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People's Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Larbi Ben M’hidi University-Oum El Bouaghi Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English Violence and Intertextuality : The Resurrection of Frankenstein in Saadawi’s Frankenstein in Baghdad A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Anglo-American Studies By: FARHI Rawia Supervisor: ACHIRI Samya Board of Examiners Examiner: Mrs. Zerrouki Zina 2015-2016 Candidate Declaration Form I, Farhi Rawia Condidate of Master at the Department of English, Larbi Ben M’hidi University, do hereby Declare that the dissertation entitled: “Violence and Intertextuality: The Resurrection of Frankenstein in Frankenstein in Baghdad” In partial fulfilment of MA Degree in Anglo American Studies is my own original work, and it has not previously, in its entirety or in part, been submitted at any university. ــــــــــــــــــأـــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Date: ... ... 2016 ID number.................... Signature of the Candidate ............................................ Dedication : To my mother who taught me that the beginning is always the hardest but life rewards those who work hard. To my dearest father To my lovely brothers : Aimen and Heithem. To my sister : Bouchra To all my aunts especially Afef, Fakia, Jahloum, Farida, and Souad To all my uncles especially Choukri, Nesh, and Sadik. To all my friends especially Wissem, Malek, Amira, and Zada. i Acknowledgements : The greatest gratefulness to Allah for his guidance. The greatest thank to my supervisor Miss Achiri for her practical advice, continous support also for her patience. Besides, the greatest thank to all teachers of the English Department especially to Miss Hadded, Sir Fillali, Mrs Zarrouki, Mrs Ghennem, and Sir Bouri. ii Abstract Fiction is not just a written text that should be studied, but it is a mirror that reflects the social background of a whole society. Due to the oppression that Iraqi people witness during the American intervention, Iraqi writers adopted the theme of violence. In an attempt to support the abuse his society endures, Saadawi uses ‘intertextuality’. This dissertation will investigate the relationship between intertextuality and violence in Frankenstein in Baghdad (2013). This text has been chosen purposefully because it expresses the way the linguistic aspect strengthens postmodern thematic concern. Moreover, this work shows how intertextuality works in favour of violence. This dissertation aims to show the national commitment of the writers whose countries are under oppression. In order to achieve the previously listed points, this thesis will be divided into three main chapters. The work will be introduced by a theoretical part that deals with both violence and intertextuality within the postmodern borders. The second chapter will deal with translated source proximate type of intertextuality that offers the author the chance to borrow a violent character from Shelley’s Frankenstein that really intensifies the thematic concern, violence. In the last chapter, the other types of intertextuality as well as the other postmodern techniques collaborate to intensify the threat and abuse in the Iraqi society. Finally, this dissertation attends to show the way writers as an intellectual class, through their depiction, try to change what could not be changed by the other classes. iii Résumé : La littérature n'est pas un simple mot sur les lèvres des écrivains ou un outil divertissant pour les paresseux, elle est un miroir réfléchissant pour mettre une certaine période de l'ère sociale. En raison de l'oppression que le peuple Irakien a vécu sous L’intervention des Etats-Unis. Le compatriote et l’écrivain Irakien Ahmed Saadawi a pris un travail qui vise à démontrer la relation existant entre l'intertextualité et de la violence dans le roman Frankenstein à Baghdad, qui a eu pour effet que l'intertextualité dans ce roman le corps de la violence. De l'auteur Britannique Mary Shelley, qui a été caractérisée par un débat sur la violence et la destruction sur Baghdad. Grâce à cet engagement public de l'écrivain Arabe et les questions de travail Irakiens l'étude est divisée en trois chapitres. Premier chapitre englobe le sujet de au-delà de la modernité et se qu'il a traîné de la violence. Le deuxième chapitre comprenait le type principal d’intertextualité de service à la question de la violence. Enfin, le dernier chapitre met en lumière les différents types d'intertextualité et d'autres techniques au-delà de la modernité que le travail est l'autre pour faire ressortir l'atmosphère de violence acceptée dans ce texte. En générale, ce travail reflètes les essais d’écrivain, qui représentes la classe cultivée dans une société, de changer ce qui impossible de changer avec les autres classes. iv ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻻ ﯾﻌﺪ اﻻدب ﺑﺎﻧﻤﺎطﮫ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻋﺎﺑﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺴﺎن اﻻدﯾﺐ او ﻣﺎدة ﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﺴﺎﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺎﺋﻤﯿﻦ ﺑﻞ ھﻮ ﻣﺮاة ﻋﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ زﻣﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ. ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﻠﻘﮭﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻋﺎﯾﺸﮫ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ اﻻﻣﺮﯾﻜﻲ ﺗﺒﻨﻰ اﻻدﯾﺐ اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻲ ﻗﻀﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﻒ. ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ ﺗﺠﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻌﻨﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺑﻨﺎء وطﻨﮫ اﺗﺨﺬ اﻻدﯾﺐ اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻲ اﺣﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﺪاوي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺎص ﺟﺴﺮا ﻟﮫ وﯾﮭﺪف ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻰ ﺗﺒﯿﺎن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺎص و اﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻓﻲ رواﯾﺔ ﻓﺮاﻧﻜﺸﺘﺎﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻐﺪاد واﻟﺘﻰ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻔﺎدھﺎ ان اﻟﺘﻨﺎص ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺮواﯾﺔ ﺟﺴﺪ اﻟﻌﻨﻒ. ﯾﺒﺪو ھﺬا ﺟﻠﯿﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻗﺘﺒﺎس اﺣﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﺪاوي ﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ ﻓﺮاﻧﻜﻨﺸﺘﺎﯾﻦ ﻣﻦ رواﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﯿﺮي ﺷﯿﻠﻲ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﯿﺰت ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﻒ واﻟﺪ ﻣﺎر و ﺑﺜﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ رواﯾﺘﮫ ﻓﺮاﻧﻜﺸﺘﺎﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻐﺪاد. ﻧﺮﺻﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺰام اﻻدﯾﺐ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ و اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﯾﺎ وطﻨﮫ . ھﺬا ﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﺪﻋﻰ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﺼﻮل. ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻻول ﺣﻮى ﺗﯿﺎر ﻣﺎ وراء اﻟﺤﺪاﺛﺔ وﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺠﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎص و ﻋﻨﻒ. اﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﺷﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻛﺜﺮ اﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﻨﺎص ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻘﻀﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﻒ. واﺧﯿﺮا ﯾﺒﺮز اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻻﺧﯿﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﻨﺎص اﻻﺧﺮى و ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت ﻣﺎ وراء اﻟﺤﺪاﺛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ھﻲ اﻻﺧﺮى ﻋﻠﻰ اﺑﺮاز اﺟﻮاء اﻟﻌﻨﻒ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎرف ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﺺ.ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻘﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ. v Table of Contents : Dedication……………………………………………………………………….i Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………ii Abstract…………………………………………………………………………iii Résumé………………………………………………………………………….iv v.……………………………………………………………………………ﻣﻠﺨﺺ Table of Contents………………………………………………………………vii Introduction………………………………………………………………………1 Chapter One: Postmodernism between the Social Context and the Literary Aspect 5 1- Violence in Literature: From Past Time to Postmodernism...........................5 2- Postmodernism from a Linguistic Perspective..............................................18 Chapter Two: The Iraqi Chaotic Situation: The Borrowed Character and Violence.31 Chapter Three: In Violent Reflection: illusion, Quotation, Magical Realism... all at Once.........................51 1- Violence Beyond the Translated Source Type of Intertextuality..................63 2- Violence Apart from Intertextuality and Close to the Postmodern Devices..73 General Conclusion....................................................................................................76 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................80 vi vii General Introduction: Literature is not only an embellished body of written works. It is a whole reflection of the social conditions, the economic prosperity, and the political progress. Literature widely acknowledges the moral values and the ills of any society. Each text has its own characteristics that make it belong to a specific literary movement and not another. Among the literary movements, postmodernism is the most controversial one. In fact, postmodernism that emerge as an intellectual tendency it has been developed to be a progress that deals with all human aspects among which literature. Almost the majority of contemporary writers use the same literary techniques that make them belong to the same literary movement which is postmodernism. However, themes adopted by the postmodernist writers differ from one to another with the exception of sharing the common subject of violence. Postmodernism is a vast phenomenon. Although, it seems that its literary characteristics belong only to the Western setting. Nevertheless, there are many Arabic texts that experience the literary aspects of postmodernism. In duality the Arabic works of literature deal with both the postmodern stylistic techniques and the major thematic concern of the postmodern era which is violence. If violence is a universal matter for the postmodernist writers, then it is a national commitment for the Iraqi writers during the American intervention. Therefore, this dissertation will examine the existence of the postmodern literary devices in Arabic Literature and particularly showing how one specific postmodern 1 device serves the thematic side. To put it another way, this thesis will interrogate the way the linguistic postmodern aspect, “intertextuality”, supports violence in the Iraqi text Frankenstein in Baghdad. The text of Ahmed Saadawi Frankenstein in Baghdad conveys several messages. In his text the Iraqi writer intends to show the progress of Arabic literature and the way it goes with and influenced by the world wide literature. The more significant than that, Saadawi aims to reflect the chaotic environment and the sense of distress the Iraqi people suffered from during the American intervention through the borrowing of different items like stories and expressions from a wide variety of texts especially the borrowing of a violent character, Frankenstein, from Shelly’s
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