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Soil Nutrient Status of Bhabhar and Hill Areas of Uttarakhand

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Soil Nutrient Status of Bhabhar and Hill Areas of Uttarakhand SOIL NUTRIENT STATUS OF BHABHAR AND HILL AREAS OF UTTARAKHAND Navneet Pareek1, K.P. Raverkar1, M.K. Bhatt*1, Shikhar Kaushik1, Subhash Chandra2, Gurvinder Singh2 and Hem C. Joshi3 1Department of soil science, College of Agriculture, G.B.P.U.A &T Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India 2Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant Univ. of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India 3Department of Plant Physiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, G.B.P.U.A & T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India *Correspondence: [email protected] ABSTRACT Soil is the most important and precious resource for food production. The increase in world population places continuous pressure on the soil resource to grow more and more food for the growing population. The per capita arable land is reducing every year due to increased population, land degradation and competition for non-agriculture land use. Due to enhanced production of food grains accompanied with imbalanced use of nutrients the intrinsic capability of soil to supply nutrients including micronutrients is reducing over the years. In Bhabhar area of Uttarakhand soils nutrient deficiency problems were more pronounced compared to soil of hilly area due to intense cropping. Application of balanced plant nutrients is thus the only solution to increase soil productivity for maintaining/enhancing the overall soil productivity. However soil nutrients status knowledge is must to determine the soil nutrients application roles. This study provides soil nutrients status of Nainital and Pauri Garhwal districts of Uttarakhand. Keywords: Bhabhar Soil, Micronutrients, Hill farming, Cropping pattern INTRODUCTION increasing altitude, the soil depth also decreases which intern Physical determinants, like steep and rugged topography, are leads to the erratic distribution of nutrients and other solutes in the primary factors that have influenced hill agriculture in the soils of the Bhimtal Nainital and Pauri districts of Uttarakhand. Uttarakhand. Agriculture is the primary and biggest source of The major problems in this area are the low Soil moisture income in rural parts of Uttarakhand and provides employment holding capacity and limited root zone. In this article an attempt to approximately 70% of the population. Hill agriculture is has been made to present the nutrients status of the soils of the an age-old phenomenon in Uttarakhand and appears to be a Bhimtal (Nainital) and Pauri districts in the Uttarakhand. complex production system which is mostly dependent upon the monsoon and winter rains. The rainfall distribution is MATERIALS AND METHODS quite varied from one region to another. On an average, the Several surface soil samples (0-15 cm depth) from ten sites Tarai - Bhabar plains receive 168cm annual rainfall. Climate of Bhimtal (Nainital) and Pauri districts (Table 1 and 2) is largely governed by elevation, slope, direction of mountain comprising Bhabhar and Hill area of Uttarakhand were ranges and their position in relation to the snow-clad peaks. collected from the rice-wheat based cropping system to know The annual average temperature in the region generally varies the physico-chemical properties of soil using standard methods. from 17°C in the hills to 35°C in the plains. Soil samples were brought to the laboratory air dried, processed and analyzed for physico-chemical, chemical, physical and The different pedo-ecological zones in Uttarakhand, over which biological parameters after passing through 2mm sieve. The pH the soils are developed also had a great impact on cropping and EC were determined in 1:2 soils: water ratio and after half patterns and crop production. For example, the Tarai, Siwaliks an hour of equilibrium, using digital pH meter (Jackson 1967). and Duns (<900m), in general, have alluviums which are rich in The organic carbon content in soil was determined by following nutrients and therefore fertile and productive for crop farming. the modified (Walkley et al., 1934) method as described by Throughout the study region, there is a large variation in soil (Jackson 1967). Available nitrogen was determined by alkaline types and their distribution from one place to another. With potassium permanganate method (Subbiah et al., 1956). ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 27, 2019 89 Available phosphorus in soil was extracted by using sodium centimeters at high elevations to about 2 meter deep in the bi-carbonate extractant (0.5 M NaHCO3) adjusted to pH 8.5 valleys or depressions. In contrast, the plain area of the state has (Olsen et al., 1954). Available potassium in soil mainly refers to deep and highly productive soils The soils are developed form exchangeable + water soluble K. The exchangeable K constitutes alluvium deposited by the two major river of the state i.e. the the major portion of available potassium except in saline Ganga, the Yamuna and their tributaries. The soils of Haridwar, and saline sodic soil. Available K was determined by neutral U.S. Nagar and lower part of Nainital district represent the ammonium acetate (1N NH4OAc; pH 7) method outlined Gangetic plain. These soils are very deep, highly productive by (Black 1965). Available sulphur content was estimated by and intensively cultivated to wheat, rice, sugarcane etc. These extracting the soil with 0.15 percent CaCl2.2H2O solution soils occur on three different landforms viz. piedmont plain as described by (Williams et al., 1959). Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe (locally known as Bhabhar), Tarai and old alluvium. Bhabhar were analyzed with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer soil constitutes a narrow belt in U.S. Nagar and lower part of at wavelength 213.7nm, 324.6nm, 279.5nm and 248.7nm, Nainital district covering 0.72m ha. The soils are deep, well respectively. Available Boron in soil was determined following drained, neutral or slightly alkaline, coarse-loamy/fine-loamy, method of (Berger et al., 1936) and designated as hot water and with deep, well drained, neutral to slightly acidic coarse- soluble boron or available boron. Categorization of soil in loamy, very fragmental and fine-loamy of sandy soils. At places, to low, medium and high status of nutrient content were deep, excessively drained soils occur. The major constraints done following (Singh et al., 1999).The dehydrogenase of the soils of piedmont plain are the low moisture holding activity of soil was determined using the method listed by capacity and limited root growth zone. Tarai soils are found in (Casida et al., 1964). Biological activity of a soil is the function U.S. Nagar and lower part of Nainital district in continuation of number of organisms present in soil and their physiological of Bhabhar soils. The soils are very deep, well drained, slightly efficiency. Monitoring of dehydrogenases, which are respiratory alkaline and coarse-loamy/fine-loamy. The other soils in this enzymes and integral part of all soil organisms, will give a tract are coarse-loamy (calcareous) and fine loamy. These measure of biological activity of soil at a given time. The amount soils are rich in organic matter, plant nutrients and have fairly of dehydrogenase activity was expressed in terms of µg TPF 24 good water holding capacity. In Tarai belt problem of wetness, h-1 g-1 soil. overflows and places of erosion are observed. Tarai soils are one of the most productive soils in the country. Rice, wheat, Soils of Uttarakhand sugarcane, lentil, mustard etc. are the principal crops grown on Uttarakhand is a mountainous state where about 90% area falls these soils intensively. in the hill region and only 10 per cent is in the plains. These two distinct physiographic regions have different soil groups. The Land form wise soil nutrient status Bhabhar hill region consists of three outward successions of mountains (Piedmont plain): viz. Greater Himalayas, Lesser Himalayas and Shiwalik ranges It is the region south of the Lower Himalayas and the Siwalik in decreasing order of height. These hills possess very little Hills where the alluvial grade merges into the Indo-Gangetic leveled land. Soils of the hill region are characterized by their Plains. Thirty initial soil samples (0-15cm depth) from different diversity due to parent rocks, elevation, slope and aspect. They villages from the area were collected and analyzed for initial are generally shallow, gravelly, impregnated with unweathered nutrient status (Table 1). fragments of parent rocks, occurring as a thin layer of a few 90 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology Table 1. Initial soil samples analysis for basic properties of the selected villages in Bhabhar District wise Halduchaur+ Parameter Dogra Dhanpur DPPP Nathupur Average Gangapur n=3 n=2 n=2 n=15 n=8 n=30 pH 6.96 6.68 6.52 6.57 6.57 6.72 EC (dSm-1) 0.158 0.32 0.56 0.15 0.13 0.26 O.C (%) 1.49 H 1.01 H 1.28 H 1.39 H 1.13 H 1.269 H Av.N (Kg/ha) 192.3 L 141.9 L 131.1 L 159.0 L 147.3 L 154.3 L Av. P(Kg/ha) 12.6 M 20.6 M 28.9 H 29.2 H 19.5 M 22.16 M Av.K(Kg/ha) 196.2 M 94.6 L 98.9 L 113.3 L 109.6 L 102.5 L Av.S(Kg/ha) 58.5 H 47.9 H 70.6 H 43.6 H 65.4 H 57.2 H Zn (ppm) 3.73 H 0.83 M 2.06 H 1.71 M 2.75 H 2.21 H Fe (ppm) 25.17 H 23.45 H 31.2 H 42.6 H 45.3 H 33.5 H Cu(ppm) 3.58 H 1.84 H 4.67 H 2.61 H 1.62 H 2.86 H Mn(ppm) 3.43 M 2.25 M 6.65 H 9.69 H 8.23 H 6.06 H B(ppm) 1.30 M 1.97 M 1.30 M 2.29 H 1.45 M 1.66 M Dehydrogenase (µg TPF/ ml/24hr/g 32.7 13.3 22.15 104.4 38.4 42.1 soil) The soil of this region is neutral in reaction with normal electrical Micronutrient status of selected villages varied from medium conductivity i.e.
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