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o ( ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA Α No. ό

E OM O EEGY GA A CIICA EMEAUE O SUECOUCO IMIE Y UCUAIOS O ESIY O SAES

M GŁAYSIEWIC GONcZAREK A M MULAK

Isiue o ysics Wocaw Uiesiy o ecoogy Wyeże Wysiaiiskiego 7 5-37 Wocaw oa

(Received Ocfober 21' 1999; revised version February 8' 2000)

e s-aie CS suecouco wi e eeco esiy o saes eeig o eegy i e iciiy o emi ee is cosiee e eis- ece o suc ucuaios o eeco esiy o saes may e eee o a oe siguaiies wiey iscusse i e ieaue I e ae ee yes o sma ucuaios o e eeco esiy o saes iouce aou

is aeage ackgous aue ae aayse oeia iage a oga- imic oes I oe o cacuae umeicay e eegy ga a ciica emeaue e omaism o aameic CS ga equaios is aie e osiie ucuaios (eaks coeso o e icease i occuie saes ume iucig a ige ciica emeaue O e oe a egaie ucuaios wic ecease e ume o occuie saes ea o a owe ciica emeaue Suc ecease i ciica emeaue ca ea a a seciic coice o aamees o e ecease i suecouciiy e es- ece o ucuaios is eecio i e sae o eegy ga as a ucio o emeaue I e iciiy o Τ = a au ecease o icease i e eegy ga o e oigia CS aue accoig o e sig o e uc- uaio is osee I u e ucuaios o o cage e eaiou o e eegy ga ea 1 ACS umes 7—

. Intrdtn Siguaiies o e eeco esiy o saes (EDOS) a ei iuece o suecoucig oeies ae ee ecey wiey iscusse i e ieaue wii e a oe sceaio eg [1 3 ] e easo o e eisece a mecaisms o ig-emeaue suecouciiy is o cea u oay a i

(139 1040 M Glαdz Gnzαr M ΜέΙα seems to be possible that fluctuations of EOS may turn to be crucial in its explanation. Within the Van Hove scenario we try to answer a profound question, how the physics of interacting liquid is modified by presence of Van Hove singularities near the Ferini level, which were originally classified in two and three diinensions by Leon Van Hove [5]. From the point of view of cuaes physics the two-diinensional singular- ity, i.e. a saddle point, which is associated with a crossover from electron-like to hole-like conduction, might be extremely important. In the paper [3] the with a superposition of one-dimensional eemum and two-dimensional saddle point (connected with a logarithmic divergence) has been studied and an analytical approximation for the CS gap equation within the weak coupling the- ory was proposed. As a result the values of between 40 Κ and 140 Κ as well as the isotope parameter between 0.18 and 0.28 were established. In turn, in the pa- per [4] the logarithmic EOS with Coulomb repulsion was investigated when the electronic interaction was eomaise to obtain the effective repulsive seuoo- eia In this case a high critical temperature was also achieved. In the review [1] many theoretical and experimental approaches associated with Van Hove scenario are discussed. According to them a reasonable comprehension of the high teinper- ature phenomenon could be related to some unusual properties of cuaes with singularities in EOS Before the discovery of cuaes an einpirical rule was stated that the best way to find out a high temperature superconductor was to look for a material with a peak in EOS Recently, Mioic and Caoe have proposed some in- teresting models of EOS with peaks close to E for Α15 compounds in order to explain the anomalous behaviour of their normal and superconducting states, respectively [6, 7]. They have considered fluctuations of EOS in the oeia and triangle shapes analysing the problem within the isotropic approxiination. Band structure calculations have confirmed the possibility of such sharp peaks in EOS for materials with the Α15 crystal structure [8], as well as some recent angular resolved ooemissio spectroscopy (AES experiments have shown that many high temperature superconductors possess a sharp peak in EOS near Fermi energy [1]. In this paper we model such simple fluctuations and the numerically calcu- lated critical temperature together with the energy gap dependence vs. tempera- ture. The starting point of further calculations is the CS gap equation. e moe Let us consider an s-paired CS superconductor with a sinall fluctuation added to constant background's EOS Ν ( The modified EOS has the fr

Below, we focus our interests on three particular types of fluctuations: • oeia type:

e om o Eegy Ga a Critical Temperature ... 1041

e aoe equaio eeses a sueosiio o Lorentzian eaks o EDOS, oigiay iscusse i [ 7] e us emasise a e ieesig emoy- amic oeies o e sysem wi suc Lorentzian EDOS wee cacuae i e ae [9] • iage ye

ee EDOS as iage eaks ea e emi ee • ogaimic ye

wee e ucuaio is eesee y e ogaiiic iegeces ocaise o cosa EDOS. is ye o ucuaio may e oe ou i ig eieaue suecoucos [1 ] I e osuae oms o EDOS is e eegy eee o e emi ee i e eig o e ucuaio Eqs. ( a (3 o e gow ae o e si-

guaiy (Eq ( Β — is a-wi — e eegy isace (si o e ucuaio om e emi ee a is e ume o eaks o siguaiies un- der consideration. Since only small fluctuations are taken into account the average ume o quasiparticles Ν is esee a cosa

wee a eoe -imesioa ecos o Β a χ , eseciey We begin with more general form of the BCS eegy ga equaio akig EDOS as o-symmeic wi esec o e emi ee

wee λ = Ν(ρ is e aiig aamee Ioucig e symos (c [1-13]

a iegaig Eq ( y as wi wo iee iega ucios e ga equaio ca e wie i e oowig om

a cosequey 1 M Gaysiewic Gocαek M Muak

I a ou cacuaios e oowig coiios ae assume i u es o e imi o e iegaio iea (│→wicuω/Τ is oe eace y iiiy e aoe oceue is uy cosise wi e assumio gie y Eq (5 oe a i Eqs ( a (9 a ew aamee Τ/Δ(Ο as ee iouce ow e imis Τ = Ο (τ = οο a Τ = Τ (τ = ae iesigae a ae some ageaic asomaios oe may oai eseciey a

I is coeie o iouce e oowig susiuios wic ae useu o umeica cacuaios e us emasise a e aamee τ akes aues om eo o iiiy

. rntzn EOS eow Eq (11 wi (1 is soe umeicay y e euaioa meo o e ucuaio gie y ( eaig wi Eqs ( a (1 we emoy e eicie umeica agoim

wee

Equaios (13 (1 u o e ey coeie o cacuae e eegy ga e- eece s emeaue I u o eie e ew ciica emeaue ase o Eqs (9 a ( we ay e agoim as oows e om o Εεgy Ga a Ciica Τemρeaυe 1043

wee

isy e us cosie e case o a sige oeia eak e eegy ga em- eaue eeece is oe i igs 1 a 3 ea Τ → oe may osee is ai cage ese esus emai i ageeme wi e uamea CS eaio Δ(/Τ

ig 1 e eemay oms o e eegy ga cacuae o e oeia EOS s euce emeaue o a ew cose aues o b. aamees x a r ae ie a χ = 1 r = aamee b akes e aues 5 3 1 e oigia CS cue is eesee y e oe ie (b

ig e eemay oms o e eegy ga cacuae o e oeia EOS s euce emeaue o a ew cose aues o x. aamees b a r ae ie a b = 5 = aamee x akes e aues 5 3 1 -3 -5 e oe ie eeses e case o x = Ο (e CS cue 1 M Głαysiewic Gonczarek' M Mulak

ig 3 e eemay oms o e eegy ga cacuae o e oeia EOS s euce emeaue o a ew cose aues o aamees a x ae ie a = 5 o e ue ee cues = 1 aamee akes e oowig aues 3 e e ie coesos o e oigia CS cue = iay e owe ee cues coeso o = —1 aamee is equa o 3 eseciey

ig euce ciica emeaue cacuae o e oeia EOS s aa- mee aamee = Ο a x akes e aues 3 1 -1 - -3

ig 5 euce ciica emeaue cacuae o e oeia EOS s aa- mee aamee s 1 a akes e aues 5 1 3 e om o Eegy Gα a CiicαΙ Τemρeαυτe 1045

e us emasise a e aeaace o e aeau o e eegy ga i e ey sma egio cose o Τ wic oe ca osee i e ises o igs 1 3 is ue o e eaio ewee e eegy ga a ea caaciy As i is sow i [1] e ea caaciy C Δ/9Τ so i e oaie esus C — Ο a Τ —+ a e i aw o emoyamics is aso uie e cues coesoig o iee b aamees a ie x a ae eice i ig 1 I u e cues o iee x aamees u ow a ie b a = ae gie i ig wee ey ae isiue symmeicay wi esec o e cassica CS cue I e aamee is o equa o Ο e e eegy ga s emeaue as a eemum a maimum o osiie x a a miimum o egaie x, eseciey (see ig 3 I is ceay see a e asic aamees o ucuaio n a ae a sog a saigowa iuece o e aue o ciica emeaue wic is sow i a iec mae i ig e ciica emeaue gows u a osiie x a age b, a goes ow a egaie x, we ee sma Τ cou e oaie we b is eoug age I e eow Susecio 31 some iiguig aayica esus coesoig us o is case ae iey esee O e oe a e iuece o e aamee o Τ is summaise i ig 5

3.1. Decay of sρecοιιciνiy I is susecio e aayica cacuaio o oe a e ciica em- eaue may go o eo i e moe wi egaie ucuaio is skece Usig e oowig omua ae iegaio we i

wee = Τ/Δ( = πe Equaio (1 i e imis o c — t → akes e oowig om

om wic oe ca iay ge

Equaio ( sows a o some seciic egaie i aamees a i wic ae aways osiie e ciica eieaue Τ = Δ( may aai ey sma aues oig o eo i aicua cases wic ceay coesos o esucio o 1 M Gladysiewicz, Gonczarek' M Miilak

suecouciiy is cocusio emais eiey i ageeme wi ou eious umeica esus I iicaes a e ucuaio o EDOS ca aso ecease e asiio emeaue oug is eec is o seciicay iesigae

4. rnl EOS ow aaogousy o Secio 3 e iage om o EDOS (see Eq (3 ca e u io Eq ( a ae aameeiaio accoig o (7 oe may oai a umeica agoim o i e eegy ga eeece s emeaue i e om

e omua o e ciica emeaue ca e wie as wee

I igs ό a 7 e emeaue eeeces o eegy ga o iage EDOS iouce aoe ae esee e aicua case we e maimum

ig e eemay oms o e eegy ga s euce emeaue o e iage EOS aamee = Ο aamee is equa o 3 a = 5 3 e oe ie coesos o e CS cue e om o Eegy Ga a Ciicα1 emeaue 1047

ig 7 e eemay oms o e eegy ga s euce emeaue o e iage EDOS. aamee = aamee is equa o 5 a = 5 3 1 e oe ie coesos o e BCS cue

ig euce ciica emeaue s aamee o e iage EDOS. aamee akes e aues 5 3 1 a o a ucuaio is ocaise iecy o e emi ee (wic coesos o = as ee cosiee ecisey e cacuaios ea o e cassica CS aio Δ(/ΤC a e sae o e cues is simia o e oe coesoig o e oeia EOS Oe may oice a e eegy ga cages moe aiy a is sigy moe "egiy" ea Τ = Ο a i e oeia case eeeess i e ey aow egio we Τ —* e Δ(Τ cue as si a aeau ece accoig o ou eious iscussio C —+ a Τ —+ Ceay e om o a ucuaio is eece i e eaiou o 1( cue i e iciiy o Τ = e ciica emeaues coesoig o e iage EOS o aious ses o e aamees ae esee i ig e sae o e cues is siiia o e oeia case ee e egaie ucuaios ae ee o suie

5 ogaimic EOS

iay emoyig e ogaimic EOS Eq ( i Eq ( ae aa- meeiaio (7 oe ca oai equaios coeie o umeica cacuaio o eegy ga eeece s emeaue i e om 1 Μ Gαysiewic Gocαek M Mtilak

Cosequey i oe o oai e ciica emeaue we eie e omua

wee

I ig 9 e emeaue eeieces o eegy ga o e ogaimic EOS ae oe As aoe e aicua case we e ucuaio (ie- gece occus eacy o e emi ee (wic coesos o = as ee iesigae We aso u =1, so i is case we ea oy wi oe aamee wic is ougy 1 iies smae a a cosiee o oeia a ia- ge EOS Agai e cacuaios ea o e cassica CS aio Δ(/ΤC a e sae o e cues is esee Moeoe i e ey aow egio we

Τ — Δ( cue as a aeau

ig 9 e eemay oms o e eegy ga s euce emeaue o e ogai- mic EDOS. aamee akes e aues 11 9 7 5 3 a x 1 = e oe ie eeses e BCS cue e om o Eegy Ga a Critical Temperature ... 1049

6. Enr p bhvr nr

e us oice a Eq ( ca e symmetrised sice we assume a e couig ieacio is symmeic wi esec o e emi ee ece Eq ( may e wie as

wee

is e EDOS symmeic wi esec o e emi ee o Τ — Τ a Τ = Τ Eq (7) euces o e om

a so

wee o age ξ we ae Ι( = 1 a Ι(/ = as i is assume o Ν1( Eimiaig λ a eeoig I(u i a owe seies

ae some ageaic asomaios oe may oai e eessio o e eegy ga at Τ —Τ i e om

a akig io accou a Ι(υΤ = 1 we ge

wic is us e we-kow BCS omua Equaio (31 oes a ay fiuctu- ation oes o cage e BCS sae o e Δ(Τ eeece ea Τ Ou umeica esus o e BCS sae o e eegy ga eeece i e Τ — Τ imi Eeimea cues esee i e ae [1] emai i ageeme wi ou cocusios esies e cacuaios caie ou y Pashitski a Pentegov [15] ea o e same esus 15 Μ Gdz Gnzr M M/

