Transformer visualization via dictionary learning: contextualized embedding as a linear superposition of transformer factors

Zeyu Yun∗ 2 Yubei Chen∗ 1,2 Bruno A Olshausen2,4 Yann LeCun1,3

1 Facebook AI Research 2 Berkeley AI Research (BAIR), UC Berkeley 3 New York University 4 Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, UC Berkeley

Abstract models have excellent performance in those prob- ing tasks. These results indicate that transformer Transformer networks have revolutionized models have learned the language representation NLP representation learning since they were related to the probing tasks. Though the probing introduced. Though a great effort has been made to explain the representation in trans- tasks are great tools for interpreting language mod- formers, it is widely recognized that our un- els, their limitation is explained in (Rogers et al., derstanding is not sufficient. One important 2020). We summarize the limitation into three ma- reason is that there lack enough visualiza- jor points: tion tools for detailed analysis. In this pa- per, we propose to use dictionary learning • Most probing tasks, like POS and NER tag- to open up these ‘black boxes’ as linear su- gering, are too simple. A model that performs perpositions of transformer factors. Through well in those probing tasks does not reflect the visualization, we demonstrate the hierarchi- model’s true capacity. cal semantic structures captured by the trans- former factors, e.g. word-level polysemy dis- • Probing tasks can only verify whether the cer- ambiguation, sentence-level pattern formation, tain prior structure is learned in a language and long-range dependency. While some of model. They can not reveal the structures be- these patterns confirm the conventional prior yond our prior knowledge. linguistic knowledge, the rest are relatively unexpected, which may provide new insights. • It’s hard to locate where exactly the related We hope this visualization tool can bring fur- linguistic representation is learned in the trans- ther knowledge and a better understanding of how transformer networks work. former. Efforts are made to remove those limitations and 1 Introduction make probing tasks more diverse. For instance, Though the transformer networks (Vaswani et al., (Hewitt and Manning, 2019) propose “structural 2017; Devlin et al., 2018) have achieved great probe”, which is a much more intricate probing success, our understanding of how they work is task. (Jiang et al., 2020) propose to automatically still fairly limited. This has triggered increas- generate certain probing tasks. Non-probing meth- ing efforts to visualize and analyze these “black ods are also explored to relieve the last two limi-

arXiv:2103.15949v1 [cs.CL] 29 Mar 2021 boxes”. Besides a direct visualization of the atten- tations. For example, (Reif et al., 2019) visualize tion weights, most of the current efforts to inter- embedding from BERT using UMAP and show pret transformer models involve “probing tasks”. that the embeddings of the same word under dif- They are achieved by attaching a light-weighted ferent contexts are separated into different clusters. auxiliary classifier at the output of the target trans- (Ethayarajh, 2019) analyze the similarity between former layer. Then only the auxiliary classifier embeddings of the same word in different contexts. is trained for well-known NLP tasks like part-of- Both of these works show transformers provide a speech (POS) Tagging, Named-entity recognition context-specific representation. (NER) Tagging, Syntactic Dependency, etc. (Ten- (Faruqui et al., 2015; Arora et al., 2018; Zhang ney et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2019) show transformer et al., 2019) demonstrate how to use dictionary learning to explain, improve, and visualize the un- ∗ equal contribution. Correspondence to: Zeyu Yun , Yubei Chen contextualized word embedding representations. In this work, we propose to use dictionary learning to alleviate the limitations of the other transformer as {x(1)(s, i), x(2)(s, i), ··· , x(L)(s, i)}, where interpretation techniques. Our results show that x(l)(x, i) ∈ Rd. Each x(l)(x, i) represents the hid- dictionary learning provides a powerful visualiza- den output of Transformer at layer-l, given the in- tion tool, which even leads to some surprising new put sentence s and index i, d is the dimension of knowledge. the embedding vectors.

2 Method To learn a dictionary of Transformer Factors with Non-Negative Sparse Coding. Let S be the Hypothesis: contextualized word embedding as set of all sequences, X(l) = {x(l)(s, i)|s ∈ S, i ∈ a sparse linear superposition of transformer [0, len(s)]}, and X = X(1) ∪ X(2) ∪ · · · ∪ X(L). factors. It is shown that word embedding vectors ∀x ∈ X, we assume x is a sparse linear superposi- can be factorized into a sparse linear combination tion of transformer factors: of word factors (Arora et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2019), which correspond to elementary semantic x = Φα + , s.t. α  0, (1) meanings. An example is: where Φ ∈ IRd×m is a dictionary matrix with m apple =0.09“dessert” + 0.11“organism” + 0.16 columns Φ:,c , α ∈ IR is a sparse vector of coef- ficients to be inferred and  is a vector containing “fruit” + 0.22“mobile&IT” + 0.42“other”. independent Gaussian noise samples, which are as- We view the latent representation of words in a sumed to be small relative to x. Typically m > d transformer as contextualized word embedding. so that the representation is overcomplete. This Similarly, our hypothesis is that a contextualized inverse problem can be efficiently solved by FISTA word embedding vector can also be factorized as a algorithm (Beck and Teboulle, 2009). The dictio- sparse linear superposition of a set of elementary nary matrix Φ can be learned in an iterative fashion elements, which we call transformer factors. by using non-negative sparse coding, which we leave to the appendix sectionC. Each column Φ:,c of Φ is a transformer factor and its corresponding sparse coefficient αc is its activation level. Visualization by Top Activation and LIME In- terpretation. An important empirical method to visualize a feature in deep learning is to use the input samples, which trigger the top activation of the feature (Zeiler and Fergus, 2014). We adopt this convention. As a starting point, we try to Figure 1: Building block (layer) of transformer visualize each of the dimensions of a particular (l) Due to the skip connections in each of the trans- layer, X . Unfortunately, the hidden dimensions former blocks, we hypothesize that the representa- of transformers are not semantically meaningful, tion in any layer would be a superposition of the hi- which is similar to the uncontextualized word em- erarchical representations in all of the lower layers. beddings (Zhang et al., 2019). As a result, the output of a particular transformer Instead, we can try to visualize the transformer block would be the sum of all of the modifications factors. For a transformer factor Φ:,c and for a layer-l, we denote the 1000 contextualized word along the way. Indeed, we verify this intuition (l) with the experiments. Based on the above observa- vectors with the largest sparse coefficients αc ’s as (l) (l) tion, we propose to learn a single dictionary for the Xc ⊂ X , which correspond to 1000 different (l) contextualized word vectors from different layers’ sequences Sc ⊂ S. For example, Figure3 shows output. the top 5 words that activated transformer factor-17 Given a transformer model with L layer and Φ:,17 at layer-0, layer-2, and layer-6 respectively. a tokenized sequence s, we denote a contex- Since a contextualized word vector is generally af- tualized word embedding1 of word w = s[i] fected by many tokens in the sequence, we can use LIME (Ribeiro et al., 2016) to assign a weight to 1In the following, when we use either “word vector" or “word embedding", to refer to the latent output (at a particular each token in the sequence to identify their relative layer of BERT) of any word w in a context s importance to αc. The detailed method is left to Section3.

