The Historical Times Issue 3 The NCH History Society’s Termly Magazine Michaelmas 2019

§ Why do Queens Matter? ¶

plus * * * Migrant Crisis * * * review * * * Historical Fact vs Historical Fiction * * * The Germans in South Australia * * * Teaching Children about the Past Contents Welcome to �he Historical Times ¶ imon Schama claims ‘History should not be about bringing the past back to page 2 life but inspiring the living.’ The Historical Times and the nch History Society Introduction S hopes that it has and will continue to inspire curiosity of the past beyond those ¶ who already study history. I am sad to say that this Michaelmas issue will be the last paper I will publish as its editor. I am very grateful for everyone’s contributions and help page 2 with creating and continuing this termly paper so far. In this brilliant edition we have News from the had an interesting contribution from the History Faculty member Dr Estelle Paranque NCH History Society on why studying royal women in the past is important, as well as a riveting review of the ¶ filmThe Death of Stalin from Dr Catherine Brown in the English Faculty. Though I will page 3 no longer be the editor, the paper will continue under the guidance of Lucy Page and Anniversaries in Michaelmas 2019 Samuel Doering, both continual contributors to the paper thus far. A massive thank you to all the contributors and readers of this paper! It has been a joy to produce! ¶ page 4 Teoni Passereau Migrant Crisis – The Expulsion of Editor Germans from Eastern Europe ¶ page 6 News from the NCH History Society… Why Do Queens Matter? ¶ Bestselling Author Hallie page 8 Film Review: The Death of Stalin ¶ Rubenhold Visits NCH page 10 he final nch History Society event Historical Fact versus Historical held in the 2018/19 academic year Fiction – A Personal Opinion on was a fascinating ‘in conversation’ the Question Whether Accuracy Tbetween the author of The Five, Hallie Really Matters Rubenhold, and nch’s own dr Estelle ¶ Paranque. Delving deep into Jack the page 12 Ripper’s London we learnt not only about The Germans in South Australia the five ripper’s victims but also more generally about the lives of working-class ¶ women during the Victorian period. After page 13 the interesting discussion the audience Hallie Rubenhold arrives at NCH. Teaching Children About the Past asked many insightful questions during ¶ the Q&A. The event ended with drinks U ts and topical conversations, and of course pcoming Even page 15 book signings! Recommended Events and Talks ¶ Joint book launch for authors Dr Estelle Paranque and Prof. Michael Questier page 15 Recommended Reads Day trip to Greenwich during Reading Week

The Butchering Arts and Joseph Lister: Guest speaker Lindsey Fitzharris in Contributing to conversation with Dr Estelle Paranque The Historical Times Toga Party Bar Night (tbc) The Historical Times welcomes Hallie and Dr Estelle Paranque discuss contributions for future issues from her book The Five and London society A Secret Christmas Event! any nch student or staff member. at the time of Jack the Ripper. If you are interested in writing an article on any historical subject then please contact the Editor on: [email protected]

2 elmas 2019 Micha Anniversaries in

The martyrdom of King Edmund, the first patron saint of England, 869 died 20 November 869 ad

The imprisonment of Joan of Navarre, widow of Henry IV who was accused of sorcery and witchcraft 1419 and conspiring to murder her stepson Henry V, at Pevensey Castle in East Sussex – 15 December 1419

The start of the Rising of the North, aka the Revolt of the Northern Earls 1569 – 15th November 1569

The Suez Canal was opened despite The launch of one of the last clippers, British government opposition – 17 the Cutty Sark – 22 November 1869 1869 November 1869

South Australia passed the Adult 1894 Suffrage Bill giving women the right to vote – 18 December 1894

Lady Nancy Astor was elected MP, The first ever two-minute silence becoming the first women to sit to mark Armistice Day 1919 in the House of Commons – 11 November 1919 – 15 November 1919

Operation Market Garden, the failed attempt to shorten wwii by invading Germany, occurred – 1944 17–25 September 1944

The Fall of the Berlin Wall 1989 – 9th November 1989

3 ‘right of return’ after the fall of the ussr in the 1990s (around 1,700,000 chose to emigrate to Germany). The third aspect occurred after the war when the Allied powers agreed to the post-war border revisions of Eastern Europe. Article 12 of the Potsdam Agreement called for the ‘hu- mane’ transfer of German populations remaining in Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland. MIGRANT CRISIS In Poland such expulsions did not just pertain to the pre-war German community, but also to German populations inhabit- TheTHE ExpulsionEXPULSION ofOF GermansGERMANS fromFROM EasternEASTERN EUROPEEurope ing territory taken from Germany and awarded to Poland as Evacuation from Pillau (now Baltiysk, Russia), compensation for the occupation. Four to five million Germans 26 January 1945. had already left what were to become the new borders of Poland by Toby Gerrand-Anderson during the final days of the war leaving an equivalent number n an era in which Europe is being reshaped by the influx The new German minorities of these states proved restive, de- behind. Of these the large majority were expelled to East and of displaced peoples from sectarian wars in the Middle East manding autonomy or even unification with Germany, while the West Germany, with roughly one million left behind who were its salient to remember an earlier exodus of peoples within sense of aggrievement at Germany’s territorial losses drove sup- subject to ‘Polonisation’. My family who originated from Stettin IEurope. The flight and forced expulsions of ethnic Germans at port for the revanchist National Socialists. After Hitler’s rise to (now Szczecin) were affected by these expulsions, resettling in the end of World War Two permanently reshaped the frontiers of power Germany would not only seek to annex ethnically German East Berlin in the mid-40s. Eastern and Central Europe. But despite its foundational role in areas contiguous with the Third Reich, such as the Sudetenland In Czechoslovakia where 4.5 million Germans were resident the establishing the post-war demographic map of our continent and Danzig, but saw the German communities scattered across all except for 250,000 were expelled to the various occupation it remains generally unheard of today. Europe as the future bridgeheads of a much more ambitious pro- zones of Germany, with an estimated 30,000 dying in the process. The large-scale removal of Germans from places as far afield gramme of colonisation. In Hungary half-million German speakers were expelled due to Refugee camp in Aabenraa (Apenrade) in Denmark, as the Sudetenland to the Volga River was not only often violent Hitler believed Eastern Europe could provide ‘lebensraum’ for external mandates imposed by the . Most were de- February 1945 and lawless, motivated as much by entrenched ethnic resent- Germany’s surplus population, its largely Slavic population dis- ported to West Germany and Austria, while 50,000 were sent to ments as it was by rank opportunism. It was also a clear-cut case placed or reduced to helotry in the service of Germany’s econo- the ussr for forced labour of whom nine percent perished. of premeditated ethnic cleansing, conducted by the Red Army my. It was therefore convenient for the Nazis’ geopolitical aims In terms of deaths the expulsion of diasporic Germans counts and eastern European partisans, but tacitly supported by the that there were already pre-existing German communities in as one of the lesser atrocities of ww2. However, its cultural de- Western democracies. these areas to which new German settlers could be added. structiveness was immense, resulting in the elimination of cen- It’s important to understand the history of ethnic Germans Germany’s military successes from September 1939 onwards turies-old communities throughout Eastern and Central Europe. in Eastern Europe and the context in which their expulsion brought the Third Reich into contact with eastern German com- While ethnic Germans were not subject to a programme of occurred. In the 18th and 19th centuries many Germans munities and the question of diasporic German collaboration physical extermination, they were unable to retain their herit- emigrated to Tsarist Russia in search of economic opportunity, with the Nazis remains contested. Ethnic Germans were given age and distinctive identity. Of those who remained outside of encouraged by Russian modernisers who welcomed western citizenship by the expanded German Reich and were privileged Germany most were forced to assimilate into homogenous states farming expertise. over local non-Germans. However, many of these communities in Eastern Europe. The refugee populations who lived in the two German refugees moving westwards in 1945. At the same time the Austrian Hapsburg Empire encouraged had acculturated into the host culture of their countries and had Germanies acclimatised within several generations, losing their the settlement of Germans in the nether regions of its holdings. tenuous connections to Germany. But their status as Germans distinguishing dialects and customs and blending into wider This meant that by the beginning of the 20th century there were from the perspective of the racialist ideology of the Nazi authori- German society. a series of disparate German communities located in different ties was unquestionable and identification as German was often Absent in our popular memory of ww2, this episode of eth- regions of the East. Bosnia, southern Hungary and Transylvania not a matter of choice. nic cleansing was designed to end the question of future bor- all contained German minorities. German populations had also The expulsion of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe can be der revisions. In the absence of existing German minorities in under the Kingdom of Prussia been settled in provinces such as divided into three stages. neighbouring states it was impractical for Germany to dispute Silesia and Pomerania which had been seized from Poland in First was the movement of diasporic Germans from Eastern the borders which had been imposed on it after the war. It’s pos- various conflicts. Europe which was encouraged by Nazi authorities in accordance sible to argue that the post-war peace was established through By the beginning of the 20th with their own demographic aims. From 1939–41 when the Third these population transfers, but it’s a peace which was bought at a century two out of the three Reich and the Soviet Union were on friendly terms an ‘amica- terrible human cost. empires which controlled ble’ population exchange occurred between the two powers. ❦ German refugees leaving Poland in 1951. Eastern Europe, the German Germans were deported from the newly annexed Soviet repub- and Austro-Hungarian, were lics in the Baltic and Bessarabia and were resettled by the Third Left: Map of Europe in dominated by Germans, Reich into the annexed Polish lands at the expense of the Polish 1941 showing German- while the Russian Empire was population. By 1944, 867,000 Germans had been settled into held territories, Allied host to a significant German Poland bringing the German population in some areas to nearly territories and neutral population. wwi however twenty percent. The purpose of this settlement was to consoli- territories. destroyed the latter two em- date ethnic Germans into an undivided geopolitical unit while Right: Map showing the countries of Europe pires, while Germany became simultaneously ‘Germanising’ Poland. after 1946. a truncated republic. Not Another aspect to the ethnic cleansing of Germans were the only did the German dias- policies adopted by the ussr after the beginning of the German pora find itself under the flags invasion. Remaining German communities in European Russia of patchwork multicultural were subject to internal deportation to camps in Siberia, suspect- states such as Yugoslavia and ed as a potential fifth column by dint of their ethnic heritage. Czechoslovakia, but Germany The number who died of exposure and starvation is estimated to German children deported from the also had to cede its border range from 176,000 to 310,000. These communities were not al- eastern areas taken over by Poland regions to the reborn Polish lowed to leave specially designated zones until 1955 and remained arrive in West Germany, August 1948. republic. distributed across Central Asia until Germany allowed them a