O e oe a e cacuaios eie o Τ — ea o e oowig geea omua wic coims e esece o a aeau o e eegy ga i e egio cose o Τ = wi o esec o a ye o e ucuaio

. Cnln I e ae we ae suie e sysem wi ucuaio o EOS i e iciiy o e emi suace Moe ecisey e ucuaio o oeia ia- ge a ogaimic yes as ee iscusse I is omaism e oa uie o quasiaices emais cosa esus o some eeseaie umeica ca- cuaios ae comae wi eeimea aa o isace i e aes [1 15] e eegy ga ou eeimeay ca e ie wi e ee postulated EOS oms I as ee sow a e aiaio o e ciica emeaue ees o e ucuaio sie e sae o e ucuaio is eece i e om o e eegy ga s emeaue eeece Sma ucuaios cause a isie cage o o e ciica emeaue a e om o e eegy ga s emeaue os We e ucuaio is osiie a ise o e ciica eieaue is osee I u egaie ucuaios ecease Τ esuig i e oa esucio o su- ecouciiy sae i eema cases wic seems o e a ieesig oey a may e o aswe e quesio — wy some maeias o o eea sue- couciiy? is esu ca e iscusse i e iciiy o T = wee a cucia icease o ecease i Δ(Τ is oice is ae sage eaiou as o ee osee eeimeay u o ow eig esumay o sue o e measue I cou eai wy o ΠΤSCs maeias e asic aio Δ(/Τ is o equa o 17 ay moe O e oe a i e egio Τ —+ Τ e eeimea esus ae i saisacoy ageeme wi e CS oes I e iemeiae age o em- eaues a esseia isceacy wi e CS cue is osee owee is isceacy ca e eimiae y aoiae iig wi wo Lorentzian eaks I a cases o e ucuaios ue cosieaio we ae ake into accou ee gous o aamees Β a x, a aayse ei iuece o a sae o e eegy ga a aue o e ciica emeaue owee comaig ou aoac o some oe oes iscusse i e eiew [1 ] we ca easiy i eeimea eaaio o e aamees emoye A so e aamee xi , wic eies e eig o e ucuaio o e gow ae o e siguaiy eesses e oig coceaio e aamee Β wic is a a-wi o a eak o siguaiy coesos o 1/ o e width o e siguaiy osee i e eeimes Moeoe wa e oe auos ca a seuoga is eacy i.e. e isace om e emi ee o e eak o siguaiy i EDOS. So iicaes e siguaiy eegy ee i a iec mae e esee omaism a is coecios wi eeimea esus co- im e esseia imac o ucuaios o EOS o some amaig oeies o e ew geeaio o suecoucos We aso osuae e mio iuece o ucuaio o e ia esus i e moes suie The Form of Energy Gap and CiicαΙ emeue 1051

eeeces

[1] S Makiewic J. ys Chem. 8, 1179 (1997 [] ouie ok i The Gap Symmey and Fluctuations in High Τ Supercon- ductors, Es ok G eusce aua S Wo eum ess ew Yok 199 37 [3] Gassme Seie J. Supercond. , 19 (199 [] oce ok State Commu 8, 975 (1993 [5] a oe ys Rev. 89, 119 (1953 [] Mioic J.P. Caoe Can. J. ys 6, 75 (193 [7] E Scacige Mioic Caoe J. ys F, Met. ys 2, 1771 (19 [] KM o M Coe WE icke ys Rev. Lett. 4, 15 (197 [9] Gocaek M Muak ys Lett. Α 2, (1999 [ΙΟ] Gocaek M Muak Phys. Status Solidi Β 208, 57 (199 [ii] M Muak Gocaek Acta ys Ρo1 Α 9 9 (199 [1] Gocaek M Muak W Kumaa Aca ys Ρo1 Α , 31 (1999 [13] Gocaek M Muak Aca ys Ρo1 Α 17 (199 [1] Eomoo Kokao I Masuaa Moi Oaki Czechoslovak J. ys Part SS 46, 1331 (199 [15] EA asiskii Ι eego Czechoslouak J. ys Part S2 46, 11 (199