Atrazine Toxicity and Remediation Strategies
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Atrazine Chlorohydrolase from Pseudomonas Sp
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Aug. 1996, p. 4894–4900 Vol. 178, No. 16 0021-9193/96/$04.0010 Copyright q 1996, American Society for Microbiology Atrazine Chlorohydrolase from Pseudomonas sp. Strain ADP: Gene Sequence, Enzyme Purification, and Protein Characterization† 1,2 2,3,4 1,2,4 MERVYN L. DE SOUZA, MICHAEL J. SADOWSKY, AND LAWRENCE P. WACKETT * Department of Biochemistry and Biological Processes Technology Institute,1 Department of Soil, Water, and Climate,3 Department of Microbiology,4 and Center for Biodegradation Research and Informatics,2 University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Received 26 April 1996/Accepted 30 May 1996 Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP metabolizes atrazine to carbon dioxide and ammonia via the intermediate hydroxyatrazine. The genetic potential to produce hydroxyatrazine was previously attributed to a 1.9-kb AvaI DNA fragment from strain ADP (M. L. de Souza, L. P. Wackett, K. L. Boundy-Mills, R. T. Mandelbaum, and M. J. Sadowsky, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3373–3378, 1995). In this study, sequence analysis of the 1.9-kb AvaI fragment indicated that a single open reading frame, atzA, encoded an activity transforming atrazine to hydroxyatrazine. The open reading frame for the chlorohydrolase was determined by sequencing to be 1,419 nucleotides and encodes a 473-amino-acid protein with a predicted subunit molecular weight of 52,421. The deduced amino acid sequence matched the first 10 amino acids determined by protein microsequencing. The protein AtzA was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation and anion-exchange chroma- tography. The subunit and holoenzyme molecular weights were 60,000 and 245,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography, respectively. -
Guidelines for G-Vvater Quality
WHO/EOS/98.1 Guidelines for d g-vvater quality SECOND EDITION Addendum to Volume 2 Health criteria and other supporting.information World Health Organization Geneva Guidelines for drinking-water quality SECOND EDITION WHO/EOS/98.1 Distribution: General English Only Guidelines for drinking-water quality SECOND EDITION Addendum to Volume 2 Health criteria and other supporting information World Health Organization Geneva 1998 ©World Health Organization 1998 Reprinted 2002 This document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization and all rights are reserved by the Organization. The document may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, or reproduced or translated in part, but not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. For authorization to reproduce or translate the work in full, and for any use by commercial entities, applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Division of Operational Support in Environmental Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and the reprints, adaptations and translations already available. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. -
Methodologies for Food Fraud
Food Fraud Guide Methodologies for Food Fraud Tips for robust experimental results Executive summary Knowing that food fraud scandals often drive public awareness and regulatory changes, the goal of this paper is to present analytical techniques and experimental methodologies, and introduce multivariate statistics and sample class prediction as it relates to food adulteration. Some approaches such as molecular spectroscopy tend to be less expensive, and a few of these instruments have been miniaturized to the point where they can be field-deployed. Spectroscopic instruments are useful in fingerprinting food because small changes in a sample’s spectral profile can be detected with the latest technology, assuming appropriate data normalization techniques are applied. Similarly, the use of both unit- and high-resolution-based mass spectrometry (MS) can be important in food fraud testing because they can fingerprint food based on the pattern of discrete compounds they detect. While other techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP/OES) have proven adept at identifying geographic origin based on trace element analysis. Genomic testing can accurately identify fish DNA, even from processed samples. From a methodological perspective, nontargeted approaches have proven effective in fingerprinting samples. The advent of inexpensive computer workstations and statistical software has made it possible to link nontargeted workflows with multivariate statistical analysis to extract useful information from analytical data. Until recently, these approaches have been too expensive or complex for researchers to perform by themselves; instead, the data had been handed over to dedicated statisticians or never fully investigated. -
Thermodynamics and Reaction Mechanism of Urea Decomposition† Cite This: Phys
