The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness Edited by Philip David Zelazo, Morris Moscovitch and Evan Thompson Frontmatter More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85743-7 - The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness Edited by Philip David Zelazo, Morris Moscovitch and Evan Thompson Frontmatter More information

The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness

The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness is the (CFI), focuses on the mechanisms underly- first of its kind in the field, and its appearance ing typical and atypical development of exec- marks a unique time in the history of intellectual utive function – the conscious self-regulation inquiry on the topic. After decades during which of thought, action, and emotion. In September consciousness was considered beyond the scope 2007, he will assume the Nancy M. and John of legitimate scientific investigation, conscious- L. Lindhal Professorship at the Institute of Child ness re-emerged as a popular focus of research Development, University of Minnesota. toward the end of the last century, and it has remained so for nearly 20 years. There are now Morris Moscovitch is the Max and Gianna Glass- so many different lines of investigation on con- man Chair in Neuropsychology and Aging in sciousness that the time has come when the field the Department of Psychology at the University may finally benefit from a book that pulls them of Toronto. He is also a Senior Scientist at the together and, by juxtaposing them, provides a Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre comprehensive survey of this exciting field. for Geriatric Care. His research focuses on the neuropsychology of memory in humans but also Philip David Zelazo is Professor of Psychology addresses attention, face recognition, and hemi- at the University of Toronto, where he holds spheric specialization in young and older adults, a Canada Research Chair in Developmental and in people with brain damage. Neuroscience. He is also Co-Director of the Sino-Canadian Centre for Research in Child Evan Thompson is Professor of Philosophy at the Development, Southwest University, China. He University of Toronto. He is the author of Mind was Founding Editor of the Journal of Cogni- in Life: Biology, Phenomenoloy, and the Sciences of tion and Development. His research, which is Mind and Colour Vision: A Study in Cognitive Sci- funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineer- ence and the Philosophy of Perception. He is also ing Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, the the co-author of The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Science and Human Experience. He is a former and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation holder of a Canada Research Chair.

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85743-7 - The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness Edited by Philip David Zelazo, Morris Moscovitch and Evan Thompson Frontmatter More information

The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness

Edited by Philip David Zelazo, Morris Moscovitch and Evan Thompson University of Toronto

cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo

Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013-2473, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521857437

c Cambridge University Press 2007

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2007

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Cambridge handbook of consciousness / edited by Philip David Zelazo, Morris Moscovitch, Evan Thompson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn-13: 978-0-521-85743-7 (hardback) isbn-10: 0-521-85743-0 (hardback) isbn-13: 978-0-521-67412-6 (pbk.) isbn-10: 0-521-67412-3 (pbk.) 1. Consciousness. I. Zelazo, Philip David. II. Moscovitch, Morris, 1945– III. Thompson, Evan. IV. Title. b808.9.c36 2007 153 –dc22 2006013843

isbn 978-0-521-85743-7 hardback isbn 978-0-521-67412-6 paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

To the memory of Francisco J. Varela (7 September 1946–28 May 2001) –ET

To my growing family: Jill, Elana, David, Leora, and Ezra Meir –MM

For Sam, and the next iteration – PDZ

And a special dedication to Joseph E. Bogen (13 July 1926–22 April 2005)

Contents

List of Contributors page xi b. computational approaches to consciousness 1. Introduction 1 6. Artiﬁcial Intelligence and Consciousness 117 part i Drew McDermott THE COGNITIVE SCIENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS 7. Computational Models of Consciousness: A Taxonomy a. philosophy and Some Examples 151 2. A Brief History of the Philosophical Ron Sun and Stan Franklin Problem of Consciousness 9 William Seager c. cognitive psychology 3. Philosophical Theories of 8. Cognitive Theories of Consciousness: Contemporary Consciousness 177 Western Perspectives 35 Katharine McGovern and Uriah Kriegel Bernard J. Baars 4. Philosophical Issues: 9 Phenomenology 67 . Behavioral, Neuroimaging, and Neuropsychological Approaches to Evan Thompson and Dan Zahavi Implicit Perception 207 5 . Asian Perspectives: Indian Theories Daniel J. Simons, Deborah E. of Mind 89 Hannula, David E. Warren, and Georges Dreyfus and Evan Thompson Steven W. Day

vii

viii contents

10. Three Forms of Consciousness in g. anthropology/social Retrieving Memories 251 psychology of consciousness Henry L. Roediger III, Suparna 20. Social Psychological Approaches Rajaram, and Lisa Geraci to Consciousness 555 11. Metacognition and Consciousness 289 John A. Bargh Asher Koriat 21. The Evolution of Consciousness 571 12. Consciousness and Control Michael C. Corballis of Action 327 22. The Serpent’s Gift: Evolutionary Carlo Umilt`a Psychology and Consciousness 597 Jesse M. Bering and David F. d. linguistic considerations Bjorklund

13. Language and Consciousness 355 23. Anthropology of Consciousness 631 Wallace Chafe C. Jason Throop and Charles D. Laughlin 14. Narrative Modes of Consciousness h. psychodynamic approaches to and Selfhood 375 consciousness Keith Oatley 24. Motivation, Decision Making, and e. developmental psychology Consciousness: From Psychodynamics to Subliminal 15 . The Development Priming and Emotional Constraint 405 of Consciousness Satisfaction 673 Philip David Zelazo, Helena Hong Drew Westen, Joel Weinberger, and Gao, and Rebecca Todd Rebekah Bradley

f. alternative states of part ii consciousness THE NEUROSCIENCE OF 16. States of Consciousness: Normal CONSCIOUSNESS and Abnormal Variation 435 a. neurophysiological mechanisms J. Allan Hobson of consciousness

17. Consciousness in Hypnosis 445 25. Hunting the Ghost: Toward a John F. Kihlstrom Neuroscience of Consciousness 707 Petra Stoerig 18. Can We Study Subjective Experiences Objectively? 26. Neurodynamical Approaches to First-Person Perspective Consciousness 731 Approaches and Impaired Diego Cosmelli, Jean-Philippe Subjective States of Awareness Lachaux, and Evan Thompson in Schizophrenia 481 Jean-Marie Danion and Caroline b. neuropsychological aspects of Huron consciousness: disorders and neuroimaging 19. Meditation and the Neuroscience of Consciousness: An Introduction 499 27. The Thalamic Intralaminar Nuclei 775 Antoine Lutz, John D. Dunne, and and the Property of Consciousness Richard J. Davidson Joseph E. Bogen

contents ix

28. The Cognitive Neuroscience of d. social neuroscience of Memory and Consciousness 809 consciousness Scott D. Slotnick and Daniel 30. Consciousness: Situated and Social 863 L. Schachter Ralph Adolphs

c. affective neuroscience part iii of consciousness QUANTUM APPROACHES TO 29. The Affective Neuroscience CONSCIOUSNESS of Consciousness: Higher- 31. Quantum Approaches to Order Syntactic Thoughts, Consciousness 881 Dual Routes to Emotion Henry Stapp and Action, and Consciousness 831 Author Index 909 Edmund T. Rolls Subject Index 939

List of Contributors

Ralph Adolphs, PhD Joseph E. Bogen, MD (Deceased) Department of Psychology Formerly of University of Southern California California Institute of Technology and the University of California, Los Angeles HSS 228-77 Pasadena, CA 91125 USA Rebekah Bradley E-mail: [email protected] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Bernard J. Baars, PhD Sciences Emory University The Neurosciences Institute 1462 Clifton Road 10640 John Jay Hopkins Drive Atlanta, GA 30322 USA San Diego, CA 92121 USA E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] John A. Bargh, PhD Wallace Chafe, PhD Department of Psychology Department of Linguistics Yale University University of California, Santa Barbara 2 Hillhouse Avenue Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA P.O. Box 208205 E-mail: [email protected] New Haven, CT 06520-8205 USA E-mail: [email protected] Michael C. Corballis, PhD Jesse M. Bering, PhD Department of Psychology University of Auckland Institute of Cognition and Culture Private Bag 92019 Queen’s University, Belfast Auckland 1020 NEW ZEALAND 4 Fitzwilliam Street E-mail: [email protected] Belfast, Northern Ireland BT71NN E-mail: [email protected] Diego Cosmelli, PhD David F. Bjorklund, PhD Centro de Estudios Neurobiologicos´ Department of Psychology Departomento de Psiquiatroa´ Florida Atlantic University P. Universidad Catolica´ de Chile Boca Raton, FL 33431-0091 USA Marcoleto 387, 2 ◦ piso E-mail: [email protected] Santiago, Chile

xii list of contributors

(Also: Laboratoire de neurosciences Cognitives Campus Box 1125 et Imagerie Cer´ ebrale´ (LENA) St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 USA 47 Bd de l’Hopital,ˆ 75651 Paris FRANCE) E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Deborah E. Hannula Jean-Marie Danion, MD Psychology Department 405 INSERM Unite´ University of Illinois Hopitalˆ Civil de Strasbourg – Clinique 603 E. Daniel Street, Room 807 Psychiatrique Champaign, IL 61820 USA 1 ◦ 426 place de l’Hopitalˆ – BP n E-mail: [email protected] 67091 STRASBOURG Cedex FRANCE E-mail: jean-marie.danion@chru strasbourg.fr J. Allan Hobson, MD Richard J. Davidson, PhD Massachusetts Mental Health Center 12 W. M. Keck Laboratory for Functional Brain Psychiatry, S 74 Imaging and Behavior Fenwood Road 02115 Waisman Center Boston, MA USA University of Wisconsin-Madison E-mail: allan [email protected] 1500 Highland Avenue Caroline Huron, MD, PhD Madison, WI 53703-2280 USA 0117 E-mail: [email protected] INSERM Service Hopitalo-Universitaire de Sante´ Mentale Steven W. Day, BSc et Therapeuthique´ Department of Psychology Hopitalˆ Sainte-Anne University of Illinois Universite´ Paris V 603 East Daniel Street Pavillon Broca Champaign, IL 61820 USA 2 ter rue d’Alesia´ 75014 Georges Dreyfus, PhD Paris FRANCE E-mail: [email protected] Department of Religion Williams College John F. Kihlstrom, PhD E14 Stetson Hall Department of Psychology, MC 1650 Williamstown, MA 01267 USA University of California, Berkeley E-mail: [email protected] Tolman Hall 3210 John D. Dunne, PhD Berkeley, CA 94720-1650 USA Department of Religion E-mail: [email protected] Emory University Mailstop: 1535/002/1AA Asher Koriat, PhD 537 Kilgo Circle Department of Psychology Atlanta, GA 30322 USA University of Haifa E-mail: [email protected] Haifa 31905 ISRAEL E-mail: [email protected] Stan Franklin, PhD Institute for Intelligent Systems Uriah Kriegel, PhD The University of Memphis Department of Philosophy Memphis, TN 38152 USA Social Science Bldg. Rm 213 E-mail: [email protected] P.O. Box 210027 Helena Hong Gao, PhD Tucson, AZ 85721-0027 USA School of Humanities and Social Sciences E-mail: [email protected] Nanyang Technological University Jean-Philippe Lachaux Singapore 639798 INSERM – Unite´ 280 E-mail: [email protected] Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier Lisa Geraci, PhD Batimentˆ 452 Department of Psychology 95 Boulevard Pinel Washington University 69500 BRON, FRANCE One Brookings Drive E-mail: [email protected]

list of contributors xiii

Charles D. Laughlin, PhD Daniel L. Schachter, PhD Department of Sociology and Anthropology Department of Psychology Carleton University Harvard University 125 Colonel By Drive Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Ottawa,ONK1S 5B6 CANADA E-mail: [email protected] William Seager, PhD Antoine Lutz, PhD Department of Philosophy W. M. Keck Laboratory for Functional Brain University of Toronto at Scarborough Imaging and Behavior 265 Military Trail Waisman Center Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4 CANADA University of Wisconsin-Madison E-mail: [email protected] 1500 Highland Avenue Madison, WI 53703-2280 USA Daniel J. Simons, PhD E-mail: [email protected] Psychology Department University of Illinois Drew McDermott, PhD 603 E. Daniel Street, Room 807 Department of Computer Science Champaign, IL 61820 USA Yale University E-mail: [email protected] 208285 P.O. Box Scott D. Slotnick New Haven, CT 06520-8285 USA Department of Psychology E-mail: [email protected] Boston College Katharine McGovern, PhD McGuinn Hall Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA California Institute of Integral Studies E-mail: [email protected] 1453 Mission Street San Francisco, CA 94103 USA Henry Stapp, PhD E-mail: [email protected] Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Physics Division Keith Oately, PhD 1 Cyclotron Road Mail Stop 50A-5101 Department of Human Development and Berkeley, CA 94720-8153 USA Applied Psychology E-mail: [email protected] Ontario Institute for Studies in Petra Stoerig, PhD Education/University of Toronto Institute of Physiological Psychology 252 Bloor Street West Heinrich-Heine-University Toronto, ON M5S 1V6 CANADA Dusseldorf¨ D-40225 GERMANY E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Suparna Rajaram, PhD Ron Sun, PhD Department of Psychology Cognitive Science Department SUNY at Stony Brook Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Stony Brook, NY 11794-2500 USA 110 Eighth Street, Carnegie 302A E-mail: [email protected] Troy, NY 12180 USA E-mail: [email protected] Henry L. Roediger III, PhD Evan Thompson, PhD Department of Psychology, Box 1125 Department of Philosophy Washington University University of Toronto One Brookings Drive 15 King’s College Circle St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 USA Toronto, ON M5S 3H7 CANADA E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Edmund T. Rolls, PhD C. Jason Throop, PhD University of Oxford Department of Anthropology Department of Experimental Psychology University of California, Los Angeles South Parks Road 341 Haines Hall Oxford OX13UD ENGLAND Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

xiv list of contributors

Rebecca Todd, BA Drew Westen, PhD Department of Human Development and Department of Psychology Applied Psychology Emory University Ontario Institute for Studies in 532 N. Kilgo Circle Education/University of Toronto Atlanta, GA 30322 USA 252 Bloor Street West E-mail: [email protected] Toronto, Ontario M5S 1V6 CANADA E-mail: [email protected] Dan Zahavi, PhD Carlo Umilta,` PhD Danish National Research Foundation Dipartimeto di Psicologia Generale Center for Subjectivity Research Universita di Padova Kobmagergade 46 via 8 Febbraio, 2-35122 Padova ITALY DK-1150 Copenhagen K DENMARK E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] David E. Warren, BSc Philip David Zelazo, PhD Department of Psychology University of Illinois Department of Psychology 603 E. Daniel Street University of Toronto 100 Champaign, IL 61820 USA St. George Street 5 3 3 E-mail:[email protected] Toronto, ON M S G CANADA E-mail: [email protected] Joel Weinberger, PhD (After September 2007: Derner Institute Institute of Child Development Adelphi University University of Minnesota Box 701 51 East River Road Garden City, NY 11530 USA Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA E-mail:[email protected] E-mail: [email protected])

The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness