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DISTRICT DISASTER MANAMENT PLAN OF EAST CHAMPARAN

Volume-I – District Disaster Response Plan of East Champaran

Prepared by: District Disaster Management Authority, East Champaran

In Association with: Bihar State Disaster Management Authority, Patna

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Content

Section – I: PERSPECTIVE ...... 5 1. Introduction: ...... 5 1.1. Vision: ...... 5 1.2. Objectives of the Plan: ...... 6 1.3. Approach: ...... 6 1.4. Strategy: ...... 7 1.5. Methodology ...... 7 1.6. Scope and Ownership of District Disaster Management Plan: ...... 10 1.7. Monitoring, evaluation and update of the Plan ...... 10 1.8. Emergency Inter Communication between different Stakeholders: ....15 2. District Profile...... 18 2.1. Administrative Set-up:...... 19 2.2. Demography ...... 21 2.3. Sociology ...... 21 3. Hazard and Risk Profile of the District ...... 26 3.1. Hazard Records ...... 26 3.2. Hazards Timeline ...... 26 3.3. Block and Panchayat-Wise Hazard Mapping ...... 26 3.4. Flood: ...... 37 3.5. Earthquake ...... 45 3.6. Drought ...... 48 3.7. Key Actions to strengthen the functioning of East Champaran District Administration and Departments in Disaster Management ...... 50 3.8. School Safety Audit in East Champaran ...... 53 3.9. Hospital-Fire Safety Audit in East Champaran ...... 56 4. Capacity and Gap Analysis ...... 60

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Section – I: PERSPECTIVE

1. Introduction: Introduction An effective and realistic District Disaster Management Plan with full proof communication, authentic and accurate data base, documented and rehearsed to be activated in the shortest possible time with minimum simple orders and procedures ensuring active participation both by Government, Community and Volunteers at all levels making optimum utilisation of men, material and available resources with no gaps or no over laps to prevent loss to lives and minimise loss to property ensuring fastest approach for rescue, rehabilitation and to avert further miseries of the calamity stricken people. There is a saying that a friend in need is a friend indeed. The DDMP like a true friend will obviously guide the entire machinery engaged for relief operation and input courage among the community to face the eventuality boldly.

Prepare Respond

Rebuild

Recover

India in general is one of the most hazard prone countries in the world. 60% of the country is prone to earthquakes of moderate to high intensity, 40 million hectares is prone to floods, 5,700 km long coast is prone to cyclones and tsunamis and the whole of Himalayas are prone to landslides. The district of East Champaran in particular is one of the multi-hazard prone districts in India. As a result, it was important to develop a plan that improves district’s response to disasters while improving its ability to mitigate the disaster risks and increasing community’s resilience by implementing the preparedness plan.

It was deemed important to put a plan in place for dealing with disasters in an organized way with all the stakeholders well-aware of their role in responding to or preparing for disasters, as the district is responsible for responding to disasters through its Incident Response Team in the disaster site, while the State and the Centre is responsible for providing extended support, guidance, external resources or additional help as required in case of any major disasters and upon the request of support from the district.

1.1. Vision: The vision of District Disaster Management Plan is to enable disaster resilient development in East Champaran district and continuity of services essential for life and dignity of citizens during disaster and non-disaster situations.

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A safer community that effectuate a pragmatic and holistic mechanism to prevent, mitigate and respond to any event of disaster and consistently advance in all aspects of disaster risk reduction.

1.2. Objectives of the Plan: • Identify areas in the district that are prone to natural and manmade disasters; • Understand the existing vulnerabilities and coping mechanisms of the community by conducting panchayat level assessment exercise; • Identify the measures that ought to be taken by the district administration for prevention and mitigation of disasters; • Build awareness among different stakeholders both at the administrative as well as the community level by directly engaging them in the process of district disaster management planning; • Identify various existing development schemes that could be implemented for mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in development; • Specify key areas for improving disaster resilience by awareness, training and capacity-building of the stakeholders; • Highlight preparedness measures required to be undertaken by the district administration so as to be able to better respond to any threatening disaster situation; • Prepare the response plan for quick and effective response; and • Establish the reconstruction, rehabilitation and recovery plan in order to restore the vital life support systems to minimum operating standards at a first moment and work towards rehabilitating them to at least the original standards.

1.3. Approach: The aim of the plan is to establish necessary systems, structures, programs, resources, capabilities and guiding principles for reducing disaster risks and preparing for and responding to disasters and threats of disasters in respective district, in order to save lives and property, avoid disruption of economic activity and damage to environment and to ensure the continuity and sustainability of development.

The district disaster management plan has a holistic and integrated approach with emphasis on prevention, mitigation and preparedness by ensuring that Disaster Management receives the highest priority at all levels in the district. It has a paradigm shift, similar to the lines of national and state level, from reactive and relief centric approach to disasters. The approach is aimed to conserve developmental gains and also minimize losses to lives, livelihood and property. For efficient execution of the District Disaster Management Plan, the Plan has been organized as per these four stages of the Disaster Cycle.

Normal Befor Time Disaster

After During Disaster Disaster

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Non disaster stage: Activities include disaster mitigation, leading to prevention & risk reduction. Before disaster stage: Activities include preparedness to face likely disasters, dissemination of early warnings. During disaster stage: Activities include quick response, relief, mobilization of search &rescue, damage assessment. After disaster stage: Activities include recovery & rehabilitation programs in disaster affected areas.

1.4. Strategy: District Disaster Management Planning has often been criticized to be comprising of guidelines rather than actionable plans. It has also been criticized to be incomplete in its very approach for either non-involvement of communities (the victims of disasters) or completing mere formality by extrapolating the findings of too small a sample size to the entire district.

District Disaster Management Authority, East Champaran with technical inputs of All India Disaster Mitigation Institute (AIDMI), had work together to make the plan one of its kinds with the objective of making this DDMP more inclusive. The term ‘inclusive’ points to a wider community outreach, greater ownership by district’s administrative officers and institution based focus to address safety issues.

District Disaster Management Authority, East Champaran owned the DDMP process thereby bringing legitimacy to the entire process. The process was divided in two phases. Phase-I mainly comprised of consultations with various stakeholders such as Line departments, Block Development Officers, members of Panchayati Raj Institutions, Local NGOs, Community Based Organisations, Local Business Communities and Vulnerable Communities such as poorest of the poor, women, children, elderly, physically challenged, dalits and minorities. It also comprised of meetings with DDMA to discuss and improve the District Disaster Management Plan framework and the planning.

The phase II involved more active work. In consonance with our approach of making the plan inclusive, we had two major public government institutions – schools and hospitals – covered in depth to address safety issues in a focused manner. It involved conducting school safety audit of East Champaran district. Government hospitals spread across the district saw Fire safety audit conducted. This exercise was followed by a block wise HVCA exercise conducted in 7% panchayats of the district. The scope of the exercise was the first of its kind with an appropriate sample size to comment on the district’s findings. Moreover, it also focused on giving due attention to vulnerable groups. All the reports have been reviewed by the District Magistrate, ADM – Disaster Management and officers of respective departments in case of school and hospital reports. A review meeting was also held with all the officers of the district administration, District Forest Officers as well as Superintendent of Police, to finalize the coverage of the DDMP plan framework. The final plan will be reviewed by all the drafting committees and put up on the East Champaran website for comments before finalizing it. The final plan would then be published by the District Administration.

1.5. Methodology District disaster management planning has often been criticized for being comprised of general guidelines rather than actionable plans. It has also been criticized to be incomplete in its approach for either non- involvement of communities (the victims of disasters) or completing mere formality. Therefore, with the aim to overcome this scenario, the District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) of East Champaran in partnership with AIDMI has worked to make this plan more inclusive. The term inclusive points to a wider community outreach, a greater ownership by district’s administrative officers and an institution-based focus to address safety issues.

In view of this, the process was divided in two phases. The first phase was mainly comprised of consultations with various stakeholders such as line departments, Block Development Officers (BDOs), members of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), and vulnerable communities in order to collect the necessary information and data and understand the particularities and matters related to risk reduction in the district. It was also comprised of meetings between AIDMI and the DDMA to discuss and improve the framework of the DDMP. 7

In consonance with the approach of making the plan inclusive, during the second phase two major key government institutions were covered in depth to address safety issues – schools and hospitals. In addition to that, an assessment of the administration office was performed so to develop the Office Disaster Management Plan of East Champaran. Once all these activities had been undertaken on the field, the plan was prepared based on its outcomes and by consulting the Disaster Management Act (DMA), 2005, the DDMP model framework by NDMA and the directions provided by BSDMA.

1. Selection of Study Area The study focuses on mapping of hazards in various parts of the district, the identification of vulnerability that enhances risk of disasters or damages from disasters and the capacity or coping mechanisms that alleviates the risk to life or damage to livelihoods and property.

For conducting the study, a sample of 5% Panchayats was identified spread across East Champaran district.

2. Methodology of the Study

Task 1: Secondary Study

Task 2: Selection of Study Area

Task 3: Hazard, Vulnerability & Capacity Assessments in Panchayats

Task 4: One-to-one Consultations with Line Departments

Task 1: Secondary Study of the District A secondary HRVCA report was formulated for the East Champaran district by researching on various hazards existing in the district. The research utilised all possible sources from the web to put them together so that the team responsible for making assessment can be made well acquainted with the hazards faced by the district. The report formulated also highlighted the profile of the district and made assessments on the level of development in the district.

Task 2: Selection of Study Area The criteria and the process followed for the selection of Study Area which is the panchayats is mentioned below:

1. Analysing detailed map of East Champaran along with Additional District Magistrate, Circle Officers and Block Development Officers to locate Panchayats by focusing on various factors in their proximity that included

i. Vulnerability to floods due to proximity to major rivers on the map

ii. Any major industries

iii. Heritage Sites

iv. Wider geographical coverage of the District

v. Remoteness of the village 8

vi. Forest Areas or Encroached Forests

2. Identification and selection of relevant panchayats by taking required inputs from Circle Officers or their reports.

3. Finalisation of geographically spread out panchayats considering all factors for conducting detailed analysis through a two-day field study was done. The entire district lies in seismic zone V. Thus, it didn’t have any bearing on the selection of panchayats.

Task 3: Hazard, Vulnerability & Capacity Assessments in selected sample panchayats The assessments made at the panchayats required spending 1 day. The following approach was followed:

Day 01 1. Holding a meeting with panchayats Chairman to build understanding of the panchayats and the hazards to which they are vulnerable.

2. Conducting of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) or holding an interaction to establish effect of various hazards and to establish existing vulnerabilities and capacities using various especially formulated tools.

3. Establishing various places within the panchayats that are to be visited in person and assessed.

4. Making field assessments by visiting flood, sedimentation or erosion affected areas.

5. Conducting household assessments in villages with people from different communities to gauge developmental issues.

6. Conducting household assessments in villages with people from different communities to gauge developmental issues.

Task 5: One-to-one Consultations with Line Departments The consultations were held with various line departments that included Agriculture Dept, Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Dept, District Industries Centre, Education Dept, Police Dept, Power Dept, Fire Services, Fishery Dept, Food & Civil Supplies Dept, Forest Dept, Health Dept, Irrigation Dept, District Rural Development Agency, Public Health Engineering Dept, Public Works – Building, Public Works – Roads & Bridges, Sericulture Dept, Social Welfare Dept, East Champaran Municipal Authority, Transport Dept and Water Resources Dept.

These consultations allowed discussion with the Heads of Departments and the subordinates to gauge the extent of disaster risk mitigation in implementation of projects at the district level, besides challenges faced in the implementation of projects. The assessments were conducted to assess departments on the following parameters:

1. Human Resources – Shortfalls and skill gaps.

2. Physical Resources – Procurement Challenges.

3. Physical Infrastructure – Issues that concern infrastructure established by the departments or its vulnerability to various forms of hazards.

4. Financial Resources – Budgets and issues with receipt of funds that delay or hampers projects.

5. Intra and Inter-departmental linkages – Establishing level of convergence between departments, where required, or issues faced in the communication or convergence.

Techniques The study was conducted by making use of multiple tools and a combination of methods depending on the kind of information that was to be sought.

