCCS Foundation, ‘Carlo Besta’ Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy 4Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanita`, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy 5Agence Nationale de Se´curite´ Sanitaire, Lyon, France 6USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, PO Box 70, Ames, IA 50010, USA 7UMR 1225 Interactions Hoˆtes-Agents Pathoge`nes, INRA, Ecole Nationale Ve´te´rinaire, 23 chemin des Capelles, B.P. 87614, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France 8Neuropathology Section, Department of Pathology and Host Susceptibility, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK The association between bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) has demonstrated that cattle transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) can pose a risk to human health and raises the possibility that other ruminant TSEs may be transmissible to humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronic Wasting Disease
    COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE Chronic Wasting Disease RECENT TRENDS & IMPLICATIONS IN COLORADO Maintaining wildlife health is a fundamental component of sound wildlife management and is regarded as a high priority in Colorado. Colorado Parks and Wildlife is dedicated to delivering a coordinated and systematic approach for monitoring, investigating, reporting, and – where feasible – controlling health problems in free- ranging wildlife. hronic wasting disease (CWD) is well- established in deer, elk, and moose herds throughout Cmuch of Colorado. As of January 2018, 31 of 55 deer data analysis units (DAUs), 14 of 43 elk DAUs, and 2 of 9 moose DAUs have become infected. This prion disease also has been reported in deer, elk, moose, and reindeer (caribou) in 27 other states and provinces, in South Korea, and most recently in Norway. The rate of CWD infection (or “prevalence”) appears to be rising in many affected Colorado herds. However, trends have become difficult to track in the last 10 years because too few hunters voluntarily submit samples for testing. As a result, our current prevalence estimates for many herds are imprecise and perhaps somewhat biased. In 2017, CPW resumed mandatory harvest submissions in select DAUs. Sample sizes in the targeted DAUs increased 10-fold, yielding better data to inform herd management planning. Reliable CWD prevalence estimates and trend assessments are needed to inform deer and elk conservation in Colorado. Figure. Chronic wasting disease harvest and prevalence A growing body of data suggests that unchecked CWD trends in three Colorado mule deer DAUs illustrate patterns epidemics impair the long-term performance of affected and potential relationships between harvest and disease populations.
    [Show full text]
  • NYS Interagency CWD Risk Minimization Plan
    New York State Interagency CWD Risk Minimization Plan New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Fish and Wildlife Division of Law Enforcement New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets Division of Animal Industry Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Health Diagnostic Center Prepared February 2018 Taking an ecosystem approach also means recognizing the North American deer herds as one and not two entities. While some cooperation exists between regulators of wildlife and livestock, it is clearly insufficient and almost non-existent in some jurisdictions. That cooperation also needs to include both game farmers and hunters, who have the most to lose in the long term. The time for finger pointing is over; the time for an integrated approach has begun. – P. James 2008 Both Sides of the Fence: A Strategic Review of Chronic Wasting Disease 1 | N Y S C W D R i s k M i n i m i z a t i o n P l a n Executive Summary Chronic wasting disease (CWD) represents a serious threat to New York State’s wild white-tailed deer and moose populations and captive cervid industry with potentially devastating economic, ecological, and social repercussions. This plan presents recommendations to reasonably minimize the risk of re- entry and spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in New York State from an Interagency CWD Team, comprised of New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Division of Fish and Wildlife, DEC Division of Law Enforcement, New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets (DAM) Division of Animal Industry, and Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Wildlife Health faculty.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronic Wasting Disease Prion Strain Emergence and Host Range Expansion
    Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2309.161474 Chronic Wasting Disease Prion Strain Emergence and Host Range Expansion Technical Appendix Additional Data Brain homogenates from all mice (experimentally infected animals and uninfected controls) were analyzed for the presence of PrP-res. Proteinase K-resistant PrP was detected in all mice infected with H95+ prions (Figure 1) demonstrating that H95+ is 100% penetrant. PrP- res was not, however, detected in mice infected with the Wisc-1 strain from wt/wt or S96/wt deer or CWD2 from elk. A similar analysis of brain homogenates from hamsters was also performed. Wisc-1 CWD was preferentially transmitted to hamsters upon primary passage (Figure 2). Wt/wt CWD caused clinical disease or subclinical accumulation of PrP-res in exposed hamsters. Transmission of S96/wt and H95/wt CWD prions resulted, primarily, in subclinical disease. Inoculation of elk CWD prions resulted in clinical disease in two out of five hamsters and subclinical disease in one animal. The H95/S96 isolate transmitted inefficiently with only one of eight hamsters having subclinical disease. This subclinical infection may be due to Wisc-1 in the H95/S96 deer isolate. Hamsters inoculated with uninfected deer brain homogenate did not show signs of prion disease nor accumulate PrP-res. Secondary structure of host PrP influences the ability of a strain to propagate in a new host. Based on NMR studies, it has been hypothesized that amino acid variation at residues 170- 175 (Figure 3) in PrPC results in a loop structure between beta-sheet 2 and alpha-helix 2 (β2-α2) whose flexibility influences the outcome of interspecies transmissions (1–7).
