DOCSLIB.ORG

Carnation Creek and Queen Charlotte Islands Fish/Forestry Workshop: Applying 20 Years of Coastal Research to Management Solutions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Carnation Creek and Queen Charlotte Islands Fish/Forestry Workshop: Applying 20 Years of Coastal Research to Management Solutions LAND MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK 41 Carnation Creek and Queen Charlotte Islands Fish/Forestry Workshop: Applying 20 Years of Coastal Research to Management Solutions 1998 Ministry of Forests Research Program Carnation Creek and Queen Charlotte Islands Fish/Forestry Workshop: Applying 20 Years of Coast Research to Management Solutions Dan L. Hogan, Peter J. Tschaplinski, and Stephen Chatwin (editors) Ministry of Forests Research Program Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Carnation Creek and Queen Charlotte Island Fish/Forestry Workshop (1994 : Queen Charlotte City, B.C.) Carnation Creek and Queen Charlotte Island Fish/Forestry Workshop : applying 20 years of coast research to management solutions (Land management handbook ; 41) ISBN 0-7726-3510-2 1. Fish habitat improvement – British Columbia – Carnation Creek Region – Congresses. 2. Habitat (Ecology) – British Columbia – Carnation Creek Region – Management – Congresses. 3. Forest management – Environmental aspects – British Columbia – Carnation Creek Region – Congresses. I. Hogan, Daniel Lewis, 1954– . II. Tschaplinski, Peter John, 1953– . III. Chatwin, Stephen C. IV. British Columbia. Ministry of Forests. Research Branch. V. Series. SH173.C36 1998 639.9’77’097112 C98-960079-3 Citation Hogan, D.L., P.J. Tschaplinski, and S. Chatwin (Editors). 1998. B.C. Min. For., Res. Br., Victoria, B.C. Land Manage. Handb. No. 41. Prepared by D.L. Hogan, P.J. Tschaplinski and S. Chatwin (editors) for B.C. Ministry of Forests Research Branch 31 Bastion Square Victoria, BC © 1998 Province of British Columbia Copies of this and other Ministry of Forests titles are available from: Crown Publications Inc. 521 Fort Street Victoria, BC Ministry of Forests Publication Internet Catalogue: www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Name Address J.M.E. Balke Lacon Road, Denman Island, BC William J. Beese MacMillan Bloedel Limited, Front Street, Nanaimo, BC Stephen A. Bird Pacific Watershed Research Association, – West th Avenue, Vancouver, BC M.J. Bovis Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Tom G. Brown Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC Michael Brownlee Integrated Resources Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC Anthony L. Cheong B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Fisheries Branch, nd Floor, Blanshard Street, Victoria, BC Michael Church Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC S.J. Crockford Pacific Identifications, Nelthorpe Street, Victoria, BC James E. Doyle Mt. Baker Snoqualmie N.F., U.S. Forest Service, th Avenue West, Mountlake Terrace, WA R.J. Fannin University of British Columbia, Faculty of Forestry, Vancouver, BC Darren Ham University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Gordon F. Hartman Fisheries Research and Education Services, Rose Ann Drive, Nanaimo, BC Judith K. Haschenburger Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Eugene D. Hetherington E.D. Hetherington and Associates Ltd., Dunnett Crescent, Victoria, BC (formerly Research Hydrologist with the Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC) Dan Hogan B.C. Ministry of Forests, Research Branch, PO Box Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC L.B. Holtby Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC Canada Josh Korman West th Avenue, Vancouver, BC Ray Krag Group Supervisor, Harvest Engineering, Forest Engineering Research, Institute of Canada, East Mall, Vancouver, BC iii Werner Kurz ESSA Technologies Ltd., ‒ West th Avenue, Vancouver, BC C. Peter Lewis B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC J. Stevenson Macdonald Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC D. Marmorek ESSA Technologies Ltd., ‒ West th Avenue, Vancouver, BC T.H. Millard B.C. Ministry of Forests, Labieux Road, Nanaimo, BC Greta Movassaghi Mt. Baker Snoqualmie N.F., U.S. Forest Service, th Avenue West, Mountlake Terrace, WA Roger Nichols Mt. Baker Snoqualmie N.F., U.S. Forest Service, th Avenue West, Mountlake Terrace, WA M.E. Oden Madrone Consultants Ltd., Herd Road, RR#, Duncan, BC Ian Parnell ESSA Technologies Ltd., ‒ West th Avenue, Vancouver, BC Stephen Rice University of British Columbia, Department of Geography, Vancouver, BC T.P. Rollerson B.C. Ministry of Forests, Labieux Road, Nanaimo, BC Jim W. Schwab B.C. Forest Service, Forest Sciences Section, PO Box , Smithers, BC J. Charles Scrivener Consultant Biologist, Rutherford Road, Nanaimo, BC G. Suther Ecofocus Environmental Consultants, Lacon Road, Denman Island, BC B. Thomson B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, –nd Street, Surrey, BC Derek B. Tripp Tripp Biological Consultants Ltd., Extension Road, Nanaimo, BC Peter J. Tschaplinski B.C. Ministry