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The techniques used included the following:

1. Transect Walks 2. Household Surveys 3. Focused Group Discussions 4. One-to-one Stakeholder Consultations 1.6. Scope and Ownership of District Disaster Management Plan: Any type of disaster, be it natural or manmade, leads to immense loss of life, and also causes damage to the property and the surrounding environment, to such an extent that the normal social and economic mechanism available to the society, gets disturbed. The Govt. of India, recognized the need to of a proactive, comprehensive, and sustained approach to disaster management to reduce detrimental effects of disasters on overall socio-economic development of country, and came out with Disaster Management (DM) Act 2005, and highlighted the role and importance of District Disaster Management Plan. The Govt. of Bihar also believes that there is a need for a Disaster Management Plan in every district that articulates its vision and strategy for disaster management in the state. In this context the Department of Disaster Management Bihar and Bihar State Disaster Management Authority (BSDMA) provides guidelines to various entities involved in disaster management in the state to discharge their responsibilities more effectively. Further, as per the DM Act, the District Disaster Management Authority to be formed in each district and it will be the nodal agency for preparation, functioning and review of the District Disaster Management Plan (DDMP). The scope of district disaster management plan is very wide, and it is applicable in all the stages of disasters (before, during, after & non disaster time). The DDMPs can help officials in taking important decisions and also provide guidance to direct subordinates in emergency. The DDMP helps in saving the precious time, which might be lost in the consultations, and getting approval from authorities. It will be the responsibility of the District Disaster Management Authority members to look after the district and sub district level institutionalization activities pertaining to the disaster management, including the periodic review of district disaster management plan and allied functions. DDMP is an operational module for district administration (owned by the DDMA) and it helps to effectively mitigate the different types of disasters with locally available persons and resources. It also ensures a checklist for all the stakeholders for an action oriented response structure and to study their preparedness level.

1.7. Monitoring, evaluation and update of the Plan Monitoring and evaluation The monitoring and evaluation of the DDMP is an essential component for making the plan action- oriented and holistic in its approach. The purpose of the monitoring and evaluation of DDMP is as follow: - Ensure a year-round implementation of measures and projects for disaster risk reduction; - Check the level of preparedness of line departments and other stakeholders; - Assess the trainings imparted for capacity building of the officers; - Determine the adequacy of resources; and - Verify if the coordination between departments and agencies, NGOs, and community is in place and functional.

The process is not necessarily successful if flaws are not found, but rather if the appropriate measures are undertaken in face of the necessary improvements. In view of this, the role and responsibilities of the DDMA are: - Monitor the functioning and adequacy of the resources present in the district every six months; - Based on the analysis, the DDMA has to procure/purchase/borrow resources from the concerned authorities and replace the dilapidated and non-functioning resources using the developmental funds; - Ensure that all the departmental plans are operational and checked by the respective nodal officers; - Monitor that all the officers of the frontline departments are trained as per guidelines/requirements;

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- Monitor that all mitigation, preparedness and response measures are properly implemented within the district; and - Identify and ensure implementation of disaster risk reduction into developmental projects and schemes. Additionally, all heads of departments at the district level must identify suitable and relevant schemes (centrally-sponsored or state-funded) which can be used for and/or linked with disaster management.

Another practical way of understanding if the plan is being followed is by conducting audits, like electrical and fire safety audits in critical buildings or audit reports about disaster risk reduction operations of various departments. The DDMA can do the follow up with the line departments by regular meetings and the filling of certain formats. A format for monitoring the trainings for disaster risk reduction conducted during the year is suggested below:

 There are a number of trainings that could be conducted for disaster preparedness as well as improving disaster response capability of officers, staff of line departments, community, NGO, etc. The following table has to be filled and submitted to the DDMA along with the original proof of completing the training. Name of the Target group Facilitator Number Training Overall training of dates evaluation participan ts

Review and update The reasons for the review and further update of the DDMP can be categorized in two major groups: a) domestic changes, i.e. changes within the district itself, whether related to operational activities, geo- characteristics of the environment, physical resources or knowledge enhancement; b) external changes, i.e. those related to changes in regulatory requirements. Among the internal grounds for the DDMA to review and update the DDMP, there are: - Changes in disaster profile or district vulnerability; - Major change in the set operational activities; - Acquisition of new resources; - Lessons learned from training; - Inputs from mock drills/ simulation exercises; - Lessons learned from near-miss incidents; - Inputs from actual disasters; etc. - Names and contact details of the officers/officials who are the nodal officers or the in-charge of resources are to be updated on regular basis. When it comes to the external changes, the plan has to be updated once every year and preferably within the first month of the new financial year in order to incorporate: - Changes made to existing centrally and state-sponsored schemes; - Introduction of new schemes by the central or state governments that are relevant for disaster risk reduction; - Passing of the new acts in the parliament that have any bearing on the DDMP irrespective of any prior reference to the functions of the act;

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- Change of directions by the state or any updates to the State Disaster Management Plan; - Installation of new technology by the NDMA/BSDMA related to communication networks, knowledge management systems, early warning, etc; - Opening up of any relevant state/national institutionor mechanism for training; etc.

Every time that the DDMP is reviewed and updated, it has to be uploaded on the website of the Bihar State Disaster Management Authority (BSDMA) and the updated version should distinctly mention the major changes and newly added components so that the plan can be easily studied by any block or district official, community-based organisation, NDMA, etc. Additionally, the updated DDMP has to be circulated to all stakeholder departments, agencies and organizations.

Testing Two are the most important mechanisms for testing the plan, viz. emergency management exercises and mock-drills, which are explained in the next sub-topics.

Emergency Management Exercise The Emergency Management Exercise (EMEx) aims to provide to its participants a theoretical, practical, and holistic training in key urban disaster management issues. It is comprised of progressively complex exercises, each of which builds upon the skills learned in previous exercises. The main elements of an EMEx are1: - Parallel training courses or tracks, including prep-workshops; - Table-top simulation; - Field drill; - Debriefing; and - Evaluation. According to the training manual developed by NDMA about EMEx, there are eight stages to be followed to plan and conduct an EMEx, which take at least six months to be completed. These stages are mentioned below – detailed explanation of the phases, timeline, critical actions, and outcomes and other information are found in the manual itself. 1. The policy-level decision of the state/city approving the organization of the EMEx is taken in this phase and it represents the commitment to hold the exercise. 2. Identification of the types of training tracks to be held in the EMEx and their number. 3. Definition of the financial plan and budget of the EMEx and state commitment of financial resources towards organizing it. 4. Selection of the city/venue for holding of the EMEx. 5. Identification and selection of key stakeholders required to conduct the EMEx, as well as management of the logistics/operations required and monitoring arrangements. 6. Formation of a state-level committee to look after the important decisions of EMEx. 7. Identification of participants to attend the EMEx. 8. Follow-up phase, which includes documentation (e.g. after action and evaluation reports), link to way ahead. Besides that, regular monitoring is strongly recommended in order to ensure that the preparation is on track.

 The Overall Process Map of the EMEx is showed below.

1NDMA, Training Manual - How to conduct Emergency Management Exercise (EMEx), September 2015 12

Mock-drill The nodal authority for the task of implementation of the DDMP, whether during or after disasters, is the DDMA. In this regard, mock-drill exercises are required in order to verify the level of preparedness and improve the coordination during emergencies. Mock-drills help in evaluating response and improving coordination within the administration, with various departments, non-government agencies, other stakeholders and communities. They help in identifying the extent to which the DDMP is effective and also support the revision of the same, if required. These drills enhance the ability to respond faster, better and in an organized manner during the response and recovery phase. In sum, mock-drills are required for the following reasons: - Make the plan usable; - Improve the know-how of practices to be followed while dealing with disasters; - Get communities prepared to deal more appropriately during disasters; - Build the confidence of communities in the administration and respondents; and - Make the plan more practicable by upgrading it as per the identified needs and gaps.

The recommended timeline at district level is described below: 1. Fire mock-drill to be conducted every year in the month of February; 2. Flood mock-drill to be conducted every year in the month of June; and 3. Earthquake mock-drill to be conducted once a year during the preferred month by the district administration. After every exercise of mock-drill, an evaluation report has to be elaborated. It should include findings, recommendations, and a rank the identified findings according to the categories described below. The format for the evaluation report is given right after. - Observation: finding has little direct impact on emergency response or restoration, but should be considered for improving the emergency response;

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- Gap: finding has some measurable impact on timeliness of restoration or effectiveness of emergency response; - Significant Gap: finding has significant impact on timeliness of restoration or effectiveness of emergency response with significant potential to impact public safety.

Mock-drill Evaluation Report

Type of mock-drill: Place: Date: Officer in charge: Findings Category Gaps Recommendations Emergency Reponses tools and Facilities

Communications Facilities and Procedures

Operating Direction

Emergency Preparedness Plans and Procedure

Public and Media Information

Emergency Management (Non-Operational)

Exercise Planning, Scenario Adequacy and Exercise Control

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* All recommendations/comments/findings should be incorporated in the update of the DDMP.

1.8. Emergency Inter Communication between different Stakeholders: It is seen that the relevant departments start constituting teams/ mobilizing resources only after the crisis/ disaster has struck, leading to delays. The relevant departments/agencies should draw up Emergency Support Function Plans, constitute response teams, and designate resources in advance so that the response is not delayed. Pre contract/ agreement can be made for all disaster relief items so as to avoid delays in procuring relief items after disaster situation. The interdependence of facilities and their management creates a difficult situation for disaster managers during a disaster. Therefore, a crisis situation demands the attention and assistance of experts from different fields and sectors in order to ensure a quick and effective recovery. However, if the assistance provided is not predefined and coordinated it can lead to slow progress and relief work gets adversely affected. Keeping this aspect of disaster management in view, fourteen Emergency Support Functions have been conceptualized to take care of various response and infrastructure facilities, imperative for immediate as well as long term response to disasters.

The Emergency Operation Centre and ESF 1 (refer volume II Emergency support function) are primarily responsible for restoration of communication facilities. The ESF on Communication should ensure the smooth flow of information that can cater to the outreach in a time-sensitive manner at state level in response efforts.

Situation Assumptions 1. There would be a congestion in the network because of increased calls to control rooms due to panic created in the community. 2. The initial reports on damage may not give a clear picture of the extent of damage to communication network. 3. The affected site may cut off from the state control rooms and the officials on site and find difficulty in communicating to the District EOC. Nodal agency: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited Supporting agencies: Existing wireless operators (Police, Fire) Telecom Dept., mobile 0perators, FM Radio, Signals Regiment – Army, Ham Radio, satellite communication, Community Radio  Identify a Team Leader from BSNL  Identify Nodal Officers from Supporting Agencies. SOPs for Nodal Agency:  Team leader (TL) of Communication ESF will activate the ESF on receiving the intimation of occurrence of the disaster from the District EOC/ Other source.  TL would inform Nodal Officers (NOs) of support agencies about the event and ESF activation.  TL would establish contact with the district EOC for First Information Report  TL requests for reports from local ESF contact persons (this would be the local office of ESF Nodal Agency) to understand the current situation and action taken  Based on information given by the supporting agencies, TL decides on the need to launch an assessment mission to estimate the extent of damage to telecom services and network as well as to come up with possible arrangements to establishing reliable and appropriate network.  TL communicates situation to supporting agencies and also requests to provide details on the status of equipment and infrastructure in the affected area(s).  TL informs the Incident Commander on the status of telecom services. 15

 TL works out a plan of action for private telecom companies and convenes a meeting of all ESF members to discuss and finalize the modalities.  TL issues orders to establish systems and reports to District EOCs on the action taken. New phone numbers and details of contact persons would also be communicated. If required mobile exchanges would be deployed.(need explanation---mobile exchanges)  TL gets the temporary telephone facilities established for the public. Prior information on this would be announced through media  HAM radio operators would be informed about the current requirements and coordination mechanisms shared.  TL monitors the situation and arranges emergency staff required to operate established systems.  TL sends the Response team at the affected site with the required equipments and other resources.

The availability of early warning system is a must before early warning message could be disseminate to the people till the last mile. Thus for every type of disaster there is an agency designated with the responsibility of keeping track of developments in respect of specific hazards and inform the designated authorities/agencies at the district level about the impending disaster.