To Determine Low-, Mid-, and High-Level Transformer Factors with Importance Score. As we build a single dictionary for all of the trans- former layers, the semantic meaning of the trans- former factors has different levels. While some of (a) (b) the factors appear in lower layers and continue to Figure 2: Importance score (IS) across all layers for be used in the later stages, the rest of the factors two different transformer factors. (a) This figure shows may only be activated in the higher layers of the a typical IS curve of a transformer factor correspond- transformer network. A central question in rep- ing to low-level information. (b) This figure shows a resentation learning is: “where does the network typical IS curve of a transformer factor corresponds to learn certain information?” To answer this ques- mid-level information. tion, we can compute an “importance score” for (l) (l) word-level disambiguation, sentence-level pattern each transformer factor Φ:,c at layer-l as Ic . Ic is formation, and long-range dependency. In the fol- the average of the largest 1000 sparse coefficients (l) (l) lowing, we provide detailed visualization for each αc ’s, which correspond to Xc . We plot the im- semantic category. We also build a website for the portance scores for each transformer factor as a interested readers to play with these results. curve is shown in Figure2. We then use these im- portance score (IS) curves to identify which layer Low-Level: Word-Level Polysemy Disambigua- a transformer factor emerges. Figure 2a shows tion. While the input embedding of a token con- an IS curve peak in the earlier layer. The corre- tains polysemy, we find transformer factors with sponding transformer factor emerges in the ear- early IS curve peaks usually correspond to a spe- lier stage, which may capture lower-level semantic cific word-level meaning. By visualizing the top meanings. In contrast, Figure 2b shows a peak in activation sequences, we can see how word-level the higher layers, which indicates the transformer disambiguation is gradually developed in a trans- factor emerges much later and may correspond to former. mid- or high-level semantic structures. More sub- Disambiguation is a rather simple task in natural tleties are involved when distinguishing between language understanding. We show some examples mid-level and high-level factors, which will be dis- of those types of transformer factors in Table1: cussed later. for each transformer factor, we list out the top 3 An important characteristic is that the IS curve activated words and their contexts. We also show for each transformer factor is fairly smooth. This how the disambiguation effect develops progres- indicates if a strong feature is learned in the be- sively through each layer. In Figure3, the top- ginning layers, it won’t disappear in later stages. activated words and their contexts for transformer Rather, it will be carried all the way to the end factor Φ:,30 in different layers are listed. The top with gradually decayed weight since many more activated words in layer 0 contain the word “left” features would join along the way. Similarly, ab- with different word senses, which is being mostly stract information learned in higher layers is slowly disambiguated in layer 2 albeit not completely. In developed from the early layers. Figure3 and5 layer 4, the word “left” is fully disambiguated since confirm this idea, which will be explained in the the top-activated word contains only “left” with the next section. word sense “leaving, exiting.” Further, we can quantify the quality of the disam- 3 Experiments and Discoveries biguation ability of the transformer model. In the example above, since the top 1000 activated words We use a 12-layer pre-trained BERT model (Pre; and contexts are “left” with only the word sense Devlin et al., 2018) and freeze the weights. Since “leave, exiting”, we can assume “left” when used we learn a single dictionary of transformer factors as a verb, triggers higher activation in Φ:,30 than for all of the layers in the transformer, we show that “left” used as other sense of speech. We can verify these transformer factors correspond to different this hypothesis using a human-annotated corpus: levels of semantic meanings. The semantic mean- Brown corpus (Francis and Kucera, 1979). In this ing can be roughly divided into three categories: corpus, each word is annotated with its correspond- 3 example words and their contexts with high activation Explanation Φ:,2 • that snare shot sounded like somebody’ d kicked open the door to your • Word “mind” mind". • Noun • i became very frustrated with that and finally made up my mind to start • Definition: the element of a getting back into things." person that enables them to be • when evita asked for more time so she could make up her mind, the crowd aware of the world and their ex- demanded," ¡ ahora, evita,< periences. Φ:,16 •nington joined the five members xero and the band was renamed to linkin • Word “park” park. • Noun • times about his feelings about gordon, and the price family even sat away • Definition: a common first and from park’ s supporters during the trial itself. last name • on 25 january 2010, the morning of park’ s 66th birthday, he was found hanged and unconscious in his Φ:,30 • saying that he has left the outsiders, kovu asks simba to let him join his pride • Word “left" • eventually, all boycott’ s employees left, forcing him to run the estate without • Verb help. • Definition: leaving, exiting • the story concerned the attempts of a scientist to photograph the soul as it left the body. Φ:,33 • forced to visit the sarajevo television station at night and to film with as little • Word “light” light as possible to avoid the attention of snipers and bombers. • Noun • by the modest, cream@-@ colored attire in the airy, light@-@ filled clip. • Definition: the natural agent • the man asked her to help him carry the case to his car, a light@-@ brown that stimulates sight and makes volkswagen beetle. things visible

Table 1: Several examples of the transformer factors correspond to low-level information. Their top-activated words in layer 4 are marked blue, and the corresponding contexts are shown as examples for each transformer factor. As shown in the table, all of the top-activated words are disambiguated into a single sense. More examples, top-activated words, and contexts are provided in Appendix.

(a) layer 0 (b) layer 2 (c) layer 6

Figure 3: Visualization of a low-level transformer factor: Φ:,30 at different layers. (a), (b) and (c) are the top- activated words and contexts for Φ:,30 in layer-0, 2 and 4 respectively. We can see that at layer-0, this transformer factor corresponds to word vectors that encode the word “left" with different senses. In layer-2, a majority of the top activated words “left” correspond to a single sense, "leaving, exiting." In layer 4, all of the top-activated words “left” have corresponded to the same sense, "leaving, exiting.". Due to space limitations, we leave more examples in the appendix. ing part-of-speech. We collect all the sentences layer 4, they are nearly linearly separable by this contains the word “left” annotated as a verb in one single feature. Since each word “left” corresponds set and sentences contains “left” annotated as other to an activation value, we can perform a logistic part-of-speech. As shown in Figure 4a, in layer 0, regression classification to differentiate those two the average activation of Φ:,30 for the word “left” types of “left”. From the result shown in Figure 4a, marked as a verb is no different from “left” as other it is quite fascinating to see that the disambigua- senses. However, at layer 2, “left” marked as verb tion ability of just Φ:,30 is better than the other two triggers a higher activation of Φ:,30. In layer 4, classifiers trained with supervised data. This result this difference further increases, indicating disam- confirms that disambiguation is indeed done in the biguation develops progressively across layers. In early part of pre-trained transformer model and we fact, we plot the activation of “left” marked as verb are able to detect it via dictionary learning. and the activation of other “left” in Figure 4b. In (a) (b)

Figure 4: (a) Average activation of Φ:,30 for word vector “left” across different layers. (b) Instead of averaging, we plot the activation of all “left” with contexts in layer-0, 2, and 4. Random noise is added to the y-axis to prevent overplotting. The activation of Φ:,30 for two different word sense of “left” is blended together in layer-0. They disentangle to a great extent in layer-2 and nearly separable in layer-4 by this single dimension.

(a) layer 4 (b) layer 6 (c) layer 8

Figure 5: Visualization of a mid-level transformer factor. (a), (b), (c) are the top 5 activated words and contexts for this transformer factor in layer-4, 6, and 8 respectively. Again, the position of the word vector is marked blue. Please notice that sometimes only a part of a word is marked blue. This is due to that BERT uses word-piece tokenizer instead of whole word tokenizer. This transformer factor corresponds to the pattern of “consecutive adjective”. As shown in the figure, this feature starts to develop at layer-4 and fully develops at layer-8.

Precision Recall F-1 score layer 4, continues to develop at layer 6, and be- (%) (%) (%) Average perceptron POS 92.7 95.5 94.1 comes quite reliable at layer 8. Figure6 shows a tagger transformer factor, which corresponds to a quite un- Finetuned BERT base 97.5 95.2 96.3 expected pattern: “unit exchange”, e.g. 56 inches model for POS task Logistic regression clas- 97.2 95.8 96.5 (140 cm). Although this exact pattern only starts to sifier with activation of appear at layer 8, the sub-structures that make this Φ:,30 at layer 4 pattern, e.g. parenthesis and numbers, appear to Table 2: Evaluation of binary POS tagging task: predict trigger this factor in layers 4 and 6. Thus this trans- whether or not “left” in a given context is a verb. former factor is also gradually developed through several layers. Mid Level: Sentence-Level Pattern Formation. While some of the mid-level transformer factors We find most of the transformer factors, with an verify common syntactic patterns, there are also IS curve peak after layer 6, capture mid-level or many surprising mid-level transformer factors. We high-level semantic meanings. In particular, the list a few in Table3 with quantitative analysis. For mid-level ones correspond to semantic patterns like each listed transformer factor, we analyze the top phrases and sentences pattern. 200 activating words and their contexts in each We first show two detailed examples of mid-level layer. We record the percentage of those words and transformer factors. Figure5 shows a transformer contexts that correspond to the factors’ semantic factor that detects the pattern of consecutive us- pattern in Table3. From the table, we see that large age of adjectives. This pattern starts to emerge at percentages of top-activated words and contexts (a) layer 4 (b) layer 6 (c) layer 8

Figure 6: Another example of a mid-level transformer factor visualized at layer-4, 6, and 8. The pattern that cor- responds to this transformer factor is “unit exchange”. Such a pattern is somewhat unexpected based on linguistic prior knowledge.

2 example words and their contexts with high activation Patterns L4 L6 L8 L10 (%) (%) (%) (%) Φ:,13 • the steel pipeline was about 20 ° f(- 7° c) degrees. Unit exchange with paren- 0 0 64.5 95.5 • hand( 56 to 64 inches( 140 to 160 cm)) war horse is that theses it was a Φ:,42 • he died at the hospice of lancaster county from heart something unfortunate 94.0 100 100 100 • holly’ s drummer carl bunch suffered frostbite to his happened toes( while aboard the ailments on 23 june 2007. Φ:,50 • hurricane pack 1 was a revamped version of story mode; Doing something again, 74.5 100 100 100 • in 1998, the categories were retitled best short form or making something new music video, and best again Φ:,86 • he finished the 2005 – 06 season with 21 appearances Consecutive years, used 0 100 85.0 95.5 and seven goals. in foodball season nam- • of an offensive game, finishing off the 2001 – 02 season ing with 58 points in the 47 games Φ:,102 • the most prominent of which was bishop abel muzorewa’ African names 99.0 100 100 100 s united african national council • ralambo’ s father, andriamanelo, had established rules of succession by Φ:,125 • music writer jeff weiss of pitchfork describes the" endur- Describing someone in a 15.5 99.0 100 98.5 ing image" paraphrasing style. Name, • club reviewer erik adams wrote that the episode was a Career perfect mix Φ:,184 • the world wide fund for nature( wwf) announced in 2010 Institution with abbrevia- 0 15.5 39.0 63.0 that a biodiversity study from tion • fm) was halted by the federal communications commis- sion( fcc) due to a complaint that the company buying Φ:,193 • 74, 22@,@ 500 vietnamese during 1979– 92, over 2@,@ Time span in years 97.0 95.5 96.5 95.5 500 bosnian •, the russo@-@ turkish war of 1877– 88 and the first balkan war in 1913. Φ:,195 •s, hares, badgers, foxes, weasels, ground squirrels, mice, Consecutive of noun 8.0 98.5 100 100 hamsters (Enumerating) •-@ watching, boxing, chess, cycling, drama, languages, geography, jazz and other music Φ:,225 • technologist at the united states marine hospital in key Places in US, follow- 51.5 91.5 91.0 77.5 west, florida who developed a morbid obsession for ings the convention “city, • 00°,11”, w, near smith valley, nevada. state"

Table 3: A list of typical mid-level transformer factors. The top-activation words and their context sequences for each transformer factor at layer-8 are shown in the second column. We summarize the patterns of each transformer factor in the third column. The last 4 columns are the percentage of the top 200 activated words and sequences that contain the summarized patterns in layer-4,6,8, and 10 respectively. do corresponds to the pattern we describe. It also representations for these surprising patterns, we shows most of these mid-level patterns start to de- believe such a direct visualization can provide ad- velop at layer 4 or 6. More detailed examples are ditional insights, which complements the “probing provided in the appendix sectionF. Though it’s still tasks”. mysterious why the transformer network develops To further confirm a transformer factor does Adversarial Text Explaination α35 (o) album as "full of exhilarating, ecstatic, thrilling, fun and the original top-activated words and 9.5 sometimes downright silly songs" their contexts for transformer factor Φ:,35 (a) album as "full of delightful, lively, exciting, interesting use different adjective. 9.2 and sometimes downright silly songs" (b) album as "full of unfortunate, heartbroken, annoying, bor- Change all adjective to negative adjec- 8.2 ing and sometimes downright silly songs" tive. (c) album as "full of [UNK], [UNK], thrilling, [UNK] and Mask all adjective with Unknown To- 5.3 sometimes downright silly songs" ken. (d) album as "full of thrilling and sometimes downright silly Remove the first three adjective. 7.8 songs" (e) album as "full of natural, smooth, rock, electronic and Change adjective to neutral adjective. 6.2 sometimes downright silly songs" (f) each participant starts the battle with one balloon. these Use an random sentence that has quo- 0.0 can be re@-@ inflated up to four tation mark. (g) The book is described as "innovative, beautiful and bril- A sentence we created that contain the 7.9 liant". It receive the highest opinion from James Wood pattern of consecutive adjective.

Table 4: We construct adversarial texts similar but different to the pattern “Consecutive adjective”. The last column (8) shows the activation of Φ:,35, or α35 , w.r.t. the blue-marked word in layer 8. correspond to a specific pattern, we can use con- unknown token). Then we learns a linear model 0 T 0 structed example words and context to probe their gw(s ) with weights w ∈ R to approximate f(s ), activation. In Table4, we construct several text where T is the length of sentence s. This can be sequences that are similar to the patterns corre- solved as a ridge regression: sponding to a certain transformer factor but with 2 subtle differences. The result confirms that the con- min L(f, w, S(s)) + σkwk2. w∈ T text that strictly follows the pattern represented by R that transformer factor triggers a high activation. The learned weights w can serve as a saliency On the other hand, the more closer the adversar- map that reflects the “contribution” of each token ial example to this pattern, the higher activation it in the sequence s. Like in Figure7, the color re- receives at this transformer factor. flects the weights w at each position, red means High-Level: Long-Range Dependency. High- the given position has positive weight, and green level transformer factors correspond to those lin- means negative weight. The magnitude of weight guistic patterns that span a long-range in the text. is represented by the intensity. The redder a token Since the IS curves of mid-level and high-level is, the more it contributions to the activation of transformer factors are similar, it is difficult to dis- the transformer factor. We leave more implementa- tinguish those transformer factors based on their IS tion and mathematical formulation details of LIME curves. Thus, we have to manually examine the top- algorithm in the appendix. activation words and contexts for each transformer We provide detailed visualization for 2 different factor to distinguish whether they are mid-level or transformer factors that show long-range depen- high-level transformer factors. In order to ease the dency in Figure7,8. Since visualization of high- process, we can use the black-box interpretation level information requires longer context, we only algorithm LIME (Ribeiro et al., 2016) to identify show the top 2 activated words and their contexts the contribution of each token in a sequence. for each such transformer factor. Many more will (l) be provided in the appendix sectionG. Given a sequence s ∈ S, we can treat αc,i, the We name the pattern for transformer factor Φ:,297 activation of Φ:,c in layer-l at location i, as a scalar in Figure7 as “repetitive pattern detector”. All top function of s, f (l)(s). Assume a sequence s trig- c,i activated contexts for Φ:,297 contain an obvious (l) (l) gers a high activation αc,i, i.e. fc,i (s) is large. We repetitive structure. Specifically, the text snippet want to know how much each token (or equivalently “can’t get you out of my head" appears twice in (l) each position) in s contributes to fc,i (s). To do the first example, and the text snippet “xxx class so, we generated a sequence set S(s), where each passenger, star alliance” appears 3 times in the sec- s0 ∈ S(s) is the same as s except for that several ond example. Compared to the patterns we found random positions in s0 are masked by [‘UNK’] (the in the mid-level [6], the high-level patterns like “repetitive pattern detector” are much more abstract. et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2019). In this paper, we In some sense, the transformer detects if there are propose to use this simple method to visualize the two (or multiple) almost identical embedding vec- representation learned in transformer networks to tors at layer-10 without caring what they are. Such supplement the implicit “probing-tasks” methods. behavior might be highly related to the concept Our results show that the learned transformer fac- proposed in the capsule networks (Sabour et al., tors are relatively reliable and can even provide 2017; Hinton, 2021). To further understand this be- many surprising insights into the linguistic struc- havior and study how the self-attention mechanism tures. This simple tool can open up the transformer helps model the relationships between the features networks and show the hierarchical semantic repre- outlines an interesting future research direction. sentation learned from at different stages. In short, Figure8 shown another high-level factor, which we find word-level disambiguation, sentence-level detects text snippets related to “the beginning of pattern formation, and long-range dependency. The a biography”. The necessary components, day of idea of a neural network learns low-level features birth as month and four-digit years, first name and in early layers and abstract concepts in the later last name, familial relation, and career are all mid- stages are very similar to the visualization in CNN level information. In Figure8, we see that all the (Zeiler and Fergus, 2014). Dictionary learning can information relates to biography has a high weight be a convenient tool to help visualize a broad cate- in the saliency map. Thus, they are all together gory of neural networks with skip connections, like combined to detect the high-level pattern. ResNet (He et al., 2016), ViT models (Dosovitskiy et al., 2020), etc. For more interested readers, we provide an interactive website2 for the readers to gain some further insights.

Figure 7: Two examples of the high activated words and their contexts for transformer factor Φ:,297. We also provide the saliency map of the tokens generated using LIME. This transformer factor corresponds to the concept: “repetitive pattern detector”. In other words, repetitive text sequences will trigger high activation of Φ:,297.

Figure 8: Visualization of Φ:,322. This transformer fac- tor corresponds to the concept: “some born in some year” in biography. All of the high-activation contexts contain the beginning of a biography. As shown in the figure, the attributes of someone, name, age, career, and familial relation all have high saliency weights.

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2 α(x) = arg min ||x − Φα||2 + λ||α||1 α∈R For a given sentence and index pair (s, i), the em- bedding of word w = s[i] by layer l of transformer is x(l)(x, i). Then we can abstract the inference of a specific entry of sparse code of the word vector (a) (b) as a black-box scalar-value function f: Figure 9: (a) Importance score of 16 transformer fac- tors corresponding to low level information. (b) Im- f((s, i)) = α(x(l)(s, i)) portance score of 16 transformer factors corresponds to mid level information respectively. Let RandomMask denotes the operation that generates perturbed version of our sentence s by The importance score curve’s characteristic has masking word at random location with “[UNK]” a strong correspondence to a transformer factor’s (unkown) tokens. For example, a masked sentence categorization. Based on the location of the peak could be of a IS curve, we can classify a transformer factor [Today is a [‘UNK’],day] to low-level, mid-level or high-level. Importance Let h denote a encoder for perturbed sentences score for low level transformer factors peak in early compared to the unperturbed sentence s, such that layers and slowly decrease across the rest of the  0 if s[t] = [‘UNK’] layers. On the other hand, importance score for h(s) = t 1 Otherwis mid-level and high-level transformers slowly in- creases and peaks at higher layers. In Figure9, The LIME algorithm we used to generated we show two sets of the examples to demonstrate saliency map for each sentences is the following: the clear distinction between those two types of IS curves. Algorithm 1 Explaining Sparse Coding Activation Taking a step back, we can also plot IS curve for using LIME Algorithm each dimension of word vector (without sparse cod- 1: S = {h(s)} ing) at different layers. They do not show any spe- 2: Y = {f(s)} cific patterns, as shown in Figure 10. This makes 3: for each i in {1, 2, ..., N} do 0 intuitive sense since we mentioned that each of the 4: si ← RandomMask(s) 0 entries of a contextualized word embedding does 5: S ← S ∪ h(si) 0 not correspond to any clear semantic meaning. 6: Y ← Y ∪ f(si) 7: end for 8: w ← Ridgew(S,Y )

Where Ridgew is a weighted ridge regression defined as:

2 2 w = arg min ||SΩw − Y || + λ||w||2 w∈Rt (a) (b) Ω = diag(d(h(S1),~1), d(h(S2),~1), ··· , d(h(Sn),~1)) Figure 10: (a) Importance score calculated using cer- tain dimension of word vectors without sparse coding. d(·, ·) can be any metric that measures how much (b) Importance score calculated using sparse coding of a perturbed sentence is different from the original word vectors. sentence. If a sentence is perturbed such that every token is being masked, then the distance h(h(s0),~1) should be 0, if a sentence is not perturbed at all, Then we use a typical iterative optimization pro- then h(h(s0),~1) should be 1. We choose d(·, ·) to cedure to learn the dictionary Φ described in the be cosine similarity in our implementation. main section: In practice, we also uses feature selection. This 1 2 X min kX−ΦAkF +λ kαik1, s.t. αi  0, (2) is done by running LIME twice. After we obtain A 2 i the regression weight w1 for the time, we use it to find the first k indices corresponds to the entry in 1 2 min kX − ΦΩAkF , kΦ:,jk2 ≤ 1. (3) w1 with highest absolute value. We use those k Φ 2 index as location in the sentence and apply LIME These two optimizations are both convex, we for the second time with only those selected indices solve them iteratively to learn the transformer fac- from step 1. tors: In practice, we use minibatches contains 200 Overall, the regression weight w can be regarded word vectors as X. The motivation of apply In- as a saliency map. The higher the weight wk is, the verse Frequency Matrix Ω is that we want to make more important the word s[k] in the sentence since sure all words in our vocabulary has the same con- it contributes more to the activation of a specific tribution. When we sample our minibatch from A, transformer factor. frequent words like “the” and “a” are much likely We could also have negative weight in w. In to appear, which should receive lower weight dur- general, negative weights are hard to interpret in the ing update. context of transformer factor. The activation will Optimization2 can converge in 1000 steps using increase if they are removed those word correspond the FISTA algorithm3. We experimented with dif- to negative weights. Since a transformer factor ferent λ values from 0.03 to 3, and choose λ = 0.27 corresponds to a specific pattern, then word with to give results presented in this paper. Once the negative weights are those word in a context that sparse coefficients have been inferred, we update behaves “opposite" of this pattern. our dictionary Φ based on Optimization3 by one step using an approximate second-order method, C The Details of the Non-negative Sparse where the Hessian is approximated by its diagonal Coding Optimization to achieve an efficient inverse (Duchi et al., 2011). Let S be the set of all sequences, recall how we de- The second-order parameter update method usually fined word embedding using hidden state of trans- leads to much faster convergence of the word fac- (l) (l) former in the main section: X = {x (s, i)|s ∈ tors. Empirically, we train 200k steps and it takes S, i ∈ [0, len(s)]} as the set of all word embedding roughly 2 days on a Nvidia 1080 Ti GPU. at layer l, then the set of word embedding across all layers is defined as D Hyperlinks for More Transformer Visualization (1) (2) (L) X = X ∪ X ∪ · · · ∪ X In the following three sections, we provide visu- alization of more example transformer factor in In practice, we use BERT base model as our trans- low-level, mid-level, and high-level. Here’s table former model, each word embedding vector (hid- of Contents that contain hyperlinks which direct to den state of BERT) is dimension 768. To learn the each level: transformer factors, we concatenate all word vector x ∈ X into a data matrix A. We also defined f(x) • Low-Level:E to be the frequency of the token that is embedded • Mid-Level:F in word vector x. For example, if x is the embed- ding of the word “the”, it will have a much larger • High-Level:G frequency i.e. f(x) is high. Using f(x), we define the Inverse Frequency Matrix Ω: Ω is a diagonal matrix where each entry on the diagonal is the square inverse frequency of each word, i.e. 3The FISTA algorithm can usually converge within 300 1 1 steps, we use 1000 steps nevertheless to avoid any potential Ω = diag(p , p , ...) f(x1) f(x2) numerical issue. E Low-Level Transformer Factors price family even sat away from park’ s supporters during the trial itself. Transformer factor 2 in layer 4 • on 25 january 2010, the morning of park’ s 66th Explaination: Mind: noun, the element of a birthday, he was found hanged and unconscious in person that enables them to be aware of the his world and their experiences. • was her, and knew who had done it", expressing his conviction of park’ s guilt. • that snare shot sounded like somebody’ d • jeremy park wrote to the north@-@ west evening kicked open the door to your mind". mail to confirm that he • i became very frustrated with that and finally • vanessa fisher, park’ s adoptive daughter, made up my mind to start getting back into things." appeared as a witness for the prosecution at the • when evita asked for more time so she could • they played at< unk> for years before joining make up her mind, the crowd demanded," ¡ ahora, oldham athletic at boundary park until 2010 evita,< when they moved to oldham borough’ s previous • song and watch it evolve in front of us... almost ground,< as a memory in your head. • theme park guests may use the hogwarts express • was to be objective and to let the viewer make up to travel between hogsmead his or her own mind." • s strength in both singing and rapping while • managed to give me goosebumps, and those comparing the sound to linkin park. moments have remained on my mind for weeks • in a statement shortly after park’ s guilty verdict, afterward." he said he had" no doubt" that • rests the tir’ d mind, and waking loves to dream • june 2013, which saw the band travel to rock am •, tracks like’ halftime’ and the laid back’ one ring and rock im park as headline act, the song was time 4 your mind’ demonstrated a[ high] level of moved to the middle of the set technical precision and rhetorical dexter • after spending the first decade of her life at the • so i went to bed with that on my mind". central park zoo, pattycake moved permanently to •ment to a seed of doubt that had been playing on the bronx zoo in 1982. mulder’ s mind for the entire season". • south park spoofed the show and its hosts in the • my poor friend smart shewed the disturbance of episode" south park is gay!" his mind, by falling upon his knees, and saying his • harrison" sounds like he’ s recorded his vocal prayers in the street track in one of the park’ s legendary caves". • donoghue complained that lessing has not made up her mind on whether her characters are" the salt of the earth or its sc Transformer factor 30 in layer 4 • release of the new lanois@-@ produced album, Explaination: left: verb, leaving, exiting time out of mind. • sympathetic man to illegally" ghost@-@ hack" • did succeed in getting the naval officers his wife’ s mind to find his daughter. into his house, and the mob eventually left. • this album veered into" the corridors" of flying • all of the federal troops had left at this point, lotus’" own mind", interpreting his guest vocalists except totten who had stayed behind to listen to as" disembodied phantom • saying that he has left the outsiders, kovu asks simba to let him join his pride • eventually, all boycott’ s employees left, forcing Transformer factor 16 in layer 4 him to run the estate without help. Explaination: Park: noun, ’park’ as the name • the story concerned the attempts of a scientist to photograph the soul as it left the body. • allmusic writer william ruhlmann said that" • in time and will slowly improve until he returns linkin park sounds like a johnny@-@ come@-@ to the point at which he left. lately to an • peggy’ s exit was a" non event", as" peggy just •nington joined the five members xero and the left, nonsensically and at complete odds with band was renamed to linkin park. everything we’ ve • times about his feelings about gordon, and the • over the course of the group’ s existence, several • factory where the incident took place is the< hundred people joined and left. unk>(" early light") toy factory(< unk>), owned by • no profit was made in six years, and the church hong left, losing their investment. •, a 1934 comedy in which samuel was portrayed • on 7 november he left, missing the bolshevik in an unflattering light, and mrs beeton, a 1937 revolution, which began on that day. documentary,< unk> • he had not re@-@ written his will and when • stage effects and blue@-@ red light transitions produced still left everything to his son lunalilo. give the video a surreal feel, while a stoic crowd • they continued filming as normal, and when make lynch yelled cut, the townspeople had left. • set against the backdrop of mumbai’ s red@-@ • with land of black gold( 1950), a story that he light districts, it follows the travails of its personnel had previously left unfinished, instead. and principal, • he was infuriated that the government had left • themselves on the chinese flank in the foothills, thousands unemployed by closing down casinos before scaling the position at first light. and brothels. • an impending marriage between her and albert interfered with their studies, the two brothers left Transformer factor 47 in layer 4 on 28 august 1837 at the close of the term to travel Explaination: plants: noun, vegetation around europe • the distinct feature of the main campus is the mall, which is a large tree – laden grassy area Transformer factor 33 in layer 4 where many students go to relax. Explaination: light: noun, the natural agent • each school in the london borough of hillingdon that stimulates sight and makes things visible: was invited to plant a tree, and the station comman- der of raf northolt, group captain tim o • forced to visit the sarajevo television sta- • its diet in summer contains a high proportion tion at night and to film with as little light as of insects, while more plant items are eaten in possible to avoid the attention of snipers and autumn. bombers. • large fruitings of the fungus are often associated • by the modest, cream@-@ colored attire in the with damage to the host tree, such as that which airy, light@-@ filled clip. occurs with burning. • the man asked her to help him carry the case to • she nests on the ground under the cover of plants his car, a light@-@ brown volkswagen beetle. or in cavities such as hollow tree trunks. • they are portrayed in a particularly sympathetic • orchards, heaths and hedgerows, especially where light when they are killed during the ending. there are some old trees. • caught up" was directed by mr. x, who was • the scent of plants such as yarrow acts as an behind the laser light treatment of usher’ s 2004 olfactory attractant to females. video" yeah!" • of its grasshopper host, causing it to climb to the • piracy in the indian ocean, and the script depicted top of a plant and cling to the stem as it dies. the pirates in a sympathetic light. • well@-@ drained or sandy soil, often in the • without the benefit of moon light, the light partial shade of trees. horsemen had fired at the flashes of the enemy’ s • food is taken from the ground, low@-@ growing • second innings, voce repeated the tactic late in plants and from inside grass tussocks; the crake the day, in fading light against woodfull and bill may search leaf brown. • into his thought that the power of gravity( which •, and the workers were transferred on 7 july to brought an apple from a tree to the ground) was another facility belonging to early light, 30 km not limited to a certain distance from earth, away in< unk> town. • they eat both seeds and green plant parts and • unk> brooklyn avenue ne near the university of consume a variety of animals, including insects, washington campus in a small light@-@ industrial crustaceans building leased from the university. • fyne, argyll in the 1870s was named as the uk ’ s tallest tree in 2011. •", or colourless enamel, as in the ground areas, rocks and trees. • produced from 16 to 139 weeks after a forest fire in areas with coniferous trees.

This is the end of visualization of low-level transformer factor. Click [D] to go back. F Mid-Level Transformer Factors • of 32 basidiomycete mushrooms showed that mutinus elegans was the only species to show Transformer factor 13 in layer 10 antibiotic( both antibacterial Explaination: Unit exchange with parentheses: • amphicoelias, it is probably synonymous with e.g. 10 m (1000cm) camarasaurus grandis rather than c. supremus because it was found lower in the • 14@-@ 16 hand( 56 to 64 inches( 140 to •[ her] for warmth and virtue" and mehul s. 160 cm)) war horse is that it was a matter of pride thakkar of the deccan chronicle wrote that she was to a successful in" deliver[ •, behind many successful developments, defaulted • em( queen latifah) and uncle henry( david alan on the$ 214 million($ 47 billion) in bonds held by grier) own a diner, to which dorothy works for 60@,@ 000 investors; the van room and board. • straus, behind many successful developments, • in melbourne on 10 august 1895, presented by defaulted on the$ 214 million($ 47 billion) in dion boucicault, jr. and robert brough, and the play bonds held by 60@,@ 000 investors; was an immediate success. • the niche is 4 m( 13 ft) wide and 3@. • in the early 1980s, james r. tindall, sr. purchased • with a top speed of nearly 21 knots( 39 km/ h; 24 the building, the construction of which his father mph). had originally financed •@ 4 billion( us$ 21 million) — india’ s highest@- • in 1937, when chakravarthi rajagopalachari @ earning film of the year became the chief minister of madras presidency, •) at deep load as built, with a length of 310 ft( 94 he introduced hindi as a compulsory m), a beam of 73 feet 7 inches( 22@. • in 1905 william lewis moody, jr. and isaac h. •@ 3@-@ inch( 160 mm) calibre steel barrel. kempner, members of two of galveston’ • and gave a maximum speed of 23 knots( 43 km/ • also, walter b. jones, jr. of north carolina sent a h; 26 mph). letter to the republican conference chairwoman • 2 km) in length, with a depth around 790 yards( cathy 720m), and in places only a few yards separated • empire’ s leading generals, nikephoros bryennios the two sides. the elder, the doux of dyrrhachium in the western • hull provided a combined thickness of between balkans 24 and 28 inches( 60 – 70 cm), increasing to • in bengali as< unk>: the warrior by raj chakra- around 48 inches( 1@. borty with dev and mimi chakraborty portraying • switzerland, austria and germany; and his mother, the lead roles. lynette federer( born durand), from kempton park, • on 1 june 1989, erik g. braathen, son of bjørn g., gauteng, is took over as ceo •@ 2 in( 361 mm) thick sides. •) and a top speed of 30 knots( 56 km/ h; 35 mph). •, an outdoor seating area( 4@,@ 300 square feet( Transformer factor 25 in layer 10 400 m2)) and a 2@,@ 500@-@ square@ Explaination: Attributive Clauses

• which allows japan to mount an assault on Transformer factor 24 in layer 10 the us; or kill him, which lets the us discover japan’ Explaination: Male name s role in rigging american elections — • certain stages of development, and constitutive • divorcing doqui in 1978, michelle married heterochromatin that consists of chromosome robert h. tucker, jr. the following year, changed her structural components such as telomeres and name to gee tucker, moved back centromeres • divorced doqui in 1978 and married new orleans • to the mouth of the nueces river, and oso bay, politician robert h. tucker, jr. the following year; which extends south to the mouth of oso creek. she changed her name to gee tucker and became •@,@ 082 metric tons, and argentina, which ranks • including isabel sanford, when chuck and new 17th, with 326@,@ 900 metric tons. orleans politician robert h. tucker, jr. visited • of$ 42@,@ 693 and females had a median michelle at her hotel. income of$ 34@,@ 795. ship, they died of melancholy, having refused to • ultimately scored 14 points with 70 per cent eat or drink. shooting, and crispin, who scored twelve points • on 16 september 1918, before she had even gone with 67 per cent shooting. into action, she suffereda large fire in one of her • and is operated by danish air transport, and one 6@-@ inch magazines, and jetstream 32, which seats 19 and is operated by • orange goalkeeper for long@-@ time starter john helitrans. galloway who was sick with the flu. • acute stage, which occurs shortly after an initial • in 1666 his andover home was destroyed by fire, infection, and a chronic stage that develops over supposedly because of" the carelessness of the many years. maid". •, earl of warwick and then william of lancaster, • the government, on 8 february, admitted that and ada de warenne who married henry, earl of the outbreak may have been caused by semi@-@ huntingdon. processed turkey meat imported directly • who ultimately scored 14 points with 70 per cent •ikromo came under investigation by the justice shooting, and crispin, who scored twelve points office of the dutch east indies for publishing with 67 per cent shooting. several further anti@-@ dutch editorials. • in america, while" halo/ walking on sunshine" • that he could attend to the duties of his office, charted at number 4 in ireland, 9 in the uk, 10 in but fell ill witha fever in august 1823 and died in australia, 28 in canada office on september 1. • five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, •@ 2 billion initiative to combat cholera and the and decathlon consisting of ten< unk> every multi construction of a$ 17 million teaching hospital in< event, athletes participate in a unk •@-@ life of 154@,@ 000 years, and 235np with • he would not hear from his daughter until she a half@-@ life of 396@. was convicted of stealing from playwright george • comfort, and intended to function as the prison, axelrod in 1968, by which time rosaleen and the second floor was better finished, with a • relatively hidden location and proximity to hall and a chamber, and probably operated as the piccadilly circus, the street suffers from crime, •b, which serves the quonset freeway, and exit 7a, which has led to westminster city council gating which serves route 402( frenchtown road), another off the man in spur route connecting the

