DOCSLIB.ORG

Free Sample Issue Welcome to Your Complimentary Copy of the March 2021 Issue of Physics World Magazine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

WELCOME physicsphysicsworld.com worldVolume 34 No 3 March 2021 Physics World – free sample issue Welcome to your complimentary copy of the March 2021 issue of Physics World magazine. For more than 30 years, Physics World has been helping physicists around the world stay up to date with the latest developments in the subject. Including in-depth Pots of potential features from acclaimed physicists and science writers, comprehensive news and Archaeology sheds light on our magnetic past analysis, and incisive opinion pieces, careers articles and book reviews, each edition has lots for you to enjoy. The cover feature of this free sample issue examines how geophysicists are using archaeological artefacts to piece together how the Earth’s magnetic field has changed in the past – and how it could vary in the future (p37). There’s a great feature about how research at the intersection between physics and biology is leading to new generation of topological soft materials based on DNA (p48). Don’t miss either our look at the rising stars in cosmology who are re-examining what Einstein called his “biggest blunder” (p42). You can also find out about the UAE’s Hope mission to Mars (p12), the Chinese underground detector hinting at dark matter (p5), the importance of teaching children about careers in physics (p23) – and more besides. If you’ve enjoyed this sample issue, why not visit the Physics World website where you can enjoy daily updates covering the latest physics breakthroughs. You can also create a free account to unlock all the content on the site and subscribe to our range of e-mail newsletters. Matin Durrani Editor-in-chief, Physics World Make or break Building topological soft materials with DNA Heavenly challenge New ideas on the cosmological constant Career questions Making children feel positive about science PWMar21cover.indd 1 19/02/2021 12:05 WWW. V OLUME 3 4 N UMBER 3 M ARCH 2 0 2 1 © IOP Publishing Ltd 2021 physicsworld.com Contents: March 2021 SIMULATION CASE STUDY Looking beyond our solar system with ray tracing Open science Comfortable burden? Greener future simulation... Introducing young children to science careers 25 New theories about the cosmological constant 42–46 Troels Schönfeldt’s career path to nuclear 61–62 Astronomers detected an Earth-like planet 11 light-years away Quanta 3 from our solar system. How? Through data from an échelle Features spectrograph called HARPS, which finds exoplanets by detecting Frontiers 5 tiny wobbles in the motion of stars. Engineers looking to Chinese detector supports hints of dark matter ● Properties of Digging up magnetic clues 37 further the search for Earth-mass exoplanets can use ray tracing einsteinium revealed ● “Alpha clusters” seen on neutron-rich We’ve known for centuries that a record of the Earth’s magnetic ● ● past might be stored in objects made from fired clay. Rachel Brazil simulation to improve the sensitivity of échelle spectrographs. nuclei Click beetle’s jump revealed Egg yolk sheds light on brain injury ● “Sextuply” eclipsing star system spotted explains how geophysicists are now using that concept to get clues about the future course of our planetary field learn more comsol.blog/echelle-spectrographs News & Analysis 12 UAE Mars orbiter becomes first craft from Arab country to reach A new generation takes on the another planet ● Planetary probes could study gravitational waves cosmological constant 42 ● China mission releases first Mars image ● “Dismay” at state of Rob Lea reveals how several rising stars in cosmology are tackling geoscience education ● France unveils €1.8bn quantum plan what Albert Einstein once called “his biggest blunder”. But will their ● Support for arrested US scientist with China links revolutionary theories be accepted? ● Concerns over renaming of Oxford chair Make or break: building soft materials Comment 21 with DNA 48 Entangled thoughts DNA molecules are constantly getting broken up and glued back together to adopt new shapes. Davide Michieletto explains how Forum 23 this could lead to new kinds of “topologically active” materials Supporting science in difficult times Caitlin Duffy ● Widening career aspirations Carol Davenport Reviews 55 The superheavy element hunt Hamish Johnston ● Strolling in Transactions 27 the deep Ian Randall Grounds for optimism James McKenzie Careers 61 Critical Point 29 Rethinking nuclear for a greener planet Julianna Photopoulos Beneath the rotunda Robert P Crease Recruitment 63 Feedback 31 Your thoughts on making physics inclusive, school teaching, Lateral Thoughts 68 long-term thinking and free will Fine structure and black holes Sidney Perkowitz On the cover Physics World is published monthly as 12 issues Archaeology sheds light on our per annual volume by IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK Multimedia magnetic past 37–41 (Mat Ward/IOP