4 5 ‘right of return’ after the fall of the ussr in the 1990s (around 1,700,000 chose to emigrate to Germany). The third aspect occurred after the war when the Allied powers agreed to the post-war border revisions of Eastern Europe. Article 12 of the Potsdam Agreement called for the ‘hu- mane’ transfer of German populations remaining in Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland. MIGRANT CRISIS In Poland such expulsions did not just pertain to the pre-war German community, but also to German populations inhabit- The Expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe ing territory taken from Germany and awarded to Poland as Evacuation from Pillau (now Baltiysk, Russia), compensation for the occupation. Four to five million Germans 26 January 1945. had already left what were to become the new borders of Poland by Toby Gerrand-Anderson during the final days of the war leaving an equivalent number n an era in which Europe is being reshaped by the influx The new German minorities of these states proved restive, de- behind. Of these the large majority were expelled to East and of displaced peoples from sectarian wars in the Middle East manding autonomy or even unification with Germany, while the West Germany, with roughly one million left behind who were its salient to remember an earlier exodus of peoples within sense of aggrievement at Germany’s territorial losses drove sup- subject to ‘Polonisation’. My family who originated from Stettin IEurope. The flight and forced expulsions of ethnic Germans at port for the revanchist National Socialists. After Hitler’s rise to (now Szczecin) were affected by these expulsions, resettling in the end of World War Two permanently reshaped the frontiers of power Germany would not only seek to annex ethnically German East Berlin in the mid-40s. Eastern and Central Europe. But despite its foundational role in areas contiguous with the Third Reich, such as the Sudetenland In Czechoslovakia where 4.5 million Germans were resident the establishing the post-war demographic map of our continent and Danzig, but saw the German communities scattered across all except for 250,000 were expelled to the various occupation it remains generally unheard of today. Europe as the future bridgeheads of a much more ambitious pro- zones of Germany, with an estimated 30,000 dying in the process. The large-scale removal of Germans from places as far afield gramme of colonisation. In Hungary half-million German speakers were expelled due to Refugee camp in Aabenraa (Apenrade) in Denmark, as the Sudetenland to the Volga River was not only often violent Hitler believed Eastern Europe could provide ‘lebensraum’ for external mandates imposed by the Soviet Union. Most were de- February 1945 and lawless, motivated as much by entrenched ethnic resent- Germany’s surplus population, its largely Slavic population dis- ported to West Germany and Austria, while 50,000 were sent to ments as it was by rank opportunism. It was also a clear-cut case placed or reduced to helotry in the service of Germany’s econo- the ussr for forced labour of whom nine percent perished. of premeditated ethnic cleansing, conducted by the Red Army my. It was therefore convenient for the Nazis’ geopolitical aims In terms of deaths the expulsion of diasporic Germans counts and eastern European partisans, but tacitly supported by the that there were already pre-existing German communities in as one of the lesser atrocities of ww2. However, its cultural de- Western democracies. these areas to which new German settlers could be added. structiveness was immense, resulting in the elimination of cen- It’s important to understand the history of ethnic Germans Germany’s military successes from September 1939 onwards turies-old communities throughout Eastern and Central Europe. in Eastern Europe and the context in which their expulsion brought the Third Reich into contact with eastern German com- While ethnic Germans were not subject to a programme of occurred. In the 18th and 19th centuries many Germans munities and the question of diasporic German collaboration physical extermination, they were unable to retain their herit- emigrated to Tsarist Russia in search of economic opportunity, with the Nazis remains contested. Ethnic Germans were given age and distinctive identity. Of those who remained outside of encouraged by Russian modernisers who welcomed western citizenship by the expanded German Reich and were privileged Germany most were forced to assimilate into homogenous states farming expertise. over local non-Germans. However, many of these communities in Eastern Europe. The refugee populations who lived in the two German refugees moving westwards in 1945. At the same time the Austrian Hapsburg Empire encouraged had acculturated into the host culture of their countries and had Germanies acclimatised within several generations, losing their the settlement of Germans in the nether regions of its holdings. tenuous connections to Germany. But their status as Germans distinguishing dialects and customs and blending into wider This meant that by the beginning of the 20th century there were from the perspective of the racialist ideology of the Nazi authori- German society. a series of disparate German communities located in different ties was unquestionable and identification as German was often Absent in our popular memory of ww2, this episode of eth- regions of the East. Bosnia, southern Hungary and Transylvania not a matter of choice. nic cleansing was designed to end the question of future bor- all contained German minorities. German populations had also The expulsion of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe can be der revisions. In the absence of existing German minorities in under the Kingdom of Prussia been settled in provinces such as divided into three stages. neighbouring states it was impractical for Germany to dispute Silesia and Pomerania which had been seized from Poland in First was the movement of diasporic Germans from Eastern the borders which had been imposed on it after the war. It’s pos- various conflicts. Europe which was encouraged by Nazi authorities in accordance sible to argue that the post-war peace was established through By the beginning of the 20th with their own demographic aims. From 1939–41 when the Third these population transfers, but it’s a peace which was bought at a century two out of the three Reich and the Soviet Union were on friendly terms an ‘amica- terrible human cost. empires which controlled ble’ population exchange occurred between the two powers. ❦ German refugees leaving Poland in 1951. Eastern Europe, the German Germans were deported from the newly annexed Soviet repub- and Austro-Hungarian, were lics in the Baltic and Bessarabia and were resettled by the Third Left: Map of Europe in dominated by Germans, Reich into the annexed Polish lands at the expense of the Polish 1941 showing German- while the Russian Empire was population. By 1944, 867,000 Germans had been settled into held territories, Allied host to a significant German Poland bringing the German population in some areas to nearly territories and neutral population. wwi however twenty percent. The purpose of this settlement was to consoli- territories. destroyed the latter two em- date ethnic Germans into an undivided geopolitical unit while Right: Map showing the countries of Europe pires, while Germany became simultaneously ‘Germanising’ Poland. after 1946. a truncated republic. Not Another aspect to the ethnic cleansing of Germans were the only did the German dias- policies adopted by the ussr after the beginning of the German pora find itself under the flags invasion. Remaining German communities in European Russia of patchwork multicultural were subject to internal deportation to camps in Siberia, suspect- states such as Yugoslavia and ed as a potential fifth column by dint of their ethnic heritage. Czechoslovakia, but Germany The number who died of exposure and starvation is estimated to German children deported from the also had to cede its border range from 176,000 to 310,000. These communities were not al- eastern areas taken over by Poland regions to the reborn Polish lowed to leave specially designated zones until 1955 and remained arrive in West Germany, August 1948. republic. distributed across Central Asia until Germany allowed them a

