Long-Run Growth Dynamics of British Cities and Their Role in the Economy

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Long-Run Growth Dynamics of British Cities and Their Role in the Economy Long-Run Growth Dynamics of British Cities and their Role in the Economy Benjamin Charles Gardiner St. Catharine’s College Department of Geography University of Cambridge This Dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2019 Declaration This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration, except as declared in the Introduction and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit of 80,000 words. Ben Gardiner October 2019 2 Summary of the Dissertation: Long-Run Growth Dynamics of British Cities and their Role in the Economy This thesis examines the economic development and evolution of British cities since the 1970s. Outside of the introduction and conclusion, it is comprised of six papers, most published jointly as journal articles through work on two ESRC-funded projects, How Regions React to Recession: Resilience, Hysteresis and Long Run Impacts (Grant ES/1035811/1) and Structural Transformation, Adaptability and City Economic Evolutions (Grant ES/N006135/1). What binds the papers together, aside from their focus on different aspects of the development of British cities, is a database constructed to undertake the empirical analysis. The cities covered by the research are defined as a set of (high-population) Travel-To-Work- Areas, which are functional labour market areas defined on commuting boundaries and thresholds. What makes the database unique is both its extensive time dimension, and the range of economic indicators that have been developed to underpin the different dimensions of the research, each of which is addressed in the following chapters. Growing Apart - Structural Transformation and the Uneven Development of British Cities summarises how cities have evolved since the 1970s, and the role that sectoral change has had in their growth and decline. Reviving the ‘Northern Powerhouse’ and Spatially Rebalancing the British Economy discusses the role of cities in the ‘north-south divide’ and the emerging policies to address the perceived under-performance of northern cities. The City Dimension of the Productivity Growth Puzzle looks at the national productivity slowdown through a city lens, in particular the role played by structural change. In Search of the Skilled City investigates the role of human capital in cities and how high-skilled labour is linked to different types and geographies of urban development. Finally, The Resilience of Cities to Economic Shocks examines how cities have responded in times of recession, and how this affects their long-run performance, before looking forward to the potential impact of Brexit as the next shock on the horizon. 3 Acknowledgements The research for this work was undertaken as part of three projects, while I was a research associate within the Department of Geography, University of Cambridge: (i) Work commissioned as part of the UK Government’s Office for Science Foresight Future of Cities project. (ii) ESRC (Grant ES/1035811/1) - How Regions React to Recession: Resilience, Hysteresis and Long Run Impacts. (iii) ESRC (Grant ES/N006135/1) - Structural Transformation, Adaptability and City Economic Evolutions. During the course of these projects, and my own research, I have been extremely grateful for the collaboration with team members, particularly my supervisor Professor Ron Martin and his colleague Professor Pete Tyler of University of Cambridge. Also Professor Andy Pike of the University of Newcastle, Professor Peter Sunley and Dr Emil Evenhuis of University of Southampton, and Professor David Bailey (University of Birmingham). Ben Gardiner October 2019 4 Contents Page 1 Introduction 7 1.1 Motivation and Context 7 1.2 Objectives of the Research 14 1.3 Overview of the Research 17 1.4 Remaining Chapters 26 2 A City-Level Database of Long Run Economic Change in Great Britain 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Alternative Methods for Defining a City 27 2.3 Constructing a Travel-To-Work-Area Dataset for Great Britain 33 2.4 Comparisons with Other (city) Datasets 39 2.5 Applications of the TTWA Dataset 44 2.6 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research 47 3 Structural Transformation and the Uneven Development of British Cities 50 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Structural transformation and city growth 52 3.3 City Growth Evolutions 57 3.4 Structural Transformation in the British Economy 61 3.5 Structural Transformation in British cities 66 3.6 Contribution of Structural Factors to the Growth of British Cities 75 3.7 Implications of Structural Transformation in British Cities for Employment 80 3.8 Conclusions 84 4 Reviving the ‘Northern Powerhouse’ and Spatially Rebalancing the British Economy 88 4.1 Introduction: The Rhetoric of Britain’s Spatially Unbalanced Economy 88 4.2 The Long-standing Nature of Britain’s Spatially Unbalanced Economy 92 4.3 The Recent Economic Performance of Major Northern Powerhouse Cities 96 4.4 The Collapse of an Export Base 101 4.5 Why has Spatial Economic Imbalance been so Persistent? 