Publishing) United States Postal Identification Statement Listen to the latest Physics World Building topological soft materials Physics World (ISSN 0953-8585) is published with DNA 48–52 monthly by IOP Publishing Ltd and distributed in NASA/JPL-Caltech Stories podcast to hear about the the USA by UKP Worldwide, 3390 Rand Road, New ideas on the cosmological South Plainfield, NJ 07080. Periodicals postage search for past life on Mars with NASA’s constant 42–46 paid at Rahway, NJ and at additional mailing Perseverance rover (bit.ly/3puCT04) The COMSOL Multiphysics® software is used for simulating designs, devices Making children feel positive about offices. US Postmaster: send address changes science 25 to Physics World, IOP Publishing, C/O 3390 and processes in all fields of engineering, manufacturing and scientific research. Rand Road, South Plainf ield, NJ 07080. Physics World March 2021 1 PWMar21contents.indd 1 19/02/2021 11:59 WWW. V OLUME 3 4 N UMBER 3 M ARCH 2 0 2 1 © IOP Publishing Ltd 2021 physicsworld.com Quanta Lock-in Amplifiers For the record Seen and heard The return on such an investment 37 m isn’t that bad given that Shepard is high wasn’t wearing natty golfing trousers and … and more, from DC to 600 MHz Cherry Murray from the University of Arizona a short-sleeved polo shirt. Instead, he writing for APS Physics London Barrett had to hit his balls wearing a tight-fitting Murray – a former president of the American spacesuit and swinging his club with one Physical Society – says that governments will arm. “I would challenge any club golfer seek to stimulate the economy following to go to their local course and try to COVID-19, which could be a boon for physics hit a six-iron, one-handed, with a one- research. quarter swing out of an unraked bunker,” Saunders told the BBC. Maybe lunar It was actually rather gratifying to see sports fans will have to stick to a round of how many people are interested crazy golf. Physicist Gordon Watts from the University of The case of the cubic poo Washington quoted in Symmetry Lunar living If there’s one mystery that has longed Some 1500 ideas or “letters of interest” have The housing market might be a bit puzzled biologists, it’s why wombat poo been submitted to the US Snowmass exercise, sluggish with lockdown in full swing, but is not round but shaped like a cube? The which helps to plan the future of particle physics. that hasn’t stopped housing developer thinking used to be that cubic faeces are Barratt London teaming up with the formed during the act of defecation, with It’s like the Academy Awards British Interplanetary Society to create a the wombats producing this shape to stop Joseph Lykken, Fermilab’s chief research officer, prototype home for future astronauts on the poo from rolling away, thereby helping quoted in Science the Moon. Consisting of two floors with the animals to communicate (see January a 2 m-thick roof to protect inhabitants 2019 p5). Now, however, physicist David The Muon g-2 experiment at Fermi National from radiation, the lunar module boasts Hu from Georgia Institute of Technology, Accelerator Laboratory is expected to report a three bedrooms that are on the lower along with colleagues in the US and new measurement of the magnetism of the muon floor to further reduce the radiation dose. Australia, has discovered that wombat this month. The open-plan upper floor, meanwhile, poo is cube-shaped thanks to the muscles features a kitchen, dining and living that line the marsupial’s intestines. They She wrote back to him, ‘Write me a space as well as a gallery that offers do not have cylindrical symmetry but paper on quantum physics and I’ll the “perfect place” to view the lunar rather create two stiff and two flexible do it.’ landscape and, “if you’re lucky”, catch regions, which means that as the material Earth in the distance. Barratt says that moves through the intestines, rhythmical Kevin Bright, executive producer of the US hit TV many amenities in the terraced properties muscle contractions sculpt the poo into show Friends, quoted by Hollywood Reporter starting at will be available such as electricity, water, cubes. The team says its discovery could Bright was commenting on how Matthew Perry Internet and – thankfully – air. The house “have applications in manufacturing, Optimized detection for pulsed $6,600 (who played Chandler) once managed to would be built using resources found on clinical pathology and digestive health”. convince Julia Roberts to guest star on the show. the Moon including basalt bricks, but And where was the research published? measurements: Boxcar averager furnishing it will be “one of the trickiest Soft Matter (17 475), of course. The types of stitches, the differences aspects of living on the Moon” as wood Simplified image acquisition for laser scanning and plastic would have to be flown in from Stamp of success in their geometries as well as the USPS microscopy: Image recorder Earth.
Recommended publications
  • Emergence and Phenomenology in Quantum Gravity

