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Resource Predictability and Niche Breadth in the Drosophila Quinaria Species Group Author(S): John Jaenike Source: Evolution, Vol

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Resource Predictability and Niche Breadth in the Drosophila Quinaria Species Group Author(S): John Jaenike Source: Evolution, Vol Resource Predictability and Niche Breadth in the Drosophila quinaria Species Group Author(s): John Jaenike Source: Evolution, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Sep., 1978), pp. 676-678 Published by: Society for the Study of Evolution Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2407734 . Accessed: 16/08/2011 08:53 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for the Study of Evolution is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Evolution. http://www.jstor.org 676 NOTES AND COMMENTS tion, all of Harvard University and NSF Grant Buckthorn and the problem of its introductior DEB75-21018. PAO was financially supported by into horticulture and forest belts]. (In Russian). NSF Grants GB 7805 and GB 25592 awarded to the Problemy Botanik No. 2:339-374. Organization for Tropical Studies (principal inves- GIKALOV,S. YA. 1935. [Relation of hemp to disease tigators H. G. Baker and G. W. Frankie). We thank and pests]. (In Russian). Biologiya Konopli. Tru- Jorge Campabadal and his O.T.S. office staff in Cos- dy VNII Konopli. No. 8:165-175. ta Rica for logistical support and the Dave Stewart HARBORNE, J. B., C. A. WILLIAMS, J. GREENHAM, family of Comelco Ranch for permission to study on AND P. MOYNA. 1974. Distribution of charged their property. Otto Solbrig provided laboratory fa- flavones and caffeylshikinic acid in Palmae. Phy- cilities and Gordon Frankie and Ray Umber advised tochemistry 13:1557-1559. us on experimental techniques. Paul Feeney, Dan HOLDRIDGE, L. R., W. C. GRENKE, W. H. HATHE- Janzen, Donald Levin, Juliet Perkins, Orly Taylor WAY, T. LIANG, AND J. A. Tosi, JR. 1971. For- and an anonymous reviewer suggested improve- est Environments in Tropical Life Zones: A Pilol ments in the manuscript. Study. Pergamon Press, New York. 747 pp. LEVIN, D. A. 1971. Plant phenolics: an ecologica] LITERATURE CITED perspective. Amer. Natur. 105:157-181. BAWA, K. S., AND P. A. OPLER. 1975. Dioecism 1973. The role of trichomes in plant de- in tropical forest trees. Evolution 29: 167-179. fense. Quart. Rev. Biol. 48:3-15. CHAILAKHYAN, M. KH. 1947. [On the false im- . 1976. Chemical defenses of plants. Ann. munity of plants]. (In Russian). DAN SSSR Rev. Ecol. Syst. 7:121-159. 6 1:91-101. MABRY, T. J., K. R. MARKHAM, AND M. B. THO- DOLINGER, P. M., P. R. EHRLICH, W. L. FITCH, MAS. 1970. Systematic Identification of Flavo- AND D. E. BREEDLOVE. 1973. Alkaloid and pre- noids. Springer-Verlag, New York. 370 pp. dation patterns in Colorado lupine populations. POWELL, J. A., J. A. COMSTOCK,AND C. F. HER- Oecologia 13:191-204. BISON. 1973. Biology, geographical distribution FEENEY, P. P. 1970. Seasonal changes in oak leaf and status of Atteva exquisita (Lepidoptera: tanins and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding Yponomeutidae). Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. by winter moth caterpillars. Ecology 51:565-581. Hist. 17:175-186. GATINA, ZH. I. 1955. [Biological features of the sea Evolution, 32(3), 1978, pp 676-678 RESOURCE PREDICTABILITY AND NICHE BREADTH IN THE DROSOPHILA QUINARIA SPECIES GROUP JOHN JAENIKE Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627 Received June 17, 1977. Revised October 25, 1977 Levins and MacArthur (1969) have modeled the relates these considerations to the observed host- conditions under which an insect ought to increase plant ranges of two members of the Drosophila qui- the variety of plants on which it oviposits. They as- naria species group, D. quinaria and D. falleni. sume that an insect's reproductive success is a mul- Suspected larval resources (fungi, slime fluxes, tiplicative function of the probability of its finding oozing sap flows, fruits, flowers, and decaying an acceptable host plant, and the number of young leaves, bark, and wood) were collected from various produced if such a plant is found. The number of localities in Maine and New York State. They were young produced depends on the suitability (presence placed on a layer of wet sand in 350 ml plastic cups, or absence of competitors, toxicity, etc.) of the plant. which were sealed with plastic wrap, perforated for Qualitatively, they predict that an insect should in- ventilation. Cultures were incubated at 20 + 1 C. crease the number of plant species on which it will Drosophila species were identified when they oviposit if the probability of finding one of its host emerged as adults. plants is low, or if the array of new plants utilized The only resource from which D. quinaria does not include too many unsuitable species. Some emerged is the skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foeti- unsuitable species may be used because the insect dus (Araceae) (Table 1). The only other drosophilid does not possess the neurosensory ability to distin- reared from these plants is Scaptomyza borealis, guish them from those that are suitable. This note which was not bred from any other potential re- NOTES AND COMMENTS 677 source. In the spring, D. quinaria breeds in the flow- TABLE 1. Breeding sites of D. quinaria and D. fal- ers, spathes, and spadices of these plants, whereas leni. in late summer and fall, it utilizes the decaying leaves and petioles. This finding and the fact that the ranges Adults reared of D. quinaria and S. foetidus are nearly coextensive D. (Sturtevant, 1921; Patterson and Wagner, 1943; D. quin- Rickett, 1966) suggest that the former is a monopha- Substrate N falleni aria gous species. This is easy to understand in terms of Symplocarpusfoetidus the Levins-MacArthur hypothesis. Because skunk flowers 70 262 cabbages appear in the same localities, at approxi- leaves and petioles 9 19 mately the same time, year after year (Fernald, Clavulina cinerea 6 1 1950), individuals of D. quinaria have a high prob- Suillus tomentosus 16 2 ability of finding a resource upon which to oviposit. Boletus chrysenteron 25 19 An individual that accepted more species as host Pluteus cervinus 2 26 plants would have only a slightly greater chance of Lactarius lignyotus 2 6 finding one of them, while it would incur a poten- Russula emetica 15 8 tially serious risk-the inclusion of unsuitable species subfoetans 60 89 among those accepted. Other host plants may be un- Amanita bisporigera 4 51 suitable because of competition with other insect fiavoconia 16 59 groups (see below). Selection favors monophagy. flavorubescens 16 169 Wheeler (1954) has found that the closely related gemmata 16 19 D. magnaquinaria breeds in a related skunk cab- inaurata 8 46 bage, Lysichiton americanum, in the Pacific North- muscaria 25 557 west. Both species of skunk cabbages, and members rubescens 13 353 of the Araceae in general, are extensively riddled virosa 10 207 with raphides of calcium oxalate, which render the plants nearly immune to attack by insects (B. J. D. Meeuse, pers. comm.). These two Drosophila species must have some adaptation, probably derived from breed contain a variety of potentially toxic princi- a common ancestor, that has facilitated use of and ples. For example, D. falleni has been reared from coevolution with these Araceae (Ehrlich and Raven, Amanita muscaria, which contains a number of al- 1964). It is conceivable that monophagy in these spe- kaloid neurotoxins, very high concentrations of va- cies is enforced by their dependence on skunk cab- nadium (Bertrand, 1950), and which is a renowned bages for specific nutrients [cf. D. pachea (Heed and flykiller. It also utilizes A. bisporigera and A. virosa, Kircher, 1965)]. However, this idea is unlikely, as both of which contain highly toxic amanitins, short- both species can be maintained in the laboratory on chain cyclic polypeptides that damage cell mem- standard media (Sturtevant, 1921; Wheeler, 1954). branes and disrupt RNA synthesis (Wieland, 1968). In any event, such obligate dependence on one host D. falleni may cope with this spectrum of potential species would most likely be a result of monophagy, toxins in a number of ways. On the one hand, it may not a primary cause of it. possess an arsenal of enzymes, each specifically se- Carson (1971) suggests that the widespread use of lected to detoxify a given poison (e.g., Teas, 1967). decaying leaves by Hawaiian Drosophila evolved in Alternatively, or in addition, it may have high ac- the absence of competition from other insect groups. tivity levels of mixed-function microsomal oxidases, On the North American continent, preemption of or other general-purpose enzymes, which are thought this niche by these other groups presumably prevents to detoxify a variety of poisons (Krieger et al., 1971). its use by Drosophila (McDonald et al., 1974). As In any case, as D. falleni appears unaffected by these reported here, D. quinaria breeds in the decaying potentially toxic compounds, the proportion of leaves of Symplocarpus foetidus in eastern North mushroom species that are unsuitable probably is America. I suggest that the absence of competitors, small. Acceptance of a broader range of fungi on which is due to the presence of calcium oxalate, has which to oviposit would include a relatively insig- allowed D. quinaria, and probably D. magnaqui- nificant number of unsuitable species. naria to evolve an adaptation for breeding in the Individual mushroom species are an unpredictable decaying leaves of these Araceae. resource in both space and time (Kauffman, 1918; In contrast to D.
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