4 5 Why Do Queens by Dr Estelle Paranque Matter? or a long time, the history of now sixty different titles and studies – Aquitaine still resonate today because of great kings, noblemen, and male demonstrating that queenship scholars what they have accomplished – and be- leaders have dominated our history do much more than rehash a biography of cause of what they became: the epitome of Fbooks, documentaries, films, and more. their lives, instead further advancing their female leadership. Often called ‘whores’, There is no doubt that these men, such field and our understanding of female ‘jezebels’, ‘snakes’, and so on by contempo- as Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, leadership in its broader sense. rary and later men threatened by the pow- Henry viii, Suleïman the Magnificent, Elena Woodacre, another big name er and intelligence of these queens, they Louis xiv of France, Thomas Jefferson, in the field, created the Royal Studies proved that it was possible for women to Winston Churchill, and so on have Network in 2012, and sessions dedicated rule and establish political power inside played an important role in the shaping to queens were launched. Now, more than and outside the borders of their realm. of European and world history. They have two hundred scholars worldwide take Beyond these well-known European influenced their times and led their coun- part in the network and annually meet names, Hurrem Sultan, favourite and later tries through peace and war, sometimes at the well-established Kings and Queens wife of Ottoman Emperor Suleïman the even to victory! Conference. This has become an interna- Magnificent, was a force to be reckoned But their history – or rather, their sto- tional platform for all of those interested with. Her love of and special relationship ries – often overshadow the stories of in royalty and queenship studies. to the Emperor, but also her political acu- other powerful people. And what makes Some historians have rightly argued men, enabled her to become one of the us overlook these people? Their sex; their that the lives of ordinary women need most important political players in the gender. The she-wolves of history, noble- to be examined and presented to a wider Ottoman Empire during the first half of women, great queens, and leaders have public, but we should not have to choose the sixteenth century. also massively contributed to our history between the study of one class of women and shaped our societies. They also had or another. Ordinary lives (and in many strong voices, and even if generations ways one can wonder what ‘ordinary’ ac- of historians, philosophers, and writers tually is) are vital to our understanding of (usually male themselves) have tradition- the past as they reveal a more complete ally ignored them, these women were picture of the social context of a histori- forces to be reckoned with. cal period. However, the lives and en- In recent years, the field of queenship deavours of powerful women and female has expanded significantly. Anna Riehl leaders demonstrate the existence of a Bertolet, an established scholar in early path to wielding political power for future modern studies, edited the famous generations of women. These examples of volume Queens Matter in Early Modern women who managed to overcome the Studies, a tribute to the one of the world’s rules set by powerful men and succeeded leading experts on Elizabeth i of England: in having a voice and agency in this male- Carole Levin. Ten years dominated world give the mighty women ago, Carole Levin and of the future hope and motivation. If these Charles Beem founded women can achieve these things, why and became the series can’t we? Above: Hurrem Sultan, (c. 1502–1558)wife of Suleïman editors of Queenship The names of Elizabeth i of England, the Magnificent. Left: Queens Matter in Early Modern and Power, published Queen Victoria, Catherine the Great, Studies, edited by Anna Riehl Bertolet, published by Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. by Palgrave Macmillan. Catherine of Medici, Henrietta Maria, Header image: Queen Elizabeth i of England, from In this series, there are Margaret of Anjou, and Eleanor of the famous Armada Portrait, 1588 (detail).

6 In Aceh, a South Asian Muslim king- leaders, kings, emperors, and so on – all France, and her father-in-law, Francis i of dom, four Sultanas succeeded one an- of them male – and how they shaped our France. other: Sultanah Tajul Alam Safiatuddin collective memory and common iden- Medieval and early modern queens, Syah (r. 1641–1675); Sultanah Nur Alam tity. The truth is, women in power did as whether we like it or not, are fabulous Naqiatuddin Syah (r. 1675–1678); Sultanah much as men, and deserve to be recog- examples of strong female leadership, Inayat Zakiatuddin Syah (r. 1678–1688) nised as such. Hurrem Sultan is as impor- providing lessons that can still be ap- and Sultanah Kamalat Zainatuddin Syah tant in Ottoman history as her husband plied today. Studying their political roles, (r. 1688–1699). The lives and reigns of Suleïman. She might not have gone to war patronage, diplomatic skills, representa- these queens are examined and brought to and invaded countries, but she secured tions, influence, and agency, both inside life in Sher Banu Khan’s Sovereign Women the dynasty, created hospitals and ref- and outside the borders of their realms, in a Muslim Kingdom. For too long their uges for the poorest people in her region, can serve as strong foundations for mod- stories were forgotten, despite being great dealt with domestic affairs while Suleïman ern women who aspire to be leaders examples of female Muslim political agen- was gone, and ensured the education of themselves. cy and power. her progeny. Elizabeth i of England is These women have proved over and In A Companion to Global Queenship, as important as her father Henry viii of over again that they all had ‘the heart and edited by Elena Woodacre, scholars look England. Catherine de Medici’s role in stomach of a king’. They deserve to be re- at queens and female leaders all over the sixteenth century France goes beyond the membered – and celebrated. world. Across the globe, from Madagascar, black legend attributed to her – she was ❦ to New Zealand, to New Delhi, to Japan, an equal to both her husband, Henry ii of women wielded significant political pow- Left: Catherine the er and developed networks that allowed Great (1729–1796), them to maintain and even extend that Empress of Russia, the power. They lived in different cultures, country’s longest-ruling different religions, different legal systems, female leader. Right: and different times, yet women had an Catherine de’ Medici (1519–1589), Queen of enormous influence upon the societies in France from 1547–1559. which they were living. Mother of Francis ii, Why is this important, you might ask? Charles ix and Henry Because, as previously mentioned, for iii. From 1560–1563 she too long the historic narrative has been ruled France as regent for her son Charles ix. dominated by the accomplishments of

NCH History Society presents 11th November 2019 at 18:30 hrs

Come and find out about how historian Lindsey Fitzharris recreates a critical turning point in the history of medicine. At a time when surgery couldn’t have been more dangerous, an unlikely figure stepped forward: Joseph Lister, a young, melancholy Quaker surgeon. By making Joseph Lister’s Quest to the audacious claim that germs were the Transform the Grisly World source of all infection – and could be of Victorian Medicine treated with antiseptics – he changed the history of medicine forever.

