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Heavy Metal Residues in the Bat Fauna of Central And

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Heavy Metal Residues in the Bat Fauna of Central And HEAVY METAL RESIDUES IN THE BAT FAUNA OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN PUNJAB SHAGUFTA NIGHAT 07-arid-1194 1 Department of Zoology/Biology Faculty of Sciences Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi Pakistan 2015HEAVY METAL RESIDUES IN THE BAT FAUNA OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN PUNJAB by SHAGUFTA NIGHAT (07-arid-1194) 2 A thesis submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology Department of Zoology/Biology Faculty of Sciences Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi Pakistan 3 2015 HEAVY METAL RESIDUES IN THE BAT FAUNA OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN PUNJAB by SHAGUFTA NIGHAT (07-arid-1194) A thesis submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of 4 Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology Department of Zoology/Biology Faculty of Sciences Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi Pakistan 2015 CERTIFICATION I hereby undertake that this research is an original one, and no part of this thesis falls under plagiarism. If found otherwise, at any stage, I will be responsible for the consequences. 5 Name: Shagufta Nighat Signature: ____________________ Registration No: 07-arid-1194 Date: _________________2015 Certified that the contents and form of the thesis entitled “Heavy Metal Residues in the Bat Fauna of Central and Northern Punjab” submitted by Shagufta Nighat have been found satisfactory for the requirement of the degree. Supervisor: __________________ (Dr. M. Sajid Nadeem) Co-supervisor: _______________________ (Dr. M.Mehmood-ul-Hassan) Member: ______________________ (Prof. Dr. Mirza Azhar Beg) Member: __________________ (Dr. Tariq Mehmood) Chairman, Department of Zoology: 6 Dean, Faculty of Sciences: Director, Advanced Studies: 7 In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, The Most Merciful 8 I dedicate this effort to my Parents, my family and all those who blessed me with their prayers……. 9 CONTENTS Page List of Tables viii List of Figures ix List of Abbreviations x Acknowledgments xi ABSTRACT xiii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 11 2.1 BRIEF REVIEW OF SOME BAT SPECIES 23 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 32 3.1 STUDY AREA 32 3.2 COLLECTION OF SAMPLES 34 10 3.3 ANALYSIS AND PROCEDURE 35 3.4 ESTIMATION OF HEAVY METALS 37 3.5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 38 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 40 4.1 41 DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES AT DIFFERENT SITES 4.2 VARIATION AMONG ORGANS 42 4.3 REGIONAL VARIATIONS 47 4.4 SPECIES RELATED COMPARISON 52 4.5 METAL CONCENTRATION COMPARISON IN DIFFERENT SPECIES 58 4.5.1 Scotophilus heathii 62 4.5.2 Pipistrellus javanicus 62 4.5.3 Pipestrellus tenuis 62 4.5.4 Pipestrellus ceylonicus 64 4.5.5 Pipestrellus pipistrellus 64 4.5.6 Hypsugo savii 66 4.5.7 Megaderma lyra 66 4.5.8 Rhinopoma microphylum 68 4.5.9 Taphozous nudiventris 68 4.6 GENDER RELATED VARIATIONS 70 4.7 OVERALL COMPARISON 73 11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 79 SUMMARY 81 LITERATURE CITED 84 APPENDICES 117 12 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page 3.1 Study areas of central and northern Punjab for capturing of bats 36 4.1 Distribution of bat species captured from different sites of Central 43 and Northern Punjab 4.2 Qualitative comparison of intensity of metals in liver, kidney and 48 heart of mega and micro bats 4.3 Comparisons of metal concentrations (ug/g) in the liver, heart 49 and kidney of the bats 4.4 Qualitative organ wise comparison of metal prevalence between 53 mega bats of central and northern Punjab 4.5 Qualitative organ related comparison of metal prevalence in 55 the micro bats of central and northern Punjab 4.6 Species related multiple comparisons for accumulation of Lead 58 4.7 Species related multiple comparisons for concentration of Zinc 60 4.8 Mean metal concentration (µg/g) in three organs of Scotophilus 63 heathii 13 4.9 Mean metal concentration (ug/g) in three organs of Pipistrellus 63 javanicus 4.10 Mean metal concentration (ug/g) in three organs of Pipistrellus 65 tenuis 4.11 Mean metal concentration (ug/g) in three organs ofPipestrellus 65 ceylonicus 4.12 Mean metal concentration (ug/g) in three organs of Pipestrellus 67 pipistrellus 4.13 Mean metal concentration (ug/g) in three organs of Hypsugo savii 67 4.14 Mean metal concentration (ug/g) in three organs of Megaderma lyra 69 4.15 Mean metal concentration (ug/g) in three organs of Rhinopoma 69 microphylum 4.16 Mean metal concentration (ug/g) in three organs of Taphozous 71 nudiventris 4.17 A Comparisons of metal concentrations (ug/g) in the two sexes of 72 mega and micro bats 4.18 Comparisons of metal concentrations in µg/g between organs of 75 mega and micro bats 14 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Page 3.1 Map of Punjab showing the study districts. 33 4.1 Organ related comparison of metal concentration between 54 the mega bats of central and northern Punjab. 