108 4.6 Conclusion: What is to be Done? 113 5 The City Dimension of the Productivity Growth Puzzle 116 5 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 Labour Productivity Growth Paths of British Cities 119 5.3 Structural Change and Productivity Growth 125 5.4 The Changing Economic Structure of British Cities 128 5.5 Structural Change and Productivity Growth Across British Cities 134 5.6 Between-City Differences in Within-Sector Productivity Growth 139 5.7 Conclusions and Implications 147 6 In Search of the Skilled City 150 6.1 Introduction 150 6.2 The Rise of the ‘Skilled City’ 151 6.3 Measuring Skills and Defining Occupations 154 6.4 High Skilled Occupations and Urban Economic Growth 158 6.5 Occupational Divergence across Cities? 162 6.6 Occupational Polarisation in British Cities 167 6.7 Conclusions 171 7 The Resilience of Cities to Economic Shocks 173 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 A Tale of Four Recessions 176 7.3 A Resilience Perspective on Recessionary Shocks 178 7.4 The Resilience of British Cities to Four Recessions 182 7.5 Why Might Cities Differ in Economic Resilience? 190 7.6 How Will Brexit Impact British Cities? 202 7.7 Some Conclusions 207 8 Conclusions 209 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 Main Findings from the Papers 209 8.3 Linking Main Findings and Objectives 214 8.4 Further Areas of Research 222 8.5 Implications for Policy 226 9 Bibliography 232 Appendix A: Data Definitions 262 Appendix B: Chapter 6 Technical Results 266 Appendix C: Chapter 7 Additional Figures 267 6 1 Introduction ‘As is commonly the case with the geography of a complex economic unit, the present makes no sense until it is related to the evolutionary process which has produced it’ (Peter Hall, 1962). ‘Macroeconomics - large scale economics - is a shambles. Nations are not the basic, salient entities of economic life, nor are they particularly useful for probing the mysteries of economic structure, the reason for the rise and decline of wealth. Cities, not nations, are the true engines of economic progress’ (Jane Jacobs, 1984). ‘The economy as a whole is simply too big, too remote from ordinary experience, to grasp. Is there any piece of the economy that can truly help us understand the whole? I suggest a somewhat unusual answer, but one that is growing in popularity amongst economists: that a particularly good way to understand the economy is by studying cities’ (Paul Krugman, 1996). 1.1 Motivation and Context Academic perspective It is difficult to underestimate the degree to which interest in city-level economic development and political devolution has increased over the past decade. Cities and urban areas are seen as the primary sources of wealth creation and the centres from which competitive advantage and productivity gains can accrue through agglomeration economies. In academia, within the overlapping subfields of urban economics, regional science and the ‘new economic geography’, a vast body of literature now exists that explores the importance of the external economies and increasing returns effects that arise from the concentration of economic activity (firms, workers and consumers) in cities, and the positive impact of that concentration on productivity, innovation and wages. A substantial part of this work is theoretical and involves formal mathematical models; but it has also stimulated an expanding body of empirical enquiry, although this remains somewhat limited in many countries partly due to data limitations and definitional ambiguities. Over the past few years, cities and city-regions have assumed growing prominence in discussions over economic growth, performance, and prosperity. Both geographers and economists point to the increasing concentration of economic activity and wealth creation in cities, and their crucial importance as the loci of national prosperity (Florida, 2008; Scott, 7 2001; Glaeser, 2009, 2012; Storper, 2013; Storper et al, 2015). National governments and international bodies have likewise recognized the key economic role that cities play, and have correspondingly directed attention to cities as the foci of policy intervention and governance reform (for example, OECD, 2015; European Commission, 2016; World Bank, 2008; Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2006). Cities have come to dominate how we think about economies. But, as some studies demonstrate, not all cities have enjoyed economic success in recent years, (Dijkstra et al 2013; Parkinson, 2013), and some evidence points to an increasing divergence in economic growth between cities, especially in the United States (Hobor, 2013; Moretti, 2013; Kemeny and Storper, 2014).