    Emergence and Phenomenology in Quantum Gravity

    Emergence and Phenomenology in Quantum Gravity by Isabeau Premont-Schwarz´ A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2010 © Isabeau Premont-Schwarz´ 2010 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii AUTHORSHIP STATEMENT This thesis is based on the following five articles: • A. Hamma, F. Markopoulou, I. Pr´emont-Schwarz and S. Severini, “Lieb-Robinson bounds and the speed of light from topological order,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 (2009) 017204 [arXiv:0808.2495 [quant-ph]]. • I. Pr´emont-Schwarz ,A. Hamma, I. Klich and F. Markopoulou, “Lieb-Robinson bounds for commutator-bounded operators ,” Phys. Rev. A 81, 040102(R) (2010) .[arXiv:0912.4544 [quant-ph]]. • I. Pr´emont-Schwarz and J. Hnybida, “Lieb-Robinson bounds with dependence on interaction strengths, ” [arXiv:1002.4190 [math-ph]]. • L. Modesto and I. Pr´emont-Schwarz, “Self-dual Black Holes in LQG: Theory and Phenomenology,” Phys. Rev. D 80, 064041 (2009) [arXiv:0905.3170 [hep-th]]. • S. Hossenfelder, L. Modesto and I. Pr´emont-Schwarz, “A model for non-singular black hole collapse and evaporation ,” Phys. Rev. D 81, 044036 (2010) [arXiv:0912.1823 [gr-qc]]. I did the majority of the work in the first article, but the project was initiated by Fotini Markopoulou-Kalamara and Alioscia Hamma and the manuscript was mostly written by Alioscia Hamma.
  • In This Issue NIOSH Not Issuing New Recommended Exposure Limit For

    In This Issue NIOSH Not Issuing New Recommended Exposure Limit For

    Volume 11, No. 2 • Summer 2016 Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the Food and In This Issue Drug Administration (FDA) to require companies to submit data on worker exposures to nanosilver before products con- • Recent Government Briefs taining nanosilver are allowed into the marketplace. These • Reports, Reviews, White Papers, and Books groups also supported implementing controls to mitigate ex- • Hot-off-the-Presses: Peer-reviewed Research posures (e.g., eliminating exposure to nanosilver or using less- Articles of Note hazardous substances) and recommended that companies be • Upcoming Meetings and Conferences required to submit safety data on potential risks to workers • New Product Review (e.g., liver and lung effects). Specifically, these groups noted the need to address women's exposures to nanosilver (e.g., for reproductive endpoints), because most occupational studies Recent Government Briefs of this substance have focused on men. Link to the Risk Policy Report, by Reynolds: http://insideepa.com/risk-policy-report/niosh-for- goes-novel-limit-nanosilver-citing-insufficient-risk-da- NIOSH Not Issuing New Recommended ta Exposure Limit for Nanosilver The docket, including comments and supporting documenta- tion, can be accessed here: Based on the comments it received on the draft document https://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=C "Health Effects of Occupational Exposure to Silver Nanomate- DC-2016-0001 rials," the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has decided it will not issue a specific
  • The State of the Multiverse: the String Landscape, the Cosmological Constant, and the Arrow of Time