Information Dissemination: The dissemination of information is the most critical function in order to give early warning to the community. It has to be fast in order to give reasonable amount of time for communities to prepare for any eventuality. Due consideration has to be given to the points mentioned below before sending across the information. 1. Information dissemination will be done to all the important stakeholders (as given below in the information dissemination format) at the Panchayat level in rural areas and Nagar Parishad and Nagar Panchayat level in urban areas for early warning communication. 2. Making use of the fastest means to communicate the message in the most lucid manner so as to prevent spread of rumour and panic among the masses.

Bulk Voice SMS Service is the best means of communication to large masses without any effort

and within no time. A voice recorded message from the District Magistrate from his/her official

number shall be sent to the database of numbers identified for information dissemination. A

number of private parties deliver Bulk Voice SMS service at very low cost

3. The communication can be done to all the identified stakeholders of the district, block and panchayat depending on the possibility of the coverage of the disaster. 4. All the members identified for information dissemination must ensure spreading warning information irrespective of the time of the day and their availability in their Panchayats / Nagar Parishad

In the event where the warning is lifted by the concerned department for the respective hazard, another communication removing the warning must be made by the District Magistrate to the community following the same process. 16

Emergency Support Functions are the essentials of Emergency Management comprising of various coordinating agencies, which manage and coordinate specific kinds of assistance common to all disasters types. Each ESF is headed by a lead organisation/ ministry responsible for coordinating the delivery of goods and services to the disaster area, and is supported by numerous other organisations. These ESFs form an integral part of the Emergency Operation Centres (EOC) and each ESF should coordinate its activities from the allocated EOC. Extension teams and workers of each ESF will be required to coordinate response procedures at the affected site. The designated primary agency, acting as the Central agency will be assisted by one or more support agencies (secondary agencies) and will be responsible for managing the activities of the ESF (Emergency Support Functions) and assisting the State in the rescue and relief activities and ensuring that the mission is accomplished. The primary and secondary agencies have the authority to execute response operations to directly support the State needs. At the district level, the Revenue Department of the district is the prime coordinating agency for disaster risk management efforts. However there will be other agencies involved in-charge of different ESFs. Each ESF is headed by a lead organization and assisted by supporting organizations for coordinating the delivering resources and services to the disaster-affected area. These ESFs forms an integral part of the EOC and each ESF should coordinate its activities form the allocated EOC. Extension teams and quick response team would be required to follow their response procedures at the affected site. Nodal officers of all the ESFs would constitute the Incident Management Team. Nodal officer would also nominate names for the QRT members who will accomplish disaster management work related work at the field level. Similarly supporting agencies would also nominate their nodal officers and QRT members who will assist to the primary officers during response phase. Additional names should also be proposed to backstop the requisite positions.

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2. District Profile East Champaran is located at 26°16′N-27°1′N latitude & 84°30’E-85°16’E longitude. East Champaran is surrounded by Nepal in the north, Muzaffarpur & Gopalganj in the south, Sitamarhi & Sheohar district in the east and Gopalganj & West Champaran in the west. It is situated in the Plains of River Gandak, Burhi Gandak & Baghmati. East Champaran district occupies an area of 3968 sq. km. or 1532 sq. miles.

On 2nd November 1972 Champaran district was split up into two districts: Purbi Champaran and Paschim Champaran. The headquarter of Purbi Champaran district is at Motihari. Presently Purbi Champaran consists of Six Subdivisions, Twenty-Seven Blocks and 409 panchayats.

Description 2011 2001 Actual Population 5,082,868 3,939,773 Male 2,674,037 2,077,047 Female 2,408,831 1,862,726 Population Growth 29.01% 29.27% Area Sq. Km 3,968 3,968 Density/km2 1,281 993 Proportion to Bihar Population 4.90% 4.75% Sex Ratio (Per 1000) 901 897 Child Sex Ratio (0-6 Age) 923 937 Average Literacy 58.26 37.54 Male Literacy 68.02 49.31 Female Literacy 47.36 24.27 Total Child Population (0-6 Age) 993,569 837,642 Male Population (0-6 Age) 516,736 432,523 Female Population (0-6 Age) 476,833 405,119 Literates 2,382,348 1,164,670 Male Literates 1,467,319 810,950 Female Literates 915,029 353,720 Child Proportion (0-6 Age) 19.55% 21.26% Boys Proportion (0-6 Age) 19.32% 20.82% Girls Proportion (0-6 Age) 19.80% 21.75%

East Champaran is located at 26°16′N-27°1′N latitude & 84°30’E-85°16’E Longitude. Geographical Data Latitude 26°16′N-27°1′N Longitude 84°30’E-85°16’E Geographical Area 3968 Sq.km./ Boundary North Nepal East Sheohar, Sitamarhi South Muzaffarpur, Gopalganj West Pashchim Champaran

The prominent natural and manmade hazards in the district are as below;

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Man Natural made Domestic Cyclone Fire

Floods

Drought

Heatwaves

2.1. Administrative Set-up:

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Administrative Setup No of Subdivision 6 No of Blocks 27 No of Police Station 41 No of Panchayat 405 No of Revenue Village 1344 Number of Sub-Division 6 Number of Blocks 27 Number of Panchayats 405 Number of Villages 1344 Number of Police Stations 41 Number of Circles 27 Number of Nagar Parishad 2 Number of Nagar Panchayats 7 Zila parishad 1 Geography

2.1.1. Climatic Conditions Rainfall Normal Days of RF Normal Onset Normal Cessation RF(mm) SW monsoon (June-Sep) 1018 32 3rd week of June - NE monsoon (Oct-Dec) 85 5 - - Winter (Jan-Feb) 24 4 - - Summer (Mar-May) 75 3 - - Annual 1202 44 - -

2.1.2. Land-use Pattern2 Land Use Pattern Area ('000 ha) Geographical Area 398.6 Cultivable Area 266.2 Forest Area 0.04 Land under Non-agriculture Use 83.1 Permanent Pastures 0.8 Cultivable Wasteland 0.9 Land Under misc. tree crops and groves 19.9 Barren and Uncultivable Land 0.02 Current Fallows 21.1 Other Fallows 6.5

2http://agricoop.nic.in/Agriculture%20contingency%20Plan/Bihar/BR16_East%20Champaran_28.12.2013.pdf 20

2.1.3. Agriculture and Cropping Patterns Rice is the major crop of the area followed by wheat and in some area sugarcane and maize is also grown quite efficiently, apart from these pulses and oil seeds are also grown in the area. In horticultural crops- fruits mango is the most produced fruit apart from mango guava, lichi, lemon and banana are also grown. In horticultural crops-vegetables production of potato is very high followed by onion, tomato, okra, cauliflower and brinjal.

2.2. Demography 2.2.1. Population In 2011, Purvi Champaran had population of 5,082,868 of which male and female were 2,674,037 and 2,408,831 respectively. There was change of 29.01% in the population compared to population as per 2001. Density of Purvi Champaran district for 2011 is 1,281 people per sq. km. With regards to Sex Ratio in Purvi Champaran, it stood at 901 per 1000 male compared to 2001 census figure of 897. In 2011 census, child sex ratio is 923 girls per 1000 boys compared to figure of 937 girls per 1000 boys of 2001 census data.

2.2.2. Literacy rate: Average literacy rate of Purvi Champaran in 2011 were 58.26% compared to 37.54% of 2001. If things are looked out at gender wise, male and female literacy were 68.02% and 47.36% respectively. Total literate in Purvi Champaran District were 2,382,348 of which male and female were 1,467,319 and 915,029 respectively.

2.3. Sociology 2.3.1. Population & Demographics According to the 2011 census, East Champaran district has a population of 5,082,868 male and female were 2,674,023 and 2,408,831 respectively. The district has a population density of 1,281 inhabitants per square 21 kilometre (3,320/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 29.01%. Purbi Champaran has a sex ratio of 902 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 58.26%.3 The total literacy rate of the district is 58.26%, out of which male literacy rate is 68.02% and female literacy rate is 47.36%. DEMOGRAPHY (ACCORDING TO 2011 CENSUS) MALE 2674023 FEMALE 2408831 OTHERS 14 TOTAL 5082868

2.3.2. Vulnerable Groups Major vulnerable groups are female, children and BPL families. Apart from that, livestock and crops in irrigated areas are vulnerable to all kind of damage

Sl. Populati Femal 0- BPL Livestock Habitatio Irrigated ('000) No. on e 6yrs. Families ('000) ns hect.

1 5082868 24088 99356 594443 1508 739684 1793.13 31 9

2.3.3. Heritage sites (of both state government and national governments)

Serial Places/Centres/Spots Description Hazard Risk No.

1. Buddhist Stupta, Kesaria Historical importance of Bihar has been Stamped established again with the discovery of “biggest ever Buddhist Stupa “at Kesaria in East Champaran district about 120 K.M. from Patna and 30 miles from Vaishali on Indo Nepal border. A team of Archaeological survey of India Officials discovered this Stupa in year 1998 after excavation. The ASI officials have declared that Bihar has the proud privilege of housing the tallest ever- excavated Stupa in the world.

2. Ashokan Pillar, Lauriya, This Lofty stone column erected by Stamped Areraj priyadarshee Lord Ashok in 249 BC in village Lauriya under Areraj subdivision is situated on left side of Areraj – Bettiah road. The pillar, known as “Stambh dharma lekh”.

3. Gandhi Memorial The foundation stone of this Gandhi Stamped memorial pillar was laid on june 10, 1972

3http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php 22

by the then Governor, Mr. D.K.Barooch and if was dedicated to the nation by Mr. Vidyakar Kavi, a gandhian, on 18 April 1978. This memorial pillar has been designed by the famous artist of Santiniketan Mr. Nand lal Bose to commemorate the memory of Champaran Satyagah of Mahatma Gandhi who first raised voice against the atrocities of the British Indigo planters against poor peasants of Champaran.

4. Someshwar Shiv Mandir, Areraj is a holy city of North Bihar which Stamped Areraj is 28 Km. south West from Motihari linked with pucca road. The famous Someshwar Nath Mahadev Temple is age old which attracts lakhs of pilgrims from other districts as well as Nepal on the occasion of Shrawani Mela (During July-August). Areraj a village has developed up to town and now it is the Headquarter of Areraj Subdivision.

Also at Areraj lies an Ashokan pillar attracting tourists throughout the year.

2.3.4. Infrastructure and Services

3.5.5.a. Transportation District Headquarters Motihari is well connected by road. Dhaka, Areraj, Raxaul Bazar, Sugauli, Motihari are the Cities in this district having road connectivity to major towns and remote villages. Motihari is about 132 KM by road to Patna.4 Some of the rail way stations in district are Sagauli Jn, Chakia, Motihari, Raxual Jn, Mehsi , Ramgarhwa , Semra , Jiwdhara, which connects most of the towns and villages in the District.

3.5.5.b. Banks Banking commercial Number

Commercial Bank 107

Rural Bank 74

Co-Operative bank products 9

PLDB Branches 7

3.5.5.c. Irrigation

4http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villag/Purbi-Champaran 23

3.5.5.d. Schools EDUCATION: NO OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGE PRIMARY RURAL 1734 URBAN 31 TOTAL 1765 UPPER PRIMARY RURAL 384 URBAN 21 TOTAL 405 HIGH SCHOOL RURAL 83 URBAN 6 TOTAL 98 DEGREE COLLEGES RURAL 11 URBAN 6 TOTAL 17

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3.5.5.e. Health5 No. Type of Health Facility Numbers 1 Primary Health Centres (PHCs) 27 2 Additional PHCs (APHCs) 54 3 Health Sub Centres (HSCs) 319 4 Referral Hospitals 03 No sub-divisional hospital.

3.5.5.f. Police Stations NO OF POLICE STATION 41

2.3.5. Literacy LITERACY (ACCORDING TO 2011 CENSUS) MALE 68.02% FEMALE 47.36% AGGREGATE 58.26%

5http://www.statehealthsocietybihar.org/pip2012-13/districthealthactionplan/purbichamparan.pdf 25

3. Hazard and Risk Profile of the District This chapter sheds light on the hazards faced by East Champaran with the aim of helping the district administration to better understand how and when these occurrences affect the district. Past disasters and recurrent issues are analysed, as well as the climate-induced hazards that need increasing attention from the local government. Additionally, it is presented a mapping of various hazards in a block-wise manner, so to allow an easy understanding of the exposure levels of every panchayat.