Recommended publications
  • Delineating Retail Conurbations: a Rules-Based Algorithmic Approach
    Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 21 (2014) 667–675 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jretconser Delineating retail conurbations: A rules-based algorithmic approach Matthew D. Pratt a,b,n, Jim A. Wright a, Samantha Cockings a, Iain Sterland c,d,1 a Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom b Online Property, Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd., Store Support Centre, 33 Holborn, London EC1N 2HT, United Kingdom c Location Planning, Boots UK, 1 Thane Road West, Nottingham NG2 3AA, United Kingdom d Location Planning, Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd., Unit 1, Draken Drive, Ansty Park, Coventry CV7 9RD, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: Retail conurbations may be defined as market areas with high intra-market movement. A limited range Received 7 October 2013 of approaches has been used to delineate such retail conurbations. This paper evaluates a simplified Received in revised form version of an existing zone design method used to define labour market areas, the Travel-To-Work-Area 7 April 2014 algorithm (TTWA), for application in a retail context. Geocoded loyalty card spend data recorded by Accepted 23 April 2014 Boots UK Limited, a large health and beauty retailer, were used to develop retail conurbations (newly Available online 29 May 2014 termed Travel-To-Store-Areas (TTSAs)) for several UK regions using this algorithm. The output TTSA Keywords: boundaries displayed significantly greater intra-zone flows compared to existing retail conurbation Retail conurbations delineation approaches. There is thus scope for researchers and analysts to broaden the zone design Zone design approaches used to develop retail conurbations.
    [Show full text]
  • Gateshead & Newcastle Upon Tyne Strategic
    Gateshead & Newcastle upon Tyne Strategic Housing Market Assessment 2017 Report of Findings August 2017 Opinion Research Services | The Strand • Swansea • SA1 1AF | 01792 535300 | www.ors.org.uk | [email protected] Opinion Research Services | Gateshead & Newcastle upon Tyne Strategic Housing Market Assessment 2017 August 2017 Opinion Research Services | The Strand, Swansea SA1 1AF Jonathan Lee | Nigel Moore | Karen Lee | Trevor Baker | Scott Lawrence enquiries: 01792 535300 · [email protected] · www.ors.org.uk © Copyright August 2017 2 Opinion Research Services | Gateshead & Newcastle upon Tyne Strategic Housing Market Assessment 2017 August 2017 Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................ 7 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Calculating Objectively Assessed Needs ..................................................................................................... 8 Household Projections ................................................................................................................................ 9 Affordable Housing Need .......................................................................................................................... 11 Need for Older Person Housing ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sheffield City Region
    City Relationships: Economic Linkages in Northern city regions Sheffield City Region November 2009 The Northern Way Stella House, Goldcrest Way, Newburn Riverside, Newcastle upon Tyne NE15 8NY Telephone: 0191 22 6200 Website: www.thenorthernway.co.uk © One NorthEast on behalf of The Northern Way Copyright in the design and typographical arrangement rests with One North East. This publication, excluding logos, may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium for research, private study or for internal circulation within an organisation. This is subject to it being reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as copyright One NorthEast and the title of the publication specified. City Relationships: 1 Economic Linkages in Northern city regions Sheffield City Region Contents Summary 2 1: Introduction 6 2: Background 10 3: Labour market relationships within the city region 17 4: Firm links and supply chains 25 5: Characterising links between Sheffield 32 and neighbouring towns and cities 6: Key findings and policy conclusions 40 Annex A – Interviewees 45 2 City Relationships: Economic Linkages in Northern city regions Sheffield City Region Summary This is one of seven reports published as part of the City Relationships research programme. The research aimed to test a hypothesis derived from previous research that stronger and more complementary economic relationships between towns and cities in the North of England would generate higher levels of sustainable economic growth and development. The project examined the economic relationships between the five most significant economic centres in the North – Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle and Sheffield – and selected cities and towns nearby, looking in particular at labour market linkages and the connections between businesses.
