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US 20080317666A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2008/0317666 A1 Fattal et al. (43) Pub. Date: Dec. 25, 2008 (54) COLONIC DELIVERY OF ACTIVE AGENTS Publication Classi?cation (51) Int. Cl. (76) Inventors: Elias Fattal, Paris (FR); Antoine A611; 9/00 (2006.01) Andremont, Malakoff (FR); A611; 49/00 (2006.01) Patrick Couvreur, A611; 51/12 (2006.01) Villebon-sur-Yvette (FR); Sandrine A61P 1/00 (2006.01) Bourgeois, Lyon (FR) (52) us. c1. ........................ .. 424/111; 424/423; 424/9.1 (57) ABSTRACT Correspondence Address: Drug delivery devices that are orally administered, and that David S. Bradin release active ingredients in the colon, are disclosed. In one Womble Carlyle Sandridge & Rice embodiment, the active ingredients are those that inactivate P.O.Box 7037 antibiotics, such as macrolides, quinolones and beta-lactam Atlanta, GA 30359-0037 (US) containing antibiotics. One example of a suitable active agent is an enzyme such as beta-lactamases. In another embodi ment, the active agents are those that speci?cally treat colonic (21) Appl. No.: 11/628,832 disorders, such as Chrohn’s Disease, irritable boWel syn drome, ulcerative colitis, colorectal cancer or constipation. (22) PCT Filed: Feb. 9, 2006 The drug delivery devices are in the form of beads of pectin, crosslinked With calcium and reticulated With polyethylene imine. The high crosslink density of the polyethyleneimine is (86) PCT No.: PCT/GB06/00448 believed to stabilize the pectin beads for a su?icient amount of time such that a substantial amount of the active ingredi § 371 (0X1)’ ents can be administered directly to the colon. Advanta (2), (4) Date: Mar. 3, 2008 geously, the amount of polyethyleneimine is su?icient to alloW a substantial portion of the pectin beads to pass through Related US. Application Data the gastrointestinal tract to the colon Without releasing the active agent, and is also suf?cient such that the pectin beads (60) Provisional application No. 60/651,342, ?led on Feb. are suf?ciently degraded in the colon to release an effective 9, 2005. amount of the active agent. 12 . “OH ‘I [PEI] 0% 1O ' ‘ IO.60% 8 . u _ 0.70% .E' 6 P I 0.50% 4 ~ . _ é - m 0.90% .‘ it; o 0 - ‘ ' . ' I 1 /o ‘ Gastric Medium Intestinal medium PBS 0,01M pH 7'4 ‘ Media Patent Application Publication Dec. 25, 2008 Sheet 1 0f 8 US 2008/0317666 A1 £36I O\eomdE Q?n;:2.$0 I.EXA. or$00.0I @. $2.0 8.285_.wmm .252552.82535:n23.03. 282, r@SmE T.“?x;..I<,._...,.w .o i.. .W. ..- . @ N- mil Patent Application Publication Dec. 25, 2008 Sheet 2 0f 8 US 2008/0317666 Al NmSmE 2.3m2°55 3D223m Patent Application Publication Dec. 25, 2008 Sheet 3 0f 8 US 2008/0317666 A1 8.8. I2I 8.02:2- mSmE.m 2550m-86.,. .. mm52a$3.mm.56553 89?228m.B w 8.812m. .862m 5.5 W-88 m %. Patent Application Publication Dec. 25, 2008 Sheet 4 0f 8 US 2008/0317666 A1 510018 10 3w out/1n Patent Application Publication Dec. 25, 2008 Sheet 5 0f 8 US 2008/0317666 A1 .. ......h_.h..qm . 4: wk. mSmE.m 22;?223m. =62.3m Patent Application Publication Dec. 25, 2008 Sheet 6 0f 8 US 2008/0317666 A1 3,3522$? 939m@ Patent Application Publication Dec. 25, 2008 Sheet 7 0f 8 US 2008/0317666 A1 Figure7 WholeBeads, BeadsCut Patent Application Publication Dec. 25, 2008 Sheet 8 0f 8 US 2008/0317666 A1 2am<75uwoiomiv<750532.2495 wSmEw 32823.3nas?ammgm5358mEQE5B3233253a$5.3<ZQ 2.3a.33.:355322:53.. .8S 2:F Tom VNq pa?mwoipm J0 i?ogelnsdeaug. % US 2008/0317666 A1 Dec. 25, 2008 COLONIC DELIVERY OF ACTIVE AGENTS though this diarrhoea is generally not serious and quickly ceases, either spontaneously, or on completion of treatment, it FIELD OF THE INVENTION is all the same badly received by patients and adds to the discomfort of the base illness for Which the antibiotic Was [0001] The present invention is in the area of oral drug prescribed; delivery devices that administer active agents to the colon. [0007] 2. perturbation of the functions of resistance to colo niZation by exogenic bacteria (or “barrier effect”) With pos BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION sibilities of risk from infection, for example, alimentary sal [0002] Drug delivery devices that speci?cally deliver active monella intoxication (Holmberg S. D. et al. (1984) Drug agents to the colon have been recognized as having important resistant Salmonella from animals fed antimicrobials, New therapeutic advantages. A large number of colonic conditions England Journal ofMedicine, 311, 617); could effectively be treated more ef?caciously if the active [0008] 3. selection of microorganisms resistant to the anti ingredient is released locally. Examples of such colonic dis biotic. The latter can be ofvarious types: orders include Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, colorectal [0009] a) ?rst they can be pathogenic bacteria such as for cancer and constipation. example, Clostridium di?icile, a species capable of secreting [0003] Colonic release can also bene?t patients When, from toxins causing a form of colitis knoWn as pseudomembranous a therapeutic point of vieW, a delay in absorption is necessary. (Bartlett J. G. (1997) Clostridium di?icile infection: patho Examples include the treatment of disorders such as noctur physiology and diagnosis, Seminar in Gastrointestinal Dis nal asthma or angor (Kinget R. et al. (1998), Colonic Drug ease, 8, 12); Targeting, Journal ofDrug Targeting, 6, 129). [0010] b) they can also be microorganisms that are rela [0004] Colonic release can also be used to administer thera tively Weakly pathogenic, but Whose