    The State of the Multiverse: the String Landscape, the Cosmological Constant, and the Arrow of Time

    The State of the Multiverse: The String Landscape, the Cosmological Constant, and the Arrow of Time Raphael Bousso Center for Theoretical Physics University of California, Berkeley Stephen Hawking: 70th Birthday Conference Cambridge, 6 January 2011 RB & Polchinski, hep-th/0004134; RB, arXiv:1112.3341 The Cosmological Constant Problem The Landscape of String Theory Cosmology: Eternal inflation and the Multiverse The Observed Arrow of Time The Arrow of Time in Monovacuous Theories A Landscape with Two Vacua A Landscape with Four Vacua The String Landscape Magnitude of contributions to the vacuum energy graviton (a) (b) I Vacuum fluctuations: SUSY cutoff: ! 10−64; Planck scale cutoff: ! 1 I Effective potentials for scalars: Electroweak symmetry breaking lowers Λ by approximately (200 GeV)4 ≈ 10−67. The cosmological constant problem −121 I Each known contribution is much larger than 10 (the observational upper bound on jΛj known for decades) I Different contributions can cancel against each other or against ΛEinstein. I But why would they do so to a precision better than 10−121? Why is the vacuum energy so small? 6= 0 Why is the energy of the vacuum so small, and why is it comparable to the matter density in the present era? Recent observations Supernovae/CMB/ Large Scale Structure: Λ ≈ 0:4 × 10−121 Recent observations Supernovae/CMB/ Large Scale Structure: Λ ≈ 0:4 × 10−121 6= 0 Why is the energy of the vacuum so small, and why is it comparable to the matter density in the present era? The Cosmological Constant Problem The Landscape of String Theory Cosmology: Eternal inflation and the Multiverse The Observed Arrow of Time The Arrow of Time in Monovacuous Theories A Landscape with Two Vacua A Landscape with Four Vacua The String Landscape Many ways to make empty space Topology and combinatorics RB & Polchinski (2000) I A six-dimensional manifold contains hundreds of topological cycles.
  • Introduction to Copyright and Licensing in an Open Access Environment

    Introduction to Copyright and Licensing in an Open Access Environment

    IOP publications Frequently asked questions Glossary Frequently asked questions Creative Commons Moral rights Creative Commons Assignment Open access Dealing with copyright works Introduction to copyright copyright.iop.org Introduction to Introduction open access environment access open copyright and licensing in an in licensing and copyright Introduction to copyright to Introduction works copyright with Dealing access Open Assignment Commons Creative Commons Creative questions asked Frequently Glossary questions asked Frequently publications IOP Moral rights rights Moral What is copyright? As soon as an idea is expressed in a physical medium, such as writing a paper, it qualifies for copyright protection. Copyright is a legal right that gives the copyright holder exclusive rights over how others use their work. The level and type of protection offered by copyright varies between countries. A form of intellectual property, copyright can be dealt with like other types of property – it can be acquired, disposed of or licensed. Copyright is time-limited. The period of protection varies, but in most countries a journal article created at the present time will be protected for between 50 and 70 years from the death of the last surviving author. By means of a number of local and international laws and conventions, copyright which arises in one country is recognised and protected in many others. Treatment of copyright in the digital environment is evolving at an unprecedented rate. Copyright exists to protect the rights of an owner of an original piece of work by imposing restrictions on reuse but it does not always fit well with how we use and share information in the digital sphere.
  • Women in Engineering Fixing the Talent Pipeline