    [Show full text]
  • NORTH WALES Skills & Employment Plan 2019⁠–⁠2022
    NORTH WALES Skills & Employment Plan 2019⁠–⁠2022 North Wales Regional Skills Partnership DRAFT (October 2019) Skills and Employment Plan 2019–2022 Foreword It is a pleasure to present our new Skills and Employment Plan for North Wales 2019⁠– ⁠2022. This is a three-year strategic Plan that will provide an insight into the supply and demand of the skills system in the region, and crucially, what employers are telling us are their needs and priorities. It is an exciting time for North Wales, with recent role in the education and skills system is central, positive figures showing growth in our and will continue to be a cornerstone of our employment rate and productivity. Despite this work. positive trajectory, there are many challenges, We have focussed on building intelligence on uncertainties and opportunities that lie ahead. the demand for skills at a regional and sectoral As a region, we need to ensure that our people level, and encouraged employers to shape the and businesses are able to maximise solutions that will enhance North Wales’ skills opportunities like the Growth Deal and performance. As well as putting forward technological changes, and minimise the priorities in support of specific sectors, the Plan impact of potential difficulties and also sets out the key challenges that face us uncertainties, like the risk of a no-deal Brexit. and what actions are needed to encourage a Skills are fundamental to our continuing change in our skills system. economic success. Increasingly, it is skills, not just The North Wales Regional Skills Partnership (RSP) qualifications that employers look for first.
    [Show full text]
  • East Riding Local Housing Study Addendum Note
    ReportReportReport GVA Norfolk House 7 Norfolk Street Manchester M2 1DW East Riding Local Housing Study Addendum Note August 2014 gva.co.uk East Riding of Yorkshire Council LHS Addendum Note Contents Summary ................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3 2. Consideration of alternative assumptions .............................................................. 5 3. Consideration of latest strategy context .............................................................. 16 4. Updated household modelling.............................................................................. 21 5. Consideration of market signals ............................................................................ 36 6. Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 47 List of Acronyms .................................................................................................................... 50 Prepared By: Nicola Rigby ..................... Status: Director .................... Date August 2014 .................... Reviewed By : .......................................... ............. Status: ..................... Date ........................................... For and on behalf of GVA August 2014 I gva.co.uk East Riding of Yorkshire Council LHS Addendum Note Summary
    [Show full text]
  • PLYMOUTH REPORT October 2017 CONTENTS
    PLYMOUTH REPORT October 2017 CONTENTS 1. Introduction 5 Executive summary 8 2. Living Plymouth 13 2.1 Plymouth geographies 13 2.2 Population 14 2.2.2 Current structure 14 2.2.3 Population change over the last 10 years 17 2.2.4 Population projections 18 2.2.5 Population sub-groups 20 2.2.6 Population diversity 20 2.2.7 Community cohesion 21 2.3 Deprivation, poverty, and hardship 22 2.3.1 Happiness 23 2.4 Crime/community safety 23 2.4.1 Domestic abuse 25 2.4.2 Hate crime 25 2.4.3 Violent sexual offences 27 2.4.4 Self-reported perception of safety 28 2.4.5 Youth offending 28 2.5 Education 0-16yrs 29 2.5.1 Education provision 29 2.5.2 Early years take up and attainment 29 2.5.3 Educational attainment 29 2.5.4 Children with a Statement or Education and Health Plan 30 2.5.5 Disadvantaged children 30 2.5.6 Looked after children 31 2.6 Housing 32 2.6.1 Student accommodation 33 2.6.2 Houses in multiple occupation 34 2.6.3 Value and affordability 35 2.6.4 Housing decency 37 2.6.5 Homelessness 38 2.7 The environment 40 2.7.1 Air quality 40 2.8 Travel and transport 41 2.8.1 Travel to work 41 2.8.2 Method of travel 41 2.8.3 Road safety 41 2.8.4 Bus travel 42 2.8.5 Bus patronage, punctuality and reliability 42 2 2.8.6 Rail travel 42 2.8.7 Walking 43 2.8.8 Cycling 43 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Plymouth, South Hams, West Devon: Testing And