3.1. Hazard Records 3.1.1. Past Disasters As per consultation with line departments, block development officers and with Circle Officers as well, the main disasters faced by the district were listed for reference. Although the only major disaster mentioned was the Nepal Earthquake of 2015, recurring hazards that create a social, economical and/or environmental disturbance were emphasized by the officials along with the affected areas. Following there is a table with these disasters added to the root causes and impacts, as identified through consultations with local officers and direct assessment by a team on the field.

Past Disasters in the District (HVCA) Sr. No. Disaster Year Affected Areas Major Impacts 1 Earthquake 2015 Motihari, Dhaka Houses collapsed, deaths 2 Flood 2014 Sugauli, Banjaria, Crop damage, death, loss of life property Turkaulia and livelihood 3 Drought 2015 Entire district Poverty, starvation, hunger, crop damage, underdevelopment 4 Accidents dynamic NH 28 Deaths, and injuries 5 Heat wave 2015 Drought prone Inactivity and incapacity areas 6 Cold wave 2014 Entire district Deaths, fever, cold

3.2. Hazards Timeline In order to help the district administration to deal with the hazards it is prone to, following is a timeline showing the months in which there is a high, moderate and low probability of each of these hazards happening. In view of this, it supports the district to prevent a disaster from happening, mitigate its impacts and also prepare an efficient response.

From the timeline, it is possible to identify two big trends to which the district administration should pay special attention. Whereas from March to May droughts and heat waves are likely to constitute a problem, the months between July and September present a high probability of floods, erosion, and hailstorms. With an only one-month break between these two seasons, mitigation and preparedness plans should be prepared and implemented in advance.

Hazards Timeline (HVCA) Sr. No. Hazard Probable Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 Flood L L L L L H H H H L L L 2 Earthquake H H H H H H H H H H H H 3 Drought L L H H H L L L L L L 4 Fire M M H H H H M M M M M M 7 Heat wave L L L L H H L L L L L L Legend H High probability M Moderate probability L Low probability

3.3. Block and Panchayat-Wise Hazard Mapping 26

Block-Wise Hazard mapping Name of the Block Earthquake Heat Waves Floods Drought F Fire Adapur H Areraj Banjaria H Bankatwa H Chakia Chauradano Chiraiya H Dhaka H Ghorasahan H Harsidhi Kalyanpur Kesariya Kotwa Madhuban Mehsi Motihari H Paharpur Pakridayal Patahi Phenhara Piprakothi Ramgarhwa H Raxaul Sangrampur Sugauli H Tetaria Turkauliya

Name Of The Block Name Of The Panchayat Heat Waves Floods Drought Fire Adapur Andhara L L M L Auraiya L H L L Bakhari L H L L Barwa L M L L Belwa L L L L Bhawanipur L M L L Bherihari L L M L Dubaha L H L L Gamhariya L H L L Harpur L L M L Koraiya L L M L Laxmipur Pokhariya L L M L Majharia L L M L 27

Murtiya L H L L Nakardei L M L L Shyampur L M L L Sirsiya Kala L H L L Areraj Chatiya Badaharwa L M M L Chatiya Chintamanpur L M M L Mamarakha L L M L Mamarakha Bhaiya Tola L L M L Manguraha L L M L Radhiya L L M L Mishraulia L M M L Nagadaha L M M L Babhnauli L M M L Sareya L M M L Pipra L M M L Nawada L M M L Mura L L M L Bahadurpur L L M L Banjaria Ajgari N.A N.A N.A N.A Banjaria N.A N.A N.A N.A Chailaha N.A N.A N.A N.A Janerwa N.A M N.A N.A Panchrukha East N.A M N.A N.A Panchrukha Mid N.A M N.A N.A Panchrukha West N.A L N.A N.A Phulwar North N.A M N.A N.A Phulwar South N.A M N.A N.A Rohiniya N.A M N.A N.A Semra N.A L N.A N.A Siswa East N.A L N.A N.A Siswa West N.A L N.A N.A Bankatwa Bankatwa M L L L Bijbani East M L L L Bijbani North M L L L Bijbani South M L L L Gola Pakariya M L L L Inarwa Phulwar M L L L Jhajhra M L L L Jitpur M M L L Nimuiya East M L L L Nimuiya West M L L L Chakia Chakia L M L L Barmadia L M L L Bediban Madhuban L L L L

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Bherakhia L M L L Chakbara L M L L Chintamanpur L L L L Bishunpura L L L L Hardiyabad L L L L Hardiyabad L L L L Jamuniya L M L L Kunwa L L L L Kunwarpur L L L L Madhurapur L L L L Mahuanwa L L L L Kuriya L L L L Harpur L L L L Sagar L L L L Chauradano Bhatnahiya M M M M Darpa M M M M Ekdari M M M M Hiramni M H M M Jitpur M M M M Juafar M M M M Khairwa M M M M Kudarkat L M M M Mahuawa M M M M Narkatia M L M L Pakariya L L M L Purainiya M M M L Raj Bhelwa M L M M Rampur M M M M Tinkoni M M M L Chiraiya Bara Jairam M M M L Dipahi Dharharwa M L M L Haraj Nurullahpur M H M L Harnarayna M L M L Kapur Pakri M M M L Khartari East M H M L Khartari West M M M L Khoda M L M L Madhopur M L M L Madhubani M M M L Mahunawa East M L M L Mahunawa West M L M L Mirpur M M M L Mishrauliya M H M L Rampur North M L M L

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Rampur South M L M L Rupahra M M M L Saraugadh M H M L Semra Sagardina M M M L Sirauna M L M L Parewa M L M L Raghopur M L M L Dhaka Balua Guwabari L M L M Barharwa Fateh Mohammad L M L M Barharwa Lakhansen L M L M Barharwa Siwan L M L M Bhagwanpur L M L M Bhandar L M L M Chandan Bara M M L L Dalpat Bishunpur L M L L Fulwariya L M L L Gahai L L M M Gawandri L L M M Gurhanwa L L M M Jamua M M M M Jatwaliya M M M M Jhauwa Ram M M M M Jhitkahi M M M M Kharuwa Chainpur M M M M Malkaunia M M M M Pachpakri L L M L Karsahia L L M L Pandari L L M L Telhara L L M L Karmawa L L M L Ghorasahan Bagahi Bhelwa L L L L Barwa Kala L L L L Bishunpur L L L L Ghorasahan North L L L L Ghorasahan South L L L L Gurmiya L L L L Jharaokhar L L L L Kadamwa L L L L Kawaiya L L L L Laukhan L L L L Purnahiya L L L L Samanpur L L L L Sripur L L L L Vijayi L L L L

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Harsidhi Bairiya Dih M L L L Bhada M L L L Charahiya M L L L Gay Ghat M L L L Ghiwadhar M L L L Harpur Rai M L L L Harsidhi Pkariya M L L L Jaga Pakar M L L L Kanchhedwa M L L L Kritpur M L L L Manikpur M L L L Math Lohiyar M L L L Matiariya M L L L Murarpur M L L L Olha Mrhta Tola M L L L Panapur Ranjita M L L L Yadopur M L L L Ujjain Lohiyar M L L L Sonbarsa M L L L Kalyanpur Bakhari N.A M N.A L Bansghat N.A M N.A L Barharwa Mahanand N.A M N.A L Bhuwan Chhapra N.A M N.A L Brindaban N.A M N.A L Darmaha N.A N.A N.A L Dilawarpur N.A N.A N.A N.A Gariba N.A N.A N.A N.A Gawandra North N.A N.A N.A N.A Gawandra South N.A N.A N.A N.A Kalyanpur N.A N.A N.A N.A Koila Belwa N.A N.A N.A N.A Mani Chhapra N.A N.A N.A N.A Medan Sirsiya N.A M N.A L Pakri Dixit N.A M N.A L Parsauni Wajid N.A N.A N.A N.A Patna N.A N.A N.A N.A Pipra Khem N.A L N.A L Raghunathpur N.A N.A N.A L Rajpur N.A N.A N.A L Shambhu Chowk N.A N.A N.A N.A Shitalpur N.A N.A N.A N.A Siswa Kharar N.A N.A N.A N.A Siswa Sob N.A N.A N.A N.A Kesariya Bairiya N.A H N.A N.A

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Bathna N.A H N.A N.A Dhekaha N.A H N.A N.A East Sarottar Chand Parsa N.A N.A N.A N.A East Sundarpur Bijdhari N.A M N.A N.A Gochhi Kusahar N.A M N.A N.A Kadhan N.A M N.A N.A Khijirpura Benipur L N.A N.A N.A Mathia L N.A N.A N.A North Huseni L N.A N.A N.A Rampur Khajuriya L N.A N.A N.A Semuapur L N.A N.A N.A South Huseni L N.A N.A N.A Tajpur Patkhaulia N.A N.A N.A N.A West Kesaria N.A N.A N.A N.A West Sarottar N.A N.A N.A N.A West Sundarpur N.A N.A N.A N.A Kotwa Ahiraulia L M M L Barharwa Kala East L H L L Barharwa Kala West L M M L Bathana L M M L Bhopatpur North L M M L Bhopatpur South L M M L Dumra L H L L Gopi Chhapra L H L L Jagirahan L H L L Jasauli L M M L Jasauli Patti L H L L Karariya L M M L Kotwa L H L L Machhargawan L H L L Maharani Bhopat L H L L Pokhara L H L L Madhuban Bajitpur L L L L Bhelwa L L L L Dulma L L L L Garahiya L L L L Kauriya L L L L Koilhahra L L L L Krisna Nagar L L L L Naurangiya Madhopur L L L L North Madhuban L L L L Rupni L L L L Sawangiya L L L L South Madhuban L L L L

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Talimpur L L L L Mehsi Bakhari Najir M M M L Bhimalpur M H M L Bhurkurwa M M M L Harpur Nag M L M L Jhitkahiya M M M L Kataha M H M L Kothiya Hareram M L M L Mohammadpur Majhauliya M M M L Nonimal M M M L Parsauni Dewajit M L M L Partapur M L M L Uzilpur M L M L Rajepur M M M L Motihari Amar Chhatauni M L M L Bardaha M H M L Bariyarpur M L M L Barwa M L M L Basmanpur M M M L Chandrahiya M L M L Dhruv Lakhaura M M M L Godhawa M L M L Jhitakihiya M H M L Kataha M H M L Madhubani Ghat M M M L Naurangiya M H M L North Dhekaha M L M L Pataura M L M L Ramgadhwa M L M L Ramsingh Chhatauni M M M L Rulahi M L M L Sirsa Mal M L M L Tikuliya M M M L West Dhekaha M L M L Paharpur Baluwa M M M L Inarwa Bhar M H M L Kamal Pipra M M M L Kotwa M M M L Majharia M M M L Mankarariya M M M L Nauwa Dih M M M L Noneya North M H M L Noneya South M M M L Parsauni M M M L

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Sareya East M M M L Sareya West M M M L Siswa East M H M L Siswa West M M M L Sonwal M M M L Tejpurwa M M M L Pakridayal Ajgarwa Sisahni M L M L Barka Gao M L M L Chaita M L M L Chorma M L M L Dhanauji M L M L Rajepur Nawada M L M L Siraha M H M L Sundar Patti M H M L Tharbitia M L M L Patahi Bakhari L L M L Balua Julphekarabad L L M L Bara Shankar L L M L Belahi Ram L H M L Betauna L H M L Bokane Kala L H M L Dewapur L H M L Gonahi L H M L Jihuli North L H M L Nonfarwa L L M L Padumker L L M L Parsauni Kapur L L M L Patahi East L L M L Patahi West L L M L Sareya Gopal L L M L Phenhara Bara Parsauni L N.A L N.A Khan Pipra L N.A L N.A Madhubani L N.A L N.A Mankarwa L L L N.A Phenhara L N.A L N.A Rupauliya L N.A L N.A Piprakothi Dhekaha South M M M H Panditpur M L M H Salempur M L M H Suryapur M L M H Tikaita Govindapur M L M H Vir Chhapra M L M H Ramgarhwa Adhpakariya L H L L Ahirauliya L H L L