    Women in Engineering Fixing the Talent Pipeline

    REPORT WOMEN IN ENGINEERING FIXING THE TALENT PIPELINE Amna Silim and Cait Crosse September 2014 © IPPR 2014 Institute for Public Policy Research ABOUT IPPR IPPR, the Institute for Public Policy Research, is the UK’s leading progressive thinktank. We are an independent charitable organisation with more than 40 staff members, paid interns and visiting fellows. Our main office is in London, with IPPR North, IPPR’s dedicated thinktank for the North of England, operating out of offices in Newcastle and Manchester. The purpose of our work is to conduct and publish the results of research into and promote public education in the economic, social and political sciences, and in science and technology, including the effect of moral, social, political and scientific factors on public policy and on the living standards of all sections of the community. IPPR 4th Floor 14 Buckingham Street London WC2N 6DF T: +44 (0)20 7470 6100 E: [email protected] www.ippr.org Registered charity no. 800065 This paper was first published in September 2014. © 2014 The contents and opinions in this paper are the authors’ only. NEW IDEAS for CHANGE CONTENTS Summary ............................................................................................................1 Introduction: Why should we care about the lack of women in engineering? .....2 1. The scale of the challenge in the UK .............................................................3 2. The choices girls make in education ..............................................................5 2.1 Choices at school ............................................................................................ 5 2.2 Choices in higher education ............................................................................. 6 2.3 Choices in employment.................................................................................... 7 3. Why do girls reject the idea of a career in engineering?..............................10 3.1 Perception of STEM subjects and engineering careers ..................................
  • Sabine Hossenfelder on “The Case Against Beauty in Physics” Julia

    Sabine Hossenfelder on “The Case Against Beauty in Physics” Julia

    Rationally Speaking #211: Sabine Hossenfelder on “The case against beauty in physics” Julia: Welcome to Rationally Speaking, the podcast where we explore the borderlands between reason and nonsense. I'm your host, Julia Galef, and I'm here with today's guest, Sabine Hossenfelder. Sabine is a theoretical physicist, focusing on quantum gravity. She's a research fellow at the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, and blogs at Back Reaction. She just published the book, "Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray." "Lost in Math” argues that physicists, in at least certain sub-fields, evaluate theories based heavily on aesthetics, like is this theory beautiful? Instead of simply, what does the evidence suggest is true? The book is full of interviews Sabine did with top physicists, where she tries to ask them: what's the justification for this? Why should we expect beauty to be a good guide to truth? And, spoiler alert, ultimately, she comes away rather unsatisfied with the answers. So, we're going to talk about "Lost in Math" and the case for and against beauty in physics. Sabine, welcome to the show. Sabine: Hello. Julia: So, probably best to start with: what do you mean by beauty, in this context? And is it closer to a kind of “beauty is in the eye of the beholder” thing, like, every physicist has their own sort of aesthetic sense? Or is more like there's a consensus among physicists about what constitutes a beautiful theory? Sabine: Interestingly enough, there's mostly consensus about it. Let me put ahead that I will not try to tell anyone what beauty means, I am just trying to summarize what physicists seem to mean when they speak of beauty, when they say “that theory is beautiful.” There are several ingredients to this sense of beauty.
  • EPIC Members Directory In

    EPIC Members Directory In

    clionixumotL88 EPIC Consortium Members Directory: 737 members Questions/Comments, please contact [email protected] This directory is updated every month. Latest revision: 15 September 2021 Table of contents 1. II-VI Incorporated ................................................................................................................ 20 2. III-V Lab ................................................................................................................................ 21 3. 3D AG................................................................................................................................... 21 4. 3photon ............................................................................................................................... 21 5. 3SP Technologies ................................................................................................................. 21 6. 4isp ...................................................................................................................................... 22 7. 4JET Group ........................................................................................................................... 22 8. 603OPTX .............................................................................................................................. 22 9. 8photonics ........................................................................................................................... 23 10. Aarhus University ...............................................................................................................
  • The Multiverse: Conjecture, Proof, and Science