    Joint Local Plan – Plymouth, South Hams, West Devon Testing and establishing the Plymouth Housing Market Area 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 According to planning policy, where a Housing Market Area (HMA) extends across two or more local authorities, those authorities are required to work together to assess needs across the area as a whole. The underlying idea is that much of the demand or need for housing is not tied to specific local authority areas, as people’s decisions on where to live are driven by access to jobs, schools, family etc., rather than administrative boundaries. A HMA is an area of search, bringing together places which share similar household characteristics. 1.2 From earlier work it is clear that while Plymouth may be a self-contained housing market area, however, neither South Hams nor West Devon would be able to demonstrate that they are self-contained. It is also very clear that there are well established functional relationships across these areas, and particularly with Cornwall. 1.3 Previous work done for Cornwall has demonstrated that there are no easy answers to the definition of housing market areas. It is therefore necessary to establish the most appropriate self-contained set of areas in a transparent way using consistent methodology. The conclusion drawn was that the four local authority best fit approach is suitable for strategic purposes, but there is evidence to suggest a tighter boundary could be explored in the future. Particularly recognising the relationship between Totness in South Hams eastwards to Torbay and between Okehampton in West Devon eastwards to Exeter.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Inequalities Across Travel to Work Areas in Scotland
    Fraser of Allander Institute Economic Commentary, December 2016 Examining inequalities across travel to work areas in Scotland John Sutherland 1. Abstract This article examines inequalities across the 45 travel to work areas in Scotland, using four indicators of labour market performance viz. the employment rate; the economic inactivity rate; the percentage holding level 4 (or higher) qualifications; and the percentage having no formal qualifications. The results are then contextualised in a discussion of the possible explanations for these inequalities and their implications for policy. 2. Introduction The process of economic development varies over space and the economic history of Scotland over several decades illustrates well how the twin processes of job creation and job destruction have different impacts geographically. From the 1950s, demand for the products of Scotland’s traditional manufacturing industries, located principally if not exclusively in the west of the central belt, declined further. Job destruction followed and there was no compensating job creation to match the magnitude of the job losses in these urban areas, with manifold consequences for the local populations. In contrast, from the 1980s, job creation was apparent in Aberdeen, its hinterlands and the northern isles, localities historically associated more with agriculture and fishing, with the discovery of North Sea oil and the development of oil exploration and extraction activities (Alexander et al, 2005: Bell and Blanchflower, 2007: Cameron, 2010: Macdonald, 2009: Newlands et al, 2004). An important feature of the minority Scottish National Party (SNP) Scottish Government’s first Economic Strategy set out in 2007 was the identification of a set of targets.
    [Show full text]
  • NESPD/ASHEPD User Documentation 2016
    UK Data Archive Study Number 6706 - New Earnings Survey Panel Dataset: Secure Access Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Office for National Statistics. Last updated March 2017 NNEEWW EEAARRNNIINNGGSS SSUURRVVEEYY ((NNEESS)) and AANNNNUUAALL SSUURRVVEEYY ooff HHOOUURRSS aanndd EEAARRNNIINNGGSS ((AASSHHEE)) NNEESSAASSHHEEPPDD DDAATTAASSEETT USER DOCUMENTATION Page 1 of 87 Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Office for National Statistics. Last updated March 2017 INDEX Page Contact information 3 Changes to the NESASHEPD 2016 3 Updates to the Information Document March 2017 3 Notes on the ASHE Variables and Geoportal 3 Filters 4 Description of Variables 5 Annex A - Collective Agreement 9 Annex B - Region 11 Annex C - Area 12 Annex D - Local Authority 27 Annex E - Parliamentary Constituency 42 Annex F- Travel to Work Area 77 Page 2 of 87 Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Office for National Statistics. Last updated March 2017 Contact information If you cannot find what you are looking for or require further help or information about NES or ASHE microdata please contact us: By email at: [email protected] By telephone on: +44 (0)1633 456120 Changes to the NESASHEPD 2016 The contracted out of state second pension option is no longer available from 2016 Updates to the Information Document March 2017 The Geoportal has been updated and consequently the historical links are no longer available. If you require help with historical lookups please contact us. We are planning to update the links at a later date. Guidance for using the Geoportal can be found in the VARIABLES IN THE ASHE DATASET section below. Geography lookups used for our publication can be provided on request.