    [Show full text]
  • Rinderpest Frequently Asked Questions
    RINDERPEST FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ©FAO/Tony Karumba ©FAO/Tony What is rinderpest? Rinderpest, or cattle plague, is a contagious and highly-fatal disease of cattle, buffaloes, yaks and many other artiodactyls (even-toed un- gulates), both domesticated and wild. Vulnerable animals include swine, giraffes and kudus. Rinderpest is caused by a morbillivirus related to human measles, canine distemper and peste des petits ruminants. What are the clinical signs? Affected animals have a high fever, depression, nasal/ocular dis- charges, erosions in the mouth and the digestive tract, along with diarrhea. The animals rapidly become dehydrated and emaciated, dying one week or so after showing signs of the disease. Does rinderpest Rinderpest is not known to infect humans, but its impact on cattle infect humans? and other animals has had a tremendous impact on human liveli- hoods and food security, due to its ability to wipe out entire herds of cattle in a matter of days. Where did rinderpest come Rinderpest is an ancient disease whose signs were recognized long from and before it bore its current name. The virus could well have been the where did it strike? origin of human measles when people first started to domesticate cattle, more than 10,000 years ago. Historical accounts suggest that rinderpest originated in the steppes of Central Eurasia, later sweep- ing across Europe and Asia with military campaigns and livestock imports. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the disease dev- astated parts of Africa. Rinderpest also appeared briefly in the Amer- icas and Australia with imported animals, but was quickly eliminated.
    [Show full text]
  • FDA Strengthens BSE Safeguards Animal Feed
    More Next Blog» Create Blog Sign In FDA Strengthens BSE Safeguards Animal Feed Blog Archive T U E S D A Y , A P R I L 1 9 , 2 0 1 6 ▼ 2016 (2) Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed ▼ April (1) Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Docket No. FDA- 2013-N-07 64 for Submission Animal Feed Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for “Animal Feed Regulatory Program Regulat... Standards.” Singeltary Comment, ► February (1) ► 2015 (1) Greetings FDA et al, ► 2013 (4) ► 2012 (2) I would kindly like to comment on ; ► 2011 (1) Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for “Animal Feed Regulatory Program ► 2010 (12) Standards.” ► 2009 (26) ► 2008 (19) I implore that we close the mad cow feed loopholes with cervid, and we must enforce existing feed regulations against the BSE TSE Prion. About Me we have failed terribly in this. the august 1997 mad cow feed ban was nothing but ink on paper, imo. please see ; T E R R Y S . 31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT S I N G E L T A R Y S R . My mother was murdered *** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? *** by what I call corporate and political homicide i.e. 31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT FOR PROFIT! she died from a rare phenoty pe of see Singeltary comment ; CJD i.e. the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351 Jakob Disease i.e. sporadic, simply meaning from unknown route and SEE WHAT DEFRA MAFF ET AL SAID JUST LAST MONTH ABOUT source.