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Amodei L L H L Bela L H L L Champapur L L H L Dhanhar Dihuli L L L L Jaitapur L H L L Murla L L H L Pakhnahiya L L L L Patni Mangalpur L L H L Raghunathpur L L H L Ramgadhwa L L L L Sakrar L L H L Shiv Nagar L L H L Singhasini L H L L Tola Birta Bairiya L L L L Raxaul Bhelahi M H M M Dhangadhwa Kaurihar M L M L Hardiya M L M L Harnahi M M M M Jokiyari M L M M Laukariya M L M M Laxmipur Laxumanwa M L M M Noneya Dih M L M L Palanwa Jagdhar M M M M Pantoka M L M M Parsauna Tapsi M M M M Purendra M L M M Siswa M L M M Sangrampur Bariyariya North M L L L Bariyariya South M M L L Bariyariya Tola Rajpur M L L L Barwa M L L L Bhatwaliya M L L L Dumariya M H L L East Sangrampur M M L L Madhubani East M L L L Madhubani North M L L L Madhubani South M L L L Madhubani West M L L L North Bhawanipur M L L L Sangrampur West M M L L South Bhawanipur M M L L Sugauli Bagahi M L M L Bhargawa M L H L Bhataha M L M L

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Chhapra Bahas North M H M L Chhapra Bahas South M H M L Karamwa Raghunathpur M L M L Mali M H M L Mansingha North M L M L Mansingha South M H M L Panjiarwa M L M L Phulwariya M L H L Sripur North M H M L Sripur South M H M L Sugao North M L H L Sugao South M L H L Sukul Pakar M H M L Tetaria Bahuara Gopi Singh L M L L Gheghwa L M L L Kothia L M L L Madhuaha Brit L M L L Meghuwa L M L L Narha Panapur L M L L Punas Lahladpur L L L L Semraha L M L L Tetaria L M L L Turkauliya Belwa Ray Tola Nariyarwa L L L L Bijulpur L L L L Chargaha M L M L Hardiya M L M L Jaisinghpur East L L M L Jaisinghpur North L L M L Jaisinghpur South L L M L Madhopur Madhumalat M L M L Madhurapur H L M L Raghunathpur H H L L Sapahi H H L L Shankar Sareya North H L L L Shankar Sareya South H L L L Turkauliya East H L L L Turkauliya Middle H L L L Turkauliya West H L L L

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3.4. Flood:

Block wise Flood prone panchayats of the district

Block Panchayat Arara Bairiya Bakhari Bhaluahiya Bhedihari DhabDhabwa Hirachhapra Jhitakahiya Adapur Koraiya Kuraminiya Laxmipur Murtiya Nakadei Shayapur Sirsiya Khurd Sirsiya Mal Chatiya Barharwa Chatiya Chintamanpur Nagdaha Areraj Nawada Pipra Sareya Sikatiya Mishroliya Ajagri Banjariya Chailaha Janerwa Pachrukha East Pachrukha Midil Banjariya Phulawar North Rohiniya Sauth Phulawar Semra Siswa East Siswa West West Pachrukha Baisaha Barmadiya Chakia Bediban Madhuban Bhetkhiya Chakbara 37

Chintamanpur Jamuniya Mahuawa Ramgar Mahuawa Darpa Hiramani Juafar Chhauradano Kudarkat Narkatiya Rampur Haraj Nurulahpur Khartari East Khartari Midil Khartari Weast Chiraiya Khoda Mahuawa Weast Mishroliya Sarogar Semra Balua Guabari Bhandar Chandanbara Fulawariya Dhaka Gurahanwa Jamua Jhitkahiya Malkaioniya Pandri Ghorasahan 0 Bairiyadih Murarpur Panapur Harsiddhi Sonbarsa Ujain Lohiyar Yadwpur Koyala Belwa Shitalpur Kalyanpur Siswa Kharar Vrindavan Bairiya Bathana Dhekha Keshariya East Kesariya Nagar Panchayt East Sarotar East Sundrapur

38

Gonchhi Kushahar Kadhan Khijirpura Benipur Mathiya North Husaini Rampur Khajuriya Sauth Husaini Semuapur Tajpur Patakholiya Weast Sundrapur West Kesariya Lohargawa West Sajotar Ahiraoliya Baraharwakala West Barharwakala East Bathana Bhopatpur North Bhopatpur Sauth Dumra Gopi Chhapra Kotwa Jagiraha Jasaoli Jasoli Patti Karariya Kotwa Machhargawa Maharani Bhopat Pokhara Bajitpur Bhelwa Dulma Garahiya Koilahara Koriya Madhuban Krishnanagar Madhuban North Madhuban Sauth Norangiya Madhopur Rupani Sanwagiya Talimpur Bhimalpur Bhurakurwa Mehsi Harpurnag Kataha

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Mahamadpur Majhauliya Nonimal Rajepur Ujhilpur Bardaha Bariyarpur Dhruvlakhora Kataha Motihari Madhubani Ghat Ramgrawa Ramsingh Chhatoni Rulahi Tikuliya East Sareya Majhahriya Paharpur Tejpurwa West Sareya Chaita Nagar P. Pakri Dayal Rajepur Nawada Pakri Dayal Sirha Sundarpatti Tharbitiya Bakhari Belahi Ram Betaona Bokane Kala Devapur Patahi Gonagi Jihuli Mirjapur Padumker Parsaioni Kapur Bara Prasoni Khanpipra Madhurapur Madhubani Phenhara Mankarwa Phenhara Rupoliya Jivdhara Piprakothi Piprakothi Sauth Dekaha Adhakapriya Ramgarhwa Ahirauliya Amodei

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Bairiya Bela Champapur Dhanara Dihuli Jaita Pur Murala Pakhaniya Patani Raghunathpur Ramgarhawa Sakrar Shiv Nagar Inarwa Singhasani Bhelahi Dhangabwa Kaodihari Hardiya Harnagi Jokiyari Laoriya Raxaul Laxmipur Lakshumanwa Noneya Palanwa Jagadhar Pantoka Parsoni Tapsi Purandra Siswa Dumariya East Sangrampur North Bhawanipur Sangrampur Sauth Bariyari Sauth Bhawanipur Weast Sangrampur Bagahi Bhargawa Bhataha Karmwa Raghunathpur Mali Nagar P. Sugoli Sugauli North Chhaprabahas North Mansingh North Shreepur North Sugaw Panjiarwa Phulwariya Sauth Chhaprabahas

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Sauth Mansingh Sauth Shreepur Sukulpakar Baguara Gopi Singh Gheghwa Kothiya Madhuaha Brit Tetaria Meghua Naraha Panapur Punas Lahladpur Semraha Teraria Belwaray Bijulpur Hardiya Jaghunathpur Jaisinghpur Purvi Jaisinghpur Sauth Jaisinhpur Madhopur Madhumalat Turkauliya Mathurapur Ranichhapra Sapahi Shankar Saraiya Sauth Shankar Sharaiya North Turkawaliya Midil Turkawaliya Weast Turkawliya Puri

East champaran Sugauli, Motihari and Lalbegiaghat etc. Motihari town is frequently affected due to spill of Sikrahana river (Burhi Gandak is known as Sikrahana in its upper reaches). Burhi Gandak is almost fully embanked in the lower reach i.e. the stretch from Motihari to its outfall in Ganga, except few gaps in the left embankment near Muzaffarpur town when the Bagmati spills meet the Burhi Gandak river.

Sr. No. Block Years Frequency East Champaran 1 Kesharia 87,88,89,90,93,96,98,99,2000,01,02,03,04,07 14 2 Madhuban 87,88,90,94,95,96,98,99,2000, 01,02,03,04,07 14 3 Sugauli 87,93,94,95,98,2000,01,02,03,04,05,06,07 13 4 Areraj 87,88,89,90,93,96,98,01,02,03,04,07 12 5 Chiraiya 87,95,96,98,2000,01,02,03,04,05,06,07 12 6 Raxaul 87,88,93,95,96,98,01,02,04,05,07 11 7 Ramgarhwa 87,88,93,95,98,2000,01,02,03,04,07 11 8 Pakridayal 87,90,93,94,96,98,01,02,03,04,07 11 9 Mothari 87,95,96,98,2000,01,02,03,04,05,07 11 10 Patahi 90,93,94,95,96,98,99,02,03,04,07 11 42

11 Turkauliya 87,88,89,93,94,95,2000,01,04,07 10 12 Maheshi 87,93,98,2000,01,02,03,05,07 9 13 Adapur 87,90,93,96,98,02,03,04,07 9 14 Banjaria 98,2000,01,02,03,04,05,06,07 9 15 Tetaria 98,99,2000,01,02,03,04,07 8 16 Paharpur 93,95,98,01,02,03,04,07 8 17 Chhauradano 87,98,01,02,04,05,07 7 18 Dhooka 87,93,96,98,02,04,07 7 19 Sungrumpur 93,98,01,02,03,04,07 7 20 Chakia 87,98,01,07 4 21 Chorasahan 87,98,04,07 4 22 Phenhara 98,99,02,07 4 23 Harshiddhi 87,01,04,07 4 24 Kalyenpur 87,04,07 3 25 PipraKothi 01,04,07 3 26 Madhubani 93 1 27 Korwa 04,07 2 28 Bankarwa 04 1

Flood Damage in East Champaran since 1991 to 2015

Year Affec Affected Affected People (In Affected area (In Lakh Hector) Approx ted Panchayats (in Lakh) . bloc numbers) damag ks Ful Parti Tot Villa Pop Anim Agric Non Tota Crop e (In ly ally al ge ulat als ultura Agricul l Lakh) ion l tural 1991 ------1992 ------1993 14 43 61 104 297 4.29 2.86 0.61 0.02 0.63 0.61 3723.50 1994 5 20 26 46 - 2.50 - - - 0.24 0.20 - 1995 9 2 40 42 58 0.35 0.10 0.4 0.01 0.05 0.04 19.93 1996 10 5 34 39 70 1.32 0.65 0.06 - 0.06 0.06 3.00 1997 ------1998 21 - 181 181 530 8.66 8.11 1.58 0.47 1.93 2.05 3063.47 1999 5 - 55 55 102 1.72 0.10 0.05 - 0.05 0.02 120.00 2000 9 - 20 20 32 0.07 0.001 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.03 112.60 2001 19 67 117 184 555 8.69 1.41 0.94 0.26 1.20 0.90 3,404,5 7 2002 19 16 121 137 314 2.77 0.340 0.560 0.060 0.62 0.180 1,475 0 2003 15 30 70 100 268 4.16 0.380 0.380 0.130 0.51 0.320 530.20 0 2004 24 25 77 334 886 0.81 20.010 1.890 0.710 2.60 1.890 1.151 7 0 2005 7 14 33 47 133 1.77 0.180 0.950 0.230 1.18 1.280 45.20 0 2006 3 2 15 17 28 - - 0.72 0.35 1.07 0.59 224 0 2007 27 25 106 364 1195 37.0 3.91 2.27 2.14 4.41 0.41 6821.34 8 8 43

2008 ------2009 ------2010 ------2011 ------2012 ------2013 3 1 12 13 22 0.35 0.05 0.11 0.01 0.12 0.07 161.60 2014 ------2015 ------

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3.5. Earthquake

There is no specific record of damages and deaths in this region that is available and communities don’t fear earthquake since the current and several previous generations haven’t witnessed this in a long time. Thus, in case of Earthquake hazard, we focus future damage potential rather than disaster history to assess the severity of the hazard. To this end, a study conducted by Prof. A.S. Arya, Member, B.S.D.M.A. is put here to bring to light estimated probable damages and loss of lives that may occur in Bihar, if there is a repeat of 1934 earthquake. This analysis has been done based on Housing and Population data of Census of India 2011.

Probable loss to human lives and probable number of housing which will need reconstruction or retrofitting has been computed.

Damages to Houses

To compute probable building damages in a given area, a relation was established between building types and seismic intensities. The building types are: Type-A: Un-burnt brick houses, clay houses Type-B: Ordinary burnt brick buildings Type-C: Wooden and Concrete Type-X: Grass/Plastic/Bamboo/Polythene/G.I./Asbestos Sheets Seismic intensity zones are IV and V as per Seismic Zoning Map of India (IS: 1893-2002).

Damage grades are adopted from G1 (Slight damage) to G5 (Total damage). Number of Housing under damage grades G2, G3, G4, G5 are provided below in Table 1. Distric Block Seismi District nA (H) nB (M) nC1 nC2 Type X Total t c Zone Factor (L) (L) (VL) s Purba Champaran IV R = 120,56 555,45 5,10 5,40 539,20 1,225,71 Raxaul IV 4.09L = 0 4,174 224,327 5 420 2 317 026,865 9 56,103 Adapur IV F0.37 = 7,644 22,157 309 192 22,608 52,910 Ramgarhwa IV 0.32 4,090 18,262 202 105 26,578 49,237 Sugauli IV 4,923 23,954 82 216 25,674 54,849 Banjaria IV 4,690 17,521 55 117 16,587 38,970 Narkatia IV 9,010 21,295 143 99 12,997 43,544 Bankatwa IV 5,698 12,574 79 122 7,415 25,888 Ghorasahan IV 6,450 23,285 329 254 10,880 41,198 Dhaka IV 10,712 44,224 287 264 22,462 77,949 Chiraia IV 8,422 37,129 383 266 21,622 67,822 Motihari IV 7,427 46,704 551 948 34,425 90,055 Turkaulia IV 2,593 16,533 245 137 23,858 43,366 Harsidhi IV 1,901 18,798 118 180 28,125 49,122 Paharpur IV 1,464 18,876 145 71 21,301 41,857 Areraj IV 2,023 18,311 120 195 16,014 36,663 Sangrampur IV 1,406 12,002 126 142 13,604 27,280 Kesaria IV 4,057 17,119 148 162 22,445 43,931 Kalyanpur IV 6,097 27,574 119 288 32,535 66,613 Kotwa IV 3,265 14,905 190 71 24,371 42,802 Piprakothi IV 1,127 7,872 8 83 9,940 19,030 45

Chakia(Pipra) IV 4,298 25,841 117 271 23,883 54,410 Pakri Dayal IV 2,946 17,345 76 156 18,295 38,818 Patahi IV 3,597 20,992 202 161 19,524 44,476 Phenhara IV 1,046 6,074 46 63 11,213 18,442 Madhuban IV 5,044 14,423 160 290 16,214 36,131 Tetaria IV 2,360 6,747 64 70 14,164 23,405 Mehsi IV 4,096 20,608 381 162 15,601 40,848

Loss of Human Lives: Risk of loss of human lives is based on the damage grade, the average population per house (R), the time of occurrence of earthquake, the type of construction and type of the roof of the collapsed houses. Losses of human lives are considered under damage grades of Collapse and Destruction (G5 and G4) and under grades G3 and G2 assumed nil. Type of roofs: R1: Light weight pitched roofs R2: Pitched roofs with heavy weight covering R3: Heavy flat roofs consisting of wood joists carrying bricks and earth fill, stone slabs, RB or RC roof slabs A life loss Reduction Factor (L) for the district is based on Light roof housing type R1 and R2. The time of occurrence of earthquake may be either favorable (say, at the clear weather and daytime, when people are working) or unfavorable (say, at the cold mid night, when people are sleeping). For occurrence of earthquake at a favorable time, life loss reduction factor (F) for the district is based on rural and urban housing. Table-2 represents possible number of loss of human lives in both favourable and unfavourable cases. District Block Unfavora Favorabl Re- NG5 NG4 NG3 NG2 ble e Repairing construct ion

NG5 NG4 NG3 18,632NG2 4,515 206 66 5,981 23,147 Adapur 764 7,949 17,241 4,273 310 99 8,713 21,514 Ramgarhwa 409 4,894 14,034 3,276 185 59 5,303 17,310 Sugauli 492 6,088 18,365 4,186 229 73 6,580 22,550 Banjaria 469 5,270 13,510 3,109 202 65 5,739 16,619 Narkatia 901 8,887 16,671 4,052 351 112 9,788 20,723 Bankatwa 570 5,531 9,878 2,464 219 70 6,101 12,342 Ghorasahan 645 7,166 18,006 4,414 275 88 7,811 22,420 Dhaka 1,071 12,456 34,027 7,850 474 152 13,528 41,877 Chiraia 842 10,029 28,543 6,688 380 122 10,872 35,231 Motihari 743 10,241 35,735 8,687 377 121 10,983 44,422 Turkaulia 259 3,598 12,632 2,961 132 42 3,857 15,593 Harsidhi 190 3,306 14,271 3,186 117 38 3,496 17,457 Paharpur 146 2,986 14,288 3,103 104 33 3,132 17,392 46

Areraj 202 3,348 13,916 3,135 120 38 3,551 17,051 Sangrampur 141 2,255 9,134 2,107 81 26 2,395 11,241 Kesaria 406 4,755 13,175 3,105 181 58 5,160 16,279 Kalyanpur 610 7,330 21,178 4,899 277 89 7,940 26,077 Kotwa 327 3,939 11,450 2,676 149 48 4,266 14,126 Piprakothi 113 1,632 5,998 1,334 60 19 1,745 7,331 Chakia(Pipra) 430 5,808 19,742 4,490 215 69 6,237 24,231 Pakri Dayal 295 3,944 13,253 2,997 146 47 4,239 16,250 Patahi 360 4,797 16,050 3,691 178 57 5,157 19,741 Phenhara 105 1,392 4,645 1,071 52 17 1,497 5,716 Madhuban 504 5,225 11,241 2,879 204 65 5,730 14,120 Tetaria 236 2,445 5,251 1,290 95 31 2,681 6,540 Mehsi 410 5,133 15,818 3,806 193 62 5,542 19,623

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3.6. Drought

The district receives a normal rainfall of 1241.6 mm . The economy of the district mainly depends upon agriculture. It has seen several difficulties perpetuated by Baghmati in the form of flood, famine and drought.

ck<+ vkink dh rqyuk eas lq[kkM+ dk dqizHkko dkQh yEcs le; ds ckn ifjyf{kr gksrk gS A lq[kkM+ dk izHkko vkfFkZd] i;kZoj.kh; ,oa lkekftd Lrjksa ij iM+rk gSA d`f"k mRiknu esa deh] ou la ink dk gzkl] eRL; lalk/ku ij izfrdwy vlj] jkstxkj dh deh vkfn vkfFkZd dqizHkko gSa] tcfd Hkw&xHkZ tyLrj esa deh] tyk'k;kas] >hykas] ugjksa vkfn dk lw[kuk] tS fod fofo/krkvkas vkfn ij izHkko i;kZoj.kh; dqizHkko gSaA lkekU; O;fDr dh vk; eas fxjkoV ds QyLo:i cPpksa dh f'k{kk] ykyu& ikyu] oSokfgd dk;ZØe vkfn eas ck/kk mRiUu gksrh gS ] ftldh otg ls mUgsa Hkwfe] i'kq/ku vkfn cspuk iM+rk gSA blds vykok dqiks"k.k] Hkw[kejh rFkk lkekftd xfjek esa fxjkoV o lalk/kuksa dh deh ds dkj.k lkekftd la?k"kZ vkfn Hkh lq[kkM+ ds lkekftd dqizHkko gSaA

STATEMENT SHOWING FREQENCY OF DROUGHT PRONE DISTRICTS DURING 1966-2010 SI no Name of districts Year Frenquency Year

1 E. Champaran 66,70,71,82,92,01,10 7

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1- lq[kkM + dh fLFkfr ls fuiVus esa fofHkUu foHkkxksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk lekos'khdj.kA 2- ladsrdkas ds vk/kkj ij lq[kkM + dh fLFkfr eas iM +us okys izHkkoksa dk vkdyu] tkudkfj;ksa@a vk¡dMksa ds laxzg gsrq mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk fu/kkZj.kA 3- fu.kZ; ysusokyks rd lwpukvksa ds fuckZ/k izokg gsr q lapkj ykbZu (Line dh igpkuA 4- Hksn~; lewgksa dh igpku djukA 5- jkgr xfrfof/k;ksa ds vuqJo.k esa 'kkfey ,tsfUl;ksa dh igpkuA blds vfrfjDr dqN ,sls dkjd Hkh g Sa] tks fd lh/ks lq[kkM + vkink ls lEcfU/kr ugha gSa] ijUrq mudh mifLFkfr vkink ds izHkkoksa dks dbZ xquk c<+krh gSA vr% mu dkjdksa ij Hkh fopkj dj muls fuiVus ds mik;ksa ij ppkZ djuh vko”;d gksxh

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 Ik'kq pkjs dh vkiwfrZ rFkk lkekU; ewY;kas ds lkis{k izpfyr ewY;ksa dh rqyuk  is; ty vkiwfrZ dh fLFkfr  yksd dk;ksaZ esa jkstxkj dh ekax rFkk etnwjksa dk jkstxkj dh [kkst esa vlekU; xfrfof/k  lkekU; fLFkfr ds lkis{k izpfyr d`f"k dk;ksZa ,oa xSj d`f"k dk;ksZa ds fy, etnwjh dh rqyuk  [kk|kUUk dh vkifwrZ rFkk vko';d oLrqvksa dh dherkas dh fLFkfrA

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3.7. Key Actions to strengthen the functioning of East Champaran District Administration and Departments in Disaster Management This section includes an assessment of both vulnerabilities and capacities within the line departments. As part of the process, a number of consultations were held with several line departments on one-to-one basis. The exercise revealed the existing scenario in which these line departments are functioning, the challenges they face and capabilities available when it comes to disaster management and related matters. In the following sub-sections, a matrix provides an overview of the current situation of each line department, as it summarizes the main strengths and areas of improvement. Right after, a table was prepared to provide an explanation of these elements, as well as of other relevant factors. Depending on the line department, some sub-topics were also added like suggestions for further action and information about past disasters.

Sr. Department Capacity Areas for Key actions to strengthen No Improvement functioning of the departments 1. Agriculture Funding Personal, - Department should increase their Department Equipment’s, DM Guideline, Sop’s so Coordination department feel ready for the with district next disaster administration - Training on various aspects of disaster management of department personnel - Department also don’t have own equipment’s for disaster management 2. Animal Husbandry Coordination Personnel, - SOPs and DM guidelines needs to Department with district Equipment, be prepare administration Funding and - Department also don’t have own Training equipment’s for disaster management - Sufficient funding by the Government for the DM Work - Increase manpower at district and block level, specially doctors. 3. Education Coordination Personnel, - Purchase multipurpose Department with district Equipment equipment which can be used for administration and Funding department normal work as well as disaster management work - To increase personnel in the department, Infrastructure, sanitation and proper training are the field which have to be focused more - Department should increase their DM Guideline, Sop’s so Department feel ready for the next disaster - Ensure proper funding mechanism from the state as well as district level 4. District Industries Funding, Personal - To increase personnel in the Department Coordination department

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with district department 5. Fire & Emergency Coordination Equipment - Computers should be given to Service Department with the the department for maintaining District and tracking the records. Administration, - Ambulance siren should be Personnel, different from fire brigade siren. Funding - State-of-the-art equipment’s should be made available for the department - Fire department should have their own workshop for the repair of vehicles. 6. Fisheries Funding Coordination - Making good communication Department with district system between Department and administration District Administration 7. Food and Supply Funding Personal - To increase personnel in the Department department - 8. Forest Department Coordination Personnel, - Ensure proper funding with the Funding and mechanism from the state as well District disaster as district level Administration, management - Improvement of the staff Equipment guidelines - Department should increase their DM Guideline, Sop’s so Department feel ready for the next disaster 9. Nagar Parishad Funding, - Ensure proper funding Personnel, mechanism from the state as well Coordination as district level with district - Making good communication administration system between Department and and disaster District Administration management - Department should increase their guidelines staff members - Department should have their own disaster management guideline 10. Police Department Equipment Personnel, - Ensure proper funding Funding and mechanism from the state as well Coordination as district level with district - To increase personnel in the administration department - Training on various aspects of disaster management of department personnel 11. Road and Personnel, Training - Improvement of the technical construction Funding, staff for the response for the department Coordination disaster management with district

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administration and Equipment 12. Transportation Coordination Funding, - Ensure proper funding Department with district Personnel, mechanism from the state as well administration Equipment as district level and Disaster - To increase personnel of agency Management for the efficient service delivery Guidelines - Purchase multipurpose equipment which can be used for department normal work as well as disaster management work - Prepare SOP for disaster management 13. Water Resource Coordination Personnel, - Improvement of the technical Department with district Funding and staff for the response for the administration Equipment disaster management - Ensure proper funding mechanism from the state as well as district level - Department should have own more number of equipment’s for disaster management 14. Welfare Department Funding, Personnel, - There is a shortage of manpower, Coordination Equipment Vacancies are of- 2 clerks,18block with district and Disaster officers, 2 computer operators so, administration Management department should have increase their man power Guidelines - Department should increase their equipment power - Department should increase their DM Guideline, Sop’s so Department feel ready for the next disaster

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3.8. School Safety Audit in East Champaran

i. Key Findings after School Safety Audit School Infrastructure:  The SCR and student-staff ratio are elevated in most of the assessed schools, which increases the potential threat in case of hazards and disasters (see Annexure 1);  The most highlighted reason by respondents to justify the risk children face in school is the lack of safety equipment, which should be urgently addressed;  Among the assessed schools, one do not have a building and students have classes in the open or in improvised classrooms, which poses a serious threat to student safety and to their right to education;  One of the assessed schools are reported to be located near risky areas, as industrial areas, flood prone areas, river bank areas, low-lying areas, national highway or railway, etc;  Most schools reported to not have electricity and wire systems checked by staff and school building checked by engineers. Furthermore, 10 schools reported to not have mechanical and electronic equipment safely enclosed;  18 schools reported to not be of easy access to emergency vehicles. These present a highly risky scenario regarding school infrastructure, which makes them directly vulnerable to disasters and makes response to disasters more difficult by emergency services.

