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Consuming Sustainable Seafood: Guidelines, Recommendations and Realities Anna K University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts 2018 Consuming sustainable seafood: Guidelines, recommendations and realities Anna K. Farmery University of Tasmania, [email protected] Gabrielle M. O'Kane University of Canberra Alexandra McManus Curtin University Bridget S. Green University of Tasmania Publication Details Farmery, A. K., O'Kane, G., McManus, A. & Green, B. S. (2018). Consuming sustainable seafood: Guidelines, recommendations and realities. Public Health Nutrition, 21 (8), 1503-1514. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Consuming sustainable seafood: Guidelines, recommendations and realities Abstract Objective: Encouraging people to eat more seafood can offer a direct, cost-effective way of improving overall health outcomes. However, dietary recommendations to increase seafood consumption have been criticised following concern over the capacity of the seafood industry to meet increased demand, while maintaining sustainable fish stocks. The current research sought to investigate Australian accredited practising dietitians' (APD) and public health nutritionists' (PHN) views on seafood sustainability and their dietary recommendations, to identify ways to better align nutrition and sustainability goals. Design: A self-administered online questionnaire exploring seafood consumption advice, perceptions of seafood sustainability and information sources of APD and PHN. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected via open and closed questions. Quantitative data were analysed with χ2tests and reported using descriptive statistics. Content analysis was used for qualitative data. Setting: Australia. Subjects: APD and PHN were targeted to participate; the sample includes respondents from urban and regional areas throughout Australia. Results: Results indicate confusion around the concept of seafood sustainability and where to obtain information, which may limit health professionals' ability to recommend the best types of seafood to maximise health and sustainability outcomes. Respondents demonstrated limited understanding of seafood sustainability, with 7·5 % (n 6/80) satisfied with their level of understanding. Conclusions: Nutrition and sustainability goals can be better aligned by increasing awareness on seafood that is healthy and sustainable. For health professionals to confidently make recommendations, or identify trade- offs, more evidence-based information needs to be made accessible through forums such as dietetic organisations, industry groups and nutrition programmes. Disciplines Arts and Humanities | Law Publication Details Farmery, A. K., O'Kane, G., McManus, A. & Green, B. S. (2018). Consuming sustainable seafood: Guidelines, recommendations and realities. Public Health Nutrition, 21 (8), 1503-1514. This journal article is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/3612 Public Health Nutrition: 21(8), 1503–1514 doi:10.1017/S1368980017003895 Consuming sustainable seafood: guidelines, recommendations and realities Anna K Farmery1,*, Gabrielle O’Kane2, Alexandra McManus3 and Bridget S Green4 1Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia: 2Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia: 3Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia: 4Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia Submitted 21 June 2017: Final revision received 17 October 2017: Accepted 27 November 2017: First published online 21 January 2018 Abstract Objective: Encouraging people to eat more seafood can offer a direct, cost- effective way of improving overall health outcomes. However, dietary recom- mendations to increase seafood consumption have been criticised following concern over the capacity of the seafood industry to meet increased demand, while maintaining sustainable fish stocks. The current research sought to investigate Australian accredited practising dietitians’ (APD) and public health nutritionists’ (PHN) views on seafood sustainability and their dietary recommen- dations, to identify ways to better align nutrition and sustainability goals. Design: A self-administered online questionnaire exploring seafood consumption advice, perceptions of seafood sustainability and information sources of APD and PHN. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected via open and closed questions. Quantitative data were analysed with χ2 tests and reported using descriptive statistics. Content analysis was used for qualitative data. Setting: Australia. Subjects: APD and PHN were targeted to participate; the sample includes respondents from urban and regional areas throughout Australia. Results: Results indicate confusion around the concept of seafood sustainability and where to obtain information, which may limit health professionals’ ability to recommend the best types of seafood to maximise health and sustainability outcomes. Respondents demonstrated limited understanding of seafood sustain- ability, with 7·5% (n 6/80) satisfied with their level of understanding. Conclusions: Nutrition and sustainability goals can be better aligned by increasing Keywords awareness on seafood that is healthy and sustainable. For health professionals to Dietary guidelines confidently make recommendations, or identify trade-offs, more evidence-based Fish stocks information needs to be made accessible through forums such as dietetic n-3 Fatty acids organisations, industry groups and nutrition programmes. Sustainable diet The consumption of seafood for health benefits is widely Consumers are aware of the health benefits of seafood(7) recommended in international dietary guidelines(1).Thisis and consumption has increased over time(8), yet seafood largely because it is the major source of the essential long- consumption rates are generally lower than the amount chain PUFA, EPA and DHA(2), commonly referred to as recommended for positive health outcomes in national diet- – marine n-3 fatty acids. Humans can biosynthesise only small ary guidelines(9 11). There are many reasons why consumers amounts of long-chain PUFA(3), therefore foods rich in these may not be meeting the guidelines, including perceptions that fatty acids must be included in a healthy diet. Adequate seafood is expensive and is difficult to cook correctly, ingestion of long-chain PUFA is linked to a range of health knowing if seafood is fresh and the possibility of ingesting benefits including brain growth, visual development and seafood bones(7). Encouraging higher consumption of protection from heart disease(4,5). Seafood is the most readily seafood can offer a direct, effective, low-cost way of available source of dietary long-chain PUFA. It is also an improving overall health outcomes(12). The supply of seafood, important source of essential micronutrients – vitamins A, B including fish, crustaceans and molluscs, from wild-capture and D and minerals (Ca, P, iodine, Zn, Fe and Se) – espe- fisheries and aquaculture reached a record high of 20 kg/ cially the many small fish species that are consumed whole person in 2014(8); however, dietary recommendations to (with bones, heads and viscera)(6). increase seafood consumption have been criticised due to *Corresponding author: Email [email protected] © The Authors 2018 1504 AK Farmery et al. concerns over the capacity of the seafood industry to meet professionals to educate clients, communities and populations increased demand(13,14). Broad concern over pressure on about sourcing seafood – and other food groups – that are – wild fish stocks(13,15 17) and impacts from aquaculture(18) has the most nutritious and, at the same time, sustainable food fuelled claims that seafood consumption in general may not choices. Public health nutritionists (PHN) and accredited be sustainable and that alternative sources of n-3 fatty acids practising dietitians (APD) have the potential to play a key role should be sought(14). However, actively recommending in delivering messages to facilitate the behavioural change seafood that is sourced from sustainable sources could required to ensure that food choices are both healthy and potentially alleviate the perceived conflicts between sustainable(40,41). sustainability and health that stem from dietary recommen- Australia provides an ideal case study to examine the – dations for seafood intake(16,19 23). relationship between dietary advice on consuming seafood for good health and sustainability. Australia has recently reviewed its dietary guidelines and has a well-educated and Aligning health and sustainability guidelines established Nutrition and Dietetic workforce employed in Food-based dietary guidelines have been established in (24) hospitals, primary care and public health, yet seafood more than 100 countries to provide policy makers, consumption remains lower than recommended(1).Seafood health practitioners and educators with evidence-based consumption and seafood sustainability in Australia are also guidance on healthy foods, portion sizes and eating contested spaces. Advice on sustainable seafood can be patterns that are tailored to the cultural and nutritional conflicting and there has been criticism over the decision needs of individual countries. The aim of their publication not to include guidance on sustainable diets or sustainable in developed
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