Kansas Reservoir Sedimentation
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Kansas Reservoir Sedimentation Chris Shultz Causes SedimentClinton Inflow Lake Overlook Park After 2019 Flood Bank erosion Measurement Municipalities, industry, and irrigators rely on reservoirs for water supply during drought. Capacity Lost 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% PERCENT LOSS OF CAPACITY TO DATE TO OF CAPACITY PERCENT LOSS 0% Kansas Federal Reservoir Storage 3,000,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 Feet) - 1,500,000 1,500,000 Population 1,000,000 1,000,000 Storage (Acre Storage The ‘Do Nothing’ Scenario 500,000 500,000 0 0 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100 2125 2150 Observed Storage Projected Storage Population Mainstem Kansas River Storage Loss Through Time 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 Reservoir Storage (AF) Storage Reservoir 0 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100 2125 2150 Tuttle Creek Lake Milford Lake Perry Lake Mainstem Kansas River Water Supply vs. Water Quality 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 Reservoir Storage (AF) Storage Reservoir 0 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090 2110 2130 2150 Water Quality Water Supply Supply/Demand Kansas River Basin Milford Lake Perry Lake Tuttle Creek Lake Required Storage 800,000 700,000 Feet) 600,000 - 500,000 2064 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 Storage (Acre Storage 0 Marais des Cygnes Melvern Lake Pomona Lake Required Storage 100,000 80,000 Feet) - 2137 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Storage (Acre Storage 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 2110 2120 2130 2140 2150 Kansas Federal Reservoir Storage 3,000,000 Verdigris Regions of State begin having insufficient Mainstem storage for drought of record. (PWWSD#23, Neosho Region 2,500,000 Coffeyville, (Emporia, CVR, etc.) Wolf Creek, etc.) Kanopolis (Post Rock RWD, 2,000,000 Hillsdale Salina, Irrigators) Big Hill Feet) (Edgerton, - Kansas Region Gardner, (PWWSD#4) (Junction City, RWDs) 1,500,000 Topeka, Lawrence, El Dorado Water One, etc.) Marais des Cygnes 1,000,000 Mainstem Storage (Acre Storage (Ottawa, Osawatomie, La Cygne Power Plant, etc.) 500,000 0 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100 2125 2150 Observed Projected Questions RESERVOIR SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT JOHN SHELLEY, PH.D., P.E. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS KANSAS CITY DISTRICT Part 1/2 Innovative solutions for a safer, better world Purpose To share the good news of reservoir sediment management: Reservoirs CAN be operated for long-term sustainability by passing the sediment downstream. US Army Corps of Engineers Outline Why we all should care Examples and Methods Water Injection Dredging US Army Corps of Engineers Why Does the Corps Care About Reservoir Sedimentation? Acute problems Chronic problems US Army Corps of Engineers Kanopolis Lake Nebraska Colorado Kansas US Army Corps of Engineers Kanopolis Lake Multi-purpose pool 43% full of sediment Pool raise not pursued due to dam safety concerns US Army Corps of Engineers Kanopolis Lake US Army Corps of Engineers Sedimentation Issues: Acute Gate operability 2009- 19’ of sediment in front of left trash rack Suction dredging using divers within intake tower and approach structure ~ $1,000,000. Sediment depths, 2014 = 9’, 2015 = 10’, and 2018 = 14’. US Army Corps of Engineers Kanopolis- Feb 2019 US Army Corps of Engineers Kanopolis Lake: Prognosis Kanopolis Multipurpose Pool Will be 58% Full by 2067 US Army Corps of Engineers Tuttle Creek Lake: 1962 - 2010 11 US Army Corps of Engineers Tuttle Creek Lake: 1962 12 US Army Corps of Engineers Tuttle Creek Lake: 2010 13 US Army Corps of Engineers Sediment Accumulation in the Multipurpose Pool 5.8 M CY/year US Army Corps of Engineers Environmental Impacts: Kansas River Pre-dam Sediment Load: 44 million tons per year Post-dam Sediment Load:13 million tons per year A 70% reduction in sediment transport US Army Corps of Engineers 15/30 The dam-induced sediment deficit 2,500,000 The sediment 2,000,000 deficit caused by 1,500,000 the presence of the dams 1,000,000 Suspended Sediment Suspended (tons) 500,000 - Kansas River Wamego (Current Conditions) Tuttle Creek Milford Harlan Wakunda Kanapolis Wilson US Army Corps of Engineers 16/30 Downstream on the Kansas River Shoal Chub Plains Minnow Flathead Chub Western Silvery Minnow US Army Corps of Engineers 17 Downstream on the Kansas River http://www.kansas.net/~tjhittle/dredge.jpg US Army Corps of Engineers 18 “The only way to sustainably manage the nation’s reservoirs is to pass the sediment downstream.” -- Rollin Hotchkiss, Chair of the Corps Environmental Advisory Board, Speaking at the Kansas Water Conference US Army Corps of Engineers 19 Outline Why we all should care Examples and Methods Water Injection Dredging US Army Corps of Engineers Outline Why we all should care Examples and Methods Lake maintenance Reservoir sustainability Water Injection Dredging US Army Corps of Engineers Pressure Flushing US Army Corps of Engineers 22 Pressure Flushing US Army Corps of Engineers 23 Pressure Flushing US Army Corps of Engineers 24/30 Cherry Creek Flush . Pressure flush to maintain operational capability at low level outlet . Every year alternating high (1300 cfs) and low (250 cfs) flow US Army Corps of Engineers US Army Corps of Engineers 26 Blue Springs Lake, KC Metro Area https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPKpueit7Qo US Army Corps of Engineers 29 What about Kanopolis Lake? . Pressure flushes ineffective . Mechanical dredging . Hydraulic dredging US Army Corps of Engineers 30 Outline Why we all should care Examples and Methods Lake maintenance Reservoir sustainability Water Injection Dredging US Army Corps of Engineers US Army Corps of Engineers 32/30 Array of Potential Solutions . Sediment yield reduction . Sediment bypass . Sediment pass-through (routing, sluicing) . Drawdown flushing . Hydrosuction . Inlet extension . Density current venting . Water-injection Dredging . Dredging with land disposal . Dredging with downstream recharge . Pressure flushing . Sediment focusing . Dredging . Reallocation . New reservoirs/dam raises US Army Corps of Engineers 33 Reservoir Sediment Sustainability Sediment-rich water “What comes in, must go out!” Available Storage Sediment-rich water US Army Corps of Engineers Dredging with Land Disposal? 3,600 ac-ft/year into Tuttle’s multi-purpose pool At $6.7/yd3 = $39 M/year +++ Not a long-term strategy Cost increases as available disposal sites are filled Does not address theUS sediment Army Corps of Engineers deficit downstream How to save 40% - 60% of total project cost: Recharge the sediment downstream US Army Corps of Engineers 36 Dredging with Downstream Discharge Example - Millsite Reservoir US Army Corps of Engineers 37 Dredging Example – Millsite Reservoir US Army Corps of Engineers 38 Dredging Example – Millsite Reservoir US Army Corps of Engineers 39 Dredging Example – Millsite Reservoir US Army Corps of Engineers 40 Dredging Example – Millsite Reservoir US Army Corps of Engineers 41 Dredging Example – Millsite Reservoir Saves 40% - 60% of total project cost Potential for positive ecosystem benefits US Army Corps of Engineers 42 RESERVOIR SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT JOHN SHELLEY, PH.D., P.E. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS KANSAS CITY DISTRICT Part 2/2 Innovative solutions for a safer, better world Reservoir Drawdown Flushing Draw down the reservoir US Army Corps of Engineers 2 Reservoir Drawdown Flushing Draw down the reservoir US Army Corps of Engineers 3 Reservoir Drawdown Flushing Draw down the reservoir US Army Corps of Engineers 4 Reservoir Drawdown Flushing Very high sediment load US Army Corps of Engineers 5 Reservoir Drawdown Flushing Headcuts and “bank” erosion move Very high upstream sediment load US Army Corps of Engineers 6 Reservoir Drawdown Flushing Headcuts and “bank” erosion move Very high upstream sediment load US Army Corps of Engineers 7 Reservoir Drawdown Flushing Headcuts and “bank” erosion move Very high upstream sediment load US Army Corps of Engineers 8 Reservoir Flushing: Fall Creek US Army Corps of Engineers 9/30 Reservoir Flushing: Spencer Dam US Army Corps of Engineers Boyd and Gibson, 2016 10/30 Reservoir Flushing: Spencer Dam US Army Corps of Engineers 11 Reservoir Flushing Challenges . Must have a low-elevation gate . Uses ALL the water . Will not usually flush out the “floodplain” i.e. maintained reservoir storage typically much less than the original . Sediment-laded effluent – high concentration short duration US Army Corps of Engineers 12 Gebidim Dam Flushing US Army Corps of Engineers 13 Drawdown flushing is for small (typically hydropower) reservoirs . Spencer Dam was able to maintain 10% of its original storage by flushing twice a year for two weeks . If agitation, water injection, or some other type of dredging were employed along with the flush, a larger pool could have been maintained. US Army Corps of Engineers 14 TURBIDITY CURRENT VENTING Sediment-Laden Inflow Plunging Point Clear Water Delta Turbidity Current Muddy Slide Credit: Marielys Lake & Ramos-Villanueva Deposits US Army Corps of Engineers Turbidity Current: Flume Study https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HP7tnryvIfs&t=23s US Army Corps of Engineers 16 Photo Source: Greg Morris US Army Corps of Engineers US Army Corps of Engineers US Army Corps of Engineers US Army Corps of Engineers US Army Corps of Engineers US Army Corps of Engineers Turbidity currents occur naturally at some lakes, which leads to much less sediment trapping. US Army Corps of Engineers Outline Why we all should care Examples and Methods Water Injection Dredging US Army Corps of Engineers Water injection dredging is the processes of hydraulically creating a turbidity current. US Army Corps of Engineers 25 Water Injection Dredging (WID) US Army Corps of Engineers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfV K5rLYXiM US Army Corps of Engineers Worldwide WID US Army Corps of Engineers Worldwide WID US Army Corps of Engineers The Marine Group “150 m3/hr in soft material” US Army Corps of Engineers Water Injection Dredge (WID) Weeks Marine BT 773 US Army Corps of Engineers WEEKS MARINE Barge BT 773 Length:120’ Breadth:32’ Draft:8’ Injection Pipe:30” dia.