Everyone is welcome to attend. Get your free ticket at https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/ the-butchering-arts-lindsey-fitzharris- in-conversation-with-dr-e-paranque- tickets-68595090763

For more information, contact [email protected]

Starts at 18:30 hrs, please ensure you LINDSEY in conversation with DR ESTELLE arrive before 18:30 hrs as the doors will FITZHARRIS PARANQUE close once the talk begins. Film Review

by Dr Catherine Brown was intrigued to see this succès de scandale. It had been called The novel observes the three months that ‘revolting’ by the Russian Communist Party, and ‘disgraceful’ elapsed between Stalin’s death and Beria’s by Peter Hitchens. According to some it reflected on Putin, arrest; the film comically exaggerates the Iwhilst according to David Cameron it reflected on Theresa May. Politbureau’s competitive disarray by hav- It was praised as Iannucci’s deepest work, and condemned as a ing this take place in a matter of days. grosss lapse from form. It has not yet received a Russian license, Rather than being tried by a military and it grossed twice in its opening weekend what In the Loop court, as he probably was, he is lynched and burned by his col- did in 2009. I went fully prepared to hate it and walk out. In the leagues, which he certainly wasn’t. The film makes comic capital event, I stayed in my Everyman armchair to the credits’ end, so out of Orthodox priests’ presence at Stalin’s funeral by Beria’s in- may now toss my own ha’pennyworth into the furor. vitation; the novel rightly does no such thing. As Khrushchev re- First the facts. Insofar as they are known about such a fact- calls, after Stalin’s cerebral hemorrhage two days before his death, averse period, this stylised comedy is surprisingly close to the Orthodox Patriarch and Chief Rabbi of Russia were ordered them. This is largely thanks to the graphic novel on which it is to say prayers for him. After all, it had been Stalin himself who based (not merely ‘inspired by’, as the blurbs have it) – Fabien had repermitted religion in Soviet life. Nury and Thierry Robin’s 2017 La mort de Staline. This writer- As far as the film’s interpretation of Stalin is concerned, it is illustrator duo has clearly read the eyewitness accounts, such as worth recalling the fraught history of his reputation. Non-Soviet Khrushchev’s 1960s memoirs and ’s Twenty Communists, as well as anti-Communists, had denounced his Letters to a Friend. crimes well before his death, as Orwell’s 1945 Animal Farm Khrushchev’s recollection that the doctor eventually sum- exemplifies. Inside the ussr, Khrushchev led the way with his moned to Stalin’s deathbed touched his hand gingerly, before (not very) secret speech to the 1956 Twentieth Party Congress, being roughly ordered by Beria to take it properly, is reproduced which expanded the blame for the crimes of the Terror and exactly in a couple of the comic’s frames. The novel’s madly- beyond Beria – on whom it had been concentrated since 1953 – to orthodox Molotov is a fair reconstruction from the interviews include Stalin himself. This speech denied him a significant role that Molotov himself gave to Soviet journalist Felix Chuev in the Soviet victory over Naziism, leaving the military to claim between his forced retirement in 1962 and his death in 1986, in this as its own. which he castigated Khrushchev and Beria as non-Communists, Thereafter, however, renewed claims have been made for praised Stalin for his terror (‘of the three who spoke at the funeral, Stalin’s significance as a wartime leader – in England by historians I was the only one who spoke from the heart’), and described the such as Geoffrey Roberts; in the Soviet Union, with the effect of Cheka leader Felix Dzerzhinsky as ‘a radiant, spotless personality’. provoking Khrushchev to write his memoirs as a counter. These interviews were published in the Soviet Union in 1991, just In the West, Stalin has remained a source of debate between in time to give inspiration, if not success, to the coup plotters of some left- and right-leaning people over his equivalence or oth- August 1991 – and in plenty of time to give inspiration to this erwise to Hitler (Peter Hitchens asked, in response to this film, novel. The novel’s relative fidelity to its sources has not bound Iannucci with equal fidelity to the novel. The latter’s mild liberty of portraying Zhukov as young (which he was not) as well as a lantern-jawed and large (which he was), is magnified many times by the film’s casting of Zhukov as a swaggering Jason Isaacs with chest padding and a Yorkshire accent. In fact, Zhukov had been exiled to the provinces by Stalin out of jealousy at his post-war popularity, but was called by Khrushchev and his co-conspirators to be one of the military leaders led by air defence commander General Moskalenko to arrest Beria. Khrushchev recalls that he was the first to enter the room at Malenkov’s pre-arranged signal: ‘ “Hands up!”, Zhukov commanded Beria’. In the film, he is the commander of the Red Army and leads the plot to destroy Beria. Jason Issacs as Marshal Zhukov in Armando Iannucci’s The Death of Stalin.