of Forests, Research Branch, PO Box Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC Tim Webb ESSA Technologies Ltd., ‒ West th Avenue, Vancouver, BC David Wilford B.C. Ministry of Forests, Prince Rupert Forest Region, Forest Sciences Section, Bag , Smithers, BC Robert P. Willington Integrated Resource Analysis Section, TimberWest Limited, PO Box , Crofton, BC M.P. Wise International Forest Products, Dunsmuir Street, Vancouver, BC Michael Z’Graggen East th Avenue, Vancouver, BC iv CONTENTS List of Contributors ....................................................................................................................................................... iii Introductory Comments for FFIP/Carnation Creek Workshop David Wilford ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction to Day 1: Focus on Research Michael Brownlee ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction: Workshop Outline and Experimental Design C. Peter Lewis ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 The Landscape of the Pacific Northwest Michael Church ............................................................................................................................................................ 13 An Introduction to the Ecological Complexity of Salmonid Life History Strategies and of Forest Harvesting Impacts in Coastal British Columbia J. Charles Scrivener, Peter J. Tschaplinski, and J. Stevenson Macdonald .............................................................. 23 Focus on Forestry-fisheries Problems: Lessons Learned from Reviewing Applications of the Coastal Fisheries-Forestry Guidelines D. Tripp and D. Hogan ................................................................................................................................................ 29 Watershed Hydrology Eugene D. Hetherington .............................................................................................................................................. 33 Landslides on the Queen Charlotte Islands: Processes, Rates, and Climatic Events Jim W. Schwab ............................................................................................................................................................... 41 Gully Processes in Coastal British Columbia: The Role of Woody Debris M.J. Bovis, T.H. Millard, and M.E. Oden .................................................................................................................. 49 Stream Channel Morphology and Recovery Processes D. L. Hogan, S. A. Bird, and S. Rice ............................................................................................................................ 77 Evolution of Fish Habitat Structure and Diversity at Log Jams in Logged and Unlogged Streams Subject to Mass Wasting Derek Tripp ................................................................................................................................................................... 97 Channel Scour and Fill in Coastal Streams Judith K. Haschenburger .............................................................................................................................................109 Fine Sediments in Small Streams in Coastal British Columbia: A Review of Research Progress Michael Church ............................................................................................................................................................ 119 Changes of Spawning Gravel Characteristics after Forest Harvesting in Queen Charlotte Islands and Carnation Creek Watersheds and the Apparent Impacts on Incubating Salmonid Eggs J. Charles Scrivener and Derek B. Tripp .................................................................................................................... 135 Overwintering Habitats and Survival of Juvenile Salmonids in Coastal Streams of British Columbia Gordon F. Hartman, Derek B. Tripp, and Tom G. Brown ...................................................................................... 141 v Long-term Patterns in the Abundance of Carnation Creek Salmon, and the Effects of Logging, Climate Variation, and Fishing on Adult Returns Peter J. Tschaplinski, J. Charles Scrivener, and L.B. Holtby .................................................................................... 155 Watershed Hydrology:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Annual Demographic Estimates: Canada, Provinces and Territories (Total Population Only) 2018
