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Colonial Society 1860-1890 (QUEENSLAND) by A Colonial Society 1860-1890 (QUEENSLAND) by A. A. MORRISON, M.A., F.R.Hist.S.Q., Senior Lecturer in History, University of Queensland. [This Paper was first read at a meeting of Section E (History) at the Melbourne Congress of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science (A.N.Z.A.A.S.) in August 1955. Along with it were papers on N.S.W. Colonial Society and Victorian Colonial Society, read by A. W. Martin and S. M. Ingham respectively. Mr Morrison's paper has not previously been published, and we are grateful for the opportunity to bring it before a wider public in this more lasting form. Ed.] Queensland was the last of the Australian colonies to attain pastoral settlers in North Australia ... a man of high honour and independent existence, having reached that much desired end only integrity, of methodical habits of business, possessed of an ex­ on 10th December, 1859, and that after a long succession of tensive knowledge of the country of his adoption and enjoying a petitions to the authorities in both London and Sydney. The state large amount of public confidence"l. For Premier, however, Bowen which has no history may well be in a state of happiness, but had to go completely outside the local ranks and appoint his own whether the absence of a history is the best preparation for the private secretary R. G. W. Herbert, a young man of 29 who had effective exercise of full self-government is another question, the previously served as Gladstone's private secretary. answer to which could provide some indications of the prospects of Nor was the administrative picture any better. Not even a success or failure in the future experiment. In the case of Queens­ skeleton staff existed and Bowen had to borrow A. O. Moriarty land, the answer is undoubtedly that her late arrival in the family from New South Wales to help him organise a civil service, not an of Australian colonies left her at some disadvantage in the effort to easy task in a new colony, and especially one so great in extent. establish her own governmental system. Thus for legislative, executive and administrative tasks Queensland In the first place, the new colony had little experience in the was sadly unprepared. working of parliamentary institutions of any kind. It is true that it But the difficulties were much more fundamental than a mere had been represented in the New South Wales Legislature since lack of knowledge of techniques. In the other colonies, a long 1843, but the representation had been neither very extensive, nor, continuous and successful fight had been waged to whittle down in the eyes of the northerners, very effective. Until 1851 the whole the powers of the Governor and to advance step by step to full area had formed part of an electorate which included in addition self-government. In that struggle Queensland had played no part. the districts of Macquarie and the Upper Hunter, and it was not Practically from the beginning of free settlement it had exercised until 1850 that the first resident of the northern districts appeared representative government and the advance to responsible govern­ as its member. The creation of new electorates in 1851 to provide ment had come to it automatically as part of the mother colony. for the return of four members encouraged the development of in­ Thus the northern districts could have little appreciation of the creased interest in elections, but the northern members found the real meaning of the system of government they had inherited. Legislature in Sydney unresponsive to its appeals, and very soon In fact the manner in which separation had come militated still concentrated all their attention upon two demands, the spending further against such understanding. Achievement had come not of more government money in the north, and separation. By the through the action of the Legislature, which had placed many Act of 1858 membership was increased to nine, but the elections obstacles in the way, but as a result of direct pressure on the did not come until the following year, by which time separation Imperial Government. Authority then was seen as a donor of gifts had been approved. Hence the elections of that year aroused very and we have the somewhat paradoxical picture of a colony proud little interest. Thus Queensland had few experienced members to of its possession of the right to govern itself and yet at the same assist in shaping its new Legislature, and its first Assembly con­ time tending to expect authority to shower it with further gifts, tained only three members who had served in a colonial legislature, ranging from further privileges to the lavish spending of govern­ and none of these had long experience. The Assembly was a band ment money. of enthusiastic amateurs. In the Legislative Council the lack of Who then were the colonists on whose shoulders rested the experience was so pronounced that Governor Bowen had to issue responsibility for making a success or failure of the new experi­ an urgent plea to Sir Charles Nicholson to serve for a time as ment? Traditionally they formed two main groups, squatters and President, to start the Council off on a proper track. townsmen, whose interests were at variance and who fell from the In selecting his Executive Council too the Governor was in beginning into opposite political camps. At first sight it might difficulties. No northern representative except a Sydney man named appeM that such was really the case, but a more detailed exami­ Holt had served in the comparable body in New South Wales, and nation will show that the real situation differed quite considerably. he was not a member of the new Queensland Legislature. For The circumstances of settlement appear to support the traditional Attorney-General he chose Ratcliffe Pring, Q.c., crown prosecutor picture. The squatters of the Northern Tablelands of New South in Moreton Bay for four years, but without any record of partici­ Wales took almost immediate advantage of the lifting of the ban on pation in politics. Captain Wickham, appointed to Moreton Bay in settlement in the north, and in the next year, 1840, they appeared 1843 as Police Magistrate and subsequently becoming Government on the Darling Downs. Crossing the range to the Upper Brisbane Resident, was invited to become Treasurer, but declined. Bowen Valley they moved north and by 1842 were reaching out towards then fell back on R. R. Mackenzie, a Burnett squatter without the Burnett and Mary Rivers, establishing themselves on the active participation in politics, whose qualifications were that he former in 1843. But Brisbane remained closed until 1842 and it was "a gentleman of ancient Scotch family and one of the earliest was not until 1843 that land there became available in any Queens/and Heritage Page Twenty-one ouantity. Thus the squatters owed nothing to Brisbane, and as novel The Virginians) that the Queensland gentlemen­ early as 1841 had endeavoured to establish another port at Cleve­ squatters bear a similar relation to the other Australians that land, because of their inability to make use of the older centre. the Virginian planters of a hundred years back bore to the Thus it seemed as if the division familiar in New South Wales was other Americans. only being transported nQrthwards, with added emphasis because But if they lived the life of gentlemen, they conceived that their of the mode of settlement. position placed responsibilities upon them and from the beginning Moreover the new squatters brought with them a tradition far they took the lead in any projects for the betterment of the colony older than that of New South Wales. Most of them were new­ as a whole, and also in many cases provided the money7. comers to Australia, for instance among the earliest were Patrick After a slow start Brisbane soon began to grow, and in 1860 Leslie, who had arrived from the United Kingdom only late in the Bowen again found an American parallel8: thirties, and Arthur Hodgson and H. S. Russell, who came in 1840. Brisbane, my present capital, must resemble what Boston and They came straight from the British scene, where an extra­ the other Puritan towns of New England were at the close of ordinarily large number had come from noble or at least high­ the last century. In a population of 7,000 we have fourteen ranking families. Elliott .(Hodgson's partner) was the nephew of churches, thirteen public houses, twelve policemen. The an English admiral, R. R. Mackenzie later returned to Scotland to leading inhabitants are a hard-headed set of English and assume the Baronetcy of Toul, and St. George Gore of Yandilla Scotch merchants and manufacturers. run came from the family of the Earls of Arran. In their new homes they speedily did their best to reproduce as far as possible In the early years these merchants had experienced a very the surroundings with which they were familiar. After his first tour difficult period, especially when the squatters were still being of the Darling Downs in 1860 Governor Bowen reported to the supplied with goods from Sydney business houses. But by 1860 all this was over and Brisbane bore the appearance of a very Secretary of State2• prosperous community. Bowen was quite impressed9• I have also found in the houses of the long chain of settlers who have entertained me with such cordial hospitality all the Distress and pauperism, those comprehensive terms so fre­ comforts and most of the refinements of the homes of country quently used in European politics, are unknown in Queens­ gentlemen in England.
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