8 ‘whether anyone would think the final days of Hitler, the other existed during the preceding years (Khrushchev recalls: ‘When great European mass-killer, torturer and tyrant, would make a Beria and Stalin fought, Beria could always pretend it was just a good comedy, with Goebbels, Himmler and the rest of the Nazi lovers’ quarrel. When two Georgians fight, they’re just amusing elite played for laughs. No, of course not’). themselves. They’ll always make up in the end.’) Beria’s colleagues The film implicitly dismisses Stalin as a wartime leader by the are not shown as shocked – as they were, and as was Svetlana – by simple expedient of making Zhukov a hero (albeit one caricatured the way in which Beria spoke contemptuously of Stalin whilst beyond, I would imagine, the patience of his many admirers). he was unconscious after his hemorrhage, then fell to kiss his The most-quoted line in the film is Zhukov’s: ‘I fucked Germany. hand the moment he revived. They are shown as colluding in I think I can take on a flesh lump in a waistcoat’ (which is dubbed Beria’s crimes – and in that the film is right, even if the full extent in the Russian trailer as: ‘I took Berlin; somehow I’ll manage with of their horror, including the rape of over a hundred girls and a fatty in a pince-nez’). We see Stalin only in the last days of his women, only emerged after he was arrested. life, at which time even disciples such as Molotov admitted that The result is that Khrushchev (played by Steve Buscemi) he was ‘not completely in control of himself’. It has even been comes out of the film rather less well than the novel, let alone suggested that he had a stroke in 1948, which led to a personality Khrushchev’s own memoirs; the film will do little to revive his change, and to the increasingly contemptuous treatment of his reputation from the low point it has stood at – in Russia as well Politbureau of which Khrushchev so vividly complains. as outside of it – ever since his displacement by Brezhnev in 1964. The audience is pleased to learn from the film’s concluding surtitles that Khrushchev finally wins the power struggle in 1957. He is shown as sincere in his desire to liberalise, in clear contrast to Beria. But the film does not give him his due to the extent of noting that, when Brezhnev ousted him in his turn, he was not imprisoned or killed in large part because of the culture change that he himself had brought about. He had broken a tradition of conducting Russian power struggles stretching back centuries. Simon Russell Beale When in 1957 Molotov and Malenkov launched a Stalinist coup as which failed, they were expelled from the Politbureau, and a and Steve Buscemi as Nikita Krushchev in few years later from the party, but were not otherwise hurt. No Armando Iannucci’s Russian leader has lost their life with his office since then, and The Death of Stalin. such assertions as are occasionally made that Putin holds onto office out of fear are implausible. But we hardly even see this; we hardly see him at all. We So much for fact. Now for value. Peter Hitchens, in his sharp get little sense of the man who would call his colleagues to the formulation of a point made by many, argues that: ‘We are so free Kremlin when he rose in the afternoon, conduct state business in and safe that we can hardly begin to imagine a despot so wholly the intervals of films that he would put them through, drag them terrifying that his subordinates are even afraid of his corpse. This to boozy all-night suppers at his dacha, then send them to their trivial and inaccurate squib does not help us to do so’; ‘misery, morning’s work. If Khrushchev was self-serving in representing pain, fear and mass murder are milked for feeble giggles.’ Stalin as the perverter of a system, and he and his colleagues as The Death of Stalin might return to mind should there be a his victims (‘the abuses of Stalin’s rule were not committed by power struggle after Putin leaves office. But such homologies the Party but were inflicted on the Party’), then the film, which are post facto and accidental. The film itself is as firmly directed otherwise owes so much to his memories, is having none of it. towards late Stalinism as was Animal Farm, which was rejected Malenkov, Khrushchev, Beria, Mikoyan et al are represented by most English publishers as being too clearly about Stalin, a as facilitators and confrères, whose careerism (a major sin in wartime ally, rather than dictatorship in general. the Soviet catechism) and collusion in moral and intellectual I am hopeful that the film will be granted a license in Russia. madness becomes painfully exposed when their lynchpin is After all, permission was evidently granted to film it there, and removed. Their lack of unity is indicated by their crazy range Stalin’s Kuntsevo dacha and Beria’s residence were either actually of accents: Khrushchev has a Brooklyn accent, Malenkov a used for shooting, or for the research necessary to make highly Californian one, Mikoyan and Stalin are Cockney, whilst Zhukov convincing reconstructions of them. is a Yorkshireman; this is in no way intended to represent the The Russian government has had to tread a careful line in its actual range of accents on the Politbureau. commemorations between the feelings of the Orthodox and of So Iannucci takes the system at its own word. In theory there Communists, and it might well consider it prudent to wait with was no King or President, merely the General Secretary of the this film (which may be disliked by both these sizeable constitu- Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. encies) until next year. But I hope, then, that it will be permit- In that case, he suggests, the responsibility was collective. ted – both because there is no good reason to ban such a film As Molotov lamented of A. Avtokhanov’s (Paris-bought) book anywhere, and because it is a remarkable film. And I wish for Enigma of Stalin’s Death, which his interviewer had given him to Russians that they can move beyond the trauma of the presence read and comment on: ‘He depicts us all as a gang of brigands!’. and the loss of Stalin, to the point when Iannucci’s genius for So does this film. conveying the comedy of past insanities can be appreciated with- Admittedly, the clearly most evil character is Beria – the one out unbearable pain. who, in the words of Peter Bradshaw, ‘puts the warhead on the ❦ satire.’ He is shown about to rape a woman arrested for the purpose (though not in the act, unlike the novel, which shows him raping This article is an extract taken from Dr Catherine Brown’s a child over his desk). But he is merely the nastiest. He is not review of The Death of Stalin. The full version can be read at: shown as having the peculiarly close relationship to Stalin that https://catherinebrown.org/the-death-of-stalin/

9 vs Historicaľ

A Personal Opinion On The Question WhetherFiction Accuracy Really Matters by Teoni Passereau want to contribute to the debate on whether or not To understand why many historical novelists do not regard historical fiction should adhere to historical accuracy. Not historical accuracy as the utmost important requirement to their only was this debate discussed in my second year module stories, the motivations behind attempting to write a historical IHistory, Heritage and Memory, but it is also present on social novel should be highlighted. Though each historical novelist will media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. Quite surprisingly have their own personal motivations for constructing a historical I hold an opinion which, as I discovered through my research for fiction, Allan Massie identifies a compelling argument as to the the module, many other historians do not strongly agree with. main attraction towards writing historical novels. He argues ‘The First of all, it is important to understand where this debate has past is a place where they may seem to do things more colour- arisen from. The nature of history changed in the 19th century fully. And it is the colour and detail that his more feeble imitators with the creation of academic history by historian Leopold von took as the essential ingredients of the historical novel.’ This col- Ranke, as well as the beginning of the historical novel as Walter ourful past which has attracted novelists to write their historical Scott published his in 1814. The term ‘history’ is quite broad in fictions is not necessarily the same appealing colour of the past general as we can have academic history, popular history, public that attracts people to become historians. Therefore, for many history, and even historical fiction. Historical fiction can come historians, the past is the whole process of developments that in many shapes; novels, video games, films, television series etc. leads up to the present. However, the romanticised attraction for As the definition of history began to expand and change, with fictional authors is the chance to co-opt the colour of the past, as it so began the debate as to what are the essentials for historical it is a strange world to tell tales about. fiction. With many opinions on whether historical fiction should In the historical novel The King’s Witch, Tracy Borman ex- be allowed to fictitiously reimagine historical events, characters, plores the life of the historically underknown Frances Gorges. and settings, the debate continues to be addressed by historians, The novel deals with themes such as witchcraft and the fe- novelists and critics in the present day. In my opinion histori- male role which would have been relevant in the Jacobian era. cal fictions and novels should be anchored by historical research However, since there is sparse historical evidence that remains and accuracy, rather than the poetic reinterpretation of charac- on the life of Frances Gorges, much of the story has either been ters and figures of the past. Without historical truths, I do not moulded around other historical characters from this period or believe that it should be considered historical fiction, but just from rumours left unanswered in history. With that being said, merely fiction. Borman claims in her Author’s Notes ‘The historical context for The idea of a historical truth is very contested. Though one Frances’s story is also largely accurate, and I have drawn upon piece of evidence may say one thing on a subject, another may contemporary sources and quotes for the narrative.’ Borman also say the complete opposite. Thus, trying to figure out the historical admits to committing to a theory in history which cannot, or at truth can be somewhat of a puzzle, the process of trying to least has not yet, been proven. Her historical novel has a focus untangle the web that is the historical past. However, as historian on the Gunpowder Plot. As she mentions in her Author’s Notes, J. Willingham claims, ‘History is not and should not aspire to there is some evidence of a ‘great person’ that supposedly helped be a science, and historical truth is always tentative, contested, with the Gunpowder Plot. It is because ‘historians have long since and ever-changing.’ For one to make a historical statement about debated who this might have been’ that within her novel Borman the past in a piece of writing claiming it is historical in any way, uses Anne of Denmark as the ‘great person’ whose involvement therefore, there must be a ‘historical truth’ supported by the is unproven by historians. Borman also acknowledges another evidence collected from research, either by the person creating ‘theory is that it was Robert Cecil himself’ in the Author’s Notes the historical fiction or published by another historian. However, at the end. This addition in the Author’s Notes allows people to it must also be accepted that this ‘historical truth’ put forward enjoy the novel’s story and have access to the real history and in the historical writing can and should be open to criticisms historical debates, despite the focus of this historical novel being by other historian or critics that can support their own claims on the imagined formation of Frances Gorges. and arguments with supporting evidence. This leads us to the Unfortunately not all novels or historical fiction pieces take question, should the historical novel be considered an aspect Tracy’s approach to historical fiction. For example, a film can of historical writing if the story is not historically accurate? My claim to be ‘based on real events’, however, if you decided to re- answer is no. search the historical evidence via Google during/after the film

10 (like my Dad and I do), you can be amazed at the extent of crea- tive licensing there is. In a lot of cases, I believe, the real history itself is fascinating enough itself. But that is not what my main issue is here. I read continually on Twitter and Facebook people trying to explain history based on what novels and what films they have watched. People believe they have found a source of information about the past that is reliable because the film states it is based on real events. Historian Allan Marshall argues that if a novel about ideas is set in the past, ‘it can lead us to ponder and then go on to explore many of these ideas in a genuine his- torical context, which is perhaps what the really good historical novel should do.’ With works such as Borman’s, where a small amount of history and historical debate is added in the Author’s Notes, a genuine historical interest can be piqued, creating an The compelling story which can allow historical fiction writers active interest in the reader to progress to more authoritative and to change history unsurprisingly goes a step further as some his- accurate historical books. However, a lot of people do not have torical novels completely make up history. These historical fic- the time or motivations to further their research. This furthers tions focus on aspects that are not at all historically accurate and the idea that some historical accuracy or historical truth needs are not based on any form of historical truths. These include his- to be present with real, compelling historical events to make a torical novels with time-shift stories, alternative or ‘what if?’ his- successful historical fiction as many people rely on its credibility. tories, and completely made up historical fantasies. For the time- shift stories, the plot can include a modern character transported back in time, or more rarely, a historical character is transported to the present, or to a time period not their own. Some histori- cal novels such as the Outlander series by Diana Gabaldon use the idea of a time-shift as a focal point in their historical novels. Alternate histories or ‘what if?’ stories, are set in a world where a historical event either did not happen, or the outcome of the events explored are different to the reality, such as a Nazi victory in World War ii, a Texan victory at the Alamo, or the death of William, Duke of Normandy, in 1065. The television series Time- less often uses alternative histories within its plots, though its time-travelling heroes take actions that change the course of his- tory so events end up matching the actual documented historical record we know. The final non-historical ‘historical’ novel type is the historical fantasy. In these fantasies characters, even historic figures, are depicted in historical periods or situations, but with the inclusion of magic, dragons or some other element of fantasy. The series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin is a his- torical fantastical series which draws parallels from history and adds both dragons and magic to embellish the story. Though the three types of historical novel mentioned above can be considered ‘historical’ novels, arguably for some histori- ans it is unfair for these works to be considered historical writ- ings. As fun as time-travelling, witchcraft, magic, dragons, and other mythical beasts are to think about, they are too far from So why is there so much creative licensing in historical fiction? any historical truth to be rightfully known as historical writing. According to Ian Mortimer, there can be little anchoring to the Thus, the question of whether historical fiction should be entitled truth in historical fiction as he claims there is a clear difference to branch under the concept of historical writing again arises. of technique between writing as a historian and writing as a his- Thus, for time-shift, alternative/‘what if?’, and fantasy historical torical novelist, which is lying. He says lying is something all his- fictions, it could be fairer to categorise them as solely fiction, and torical novelists do, whether that is from making characters say deny them the status of historical. or do things they never said or did, or making people die from Historical fiction, to be consider an aspect history, should have causes they did not die of, or using modern language in their some anchoring in a historical truth, however subjective the in- speeches, or changing people’s names, at least some aspect of a terpretation, or else the question of the historical fiction’s place in historical novel’s story is a lie. This idea of lying to the reader is history becomes hard to distinguish. Unfortunately however, be- further supported by Philippa Gregory, as she states ‘One of the cause of the existence of the ‘compelling lie,’ the historical fiction worst crimes in my book is putting a convincing lie on the record becomes an overused term, allowing for novels and films which – whether it is the adulterer’s story of a delayed train, or the gov- should be considered just fiction to gain the status of historical. ernment’s story of Iraq’s mythical weapons of mass destruction.’ This is symptomatic of novelists and fiction writers placing more Does this not make historical fiction unfair to the general reader importance on the compelling story and poetic awakenings of who wants to gain an understanding of history as they are sold characters than on what should in my opinion be important, the some truths and some lies, whilst making them believe they are historical truth. learning history? ❦

11 The Germans in South Australia by Samuel Doering uring the Summer holidays, Christ and the Sacraments. Those pastors Angas, however, saw great potential in I had the opportunity to do an who rejected the King’s Liturgy and legis- these Prussian migrants. He believed they internship at the History Trust of lation to unite the churches were removed would provide plentiful labour in the new DSouth Australia. I was given free rein to from their congregations and, in some colony; he saw their expertise in agricul- develop a theme and concept for a limited cases, imprisoned. tural production; and was assured they podcast series. The length of time meant Congregants who adhered to the old would be devout Christian citizens by I could not complete all ten episodes, Lutheran belief system were without re- establishing churches and schools in ac- but of the ones that I did record, I was ligious leaders. They could not attend cordance with their beliefs. able to see, up close, some of the most church, could not have children con- So, in 1838, after having encountered remarkable, consequential documents and firmed, baptised or even educated, and difficulties getting out of Prussia, nearly artefacts relating to German migrants and had to worship in secret lest the police 600 migrants departed from Hamburg migration in the state of South Australia. should storm the church and make ar- for a new life in South Australia. They im- German migrants constituted between rests. Any followers who were caught mediately took up land around Adelaide, 10–12% of the state’s population right up to faced financially-crippling fines. planted produce and crops, set up schools the First World War. During this time, they When, in 1835, Pastor August Kavel and congregations and settled across the had an influential effect on the social, aca- was dismissed from his congregation in state. These first German migrants started demic, commercial, creative and political Klemzig in Silesia, he was asked by his chain-migration to South Australia; once spheres in South Australia. Not to men- congregation to travel to Hamburg to relatives and families back in Prussia had tion the fact that German Lutheranism make arrangements for migration. He heard of this easier life across the oceans, remained prominent throughout the state looked at migration to Russia, the United more followed. during this time. Their pioneering legacy States and then South Australia. His trav- Although the religious persecution evi- remains to this day through the wine- els took him to London where he found dent in Prussia ended upon the death of making tradition in the Barossa Valley to sympathetic, anti-established-church pa- Friedrich Wilhelm iii in 1840, the dam- religion and education to festivities and trons who funded the migration of his age had been done. The desire to worship geography. followers. George Fife Angas, one of these freely had pushed hundreds of Prussian I want to briefly share two remarkable sympathisers, was one of the directors of migrants across the oceans to South artefacts relating to German migration the South Australian Company which was Australia and created a Germanic identity and their surprising stories. managing the establishment of the new in a new homeland where liberty reigned. ✴ ✴ ✴ colony. And so, the circle is completed: an 1822 The first podcast episode concentrated on Angas had gained the financial sup- piece of legislation that aimed to unite two the foremost reason for migration from port of the other Company directors, Prussian churches began mass migration Prussia to South Australia. It asked why but later financial strain saw this migra- to a new state in South Australia, greatly Prussian farmers and laborers were will- tion scheme be dropped by the Company. influencing the cultural, political, artistic, ing to leave their ancestral homeland and agricultural and commercial spheres of trek across the world to a state that was the state to the present day. only recently founded. ✴ ✴ ✴ To understand this, I spoke with The second most consequential artefact Lois Zweck of the Lutheran Archives in I encountered was actually a model ship. Adelaide. Together we discussed the far- At first this may seem ordinary and un- reaching consequences of a single docu- remarkable, but it’s origin and maker ment: the Kirchen Agende für die Hof- und links with a very dark chapter of South Dom-Kirche in Berlin, a text that was writ- Australian history. ten and legislated by the Prussian king, Prior to the First World War, German Friedrich Wilhelm iii, in 1822. migrants were considered model citizens: TheAgende was the second attempt by they were hard working, they populated Friedrich Wilhelm to unite the Reformist the Parliament, followed pious religious and Lutheran Churches in Prussia into beliefs and were commercially very suc- a single Union Church. For the three- cessful. Yet all this changed at the out- hundredth anniversary of Luther’s break of war. Reformation in 1817, he had asked for Accusations immediately surfaced con- followers to find the will for union in their cerning the loyalty of German migrants hearts. It was unsuccessful. and descendants. Just days after Britain In 1822 the Kirchen-Agende was legis- Samuel Doering with Lindl Lawton, Senior Curator went to war with Germany, (Australia lated across Prussia and was immediately at the Maritime Museum of South Australia, with joined alongside Britain) newspaper re- met with opposition. Lutherans staunch- the ship model made by a German internee on ports started asking for German nation- ly believed it abandoned their views on Torrens Island. als, even citizens who had been in the state