Awareness and Training:  Almost all the school representatives interviewed have recently experienced the 2015 Nepal earthquakes and have played roles in this event, such as search and rescue, distributing relief, spreading awareness, and supporting in first aid. This shows a good level of awareness and preparedness among school representatives. Additionally, 19 out of the 21 schools have taken steps after the Nepal earthquake to increase its preparedness, such as mock drills and awareness spreading;  Efforts to increase awareness and training among school teachers and students could be observed, as most respondents have showed a good level of understanding about earthquake, fire, accidents and floods. Furthermore, students and staff have read materials about disaster management and school safety;  On the other hand, school staff and students are not much aware about early warning systems and about river bank erosion, droughts, cyclones and cyclonic storms, which are also common hazards in the region;  It was observed that 8 school representatives specifically asked for more training and acknowledged that students and staff need deeper awareness on disaster management and mitigation.

School and Disaster Preparedness:  Even though the district of East Champaran has a historical record of multiple hazards that have damaged school areas and the teachers demonstrate to have a good knowledge about certain hazards, it does not reflect in greater levels of preparedness;  In general, essential preparedness measures were absent in the schools, such as student safety accident insurance, emergency fund, list of important telephone numbers, materials about disaster management, fire safety equipments and telephones;  Most of the respondents emphasized the fact that schools need to be provided with trained security guards.

Health and Hygiene: 53

 Among the assessed schools, 8 do not have first aid kits available and 10 do not have proper drainage system to avoid flood and water logging. The fact that the region is prone to floods during the monsoon season consequently makes students of these schools more vulnerable to vector-borne and mosquito-borne diseases. This scenario is worsened as 7 schoolsreported to not have dust bins available and 1 to not have kitchen facilities in sanitary conditions, which aggravates the insalubrity level and the spread of diseases;  Only 38% of the assessed schools have conducted a health-checkup program;  On the other hand, most of the schools reported to have toilet-bathroom and clean drinking water facilities;  During the audit, some school representatives specifically asked for the presence of health personnel in the school.

Hazard Risks:  As a consequence, to the facts that some schools do not have mechanical and electrical equipment safely enclosed, electricity and wire systems regularly checked and fire safety equipments, fire and accident risks are increased. In addition, the facts that only in 2 schools windows can be used as emergency exits and that many schools have high SCR make quick evacuation in case of fire more difficult;  Among the assessed schools, 11 declared themselves to not be structurally prepared to drain water in case of floods and to have vulnerable buildings. As floods and earthquakes are recurrent disasters in the region, these observed risks pose a serious threat to the safety of students.

ii. Key Recommendations for School Safety: School Infrastructure:  The number of classrooms per school and/or the number of schools should be increased in order to reduce SCR;  In the district areas where students have classes in the open or in improvised classrooms, school buildings should be built as soon as possible;  The architectural designs of the schools should be carefully scrutinized for local suitability to ensure proper ventilation, evacuation routes and appropriately sized and designed classrooms;  Measures should be taken to reduce water logging by improving drainage system in schools that do not have a proper drainage flow;  Plans for construction of new schools should consider having sufficient open space for gathering, sufficient number classrooms; large corridors; and being located in an area of easy access to emergency vehicles;  Retrofitting and repairing of old and damaged buildings should be done as soon as possible, ensuring that school buildings are resistant to earthquakes and seasonal storms and that mechanical and electronic equipment are safely enclosed;  Electricity and wire systems should be regularly checked by staff;  School buildings should be regularly checked by engineers in order to make sure they are in accordance with Building Bye laws;  Schools that do not have multiple exits from the same building should install them as soon as possible.

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Awareness and Training:  A programme for teachers and students should be organized in order to increase awareness about hazards and precautions steps to be taken;  Teachers and students from classes 6th to 8th need to be trained on the operation of fire extinguishers;  Do's and Don'ts for different disasters should also be displayed on notice boards of schools and be taught to students and teachers;  Teachers should be made aware to ensure that fire extinguishers are refilled timely;  A comprehensive training on disaster management should be provided to the teachers, focusing on preparedness and response. It shall cover how to prepare a school disaster management plan;  Increasing awareness about river bank erosion, earthquakes, fire, accidents and floods should be a priority in school programs in East Champaran.

School and Disaster Preparedness:  Schools should improve the data collection, record-keeping systems and facilities to keep important documents, besides of issuing identity cards to students with name, contact details and blood group that can particularly be useful in disaster situations;  All the schools should have telephones readily available for use;  Mandatory school visits for fire control personnel for familiarization with premises is highly recommended;  School Disaster Management Plan should be made with indication of evacuation routes and safely assembly point in the school. Active steps need to be taken for their formulation and implementation;  Blood group records of students should be maintained along with personal details of each student;  A list of all emergency contact numbers that includes teachers, nearest Police Station, Ambulance, Fire Station and DPO should be easily available in all the schools, as well as a telephone and first aid kits;  Fire extinguishers should be installed in sufficient number in all schools and should be regularly recharged.

Health and Hygiene:  Annual health check-up in every school should be ensured and monitored;  All schools should have first aid kits and make sure the medicines are not out of date;  All schools should have sufficient garbage bins;  Drainage systems should be maintained and monitored to not have water logging in any case. Drains outside schools should also be covered and cleaned;  School administrations should review hygiene improvement in schools, especially in school that have kitchens;  Bathroom facilities with sanitary conditions should be constructed and maintained in all schools;  All schools should have clean drinking water facilities available for students.

Hazard Risks:  Regular mock drills and training on fire, earthquake, flood and accidents should be conducted with students and staff.

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3.9. Hospital-Fire Safety Audit in East Champaran

2.8.1. FINDINGS THROUGH DATA ANALYSIS General Information on the Assessed Hospitals

 All the hospitals are directly connected with main roads, which is an important feature in case a disaster or an incident happen.  All the assessed hospitals have a list of emergency numbers readily available and staff instructed in the use of fire protection procedures, which is also a good parameter of preparedness level.  Important preparedness measures have not been implemented yet or have not been regularly maintained in some of the assessed hospitals. For instance, only the FRU in Dhaka, the PHC in Mehsi and the Referral Hospital in Areraj have fire extinguishers, which are mounted in readily accessible locations, and employees instructed in their use. In addition, only the FRU in Dhaka and the PHC in Mehsi regularly recharge their fire extinguishers.  Another important measure is to have direct communication – hot lines - with important stakeholders, as the local Fire Department branch, the police, and NGO’s. Among the assessed hospitals, only the FRU in Dhaka, the PHC in Mehsi and the Referral Hospital in Areraj have direct communication with these stakeholders.  All the hospitals, except from the FRU in Chakia, have the respective local Fire Department branch in their region acquainted with the hospital premises. The local Fire Department branch In Chakia is yet to become acquainted with the FRU in Chakia.  The Referral Hospital in Areraj and the PHC in Raxaul do not have open space for gathering during emergencies.  The FRU in Chakia, the Referral Hospital in Areraj and the PHC in Raxaul are still to implement sign board for directing safe emergency evacuation.

General Safety Information  General safety information was evaluated as relatively good in the assessed hospitals, as most of them have carts and wheelchairs in good operating conditions and are free of clutter. These are important preventive measures, as the general conditions facilitate emergency evacuations in case of an incident.  The Referral Hospital in Areraj and the PHC in Raxaul are yet to improve the excess paper and combustible material storage and secure compressed gas cylinders from falling over.

General Safety Information  In general, hospitals are yet to improve mitigation to fire hazards. The FRU in Chakia, the Referral Hospital in Areraj and the PHC in Raxaul are yet to install fire alarms and, subsequently, to ensure their staff knows their location. Furthermore, in these hospitals, staff are not aware of the location of fire extinguishers in the hospital premises or in nearby areas.  Containers of powders, liquids, and gases are yet to be labeled as to its content in the Referral Hospital in Areraj and in the the PHC in Raxaul.

Emergency Routes, Exits, Hallways & Stairs Condition  All the hospitals reported to have hard floor surfaces secure and free of tripping and slipping hazards, besides of exit doors easily and immediately open.  All the hospitals, except from the PHC in Raxaul, have sufficient ways of escaping for the number of people usually present inside their building. Records of past evacuation drills conducted in these hospitals have confirmed this capacity.  The PHC in Raxaul and the Referral Hospital in Areraj reported to not have corridors kept clear of obstructions and exits indicated by signs. Among the hospitals that reported to have exit signs, the PHC in Mehsi do not have these signs adequately illuminated. In addition, the FRU in Chakia, the 56

Referral Hospital in Areraj and the PHC in Mehsi have floor surfaces in need of repair and the PHC in Raxaul does not have emergency routes and exits adequately lit. These features need to be improved in order to facilitate safe evacuation in case of emergencies.  In terms of stair conditions, the PHC in Mehsi , the PHC in Raxaul and the Referral Hospital in Areraj does not have stairwell handrails in good conditions, the PHC in Raxaul and the Referral Hospital in Areraj does not have stair treads in good conditions, and the PHC in Raxaul does not have stairwells completely clear of obstructions.

Electrical Safety  In general, most of the evaluated hospitals follow safety measures on electrical equipment, which helps to avoid fire hazards.  However, some hospitals still need to improve their practices and maintenance of their electrical equipments. For instance, the Referral Hospital in Areraj and the PHC in Raxaul does not have electrical equipments in good conditions and electrical switches and circuit breakers identified.

Laboratory Safety  In general, laboratory safety standards are followed at some extent in some of the assessed hospitals.  However, emergency showers, eyewash and fire extinguishers are not available in labs, except from the PHC in Mehsi and the PHC in Raxaul.  In addition, the Referral Hospital in Areraj and the PHC in Raxaul do not have flammable storage cabinets located out of hallways and exit paths or refrigerators labelled to indicate safety for the storage of flammables.  Corrosives are not stored on the lowest shelves in the Referral Hospital in Areraj and in the PHC in Mehsi.  In the Referral Hospital in Areraj flammables, acids, and bases are not stored separately from each other.  Only the FRU in Chakia, in the FRU in Dhaka and in the PHM in Mehsi containers with chemicals are labelled to indicate any hazard and only in the FRU in Chakia and in Dhaka chemicals are labelled indicating their content.

Workplace Regulations  As showed below, only hospital employees in the PHC in Raxual and in the FRU in Dhaka have been identified for firefighting duties and only in these hospitals and in the PHC in Mehsi adequate training were conducted to the employees.