PCCP View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Thermodynamics and reaction mechanism of urea decomposition† Cite this: Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2019, 21,16785 a b b b Steffen Tischer, * Marion Bo¨rnhorst, Jonas Amsler, Gu¨nter Schoch and Olaf Deutschmann ab The selective catalytic reduction technique for automotive applications depends on ammonia production from a urea–water solution via thermolysis and hydrolysis. In this process, undesired liquid and solid by-products are formed in the exhaust pipe. The formation and decomposition of these Received 18th March 2019, by-products have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Accepted 5th July 2019 A new reaction scheme is proposed that emphasizes the role of thermodynamic equilibrium of the DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01529a reactants in liquid and solid phases. Thermodynamic data for triuret have been refined. The observed phenomenon of liquefaction and re-solidification of biuret in the temperature range of 193–230 1Cis rsc.li/pccp explained by formation of a eutectic mixture with urea. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. 1 Introduction and ammonium ISE (ion-selective electrode) measurements. Concluding from experimental results and literature data, 23 Air pollution by nitrogen oxides from Diesel engines is a major possible reactions including urea and its by-products biuret, problem concerning the environment and society. Therefore, cyanuric acid, ammelide, ammeline and melamine are presented. governments follow the need to regulate emissions by law (e.g., Further, cyanate and cyanurate salts and cyanamide are 715/2007/EG, ‘‘Euro 5 and Euro 6’’).1 The favored method to proposed as possible intermediates of high temperature urea reduce nitrogen oxides is selective catalytic reduction (SCR) decomposition. -
Biodegradation of Atrazine by Atrazine Chlorohydrolase: Characterization of Mutant Enzyme and Immobilization System for Water Purification
Biodegradation of Atrazine by Atrazine Chlorohydrolase: Characterization of Mutant Enzyme and Immobilization System for Water Purification. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Amit Aggarwal IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE Lawrence P. Wackett & Ping Wang JANUARY 2012 © Amit Aggarwal 2011 Acknowledgement I want to thank my advisor, Dr. Larry Wackett, for the opportunity to work in his laboratory, his support and patience, and for allowing me to work independently and always being there to guide me. I would like to thank my mentor Dr. Jennifer Seffernick, for training me on different techniques in laboratory, and patiently helping me out throughout my association with the lab and teaching me good laboratory practices for research. Thank you so much for taking me under your wing. You are the best mentor I ever had. I would also like to thank Dr. Alptekin Aksan and Dr. Mike Sadowsky for guiding us throughout the immobilization of atrazine chlorohydrolase project. Dr. Alptekin Aksan guided us in development of a robust and efficient immobilization system and Dr. Mike Sadowsky provided us with valuable direction about making the immobilization system safe to be used in water purifications systems. I would like to thank my administrative adviser Dr. Ping Wang for always being supportive of my work and helping me out with planning my degree and ensuring that I meet all requirements in time. I am thankful to each of my committee members, Dr. Larry Wackett, Dr. Ping Wang and Dr. Jonathan Schilling for their time, for reading my thesis and for all the helpful suggestions. -
Title Synthesis of Melamine from Urea, II Author(S)
Title Synthesis of melamine from urea, II Author(s) Kinoshita, Hideo The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan (1954), 24(1): 19- Citation 27 Issue Date 1954-09-10 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/46705 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University The Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan Vol. 24 No. 1 (1954) SYNTHESIS OF MELAMINE FROM UREA, II BS' HILan 1{IYU$H IT Ai it Introduction It was reportedil that the reaction of yielding melamine from urea begins from 275'G, reaches equi]ibrium within 6 hours at 325`C and there is no considerable change in the quantity and the yield of melamine above 325°C. And it was recognized that the reaction velocity is faster, as the packing ratioisgreater and so the pressure of gas phase is-higher. The yield of melamine was calculated from the following equation and the maximum yield was 99.4b. 6NH,CONH_ _ (NH_CN), + 6NH, + 3C0. (1) Moreover, as the intermediate products of this reaction, biuret, cyanuric acid and the water insoluble were obtained. The nitrogen content of this water insoluble ~cas dis- tributedbetween 45.4 and 55.7%. For the purpose of studying the process of this reaction, the author experimented the following cases, the reaction of urea under the condition of existing excess ammonia, the reaction between cyanuric acid and ammonia, the reaction between the water Insoluble and ammonia, and the reaction between melamine and water. These results are compared with those of the previous paper, and moreover the author makes clear that the water insoluble consists of ammelide and ammeline. -
Atrazine Mineralization Potential and Catabolic Gene Detection In
ATRAZINE MINERALIZATION POTENTIAL AND CATABOLIC GENE DETECTION IN AGRICULTURAL AND WETLAND SITES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kristen Lynn Anderson, B. S. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2003 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Olli H. Tuovinen, Advisor Dr. Michael J. Boehm _____________________________ Dr. Mark Morrison Advisor Dr. Samuel J. Traina Department of Microbiology ABSTRACT Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamine-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5 triazine) is a commonly applied herbicide in corn fields. Although the fate of atrazine in agricultural systems has been well studied, the environmental fate of atrazine in wetland systems is less well characterized. The majority of research in this area has focused on aerobic mineralization of atrazine, although anaerobic conditions are commonly found in wetland sediments and bulk soils associated with agricultural fields. The hypothesis for this work was that atrazine would be actively mineralized in agricultural and wetland sites. It was further hypothesized that active mineralization in soils could be correlated with the presence of selected genes involved in atrazine metabolism. Soil, sediment, and water samples were obtained from three sites in Ohio. Atrazine mineralization was investigated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in these samples using a biometer system in 14 which CO2 evolution was correlated with atrazine mineralization. All samples mineralized atrazine under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, some external electron acceptor amendments inhibited mineralization, while others enhanced it. The effect on mineralization varied with the sample and season. Attempts were made to amplify some of the genes involved in atrazine mineralization. -
Contaminants – Food Compendium
Solutions that meet your demands for food safety testing Excellent choices for food applications Contaminants Acrylamides > Return to Table of Contents > Search entire document Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Approaches to the Analysis of Acrylamide in Foods Application Food Safety Author Introduction Bernhard Rothweiler The discovery announced in April 2002 by scien- Agilent Technologies tists at Sweden’s National Food Administration of Deutschland GmbH acrylamide (2-propenamide) in fried and baked Hewlett-Packard Strasse 8 foods at levels many times that allowed in water 76337 Waldbronn suggested a much higher exposure than previously Germany estimated [1-3]. Acrylamide (Figure 1), a known neurotoxin, is considered a probable human car- Eberhardt Kuhn cinogen. The World Health Organization considers Agilent Technologies, Inc. 0.5 µg/L the maximum level for acrylamide in 91 Blue Ravine Road water. However, foods such as french fries, baked Folsom, CA potato chips, crisp breads, and other common USA cooked foods, were found to contain acrylamide Harry Prest between 100 and 1000 µg/kg. Acrylamide was not found in the raw foodstuffs and cooking by boiling Agilent Technologies, Inc. produced no detectable levels. Recent work has 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd. suggested that acrylamide forms via the Maillard Santa Clara, CA reaction, which occurs when amino acids and USA sugars (for example, asparagine and sucrose) are heated together [4]. The concern over these rela- Abstract tively high concentrations has led to studies of the occurrence of acrylamide in a wide variety of Discovery of acrylamide in cooked foods has required an foods. examination of foods for potential exposure. A classic H O approach employs extracting acrylamide from the food with water and converting the acrylamide to brominated H H2N derivatives. -
Proteomic Analysis of the Response of Funnelifor Mismosseae/Medicago Sativa to Atrazine Stress Xin Sui1,2† ,Qiwu1,2†, Wei Chang1,2, Xiaoxu Fan1,2 and Fuqiang Song1,2*
Sui et al. BMC Plant Biology (2018) 18:289 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1492-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Proteomic analysis of the response of Funnelifor mismosseae/Medicago sativa to atrazine stress Xin Sui1,2† ,QiWu1,2†, Wei Chang1,2, Xiaoxu Fan1,2 and Fuqiang Song1,2* Abstract Background: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with host plants can protect host plants against diverse biotic and abiotic stresses, and promote biodegradation of various contaminants. However, the molecular mechanisms of how the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant association on atrazine stress were still poorly understood. To better characterize how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant interactions increase atrazine stress, we performed physiological and proteomic analysis of Funneliformis mosseae (mycorrhizal fungi) and Medicago sativa (alfalfa) association under atrazine stress. Results: The results showed that in the Arbuscular mycorrhizal, protective enzymes were up regulated and the malondialdehyde content increased relative to those of non-mycorrhizal M.sativa. We also examined the atrazine degradation rates within the nutrient solution, and a 44.43% reduction was observed with the mycorrhizal M.sativa, with 30.83% of the reduction attributed to F. mosseae. The accumulation content in root and stem of mycorrhizal M.sativa were obviously increased 11.89% and 16.33% than those of non- mycorrhizal M.sativa. The activity of PPO, POD, CAT and SOD in mycorrhizal M.sativa were obviously higher than non mycorrhizal M.sativa under atrazine stess. We identified differential root proteins using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantization coupled with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, with 533 proteins identified (276 unregulated and 257 downregulated). -