    The Multiverse: Conjecture, Proof, and Science

    The multiverse: conjecture, proof, and science George Ellis Talk at Nicolai Fest Golm 2012 Does the Multiverse Really Exist ? Scientific American: July 2011 1 The idea The idea of a multiverse -- an ensemble of universes or of universe domains – has received increasing attention in cosmology - separate places [Vilenkin, Linde, Guth] - separate times [Smolin, cyclic universes] - the Everett quantum multi-universe: other branches of the wavefunction [Deutsch] - the cosmic landscape of string theory, imbedded in a chaotic cosmology [Susskind] - totally disjoint [Sciama, Tegmark] 2 Our Cosmic Habitat Martin Rees Rees explores the notion that our universe is just a part of a vast ''multiverse,'' or ensemble of universes, in which most of the other universes are lifeless. What we call the laws of nature would then be no more than local bylaws, imposed in the aftermath of our own Big Bang. In this scenario, our cosmic habitat would be a special, possibly unique universe where the prevailing laws of physics allowed life to emerge. 3 Scientific American May 2003 issue COSMOLOGY “Parallel Universes: Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observations” By Max Tegmark 4 Brian Greene: The Hidden Reality Parallel Universes and The Deep Laws of the Cosmos 5 Varieties of Multiverse Brian Greene (The Hidden Reality) advocates nine different types of multiverse: 1. Invisible parts of our universe 2. Chaotic inflation 3. Brane worlds 4. Cyclic universes 5. Landscape of string theory 6. Branches of the Quantum mechanics wave function 7. Holographic projections 8. Computer simulations 9. All that can exist must exist – “grandest of all multiverses” They can’t all be true! – they conflict with each other.
  • Inside Science

    Inside Science

    SPRING 2009 NEWS FROM THE ROYAL SOCIETY INSIDE SCIENCE YOUNG EXPLORERS TOUCHDOWN IN NEW ZEALAND International Expedition Prize is a ‘once in a lifetime experience’ SCIENCE TAKES TO THE STAGE The Royal Shakespeare Company premiers a new play on the emergence of modern science UPDATE FROM THE ROYAL SOCIETY This third issue of Inside Science contains early information DID YOU KNOW? about exciting plans for the Royal Society’s 350th Anniversary in 2010. The Anniversary is a marvellous STEADY FOOTING, opportunity to increase the profile of science, explore its SHAKY BRIDGE benefits and address the challenges it presents for society On its opening day, crowds of but perhaps most important of all to inspire young minds pedestrians experienced unexpected with the excitement of scientific discovery. swaying as they walked across London’s Our policy work continues to address major scientific issues Millennium Bridge. Whilst pedestrians affecting the UK. In December we cautioned the Government on fondly nicknamed it the ‘wobbly bridge’, the levels of separated plutonium stockpiled in the UK – currently physicists were busy exploring the the highest in the world. With support from our Plutonium Working Group, the Society has reasons for the phenomenon. submitted detailed comment to the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) for a report to The view was widely held that the Government on management options for the stockpile. ‘wobble’ was due to crowd loading and Late last year we ran an extremely successful MP-Scientist pairing scheme, helping to build pedestrians synchronising their footsteps bridges between parliamentarians and some of the best young scientists in the UK.
  • Modified Standard Einstein's Field Equations and the Cosmological

    Modified Standard Einstein's Field Equations and the Cosmological

    Issue 1 (January) PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Volume 14 (2018) Modified Standard Einstein’s Field Equations and the Cosmological Constant Faisal A. Y. Abdelmohssin IMAM, University of Gezira, P.O. BOX: 526, Wad-Medani, Gezira State, Sudan Sudan Institute for Natural Sciences, P.O. BOX: 3045, Khartoum, Sudan E-mail: [email protected] The standard Einstein’s field equations have been modified by introducing a general function that depends on Ricci’s scalar without a prior assumption of the mathemat- ical form of the function. By demanding that the covariant derivative of the energy- momentum tensor should vanish and with application of Bianchi’s identity a first order ordinary differential equation in the Ricci scalar has emerged. A constant resulting from integrating the differential equation is interpreted as the cosmological constant introduced by Einstein. The form of the function on Ricci’s scalar and the cosmologi- cal constant corresponds to the form of Einstein-Hilbert’s Lagrangian appearing in the gravitational action. On the other hand, when energy-momentum is not conserved, a new modified field equations emerged, one type of these field equations are Rastall’s gravity equations. 1 Introduction term in his standard field equations to represent a kind of “anti ff In the early development of the general theory of relativity, gravity” to balance the e ect of gravitational attractions of Einstein proposed a tensor equation to mathematically de- matter in it. scribe the mutual interaction between matter-energy and Einstein modified his standard equations by introducing spacetime as [13] a term to his standard field equations including a constant which is called the cosmological constant Λ, [7] to become Rab = κTab (1.1) where κ is the Einstein constant, Tab is the energy-momen- 1 Rab − gabR + gabΛ = κTab (1.6) tum, and Rab is the Ricci curvature tensor which represents 2 geometry of the spacetime in presence of energy-momentum.
  • Introduction to Refereeing

    Introduction to Refereeing

    PUBLISHING GLOSSARY / IOP PUBLICATIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ETHICAL ISSUES AFTER YOU SUBMIT YOUR REPORT HOW TO WRITE A REFEREE REPORT AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PEER REVIEW PROCESS CONTENTS g referees.iop.or Introduction to refereeing to Introduction An introductory guide CONTENTS INTRODUCTIONAN PEERTHEREVIEWTOPROCESS REFEREEWRITETOAHOW REPORT AFTERSUBMITYOUYOURREPORT ETHICALISSUES FREQUENTLYASKEDQUESTIONS PUBLISHINGPUBLICATIONSIOP GLOSSARY/ to refereeing IOP Publishing (IOP) is a leading scientific publisher that specializes in physics and related subjects. We are an integral part of the Institute of Physics, an international learned society and professional body, whose mission is to promote the advancement and dissemination of physics worldwide. For more information, visit iopscience.org. Contents Page An introduction to the peer review process 4 How to write a referee report 6 After you submit your report 9 Ethical issues 10 Frequently asked questions 12 Publishing glossary 14 IOP publications 15 Front cover image: An image showing time evolution of magnetic quantum cellular automata (MQCA). The arrows indicate the local magnetization direction in the nanomagnetic elements L Gross et al 2010 Nanotechnology 21 325301. Artistic interpretation by Frédérique Swist. IOP Publishing 3 An introduction to the peer review process What is peer review? of published papers, it also ensures that Peer review is the process used to assess an readers can trust a journal to provide reliable academic paper before deciding whether it information. As members of the scientific should be published or not. The paper is looked community, researchers are expected to referee at by experts in the field, known as referees, papers. The referees also benefit from the whose identities are kept anonymous.
  • Royal Society, 1985

    Royal Society, 1985

    The Public Understanding of Science Report of a Royal Society adhoc Group endorsed by the Council of the Royal Society The Royal Society 6 Carlton House Terrace London SWlY 5AG CONTENTS Page Preface 5 Summary 6 1. Introduction 7 2. Why it matters 9 3. The present position 12 4. Formal education 17 5. The mass media 2 1 6. ' The scientific community 24 7. Public lectures, children's activities, museums and libraries 27 8. Industry 29 9. Conclusions and recommendations 31 Annexes A. List of those submitting evidence B. Visits and seminars C. Selected bibliography PREFACE This report was prepared by an ad hoc group under the chairmanship of Dr W.F. Bodmer, F.R.S.; it has been endorsed by the Council of the Royal Society. It deals with an issue that is important not only, or even mainly, for the scientific community but also for the nation as a whole and for each individual within it. More than ever, people need some understanding of science, whether they are involved in decision-making at a national or local level, in managing industrial companies, in skilled or semi-skilled employment, in voting as private citizens or in making a wide range of personal decisions. In publishing this report the Council hopes that it will highlight this need for an overall awareness of the nature of science and, more particularly, of the way that science and technology pervade modern life, and that it will generate both debate and decisions on how best they can be fostered. The report makes a number of recommendations.