12 for decades, to report to authorities and surrender all firearms. Overnight they became ‘enemy aliens,’ a term that cruelly reinforces their status as non-British citizens in a foreign land. But it got worse. In October 1914 a concentration camp was opened on Torrens Island near Port Adelaide. It became a site for German internees who had failed to report to authorities. With hindsight, there was no reason to imprison them, but the anti-German hysteria of the war saw hundreds of Germans be interned. Pastors, parliamentarians, businessmen and newspaper edi- tors all ended up behind barbed wire for seemingly no good reason. One man, even committed suicide in the city gardens to avoid the brutality of Torrens Island. Admittedly records are scant, since most were purposefully destroyed by fire, but sur- Samuel Doering with Dr Lois Zweck, historian and translator at the Lutheran viving photographs document two polar opposites of camp life: Archives, with the 1822 Kirchen-Agende. cafés, band concerts and tattoo parlours mixed with squalid con- ditions, flooded camps and, most horrifically, extensive bayonet repressed and towns were renamed to reflect British attitudes. wounds. There are now increasing calls for a public apology from the I met with Lindl Lawton, from the South Australian Maritime South Australian Government, something that should have been Museum, to discuss the model ship. She explained that it is one granted decades ago. Not only would it be an admission of the of the few artefacts left from the Torrens Island Concentration unfair treatment meted out to German-South Australians and Camp. It was made of flotsam, cigar boxes, cork and string over the complete decimation of their culture, it would also form an several months and was gifted to one of the guards on the island. important part of the idea of Vergangenheitsbewältigung or ‘com- It is evidence of not only the boredom faced by internees on the ing to terms with the past’. island, but also of an extraordinarily rare friendship that formed ✴ ✴ ✴ between an internee and guard. These two remarkable artefacts, which I had the privilege of view- The Torrens Island Concentration Camp closed in August ing up-close, are central to two chapters of the story of German 1915 and internees were sent to New South Wales and Victoria migration to South Australia. The Kirchen-Agende explains why to be incarcerated until the end of the war. The damage had al- migrants fled Prussia for a new life in South Australia and the ready been done in South Australia: the reputation and cultural model ship tells the story of one of the darkest periods in our integrity of the German migrants in the state had been decimat- state’s history. ed. German schools were closed, language and traditions were ❦

Teaching Children About The Past

by Rowan Sykes nteracting with the past made me love history. Visiting Which parts of the story are necessary? historic sites as a child, dressing up, and role-playing as One part of my job – the best part of my job – was teaching chil- people from times-gone-by are to thank for what grew into dren to use replica muskets. They’re so fun! But the thing about Ian academic interest. It’s made me invest time in finding out muskets is that they were terrible weapons. Built and used centu- about the past, and transmitting that knowledge to others. I ries before rifling was commonplace in firearm design, they fired thought I’d give back to the world of heritage that so inspired me, musket shots with no fixed calibre at a grand rate of two or three and decided to get a summer job working for English Heritage. shots per minute, giving a fractional chance of hitting any target During my time at Goodrich Castle, a Civil War battle site with a and carrying a high risk of injury to the user. When explaining 900-years-old history, I ran into an interesting problem: the near useless function of muskets to an audience of excited How do you simplify the truth about the past to a child? children, it felt important to do so in a way that didn’t ruin the fun of it. You can’t just tell a child, ‘The musket is a rubbish weap- ‘Edutainment’ is the word given to this unique genre in which on and here’s why,’ you need to brighten it up a bit: ‘…but they kids expect not only to have fun, but to learn whilst doing so. The still used them because the flash and BANG when they fire is focus of my job quickly became a challenge of presenting reality terrifying!’ Otherwise their enjoyment of the activity is ruined. to an audience with the world’s shortest attention span. I had to Now you might see the big question here. If it is such a dif- ask myself questions like, ‘Which parts of the story are neces- ficult task to keep children invested in the activity after they find sary?’, ‘How do I make the facts stick in their minds?’, ‘Why does out that the weapons they’re using are bad, why tell them at all? it matter that they know the truth?’ After writing my second-year Here’s the answer. There needs to be some understanding as to coursework on methods and uses of history for wider audiences, why relics of the past were left in the past. Four-hundred-year- it was finally time to test my skills in a real-world situation. old weapons are going to be objectively worse than anything we