Management Regulations  Up to the date that this study was carried out, only the FRU in Dhaka and the PHC in Mehsi had an Emergency Plan and only these hospitals and the Referral Hospital in Areraj had previously conducted a Fire Risk Assessment (FRA).  The Referral Hospital in Areraj and the PHC in Raxual were reported as not possessing appropriate procedures for serious and imminent danger, as well as any effective system for monitoring and controlling hazard risks.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

Risk Prevention and Mitigation

 Electrical equipments and systems should be kept in good condition and regularly inspected in order to avoid fire. Hospitals should use electrical switches and plugs of good standard quality and in sufficient quantity, electrical circuit breakers should be identified and electrical cords and plugs should be regularly inspected.  Excess paper and combustible materials should be stored properly in order to avoid fire hazards.  Appropriate Fire Fighting Equipment (FFE) should be installed in all hospitals and be regularly refilled/ maintained. They should be easily accessible, simple to use and indicated by signs. Fire alarms, fire extinguishers and sprinkler systems should be available and staff trained in order to avoid fire incidents.  Fire extinguishers should be available and mounted at appropriate locations. Their location should be identified and sign boards should be fixed in different places for directing emergency evacuation. In specific, the FRU in Chakia and the PHC in Raxaul should urgently be provided with fire extinguishers and their employees should be instructed on their use.  Sprinkler systems should be at least in each storage room of all the hospitals and kept at least 18" below on sprinkler head.  Hospitals should have direct communication – “hot lines” - with police and fire stations for quick response in case of an emergency.  All hospitals should have open spaces for safe gathering in case of incidents.  All chemical containers and refrigerators should be labelled to indicate any hazard which may be present. Flammables, acids, and bases should be stored separately from each other and out of hallways and exit paths. Flammable storage cabinets should also be located out of hallways and exit paths.  Hospitals should have emergency showers and eyewash facilities in case of an incident with laboratory materials.

Evacuation  Sign boards and signals should be placed in proper locations for emergency evacuation in all hospitals.  All exits and exit signs should be properly illuminated, especially during the night, for easy and safe evacuation in case of emergency.  Emergency routes of each hospital should be identified and emergency exits should be kept clear from any type of obstruction.  Emergency exits should be installed in all hospitals for exclusive use in case of emergencies. Especially in the PHC in Raxaul, which lacks sufficient ways of escaping, emergency exits should be urgently installed.  A specified team responsible for evacuation should be designated among the staff members and adequately trained for being able to lead evacuation from the hospital in case of an emergency.  Evacuation mock drills should be conducted annually by the trained team, in presence of the local Fire Department Branch, and drill records should be kept. Identified gaps from mock drills should be analyzed and improved.  Hospital floor surfaces should be kept in good conditions.  The Refferal Hospital in Areraj and the PHC in Raxaul should improve the excess paper and combustible material storage and secure compressed gas cylinders from falling over.  Hospitals should have stairwell handrails and stair treads in good conditions, besides of stairwells completely clear of obstructions.

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 Staff should be assigned with specific duties for preventing different types of hazards. Different teams should be formed with staff members for different prevention and response task, as conducting mock drills and evacuation, monitoring and controlling disasters risks and operating and maintaining fire equipments.  Proper relevant trainings should be conducted for the staff assigned according to their specific duties.  The local firefighting department should be acquainted with all the hospitals and mock drills should be regularly conducted in their presence.  Hospital management should define appropriate procedures for serious and imminent danger and employees should be provided with relevant information about them.

Fire and Hazard Response  Doctors and proper facilities should be available for treating fire victims.  Doctors should be able to conduct burn treatment, if needed.  Hospitals should have isolation sterile room for burn patients and fire tenders to quickly respond to a fire scenario inside the hospital.

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4. Capacity and Gap Analysis The capacity analysis underlines the capabilities and availability of resources with the district administration to cope with an emergency or disaster situation. Here, it is in the form of a summary built upon the consultations with the line departments. The inventories of resources available with the line departments and with private contractors that can be utilized for emergency response are in the annexure (Annexure II and Annexure IV). A list of the focal points of all the line departments can be found in the Annexure I. The gap analysis reveals the main bottlenecks within the district when it comes to disaster risk reduction. They were identified during the period of field assessment and consultations and this analysis intends to help the local administration to have a better view of disaster management within the district so to be able to take straightforward actions. In the Disaster Risk Reduction Plan, the recommendations take into account the gap analysis and therefore they are directly related. It is expected that the update process of the DDMP places focus in this part to reflect the new features and development in East Champaran.

Capacity analysis

Capacity analysis

Capability Building is skill development. Skill development is either in relation to self or other than the self. For example, swimming is a skill in relation to the self, whereas, the skill to operate a fire extinguisher is a skill in relation to the fire extinguisher.

Capability Building: At the Community Level: Capability building at the community level has to be largely self-orientated like swimming, firmly thatching of roofs, taking out an injured lying under debris and carrying safely for medical aid, rescuing a person while drowning etc.

Capability Building: At the Ground Level Institutions: Capability building at the ground level institutions one has to build around self as well as simple technologies based equipment: For example, plying of motorized boats, debris removal, fire extinguishers, first aid, and snake/dog bite treatment, driving two wheelers, four wheelers setting up of tents, operating communication equipment, repair and maintenance of the same. The institutions that have to deal directly with the first respondent, that is communities, are.  Thana level Citizen Committees  Gram Panchyat and Gram Katcheri  PACs  Local CBO, & NGOs  Urban Local Bodies

For this category of institutions the capacity development programme and activities have to deal with:  Comprehensive understanding of hazard wise disaster caused  Hazard wise impact of disaster on people, livestock, property structures, agriculture, infrastructure etc.  Segment of impact wise operation to provide help and support with rescue, relief and shelter.  Keeping people alert and prepared on a periodic basis for the eventualities, that is, organizing drills and rehearsals. The programme and activities have to be in training and skill development mode coupled with practical and demonstrative exercises supported by IEC materials.

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As these institutions are also slated to play important roles in disaster mitigation and disaster preparedness exercises, their capacity has also to be built in: i. Disaster wise mitigation measures and their repair and maintenance ii. Disaster wise preparedness measures and their applications within the institutions as well as at the community level.

b. Institutional Capacity Building The District Administration, having support from DDMA, shall work out its own district level Disaster Management Plan, its mitigation and preparedness need, the plan implementation strategy and its upward linkages to the State and downward linkages to the communities. From the district side, the officers shall be engaged in: I. The organization and assisting of District Disaster Management Authority, its functioning, its roles and responsibilities, the making of District Disaster Management Plan, the involvement of local bodies in the plan preparation and implementation in coordination with states and villages. II. The formation and running of Emergency Operation Centres at the district and panchayat levels, the modalities of its functioning, its roles and responsibilities at Lo, L1, L2 period in coordination with states and villages. III. The upkeep of equipment and materials and management of stores and manpower. All these orientations through well-structured programmes are specifically required because of the whole exercise of disaster management still being relief centre with states and villages. Capacity development is a resultant output of a set of inputs provided to increase understanding of issues and in the light of the increased understanding and appreciation, to act in a desired manner in a given situation. The response is not wooden but enlivened by the use of intelligence if the situation happens to be at variance. It is a modulation which will be required, in the context of disaster management, by the district level institutions, and government departments, the district level agencies, stakeholders other than the state and its agencies, and the people in the unit of a community. Capacity Building: Other Stakeholders Stakeholders in disaster management other than the state, from ground level upward, are the communities, PRIs, the local bodies, CBO, s & NGOs, the block level functionaries, the District administration, the corporate bodies. Of these the PRIs are the constitutional bodies and have well defined roles to play in disaster management.

Communities are the victims as well as first respondents of any disaster. As such, disaster preparedness of a state is required to be measured in terms of community preparedness. But, before preparing people, the state itself, its machinery, its concerned institution, it functionaries at all level shall have to be prepared. That is, before the disaster preparedness is initiated at the community level, the Gram Panchayat bhawans shall be in place and functional, the District Disaster Management Authority, the District level Emergency Operation Centre, the District Disaster Management Plan shall be ready; the State Disaster Management Authority, the State Disaster Response Force, the Bihar Institute of Disaster Management and State level Emergency Operation Centre all shall be ready to get engaged to support community empowerment. Hazards Preparatory measures Imparting knowledge and understanding about hazard wise typical effects of disaster Typical effect wise how they should prepare themselves to reduce risk and cope up with the same. General How they have to prepare themselves to see through the emergencies. How they have to prepare themselves for SELF Awareness about the typical effects of earthquake as a hazard knowledge about proneness of the area and residence one is living in

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Sharing of the knowledge with family members and preparedness measures: how and where to take refuse under table or in a nook or corner of the house, move away from glass windows, bookcase and unsecured heavy object. Know the location of main switch in the house Not to rush out of house if an open space is not there Get furnishings and household appliances properly fitted Keep a torch light , mobile phone and a first aid kit within reach Earthquake Organize a team of young volunteers in rescue, debris removal, passage clearing operation as well as relief operations Remaining alert for the early warning Packaging of dry food stuff for the family + a can of drinking water Ready to shift to higher places like embankment etc. Keeping women and children mentally prepared for shifting Flood Remaining in contact with the local volunteers for help Developing a culture of water harvesting and storage in the drought prone areas Promoting social forestry in the area Protecting and channelizing the source of water like steams, river in the locality. Economizing water consumption. Drought Selection of crops suitable for drip irrigation. Arrangements for alternative source of drinking water. To keep the roof of their hutments firmly tied. To remain alert for warning. To orient their family members about high speed wind and what they are expected to do. High Velocity Avoid keeping anything heavy or sharp on roofs of hutments. Wind Identify an alternative and safe place to take refuge in case of emergencies.

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Training in Disaster Management S. State Name of the Course Participants No. Level / District Level 1. District & Orientation course for first Home Guards, Civil Defence volunteers, Forest State responders to disasters Protection Force, Police 2. State Joint staff course in Disaster District Magistrate, Additional District Response for middle-level officers Magistrates, Sub-Divisional Magistrates, Superintendents of Police, Additional Superintendents of Police, Deputy Superintendents of Police 3. State Basic training for Para-medics and Medical officers and para-medics nominated by medical personnel of NDRF various state governments battalions and states 4. State Search & Rescue and Safe Civil Defence volunteers, SDRF, Forest Evacuation Protection Force, Fire & Emergency Services, Home Guards, NSS, NYKS, NCC 5. State Training of Trainers on Incident 4 key and resourceful officers Response System (IRS) 6. State Training on Incident Response Selected personnel of Response Staff and System General Staff of IRS to train people identified for various roles in pre-disaster period 7. State Training of Trainers (TOT) on Masons Earthquake Resistant Technology for Masons 8. District Hospital Preparedness & Mass Doctors and Hospital Administrators Casualty Management including Hospital Management Plan 9. District Mass casualty management Paramedics / Response Force (Police, Fire & Emergency Services, Civil Defence) 10. District Role of PRIs / ULBs in Disaster PRIs and ULBs Management 11. District Training of teachers on School Teachers safety including School DM Plans and conduct of mock drills 12. District Training for Village Defence Parties Village volunteers 13. State TOT - Earthquake Resistant Engineers, Trainers from technical institutes, Technology for Engineers colleges, etc. 14. State TOT - Rapid Visual Screening for Junior Engineers Masonry Buildings 15. State TOT - Role of PRIs / ULBs in Disaster PRIs and ULBs Management 16. State State Disaster Resource Network SDO (Civil), Revenue Circle Officers (SDRN) 17. State Application of GIS Mapping of ADC, DPOs, Line Departments Utilities 18. State Damage and Needs Assessment ADC or DPO, District Disaster Management Authority; CMO, Health Department; District 63

Food & Civil Supply Officer, Project Director, DRDA; Exec. Engineer or Assistant Exec. Engineer, Public Health Engineering, Exec. Engineer, Public Works – Building & Roads, Town Committee and S.P. or A.S.P. or D.S.P. 19. District Shelter and Camp Management District Food & Civil Supplies Officer; ADC or DPO, District Disaster Management Authority 20. District Collapsed Structure Search and Civil Defence volunteers, Forest Protection Rescue and Medical First Response Force, Fire & Emergency Services, Home Guards, SDRF 21. District Public Health in Emergencies (Safe Public Health Engineering drinking water and sanitation, Alternative water resources identification during emergency conditions, Supply management).

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