multiplication can lead peutically active polypeptides. Polypeptides are typically to an associated infection (vaginal Candidosis or Escherichia administered by injection, because they are degraded in the coli resistant cystitis). stomach. Because injection is painful, research efforts have [0011] c) they can ?nally be non-pathogenic commensal focused on using the colon as a site of absorption for active drug resistant bacteria Whose multiplication and fecal elimi polypeptides, including analgesics, contraceptives, vaccines, nation is going to increase dissemination in the environment. insulin, and the like. The absorption of polypeptides in the NoW, these resistant commensal bacteria can constitute an colon appears effectively better than in other sites in the important source of mechanisms of drug resistance for patho digestive tract. This is particularly due to the relatively Weak genic species. This risk is currently considered seminal in proteolytic activity in the small intestine and the absence of terms of the disquieting character of the evolution toWards peptidasic activity associated With the membrane of the drug multiresistance by numerous species pathogenic for colonic epithelial cells. humans. [0005] During administration of antibiotics by mouth, they [0012] Numerous strategies exploiting the diverse physi pass through the stomach and are then absorbed in the small ological parameters of the digestive tract have thus been intestine to diffuse in the Whole organism and treat the infec envisioned With the aim of releasing active ingredients in the tious outbreak site for Which they have been administered. All colon. These strategies have focused on drug delivery systems the same, a fraction of antibiotics ingested (Whereof the based on (1) using polymers that are sensitive to variations in importance varies With the characteristics of each type of pH, (2) time-dependent drug release forms, (3) prodrugs or antibiotics) is not absorbed and continues its progress to the polymers degradable by bacteria in the intestinal ?ora. colon before being eliminated in the stool. These residual [0013] It Would be advantageous to have additional drug antibiotics are reunited, in the large intestine, by a fraction of delivery devices Which can administer active agents to the the antibiotics absorbed, but Which are re-excreted in the colon. It Would also be desirable to have drug delivery devices digestive tract by means of biliary elimination. This fraction for reducing the quantity of residual antibiotics arriving at the is of variable importance as a function of metabolism and colon after oral or parenteral antibiotic therapy. The present Ways of elimination of each antibiotic. Finally, for certain invention provides such drug delivery devices. antibiotics, a fraction of the dose absorbed is eliminated directly via intestinal mucous in the lumen of the digestive SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION tract. Thus, since the antibiotics had been administered orally or parenterally, a residual active fraction is generally found in [0014] Oral drug delivery devices that release active agents the colon. This is true, to varying degrees, for the greater in the colon, are disclosed. In one embodiment, the active majority of families of antibiotics utiliZed in therapeutics, the agents are those that inactivate antibiotics, such as mac sole notable exception being the family of amino-glycosides rolides, quinolones and beta-lactam containing antibiotics. for Which intestinal excretion is negligible. For other antibi One example of a suitable active agent is an enZyme such as otics, intestinal excretion of a residual antibiotic activity is beta-lactamases. In another embodiment, the active agents going to have different consequences, all harmful. In effect, in are those that speci?cally treat colonic disorders, such as the colon there is a complex and very dense bacterial ecosys ulcerative colitis, colorectal cancer, Chrohn’s Disease, irri tem (several hundreds of different bacterial species; more table boWel syndrome, and constipation. The active ingredi than 101 1 bacteria per gram of colonic content) Which is going ents can be hydrosoluble or liposoluble. Depending on the to be affected by the arrival of active antibiotic residues. The active agent, the drug delivery devices can be used in thera folloWing can be observed: peutics or in diagnostics.
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  • G Protein-Coupled Receptors

    G Protein-Coupled Receptors

    S.P.H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: G protein-coupled receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (2015) 172, 5744–5869 THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: G protein-coupled receptors Stephen PH Alexander1, Anthony P Davenport2, Eamonn Kelly3, Neil Marrion3, John A Peters4, Helen E Benson5, Elena Faccenda5, Adam J Pawson5, Joanna L Sharman5, Christopher Southan5, Jamie A Davies5 and CGTP Collaborators 1School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK, 2Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK, 3School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK, 4Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK, 5Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 1750 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1111/bph.13348/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the eight major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, other ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading.