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The Interaction of River Engineering and Geomorphology in the Lower Wairau River, Marlborough, New Zealand

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The Interaction of River Engineering and Geomorphology in the Lower Wairau River, Marlborough, New Zealand Journal of Hydrology (NZ) 49 (2): 79-98 2010 © New Zealand Hydrological Society (2010) The interaction of river engineering and geomorphology in the Lower Wairau River, Marlborough, New Zealand Kyle Christensen1 and Crile Doscher2 1 River Engineering Sector Leader, Pattle Delamore Partners, Wellington, New Zealand 2 Faculty of Environment, Society and Design, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract the different regimes are also examined, The Wairau River is one of the most along with their implications for sustainable engineered river systems in the Marlborough management decisions. region. Historical river control works, particularly the blocking of the Opawa Keywords Breach and the subsequent construction of Geomorphology; river engineering; suspended the Wairau Diversion, have had a significant sediment transport capacity; aggradation. impact on flow and sediment transport in the Lower Wairau. Currently, the Lower Wairau Introduction is aggrading as a result of an increase in An understanding of the geomorphic setting sediment concentration and a decrease in the of rivers and the effects of past river control duration for which flows exceed the critical works on their current morphology is needed threshold to keep sediment entrained. These to anticipate how proposed management changes are attributable to the substantial policies or engineering works will affect reduction in flow in the Lower Wairau that is current processes and the rivers’ sediment a result of over half the total Wairau flow now transport capacity and future morphology. passing down the Wairau Diversion. During Such an understanding can inform the choice the previous period, following the blocking of of management options to minimise the the Opawa Breach up until the construction of need for future remedial works. Both water the Wairau Diversion, the opposite occurred, and sediment need to be considered, as their with significant increases in flow down the interaction determines the morphology of Lower Wairau and widespread erosion. the river channel, a key factor in terms of This paper reviews the geomorphic flood conveyance, land drainage, recreation setting of the Wairau deposition zone and and habitat. the impacts of the Opawa Breach and the The current form of the Wairau River Wairau Diversion on the Lower Wairau by system in Marlborough is a result of the examining historical cross-sectional data interaction between catchment geological (1927 to present) and assessing the distinct processes and the large-scale river engineering flow and sediment transport regimes driving works undertaken over the past 150 years. The the aggradation and erosion. The effects on geologically active catchment and active slope channel slope, width and bed level through processes, combined with significant rainfall 79 in the headwaters, produce a large volume of This paper reviews the impact of historical sediment which is transported through the flood control measures on the Lower Wairau system. The northwest tilting of the geologic River and their effects on channel morphology. block underlying the Wairau River and the Historical cross-sectional data will be used to deposition of erosion-resistant beach ridges illustrate the changes to bed levels, channel 6000 years ago determined the river setting widths, and bed volumes, and the impacts on that European settlers encountered during sediment transport capacity will be discussed. development of the Marlborough region and Results from this study have been used in Blenheim Township in the mid 1800s. the design and evaluation of a flow control While there has been wide-scale structure to address aggradation in the Lower modification of many rivers throughout the Wairau. Marlborough region by channel diversions, detention dams, stopbanking, and erosion Wairau River catchment control works, the Wairau River, which is the The 3825 km2 Wairau catchment is located largest in terms of flood discharge, is the most at the northeastern end of the South Island highly modified. of New Zealand (Fig. 1). The 170 km long Historically, competing River Boards built Wairau River is the main channel that control structures that effectively transferred transports water and sediment through the flood hazard to other Boards’ districts. The system. two most significant river control works that The headwaters of the Wairau catchment have affected the Lower Wairau River are are in the Spenser Mountains, which are the the blocking of the Opawa Breach in 1917 northernmost extent of the Southern Alps, and the construction of the Wairau Diversion and are bounded by the Richmond Ranges to in 1963. the north, the Bounds and Raglan Ranges to The blocking of the Opawa Breach, which the south and by the sea to the east. was effectively the southern channel of the Strong topographically-controlled rainfall Wairau River, was attempted many times, gradients characterise the Wairau River but in 1917 there was success and the flood catchment (Rae et al., 1988). The east-to- west annual rainfall variation ranges from hazard was transferred from the main town 600 mm at the coast up to 1800 mm in the of Blenheim to the outlying settlements of upper reaches of the middle Wairau Valley, Tuamarina, Spring Creek and Grovetown. increasing to 2400 mm to the southwest in Approximately 50 years later the flood hazard the headwaters. High-intensity thunderstorms created by the blocking of the Opawa Breach are also a feature of the Wairau catchment, was mitigated with a large diversion channel with an average of 5 to 10 thunderstorms per from Tuamarina to the sea (the Wairau year (Simpson et al., 1980). Figure 2 presents Diversion). This temporarily mitigated the a long profile of the river. flood risk, but the subsequent redistribution Within the mid-Wairau Valley, the Wairau of water and sediment has led to a 1.5 m River flows on a wide braided gravel bed over aggradation of the Lower Wairau, which has the 75 km from where it emerges from the again led to an increased flood risk in the Raglan and St Arnaud Range to the confluence Spring Creek, Grovetown, Wairau Pa and of the Waihopai. This reach of the river has a Lower Wairau districts. As well as increasing slope of 1:200 and flows along the fault-angle flood risk, aggradation has caused other depression between the Marlborough Sounds adverse impacts, including reduced drainage and Awatere geologic blocks. Recent evidence and a reduction in recreation, habitat and suggests that bed levels are stable in this reach environmental quality. (Christensen, 2005a). 80 Figure 1 – The Wairau Catchment and Lower Wairau River (after Rae et al., 1988). 81 Figure 2 – Long profile of the Wairau River. Below the Waihopai confluence the river during the post-glacial and Holocene Wairau River flows on the northern flank of a period (14,000 yrs BP to present) (Rae 170 km2 alluvial fan, originally formed by the et al., 1988; Basher et al., 1995). The towns of Blenheim, Grovetown and Spring Creek are located on a mixture of swamp, lagoon and beach deposits (Basher et al., 1995). The slope of the river decreases from 1:200 to 1:700 from the head of the fan to the bifurcation Figure 3 – Detailed map of the Lower Wairau River and the Wairau Diversion, including locations of cross sections. 82 of the Lower Wairau and Wairau Diversion Geomorphic setting of the at Tuamarina. The active, semi-braided, Lower Wairau River gravel bed channel is generally 400 m wide The Alpine (Wairau) Fault is the dominant and is now flanked by vegetated berms and tectonic feature of the Wairau catchment and stopbanks, providing a confined floodway separates the southern and northern sub- width of 800 m. The upstream supply of catchments, which have distinctive differences gravel bedload to the Wairau River deposition in underlying geology. The fault extends zone has been estimated at 70,000 m3/yr, through virtually the whole catchment and based on the mapped volume of the Raupara has experienced 70 m of horizontal and 1.2 m Formation created over the current post- of vertical movement over the past 20,000 glacial/Holocene period (Christensen, 2007). years (Simpson et al., 1980). To the south At the bifurcation of the Wairau River at the bedrock is greywacke and argillite, to the Tuamarina, the man-made Wairau Diversion north it is schist. The ranges of the southern cuts a direct path to the sea. It has a flood slope tributaries, the Waihopai in particular, are of 1:1000 and a rock-lined active channel of extremely steep, with exposed, eroding 150 m flanked by 75-m flood berms to give a greywacke surfaces. Because of the active floodway width of 300 m. From this point, the tectonic landscape and substantial rainfall, Lower Wairau River flows in a southeasterly the river transports a significant volume direction for approximately 12 km from the of sediment. The majority of the sediment bifurcation at Tuamarina before discharging (95%) is silt and fine sand transported in into Cloudy Bay through the Wairau Bar. suspension. The Lower Wairau has a flood slope of Over the current post-glacial/Holocene 1:2000 and a confined floodway width of period the Wairau River deposition zone 350 m. The permanently wetted, tidal main has received approximately 28 × 109 tons of channel is typically 120 m wide. fine-grain sand and silt and 1.4 × 109 tons of The average annual flood in the Wairau gravel (Christensen, 2005a). All of the gravel River at Tuamarina is 2100 m3/sec and the has been deposited within the landward 1% annual exceedance probability (AEP) boundary of Wairau River deposition zone, flood peak is 5500 m3/sec (Williman, 1995). while most of the fine-grained sand and silt Based on analysis of suspended sediment have been deposited out in Cloudy Bay. The gaugings, Christensen (2007) estimated gravel-sand transition is located at Dicks the annual suspended sediment load at Road in the Lower Wairau, and alluvial gravel Tuamarina to be 1.8 × 106 t/year.
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