    Catalogue no. 91-215-X ISSN 1911-2408 Annual Demographic Estimates: Canada, Provinces and Territories (Total Population only) 2018 Release date: September 27, 2018 How to obtain more information For information about this product or the wide range of services and data available from Statistics Canada, visit our website, www.statcan.gc.ca. You can also contact us by email at [email protected] telephone, from Monday to Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., at the following numbers: • Statistical Information Service 1-800-263-1136 • National telecommunications device for the hearing impaired 1-800-363-7629 • Fax line 1-514-283-9350 Depository Services Program • Inquiries line 1-800-635-7943 • Fax line 1-800-565-7757 Standards of service to the public Note of appreciation Statistics Canada is committed to serving its clients in a prompt, Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a reliable and courteous manner. To this end, Statistics Canada has long-standing partnership between Statistics Canada, the developed standards of service that its employees observe. To citizens of Canada, its businesses, governments and other obtain a copy of these service standards, please contact Statistics institutions. Accurate and timely statistical information could not Canada toll-free at 1-800-263-1136. The service standards are be produced without their continued co-operation and goodwill. also published on www.statcan.gc.ca under “Contact us” > “Standards of service to the public.” Published by authority of the Minister responsible for Statistics Canada © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by the Minister of Industry, 2018 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • British Columbia 1858
    Legislative Library of British Columbia Background Paper 2007: 02 / May 2007 British Columbia 1858 Nearly 150 years ago, the land that would become the province of British Columbia was transformed. The year – 1858 – saw the creation of a new colony and the sparking of a gold rush that dramatically increased the local population. Some of the future province’s most famous and notorious early citizens arrived during that year. As historian Jean Barman wrote: in 1858, “the status quo was irrevocably shattered.” Prepared by Emily Yearwood-Lee Reference Librarian Legislative Library of British Columbia LEGISLATIVE LIBRARY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA BACKGROUND PAPERS AND BRIEFS ABOUT THE PAPERS Staff of the Legislative Library prepare background papers and briefs on aspects of provincial history and public policy. All papers can be viewed on the library’s website at http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/ SOURCES All sources cited in the papers are part of the library collection or available on the Internet. The Legislative Library’s collection includes an estimated 300,000 print items, including a large number of BC government documents dating from colonial times to the present. The library also downloads current online BC government documents to its catalogue. DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily represent the views of the Legislative Library or the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. While great care is taken to ensure these papers are accurate and balanced, the Legislative Library is not responsible for errors or omissions. Papers are written using information publicly available at the time of production and the Library cannot take responsibility for the absolute accuracy of those sources.
    [Show full text]
  • FSP Supporting Document Haida Gwaii Natural Resource District 2019-2024
    BCTS Chinook Business Area FSP Supporting Document Haida Gwaii Natural Resource District 2019-2024 August 2019 1. Purpose & Audience: The purpose of this document is to provide the statutory decision maker with supporting information an documentation that guides the interpretation of BCTS’ Forest Stewardship Plan (FSP) for Haida Gwaii. This document also serves to support the implementation of the FSP by Qualified Professionals (as defined in the Clarifications section of the FSP) and Timber Sale Licence (TSL) holders, and is intended to provide clarification on the measurability, verifiability and relevance of results and strategies outlined in the FSP. In preparing the FSP and this supporting document, BCTS has reviewed and considered the District Manager’s Letter of Expectation (LOE) (July 25, 2016), the Chief Forester’s Guidance on the Replacement of FSPs (March 2016) and comments from Solutions Table, the public and BCTS staff. Because forest stewardship guidance is constantly evolving, this document may be updated from time to time and new versions may be issued to address updated information or guidance. 2. Application of the District Manager’s Expectations Letter: The expectations in the Chief Forester’s letter (Appendix 1) state that the District Manager should consider the content of the guidance letter in respect of local context and incorporate relevant sections in their expectations letter. The District Manager’s LOE (Appendix 2) incorporates the Chief Foresters guidance in the context of the unique management framework on Haida Gwaii. BCTS, in the preparation of the FSP and this supporting document, has considered this guidance in the following ways: New Information: BCTS has made specific changes to the FSP by adding or augmenting sections on Cedar Stewardship Areas (CSA’s), climate change, visual quality, yew management and public engagement.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanisms for Enhancing the Retirement Income System of Canada
