Thesis Draft
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Future Renaissance by Chris Luginbuhl A thesis exhibition presented to OCAD University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Fine Arts in Digital Futures Exhibition Details: TMAC, 32 Lisgar Ave. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, April 12-14, 2019 Chris Luginbuhl, 2019 Copyright Notice This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 International License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ You are free to: Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work Remix — to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. With the understanding that: Waiver — Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Public Domain — Where the work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license. Other Rights — In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license: Your fair dealing or fair use rights, or other applicable copyright exceptions and limitations; The author's moral rights; Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights. Notice — For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to this license or web page. ii Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I authorize OCAD University to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. I further authorize OCAD University to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. Signature: _____________________________ iii Abstract Name: Chris Luginbuhl University Name: OCAD University Thesis Title: Future Renaissance Degree Title: MFA Program Title: Digital Futures Year of Defense: 2019 This document explores image making in collaboration with neural networks, particularly Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). Research creation is used to develop a collaborative relationship with artificial intelligence (AI) which moves beyond the use of the computer as a simple tool in the image-making process. As a way of deepening this reflection, the images are developed using speculative fiction to imagine what intelligent machines’ creation myths might look like in the distant future, and this helps suggest how we might form AI in the present. GANs are found to help express visual ideas by providing a wealth of imagery and textural detail which can be modified with the selection of training data and transfer learning. The difficulty of training GANs can be mitigated by using other machine learning techniques such as object detection to gather training data, and by working with low-resolution imagery that reduces computational demands, increasing accessibility. iv Acknowledgements This project was propelled by the powerful interdisciplinary rocket fuel of the OCAD U Digital Futures Program, its faculty and students. I feel very fortunate to have worked with my supervisor Kate Hartman, whose support, positivity and critical eye kept this rocket from self-destructing many times over. My secondary supervisor Adam Tindale provided much helpful guidance on how to think, make, write and question. Kristy Boyce and Finlay Braithwaite contributed many helpful ideas and suggestions over the course of many long conversations about this project. I still feel like you both understand it a lot better than I do. Along the way I was graciously assisted with discussions, support and troubleshooting from various people at github.com and codementor.io. I would particularly like to thank Tushar Gupta for his patient help getting me up and running with GANs, as well as the numberless developers and researchers who freely offer their expertise online for the benefit of everyone. I am deeply grateful to my parents who gave me a love for science, art and books, and who generously supported me through all my struggles. Finally, I would like to particularly thank Camilla who inspired me with her example and gave me encouragement to pursue this degree and this project at every stage. v Contents: Chapter 1 - Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Motivation...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Renaissance as Inspiration .......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Materials and Physical Images.................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research Questions .................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Terminology and Limitations in This Work................................................................................. 4 1.6 Document Structure ................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2 - Literature and Context Review ...................................................................... 6 2.1 Roots of AI and Robotics ............................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Speculative Fiction...................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Speculative Design...................................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Artificial Life ................................................................................................................................ 9 2.5 Information and Surveillance ................................................................................................... 10 2.6 Robotic Art ................................................................................................................................ 11 2.7 Mythology ................................................................................................................................ 12 2.8 Neural Networks, GANs, Image Analogies ............................................................................... 13 2.9 Artificial Intelligence Safety and Ethics .................................................................................... 16 2.10 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 17 Chapter 3 - Methodology .......................................................................................................18 3.1 Speculative Fiction.................................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Research Creation .................................................................................................................... 19 3.3 Collaboration ............................................................................................................................ 21 Chapter 4 - Processes.............................................................................................................22 4.1 Speculative Design Process ...................................................................................................... 22 4.2 Making Myth Images ................................................................................................................ 25 4.3 Face Detection & GANs, Part 1 ................................................................................................. 28 4.4 Increasing Expressiveness in GAN Images................................................................................ 33 4.5 Making the Digital Images Physical - CNC Gilding .............................................................. 38 Chapter 5 - Results ..................................................................................................................43 5.1 Images for Final Exhibition ....................................................................................................... 44 5.2 Reflection on Results ................................................................................................................ 45 Chapter 6 - Summary and Conclusion .............................................................................48 6.1 Our Changing Relationship to AI............................................................................................... 50 6.2 Speculative Realism .................................................................................................................. 52 6.3 Machine Mythology and Spirituality .......................................................................................