13 have now, and addressing this is necessary to understand the — Asking questions. People love to share what they know; it passing of time between the Civil War and the current period. makes them feel smart. A question also prepares an audience This is especially important when many of the children visiting for an answer—it begs them to listen closely. Questions like, the castle have ideas of other wars to fit in the British historical ‘Which two sides fought in the Civil War?’ and ‘Does any- chronology: muskets clearly need to come after the Viking and one know what a cavalryman was?’ allow children to feel that Norman invasions, but long before the Great War, and address- they’re making a contribution, and better still it encourages ing the limitations of the technology enables a young mind to them to search for the facts in their mind even after hearing understand this more clearly. This all should, of course, be done an answer. Even if a child has no idea what ‘parliamentarian’ in a way which doesn’t interfere with the excitement or fantasy. means, you can see their eyes light up when they recognise the So by all means address why the past is left in the past…but do name Oliver Cromwell, and that’s when you know that they’ve so with a loud BANG! begun to piece the facts together. — Playing to misconceptions. So many times I’ve asked an au- How do I make the facts stick in their minds? dience something, only to respond to a myriad of answers Easy: engagement. But how do you engage somebody in a pe- with, ‘That was actually a trick question’. The Roundheads riod they have little to no prior knowledge of? Some methods and Cavaliers didn’t wear red vs. blue coats, they wore sashes. of putting things into a real-world perspective seemed to bore The barber surgeon wouldn’t give you alcohol as a painkiller, a younger audience, so giving them the cultural context for an because it’s a blood thinner. You wouldn’t be drinking wine activity or asking them what they’d learnt in school just wasn’t an or mead, you’d be drinking ale (unless you were very rich!). option. Three methods of engaging the children were, however, Having a wrong ‘fact’ corrected can be much more memora- quite successful at keeping them listening: ble than being told a new fact. The correction allows it to be — Theatrics. Props and costumes are always helpful in making tied to prior knowledge, and better still it displaces something an idea clearer to an audience, but we had to go beyond that untrue. For those who were never taught the misconceptions, at times, as far as providing action and sound effects, and us- this method of questioning still encourages them to exhaust ing the castle itself to get people involved. If a child is having all possible answers, further clarifying the point being taught. a hard time picturing how a pike can be used against cavalry- men, then acting out a horse throwing off its rider – complete Why does it matter? with sound effects – is going to provide both clarity and en- Why is it so important to give young people a realistic idea of the tertainment. Using the castle itself can be a little harder, since past? For one, it’s entertainment! If a person can learn something every activity took place in the main courtyard. Luckily, tour- new whilst having fun with costumes and weapons, their day at ists and families spend the time in between activities explor- the castle has been well spent. It also helps to give perspective to ing the grounds. This meant we could point out the castle’s modern ideas. By understanding what kinds of technologies and great hall during dance activities, or the chapel during battle- mindsets belonged to those who lived before us, we improve our field surgery (in a case of extreme injury, the barber surgeon understanding of how society develops and the effect it might would give up operating and send you to pray for your soul), have on the world. Tying the past to the present in an accessible which helped their understanding of this world come togeth- way carries an intent to spark questions of otherwise unremark- er a little more. Better-behaved groups could even march up able things. When we compare a bread trencher to Yorkshire to the battlements to fire their muskets at oncoming (imagi- puddings, or a soldier’s woollen coat to a sleeping bag, we begin nary) soldiers! to question what else might have been different about the lives of those who came before us. It’s important to remember that Right: Goodrich Castle, making an anachronistic comparison isn’t the same as giving a seen from the east. Middle simplified or inaccurate answer. This allows children to tie an un- & bottom right: Props and familiar answer to something that allows them to make sense of costumes help children picture the past. Bottom what they are taught about history. It has become evident to me left: Firing a replica musket. over the course of the past couple of months that the challenge Far right: An ariel view of of teaching interactive history to children isn’t finding a way to Goodrich Castle. simplify the past, but finding a way for them to access history on their own terms. ❦

14 Recommended Events and Talks

0 A Hidden History of Women in the East End: 0 How to Academy presents… Alternative Jack the Ripper Tour Simon Jenkins: The Complete History of London (in one hour) 26 September, 31 October, 7 & 28 November at 6:30 pm 8 October at 6:45 pm Come and hear the untold story of Jack the Ripper’s victims. Come and find out the capital’s two-thousand-year history – In this hidden history tour we celebrate the strength of women from the first Roman settlements to fire and empire and the led to sell sex for survival, not a serial killer. thriving twenty-first century cosmopolis. Saint Botolph Without Aldgate, Aldgate High Street, ec3n 1ab Regent Street Cinema, 307 Regent Street, Marylebone, w1b 2hw £5 for students. Book online at https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/a- From £26.81. Book online at https://www.eventbrite.com/e/the- hidden-history-of-women-in-the-east-end-the-alternative-jack- complete-history-of-london-simon-jenkins-tickets-63155493782 the-ripper-tour-tickets-52260471477?aff=eprofsaved 0 A History of The Worshipful Company of Tylers and 0 The Hidden History of Africa Before the Slave Trade Bricklayers, Dr David Allen 26 September at 7 pm 16 October at 2 pm This lecture discusses the Empire of Mali, the Yoruba Kingdoms, Dr David Allen will discuss the history of the company including Medieval Sudan, Medieval Ethiopia and the East African Coast. its most famous son, Ben Jonson, as well as three of its masters These civilisations have left behind a splendid array of evidence who designed and built cathedrals, and the company’s present- that is discussed in the lecture. day role supporting the craft. St Ann’s Library, Cissbury Road, Tottenham, n15 5pu Guildhall Art Gallery, Guildhall Yard, ec2v 5ae £6.98 admission. Book online at https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/ Free. Book online at https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/a-history- the-hidden-history-of-africa-before-the-slave-trade-thursday-26- of-the-worshipful-company-of-tylers-and-bricklayers-dr-david- september-2019-tickets-62220951541?aff=eprofsaved allen-tickets-59385679165?aff=eprofsaved 0 The History of the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich Tour 0 Ancient Africans in Europe, Asia & America – 28 September at 2 pm and 8 December at 12 pm Black History Month 2019 Tour This tour takes you through the reasons why the arsenal was 20 October at 2 pm built and the history of some of the original buildings. The tour Witness institutional racism that writes Africans out of world will also touch on the two other organisations founded at the history. Discover the evidence of Ancient Africans in Europe, Asia site, The Royal Regiment of Artillery and Dial Square fc. and America ONLY on this month’s tour of the British Museum! The Taproom, 15 Major Draper Street, se18 6gg The British Museum, Great Russell Street, wc1b 3dg £13.38 admission. Book online at https://www.eventbrite. £10 admission. Book online at https://www.eventbrite.com/e/ co.uk/e/the-history-of-the-royal-arsenal-woolwich-tour-tickets- ancient-africans-in-europe-asia-america-black-history-month- 53752312614?aff=eprofsaved 2019-tour-tickets-61154805670?aff=eprofsaved 0 Race & Ethnicity (BAME) Network: ‘Black History Month’ 0 Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation – 2 October at 6 pm A Talk by Peter Marshall An event organised by InterLaw Diversity Forum to 31 October at 7 pm commemorate the Black History Month. A meeting with This engaging history reveals what was really at stake in the over- speakers will be followed by networking and drinks. throw of Catholic culture and the reshaping of the English Church. Bryan Cave Leighton Paisner, Adelaide House, London Bridge, Southwark Cathedral, London Bridge, se1 9da ec4r 9ha £3 admission. Book online at https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/ Free. Book online at https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/race-ethnicity- heretics-and-believers-a-history-of-the-english-reformation-a- bame-network-black-history-month-registration-56242249081 talk-by-peter-marshall-tickets-49242082394 Recommended Reads

Crusaders: The Epic History of the Wars for the Holy Lands. Dan Jones. Penguin. October 2019 The Medieval Gift and the Classical Tradition: Ideals and the Performance of Generosity in Medieval England, 1100–1300. Lars Kjaer. Cambridge University Press. August 2019 Remembering Queens and Kings of Early Modern England and France: Reputations, Reinterpretation, and Reincarnation (Queenship and Power). Estelle Paranque (Ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. September 2019 Dynastic Politics and the British Reformations, 1558–1630. Michael Questier. Oxford University Press. January 2019 The Butchering Art: Joseph Lister’s Quest to Transform the Grisly World of Victorian Medicine. Lindsey Fitzharris. Penguin. October 2017

15 NCH History Society

As we begin a new academic year, we encourage you to sign up to be a part of the NCH History Society! With a successful start last year, we managed to kick off the society in style with the launch party, have a showing of Nicholas’s documentary on ‘Walford’s War ’, take a day trip out to Hampton Court Palace, watched ‘The Death of Stalin’ on the big screen of the Drawing Room, sold and ate cakes to help fundraise for some interesting speakers, had the Easter Egg raffle, and finished the year with an appearance by Hallie Rubenhold as she spoke with Dr. Estelle Paranque about her book The Five. We look forward to what the future brings with regards to this society and hope you will join us in this adventure! Contact us for more info: [email protected]

19 Bedford Square, Fitzrovia, www.facebook.com/NCHHistorySociety London wc1b 3hh