    [Show full text]
  • Info on Chronic Wasting Disease
    W 832 Chronic Wasting Disease Daniel Grove, Assistant Professor and Extension Wildlife Health Specialist Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Background Transmission In the late 1960s, mule deer in a Colorado research The most likely route of infection is via ingestion facility, and later elk and mule deer in Wyoming, were of prions. Exposure may be from prions that have the frst to be identifed exhibiting signs of what been deposited in the environment. Other behaviors is now called chronic wasting disease (CWD). The such as mutual grooming amongst social groups or animals progressively lost weight, stopped eating, interactions during rutting behavior may facilitate had variable neurological defciencies and eventually transmission. In utero transmission (mother to wasted away over a prolonged period. Ultimately, the ofspring during gestation) has been experimentally disease was recognized in wild animals in Northern documented in muntjac deer, mule deer and elk. Colorado and Southern Wyoming. In the 1980s the Transmission also may occur during parturition (at disease agent was identifed as a prion. Since that birth) or shortly thereafter during the initial maternal time, the disease has slowly progressed across interactions with the fawn. western states and now has been detected in 26 states, three Canadian provinces, Norway, Finland, Clinical Signs Sweden and South Korea. Most of the clinical signs seen with CWD are Defnition the result of damage to the neurologic system (brain, spinal cord). Often animals will frst appear CWD is the transmissible spongiform as thin with poor hair coats. As the disease encephalopathy (TSE) of cervids. progresses ataxia (stumbling), incoordination and hypersalivation (drooling) can be seen.
    [Show full text]
  • Partnering with Taxidermists for Improved Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance
    animals Article Partnering with Taxidermists for Improved Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance Ashley Ableman 1,*, Kevin Hynes 1, Krysten Schuler 2 and Angela Martin 3 1 Wildlife Health Unit, Wildlife Resources Center, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 108 Game Farm Road, Delmar, NY 12054, USA; [email protected] 2 Cornell Wildlife Health Laboratory, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell School of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; [email protected] 3 Bureau of Environmental Exposure Investigation, Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, ESP Corning Tower, Albany, NY 12237, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 October 2019; Accepted: 6 December 2019; Published: 11 December 2019 Simple Summary: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious neurological disease affecting deer, moose, elk, and reindeer. CWD is predominantly found in North America and has a higher prevalence in older male deer. To increase the submission of samples from older male deer, the Taxidermy Partnership Program (TPP) was implemented in New York State (NYS). This program partners with taxidermists to obtain valuable samples that would otherwise be lost and helps raise awareness about CWD. Since its start, the TPP has been successful in increasing the number of older male deer submitted for CWD testing. Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a neurodegenerative disease of cervids caused by a misfolded protein called a prion. This disease affects captive and free-ranging deer, moose, elk, and reindeer, and has been detected in 26 states. Cervids infected with CWD may be asymptomatic for months or years.
    [Show full text]
  • Castle Disease, African Swine Fever
    Pt. 94 9 CFR Ch. I (1–1–09 Edition) (4) Any water used to transport the 94.17 Dry-cured pork products from regions fish is disposed to a municipal sewage where foot-and-mouth disease, rinder- system that includes waste water dis- pest, African swine fever, classical swine infection sufficient to neutralize any fever, or swine vesicular disease exists. VHS virus or to either a non-dis- 94.18 Restrictions on importation of meat and edible products from ruminants due charging settling pond or a settling to bovine spongiform encephalopathy. pond that disinfects, according to all 94.19 Restrictions on importation from BSE applicable local, State, and Federal minimal-risk regions of meat and edible regulations, sufficiently to neutralize products from ruminants. any VHS virus. 94.20 Gelatin derived from horses or swine, or from ruminants that have not been in PART 94—RINDERPEST, FOOT-AND- any region where bovine spongiform encephalopathy exists. MOUTH DISEASE, FOWL PEST 94.21 [Reserved] (FOWL PLAGUE), EXOTIC NEW- 94.22 Restrictions on importation of beef CASTLE DISEASE, AFRICAN SWINE from Uruguay. FEVER, CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER, 94.23 Importation of poultry meat and other AND BOVINE SPONGIFORM poultry products from Sinaloa and So- nora, Mexico. ENCEPHALOPATHY: PROHIBITED 94.24 Restrictions on the importation of AND RESTRICTED IMPORTATIONS pork, pork products, and swine from the APHIS-defined EU CSF region. Sec. 94.25 Restrictions on the importation of live 94.0 Definitions. swine, pork, or pork products from cer- 94.1 Regions where rinderpest or foot-and- tain regions free of classical swine fever.
    [Show full text]