    Province of Nova Scotia Department of Finance MECHANISMS FOR ENHANCING THE RETIREMENT INCOME SYSTEM IN CANADA The Government of Nova Scotia is working with other provinces and territories, and the Government of Canada, to consider opportunities for enhancing Canada’s retirement income system. The overall goal is to increase savings from employment income of individuals (i.e. future retirees) who are not currently saving enough to obtain sufficient levels of replacement income to maintain their standard of living in retirement. Finance Ministers have been informed by comprehensive research as well as proposals and comments submitted by numerous interest groups and individuals. Selective reports and research from various jurisdictions can be found at: http://www.gov.ns.ca/lwd/pensionreview/default.asp http://www.fin.gc.ca/activty/pubs/pension/riar-narr-eng.asp http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/consultations/pension/dec09report.html The Finance Ministers provided direction at their June 2010 meeting for continuing work in this area. They acknowledged the importance of financial literacy and the central role that the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) plays in our government supported retirement income system. Most Ministers have agreed to consider a modest, phased-in, and fully-funded enhancement to the CPP in order to increase coverage and adequacy. Ministers further agreed to continue to work on pension innovations that would allow financial institutions to offer broad based defined contribution pension plans to multiple employers, all employees, and to the self-employed. Results of further work on technical and implementation issues will be presented at the late Fall 2010 meeting.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Planning and Education of Adult Immigrants in Canada
    London Review of Education DOI:10.18546/LRE.14.2.10 Volume14,Number2,September2016 Language planning and education of adult immigrants in Canada: Contrasting the provinces of Quebec and British Columbia, and the cities of Montreal and Vancouver CatherineEllyson Bem & Co. CarolineAndrewandRichardClément* University of Ottawa Combiningpolicyanalysiswithlanguagepolicyandplanninganalysis,ourarticlecomparatively assessestwomodelsofadultimmigrants’languageeducationintwoverydifferentprovinces ofthesamefederalcountry.Inordertodoso,wefocusspecificallyontwoquestions:‘Whydo governmentsprovidelanguageeducationtoadults?’and‘Howisitprovidedintheconcrete settingoftwoofthebiggestcitiesinCanada?’Beyonddescribingthetwomodelsofadult immigrants’ language education in Quebec, British Columbia, and their respective largest cities,ourarticleponderswhetherandinwhatsensedemography,languagehistory,andthe commonfederalframeworkcanexplainthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwo.These contextualelementscanexplainwhycitiescontinuetohavesofewresponsibilitiesregarding thesettlement,integration,andlanguageeducationofnewcomers.Onlysuchunderstandingwill eventuallyallowforproperreformsintermsofcities’responsibilitiesregardingimmigration. Keywords: multilingualcities;multiculturalism;adulteducation;immigration;languagelaws Introduction Canada is a very large country with much variation between provinces and cities in many dimensions.Onesuchaspect,whichremainsacurrenthottopicfordemographicandhistorical reasons,islanguage;morespecifically,whyandhowlanguageplanningandpolicyareenacted
    [Show full text]
  • British Columbia's Changing Demographics by Local Health Area
    British Columbia’s Changing Demographics by Local Health Area For the Years 2007, 2017, 2027, 2037 August 2018 Table of contents Title page ...................................................................................................................................................1 Table of contents ......................................................................................................................................2 List of appendices ......................................................................................................................................3 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................4 Methods ....................................................................................................................................................5 Aging Populations .....................................................................................................................................6 Population Growth and Urbanization .......................................................................................................7 Population Changes per Health Authority 2007-2017 ..............................................................................10 Population Changes per Health Authority 2017-2027 ..............................................................................11 Population Changes per Health Authority 2027-2037 ..............................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Demographics at a Glance
    Catalogue no. 91-003-X ISSN 1916-1832 Canadian Demographics at a Glance Second edition by Demography Division Release date: February 19, 2016 How to obtain more information For information about this product or the wide range of services and data available from Statistics Canada, visit our website, www.statcan.gc.ca. You can also contact us by email at [email protected] telephone, from Monday to Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., at the following toll-free numbers: • Statistical Information Service 1-800-263-1136 • National telecommunications device for the hearing impaired 1-800-363-7629 • Fax line 1-877-287-4369 Depository Services Program • Inquiries line 1-800-635-7943 • Fax line 1-800-565-7757 Standards of service to the public Standard table symbols Statistics Canada is committed to serving its clients in a prompt, The following symbols are used in Statistics Canada reliable and courteous manner. To this end, Statistics Canada has publications: developed standards of service that its employees observe. To . not available for any reference period obtain a copy of these service standards, please contact Statistics .. not available for a specific eferencer period Canada toll-free at 1-800-263-1136. The service standards are ... not applicable also published on www.statcan.gc.ca under “Contact us” > 0 true zero or a value rounded to zero “Standards of service to the public.” 0s value rounded to 0 (zero) where there is a meaningful distinction between true zero and the value that was rounded p preliminary Note of appreciation r revised Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a x suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements long-standing partnership between Statistics Canada, the of the Statistics Act citizens of Canada, its businesses, governments and other E use with caution institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Seeing the Light: Report on Staffed Lighthouses in Newfoundland and Labrador and British Columbia
    SEEING THE LIGHT: REPORT ON STAFFED LIGHTHOUSES IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR AND BRITISH COLUMBIA Report of the Standing Senate Committee on Fisheries and Oceans The Honourable Fabian Manning, Chair The Honourable Elizabeth Hubley, Deputy Chair October 2011 (first published in December 2010) For more information please contact us by email: [email protected] by phone: (613) 990-0088 toll-free: 1 800 267-7362 by mail: Senate Committee on Fisheries and Oceans The Senate of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0A4 This report can be downloaded at: http://senate-senat.ca Ce rapport est également disponible en français. MEMBERSHIP The Honourable Fabian Manning, Chair The Honourable Elizabeth Hubley, Deputy Chair and The Honourable Senators: Ethel M. Cochrane Dennis Glen Patterson Rose-Marie Losier-Cool Rose-May Poirier Sandra M. Lovelace Nicholas Vivienne Poy Michael L. MacDonald Nancy Greene Raine Donald H. Oliver Charlie Watt Ex-officio members of the committee: The Honourable Senators James Cowan (or Claudette Tardif) Marjory LeBreton, P.C. (or Claude Carignan) Other Senators who have participated on this study: The Honourable Senators Andreychuk, Chaput, Dallaire, Downe, Marshall, Martin, Murray, P.C., Rompkey, P.C., Runciman, Nancy Ruth, Stewart Olsen and Zimmer. Parliamentary Information and Research Service, Library of Parliament: Claude Emery, Analyst Senate Committees Directorate: Danielle Labonté, Committee Clerk Louise Archambeault, Administrative Assistant ORDER OF REFERENCE Extract from the Journals of the Senate, Sunday, June
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing British Columbia's and Quebec's Mathematics Curricula
    Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, Issue #49, January 26, 2006. © by CJEAP and the author(s). Analysis of an Abandoned Reform Initiative: The Case of Mathematics in British Columbia By Helen Raptis & Laurie Baxter, University of Victoria Abstract Throughout this era of greater educational accountability, assessment researchers have argued that large-scale comparative assessment data can enhance learning within and across systems of education and can foster reforms based on the practices of high achieving jurisdictions. Other researchers are less optimistic, warning that educational reform is fraught with danger. This paper explores an unsuccessful British Columbia Ministry of Education initiative to reform its mathematics curricula. This case study illustrates the myriad factors which prevent the success of planned reforms. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, Issue #49, January 26, 2006. © by CJEAP and the author(s). Introduction Over the past decade, education systems around the world have undergone unprecedented levels of reform (Calderhead, 2001; Holt, 2001; Massell, 1998). As a result, large-scale assessment has become the "vehicle of choice" for promoting accountability within our public schools (Earl & Torrance, 2000, p. 114). Researchers have argued that national and international large-scale assessments can "enhance learning within and across systems of education" (Plomp & Loxley, 1994, p. 176) by enabling policy-makers at all levels to see their systems in an international context