Transformer factor 50 in layer 10 Transformer factor 42 in layer 10 Explaination: Doing something again, or Explaination: Some kind of disaster, something making something new again unfortunate happened • 2007 saw the show undergo a revamp, • after the first five games, all losses, jeff which included a switch to recording in hdtv, the carter suffereda broken foot that kept him out of introduction the line@-@ up for • during the ship’ s 1930 reconstruction; the maxi- • allingham died of natural causes in his sleep at 3: mum elevation of the main guns was increased to+ 10 am on 18 july 2009 at his 43 degrees, increasing their maximum range from • upon reaching corfu, thousands of serb troops 25@, began showing symptoms of typhus and had to be • hurricane pack 1 was a revamped version of story quarantined on the island of< un mode; team ninja tweaked the • than a year after the senate general election, the • she was fitted with new engines and more september 11, 2001 terrorist attacks took place, powerful water@-@ tube boilers rated at 6@ with giuliani still mayor. • from 1988 to 2000, the two western towers were • the starting job because fourth@-@ year junior substantially overhauled with a viewing platform grady was under suspension related to driving provided at the top of the north tower. while intoxicated charges. • latest missoula downtown master plan in • his majesty, but as soon as they were on board 2009, increased emphasis was directed toward redeveloping the north side’ s former rail yard and • toward the commoners and interested in easing the area their burden but suspicious about the letter’ s true • 1896: the ribbon of the army version medal purpose, reluctantly signed the document under of honor was redesigned with all stripes being intense pressure from the french vertical. • the novel’ s reception was even warmer than that • the new badge includes a star to represent the of its predecessor; waugh was european cup win in 1982, and • first song selected for inclusion after her mother’ • missoula downtown master plan in 2009, in- s recommendation and the song’s melancholic creased emphasis was directed toward redeveloping lyrics. the north side’ s former rail yard and the area just • it divided critics at the time; although they • also assisted in comprehensive infrastructure praised the game’ s writing and scale of choice, renovations, restored a dependable supply of they criticized its technical flaws. electricity, revamped the baggage handling • mgm executive al lewin said that several years facilities as well as the arrival and departure lounge after the film’s release stroheim asked him for the • hurricane pack 1 was a revamped version of story cut footage. mode; team ninja tweaked the encounters • the game’s production was turbulent, as the • 1896: the ribbon of the army version medal design’ s scope exceeded the available resources of honor was redesigned with all stripes being • nicki escudero from the phoenix new times noted vertical. the song’ s superficial themes which included • from 1988 to 2000, the two western towers were lyrics about" sex, money and cheating" substantially overhauled with a viewing platform • mgm executive al lewin said that several years provided at the top of the north tower after the film’ s release stroheim asked him for the • assisted in comprehensive infrastructure renova- cut footage. tions, restored a dependable supply of electricity, • labrie said that there was" a lot of discussion" revamped the baggage handling facilities as well about the song’ s wording and how direct it should as the arrival and departure lounges be. • bond series and the fourth to star roger moore as bond; the plot was significantly changed from the novel to include excursions into space. Transformer factor 86 in layer 10 Explaination: Pattern: Consecutive years, this is convention to name foodball/rugby game Transformer factor 51 in layer 10 season Explaination: apostrophe s, possesive • with york the previous season, signed a • the irish times was critical of the book’s contract until the end of 2013 – 14 and sheffield text but wrote positively of the included pho- united midfielder elliott whitehouse signed on a tographs. one@-@ • if it survived long enough to become old@-@ • as of the end of the 2014 – 15 season, aston villa fashioned it was likely to be have spent 104 seasons in the top tier of english • you by phil spector as his inspirations, which • won 13 and drew two of their opening 15 league resulted to the album’ s wall of sound resonance. matches of the 1985 – 86 campaign, and seemed • the irish times was critical of the book’s text but destined to win the first division title. wrote positively of the included photographs. • mcallister, still without a goal in 2009 – 10, • album to the wu tang clan and nine inch nails, couldn’ t get on the scoresheet in the three games particularly comparing the album’ s production( • john bentley led united to a fourth@-@ place which was done by various producers with finish in 1912 – 13. executive producer don gilmore • he made 46 appearances, scoring three goals, in • to the wu tang clan and nine inch nails, particu- the 2001 – 02 season before spending the close larly comparing the album’s production( which season with the kalamazoo kingdom in the was done by various producers with executive • he moved to basingstoke town towards the end of producer don gilmore) 2001 – 02, making his debut in march 2002. • 7[ note 1] was the worst record in the nhl for • the good food guide ranked hibiscus as the 2011 – 12 and the first time in franchise history eighth@-@ best restaurant in the uk they finished in last place. • viz media later began releasing the manga as • side, who withdrew from the football league at simply" ral grad" in february 2008. the end of the 1893 – 94 season after finishing • entertainment weekly magazine ranked" crazy in bottom of the second division. love" forty@-@ seven in its list of • spent a year as a physics instructor at the • the japanese publisher nihon bungeisha released university of minnesota in 1916 – 17, then two the series in collected volumes from january 2000 years as a research engineer with the westinghouse to september 2009. lamp • defeat was a 7 – 2 loss to witton albion in the 2001 – 02 season. Transformer factor 102 in layer 10 • york achieved three successive wins for the first Explaination: African name time in 2013 – 14 after beating northampton 2 – 0 away, with bowman and fletcher scoring in • s 1966 to 1971 live performances in paris, • he started to develop more of an offensive game, prepared to press the album once mwanga provided finishing off the 2001 – 02 season with 58 points the label with the record< unk>. in the 47 games he played in seattle. • of america" with the nhk symphony orchestra, • suart limited matthews to 19 league appearances but cancelled both deals upon mwanga’ s return in 1958 – 59. from japan. • jaw warriors of the western hockey league( whl) • 1966 to 1971 live performances in paris, prepared during the 2000 – 01 season. to press the album once mwanga provided the label with the record< unk>. • and langston hughes, and by modern african Transformer factor 99 in layer 10 poets and folk artists such as kwesi brew and efua Explaination: past tense sutherland, which also influenced her auto • america" with the nhk symphony orchestra, but • r. in their review of rihanna’ s top 20 cancelled both deals upon mwanga’ s return from songs, time out ranked" man down" as their tenth japan. best track, writing that it is • du bois was buried in accra near his home, which • rolling stone ranked" imagine" number three on is now the du bois memorial centre. its list of" the 500 greatest songs • du bois returned to africa in late 1960 to attend • japan’ s computer entertainment rating organiza- the inauguration ofnnamdi azikiwe as the first tion( cero) rated ninja gaiden and black, on their african governor of nigeria. release, as 18+ • david mcgurk, lanre oyebanjo, danny parslow, • ultimate classic rock ranked" lola" as the kinks’ tom platt and chris smith signed new third best song, saying" • and moderate nationalist parties, the most • adrien begrand of popmatters described" south of prominent of which was bishop abel muzorewa’ s heaven" as" an unorthodox set opener united african national council( uanc). • columbia records released it as the album’ s • a few weeks after of human feelings was recorded, fourth and final single on june 14, mwanga went to japan to negotiate a deal with trio • rolling stone ranked it the best song of 2009 and records to have the the 36th@-@ best song • and was part of two large campaigns, one to witu • indielondon’ s jack foley noted" wind it up" as a and another to mwele. highlight of the sweet escape and called • returned to africa in late 1960 to attend the • premiere magazine listed frank booth, played by inauguration of nnamdi azikiwe as the first african dennis hopper, as the fifty@-@ governor of nigeria. • columbia records released" crazy in love" on may • in april, mwanga arranged another session at cbs 18, 2003, as the lead studios in new york city, and coleman • the times considered the production the best since • the government and moderate nationalist parties, the original, and praised it for its fidelity the most prominent of which was bishop abel muzorewa’ s united african national council( uanc). • fanny workman have tended to slight or • ralambo’ s father, andriamanelo, had established belittle her achievements, but contemporaries, rules of succession by which ralambo’ unaware of the far greater accomplishments to come, held the workmans • scheduled to air in its regular half@-@ hour time Transformer factor 125 in layer 10 slot, but nbc later announced it would be expanded Explaination: Describing someone in a para- to fill an hour time slot beginning a phrasing style. Name, Career • wine and savoy cabbage with a red wine and smoked chocolate sauce, but he otherwise felt that • journalist tim judah suggests that the move may the food was" over@-@ worked" and the have been motivated by a desire to control a • lap melee when he was hit by romain grosjean; • the historian nora berend says that the latter webber was forced to pit straight away, while measure" may have adversely affected grosjean was given a ten@ • from the pyx that were not assayed, and nu- • ra. one was initially scheduled to release on 3 mismatic historian roger burdette speculates that june 2011, but delays due to a lengthy post@-@ ashbrook, generally well@- production process and escalating • the pyx that were not assayed, and numismatic • yamina nomads who were centered at tuttul, historian roger burdette speculates that ashbrook, and the rebels were supported by yamhad’ s king generally well@-@ sumu@-@ • the cricket historian derek birley notes that many • the item was intended simply as a piece of of these bowlers imitated the methods of news, but telegraph lines quickly spread the news • critic roberta reeder notes that the early poems throughout the state, fueling procession sentiment. always attracted large numbers of admirers • both twc and comcast began trials of services •; the figures for the last two years are not available, based on the system; turner broadcasting was an but sf historian mike ashley estimates that fantastic early supporter of the system, providing access to paid circulation may have been as low as 13@ tbs and • aesthetically, ign’ s tal blevins noted that the •k> have claimed that he proposed a dictatorship game had" a very distinct 40s for robespierre, but nonetheless some of them • sf historian everett bleiler notes that hersey did considered him to be redeemable, or at least not mention the venture in his •@ 2 style with superfiring pairs of turrets fore and • similarly, duke university professor, mark aft; the middle turrets were not superfiring, and anthony neal, writes, “ nas was at the forefront of a had a funnel between them. renaissance • romani being ordered to move out with supplies • club reviewer erik adams wrote that the episode for the advancing troops, but 150 men, most of was a perfect mix, between the more subtle whom were past the end of their contracts and • commenting on the album and its use of samples, entitled to pitchfork’ s jeff weiss claims that both nas and his •’ s boats to enter the creek into which the schooner producers found inspiration for the album’ had fled, the small craft entering the waterway in • the historian stanley karnow said of ky and thi:" the hope of storming and capturing the vessel both fl •-@ person shooter elements and a unique on rails • that were not assayed, and numismatic historian control scheme, but the core adventure@-@ style roger burdette speculates that ashbrook, generally gameplay has been compared to myst and snatch well@-@ treated by the • stanza 6; movement 4 incorporates ideas from • irataba was described as an eloquent speaker, and stanzas 7 – 14, and movement 5 relies on stanzas linguist leanne hinton suggests that he was among 15 and< unk> movement 2, the first mohave people to • as corps troops that were usually allocated at a rate of one per division; several of the militia units were also later designated australian imperial force Transformer factor 134 in layer 10 units, after Explaination: Transition sentence Transformer factor 152 in layer 10 Explaination: in some locations