    [Show full text]
  • Connectivity and Labour Markets in the Northern Powerhouse
    This document is Not for Publication - On-going Research Transport for the North Connectivity and Labour Markets in the Northern Powerhouse Final Report May 2018 Cambridge Econometrics [email protected] 1 Cambridge, UK www.camecon.com This document is Not for Publication - On-going Research This document is Not for Publication - On-going Research Connectivity and Labour Markets in the Northern Powerhouse Cambridge Econometrics’ mission is to provide clear insights, based on rigorous and independent economic analysis, to support policy-makers and strategic planners in government, civil society and business in addressing the complex challenges facing society. Cambridge Econometrics Limited is owned by a charitable body, the Cambridge Trust for New Thinking in Economics. www.neweconomicthinking.org This document is Not for Publication - On-going Research This document is Not for Publication - On-going Research Connectivity and Labour Markets in the Northern Powerhouse Authorisation and Version History Version Date Authorised for Description release by 6.0 12/6/18 RL Further comments addressed. 4.0 22/05/18 RL Final Report, comments addressed 3.0 20/04/18 RL Draft Final Report 2.0 29/03/18 ALB Final Report, first draft. Quantitative work complete, Conclusions and Executive Summary still to be developed Cambridge Econometrics 3 This document is Not for Publication - On-going Research This document is Not for Publication - On-going Research Connectivity and Labour Markets in the Northern Powerhouse Contents Page Executive Summary 5 1 Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Geography of the UK Economy a Review of the Primary Urban Area Definition December 2015
    The changing geography of the UK economy A review of the Primary Urban Area definition December 2015 This briefing sets out the results of the review of the primary urban area (PUA) definition of cities. The results of this review will be used as the base unit of analysis for Centre for Cities’ work from now on, starting with Cities Outlook 2016. Why Primary Urban Areas? From an economic point of view, a city is the concentration of a large amount of economic activity in a relatively small area. The best performing cities make the most of this density so that the value of what they produce is greater than the value of the inputs (workers, land etc.) that they use to produce it. This process is known as agglomeration. Given that the mission of the Centre for Cities is to look at the economies of UK cities, it is the economic concentration perspective of the city that we are most interested in. This means that we require a definition that best matches this requirement. A number of different approaches could be used, but by defining cities principally on their built up area – that is, the physical footprint of a city - the PUA definition is, in our view, the best option. Of course, the impact of a city is not limited to the borders of its built up area. All cities provide jobs (and amenities) not only for their own residents but for residents in their surrounding areas, with the most successful ones having a pull on a very wide area around them.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Transport Plan (2011 – 2026)
    LOCAL TRANSPORT PLAN (2011 – 2026) January 2011 Hull City Council Local Transport Plan (2011 – 2026) Contents FOREWORD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2. POLICY FRAMEWORK - LOCAL TRANSPORT PLAN (2011 – 26) ............................... 2 1.3. CHALLENGES FOR THE CITY ...................................................................................... 3 2. LOCAL AND STRATEGIC POLICY CONTEXT ....................................................................... 5 2.1. VISION AND OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................ 5 2.2. NATIONAL TRANSPORT POLICY ................................................................................. 6 2.3. LOCAL POLICY FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................... 6 2.3.1. SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY (2009-2011) ................................. 6 2.3.2. EMERGING LOCAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (2011 – 2026) .............. 7 2.3.3. NEWINGTON AND ST. ANDREWS (NASA) AND HOLDERNESS ROAD CORRIDOR AREA ACTION PLANS (AAPS) ................................................... 8 2.3.4. HULL CITY COUNCIL’S CORPORATE PLAN (2009 - 2012) ......................... 10 2.3.5. ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY (2010 – 2020) ......... 11 2.3.6. INTEGRATED
    [Show full text]