Ammelide -13C3
Ammelide -13C3 sc-217632 Material Safety Data Sheet Hazard Alert Code Key: EXTREME HIGH MODERATE LOW Section 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION PRODUCT NAME Ammelide -13C3 STATEMENT OF HAZARDOUS NATURE CONSIDERED A HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE ACCORDING TO OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200. NFPA FLAMMABILITY1 HEALTH0 HAZARD INSTABILITY0 SUPPLIER Company: Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Address: 2145 Delaware Ave Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Telephone: 800.457.3801 or 831.457.3800 Emergency Tel: CHEMWATCH: From within the US and Canada: 877-715-9305 Emergency Tel: From outside the US and Canada: +800 2436 2255 (1-800-CHEMCALL) or call +613 9573 3112 PRODUCT USE Hydrolysis product of melamine. Further hydrolysis (e.g. boiling ammeline with dilute alkali) yields ammelide SYNONYMS C3-H5-N5-O, "4, 6-diamino-2-hydroxy-1, 3, 5-triazine", atrazine-desethyl-desisopropyl-2-hydroxy, s-triazin-2-ol, "2, 4-diamino-1, 3, 5-triazin- 6-one" Section 2 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION CHEMWATCH HAZARD RATINGS Min Max Flammability: 1 Toxicity: 2 Body Contact: 0 Min/Nil=0 Low=1 Reactivity: 1 Moderate=2 High=3 Chronic: 2 Extreme=4 CANADIAN WHMIS SYMBOLS 1 of 9 EMERGENCY OVERVIEW RISK POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS SWALLOWED ! Accidental ingestion of the material may be damaging to the health of the individual. ! Aromatase inhibitors (including triazoles and azoles) produce several side effects including mood swing, depression, weight gain, hot flushes, vaginal dryness, bloating, early onset of menopause. Long-term use may result in bone weakness, increased risk of blood clots, gastrointestinal disturbance,and sweats. Aromatase inhibitors lower the level of oestrogen in post-menopausal women who have hormone-receptor-positive breast cancers. -
Studies on the Biodegradation of Atrazine
Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Vegetal STUDIES ON THE BIODEGRADATION OF ATRAZINE IN SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH A COMMERCIAL FORMULATION CONTAINING ATRAZINE AND S-METOLACHLOR: SCALE-UP OF A BIOREMEDIATION TOOL BASED ON PSEUDOMONAS SP. ADP AND EVALUATION OF ITS EFFICACY Ana Catarina da Silva Portinha e Costa Mestrado em Biologia Celular e Biotecnologia Setembro 2008 Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Vegetal STUDIES ON THE BIODEGRADATION OF ATRAZINE IN SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH A COMMERCIAL FORMULATION CONTAINING ATRAZINE AND S-METOLACHLOR: SCALE-UP OF A BIOREMEDIATION TOOL BASED ON PSEUDOMONAS SP. ADP AND EVALUATION OF ITS EFFICACY Ana Catarina da Silva Portinha e Costa Mestrado em Biologia Celular e Biotecnologia Dissertação orientada por: Doutora Cristina Anjinho Viegas (Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa) Doutora Maria Isabel Caçador (Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa) Setembro 2008 ABSTRACT Atrazine has been used worldwide since 1952 and is frequently detected above the levels established by regulatory authorities in consumption waters. Therefore, and because of its ecotoxicological properties, its use has been forbidden in most European countries, including Portugal. However, atrazine is still used in many countries worldwide. The main purpose of the present work was to examine the efficacy of the atrazine- degrading bacteria Pseudomonas sp. ADP ( P. ADP) as bioaugmentation agent in soils contaminated with high doses (~20x and ~50xRD; RD – Recommended dose) of the commercial formulation, Primextra S-Gold, that contains atrazine, and also S-metolachlor and benoxacor as main active ingredients. It was also tested the effect of combining bioaugmentation and biostimulation using soil amendment with trisodium citrate in open soil microcosms, with the purpose of scaling-up this bioremediation tool. -
Some Chemicals That Cause Tumours of the Urinary Tract in Rodents Some Chemicals That Cause Tumours of the Urinary Tract in Rodents Volume 119
SOME CHEMICALS THAT CAUSE TUMOURS SOME CHEMICALS THAT OF THE URINARY TRACT IN RODENTS TRACT IN RODENTS OF THE URINARY SOME CHEMICALS THAT CAUSE TUMOURS OF THE URINARY TRACT IN RODENTS VOLUME 119 IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS SOME CHEMICALS THAT CAUSE TUMOURS OF THE URINARY TRACT IN RODENTS VOLUME 119 This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 6–13 June 2017 LYON, FRANCE - 2019 IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS IARC MONOGRAPHS In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, lifestyle factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on the Internet athttp:// monographs.iarc.fr/. This programme has been supported since 1982 by Cooperative Agreement U01 CA33193 with the United States National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services.