    [Show full text]
  • Prehistory of the Northwest Coast ROY L
    CHAPTER 1 Prehistory of the Northwest Coast ROY L. CARLSON n the beginning there was ice ... in the end there were ice. Sub-arctic and then temperate fauna spread into this approximately 100,000 Indian people living along the new found land. Man was part of this fauna; he preyed IPacific coast from southeast Alaska to the mouth of on the other animals for food and used their hides for the Columbia River in Oregon ... in between is the pre­ clothing. He arrived by different routes, and brought historic period, the time span of the unknown, between with him different cultural traditions. By 10,000 years the retreat of the last continental glacier and the arrival ago ice only existed in the mountain top remnants we of the first Europeans with their notebooks and artist's still see today. sketches who ushered in the period of written history. The Northwest Coast (Fig. 1:1) is a ribbon of green, The prehistoric period here lasted from perhaps 12,000 wet forested land which hugs the Pacific coast of North years ago to the late 1700's when Cook, Vancouver, America from the mouth of the Copper River in Alaska Mackenzie and others began writing about the area and to just below the mouth of the Klamath River in northwest its inhabitants. Glacial geology suggests that the coast California. It was part of the "Salmon Area" of early was ice free by 12,000 years ago, but there remains the ethnographers and its cultures were clearly different possibility of even earlier movements of peoples whose from those of the California acorn area, the agricultural traces were wiped out by the last glacial advance.
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 in Long-Term Care Homes in Ontario and British Columbia
    Early release, published at www.cmaj.ca on September 30, 2020. Subject to revision. ANALYSIS HEALTH SERVICES COVID-19 in long-term care homes in Ontario and British Columbia Michael Liu AB, Colleen J. Maxwell PhD, Pat Armstrong PhD, Michael Schwandt MD MPH, Andrea Moser MD MSc, Margaret J. McGregor MD MHSc, Susan E. Bronskill PhD, Irfan A. Dhalla MD MSc n Cite as: CMAJ 2020. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.201860; early-released September 30, 2020 eople living in long-term care (LTC) homes in Canada have been far more likely to die of coronavirus disease KEY POINTS 2019 (COVID-19) than the rest of the population.1 How- • Many more residents living in Ontario long-term care homes Pever, the effect of COVID-19 on residents in LTC has varied across have died from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than in provinces and territories. For example, as of Sept. 10, 2020, British Columbia. according to publicly available data, there were 5965 resident • Before the pandemic, the long-term care system in British cases and 1817 resident deaths in Ontario LTC facilities com- Columbia exhibited a number of potential strengths relevant to pared to 466 cases and 156 deaths in British Columbia care facil- pandemic preparedness compared with Ontario: there was ities (Table 1).2,3 Rates of severe acute respiratory syndrome better coordination between long-term care, public health and hospitals; greater funding of long-term care; more care hours coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (7.6% v. 1.7%, respectively) for residents; fewer shared rooms; more nonprofit facility and COVID-19 mortality (2.3% v.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Nations of British Columbia
    The First Nations of British Columbia i ii The First Nations of British Columbia: An Anthropological Survey 2ND EDITION Robert J. Muckle iii © UBC Press 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher, or, in Canada, in the case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from Access Copyright (Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency), www.accesscopyright.ca. 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in Canada on acid-free paper. ∞ Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Muckle, Robert James The First Nations of British Columbia : an anthropological survey / Robert J. Muckle. – 2nd ed. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7748-1349-5 ISBN-10: 0-7748-1349-0 1. Indians of North America – British Columbia. I. Title. E78.B9M82 2006 971.1004’97 C2006-903955-0 UBC Press gratefully acknowledges the financial support for our publishing program of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP), and of the Canada Council for the Arts, and the British Columbia Arts Council. UBC Press The University of British Columbia 2029 West Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 604-822-5959 / Fax: 604-822-6083 www.ubcpress.ca iv Contents Maps and Illustrations / vii Preface to the First Edition / xi Preface to the Second Edition / xiii Part 1: First Nations Defined What Is a First Nation? / 2 Two Kinds of First Nations People
    [Show full text]