4.2 Organ related comparison of metal concentration between 56 the mega bats of central and northern Punjab. 4.3 Accumulation level of Lead in different species of micro bats. 61 4.4 Accumulation level of Zinc in different species of micro bats. 61 15 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Dw Dry Weight ppm Parts per million µg/g Micro gram per gram NA Not Assessed ANOVA Analysis of variance LSD Least standardized deviation SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences NARC National Agricultural Research Council PMNH Pakistan Museum of Natural History PMASAAUR Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi Cd Cadmium Cu Copper Pb Lead Zn Zinc WWF World wide Fund for Nature IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer 16 IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards DRI Dietary Reference Intakes NRC National Research Council ASTDR Agency for Toxic substance and Disease Registry PCRWR Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the name of ALLAH, The Merciful and The Compassionate, who created the universe and Bestowed the mankind with knowledge and wisdom to search for its secrets; and whose bounteous blessings enable me to complete my research work. Cordial thanks to Professor Dr. Mazhar Qayyum, Chairman, Department of Zoology (PMAS.AAUR) and all of the faculty members for their critical insight and valuable suggestions whenever needed. I wish to express sincere gratitude to my hardworking and responsive research supervisor, Dr. Muhammad Sajid Nadeem ; Associate Professor, who was more than generous with his expertise, and precious time in the planning and accomplishment of present work. I am also grateful to my Praiseworthy Co-supervisor Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology and Fisheries; 17 University of Agriculture Faisal Abad, for his demonstrative guidance and a continuous support and encouragement. I wish to thank my committee members, Dr. Mirza Azhar Beg, and Dr. Tariq Mehmood for their skilful guidance and valuable suggestions during the study. Special thanks to Dr. Arshad Javed, Mr. Shahid Iqbal who rendered great help during long hours of capturing bats and providing samples during the field visits. I am thankful to Mr. Sana Ullah and Mr. Rashid for their technical assistance in the Central Research Laboratory of PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi. Special thanks are extended to all of my friends, especially Dr. Majid Mahmood, Dr. Zahid Sharif, Muhammad Irfan and Syed Israr Shah for their cordial cooperation and help during my work. Lastly, I extend my admirations to my family for a moral boost, encouragement and pray for my success whenever I was in despair. I alone remain responsible for the errors that may have crept into these pages, despite of the best efforts to avoid them. Shagufta Nighat 18 19 ABSTRACT Bats share a significant contribution to the economy of a state and reflect the status of plant and insect populations as well as the productivity of the ecosystem on which they feed and pollinate to enhance agricultural productions by their role as pollinator and seed disperser. They also have a key role in control of insect populations Metals are elevating in the environment due to rapid industrialization, and the activities like, combustion of fuel, processing of metals, coal mining, automobile, lead-acid batteries, and building material. Metals play an important role in the biological functions of our body, but their bio toxic effects can be harmful and can disturb the normal biological functions. The oxidative stress due to toxicity of metals can cause lethal effects to different organs and systems of the body including nervous system. It also damages the DNA. This study was carried out to check the extant of heavy metals levels viz. Cadmium (Cd). Copper (Cu). Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) in different organs of mega and micro-bats from central and northern Punjab. Levels of these cumbersomely heavy metals were determined with the help of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer in the liver, heart and kidney of bats. Different qualitative as well as quantitative comparisons were made including organs, locality, species and gender. No significant difference was found in regional and gender comparisons. However, the study revealed the extent of heftily ponderous metals and their trend of accumulation in different bats which may be due to their food, metabolic activity or the area from where they were captured. Heavy metals concentration was significantly different in three organs of both mega and micro- bats but was lower than the toxicity values recommended for mammals. In an overall comparison, the metals were more concentrated in kidney than liver and heart and the 20 pattern for different metals was as: Zinc > Lead > Copper > Cadmium. Present study may provide a baseline data which could be considered a precursor to a broad array of issues, concerned to our environment and the health of both humans and biodiversity in particular utilizing bats as bio-be speakers and pointing out the impacts of heavy metal contamination on them.
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