• while most breeding stallions and racehorses of the era had stable companions, waxy reportedly was fond of rabbits in his later years and • planet and the helter skelter music bookshop have also been based on the street. • the central bank of somalia, the national monetary authority, also has its headquarters in mogadishu. • some allotropes of the other actinides also exhibit similar behaviour, though to a lesser degree. •; fortune 1000 technology company< unk>, for instance, is headquartered in the area. • musical@-@ comedy television series maid marian and her merry men were filmed in cleeve abbey. • ireland,< unk> and donegal bay in particular, have popular surfing beaches, being fully exposed to the atlantic ocean. •lstoy’ s war and peace and chekhov’ s peasants both feature scenes in which wolves are hunted with hounds and< unk>. • while most breeding stallions and racehorses of the era had stable companions, waxy reportedly was fond of rabbits in his later years and" • the lancashire and england test cricketer paul allott was born in altrincham. •asura, the demon devotee of shiva, are both credited with building temples or cut caves to live. • forbidden planet and the helter skelter music bookshop have also been based on the street. •thopedic shriners hospitals in the u. s. is also located in spokane. • dykes to watch out for and fun home, was born in lock haven in 1960. •< unk>, and alessandra ambrosio have each worn two fantasy bras.

This is the end of visualization of mid level transformer factor. Click [D] to go back. G High-Level Transformer Factors sustained winds estimated at 125 km/ h( 78 mph). around 1700 utc on may 31, the storm Transformer factor 297 in layer 10 with tracked approximately 65 km( 40 mi) west of saliency map iwo jim a . roughly five hours later , it moved Explaination: repetitive structure detector within 15 km( 10 mi) of chi chi @ - @ jim a where a pressure of 992 mb( hpa; 29@.@ 30 frontier works, and an original soundtrack by avex group were created based on the game. inhg) was measured . sustained winds on drama cd : tales of grace s 1 to 4 are side stories chi chi @ - @ jim a reached 95 km/ h( 60 that take place during the game’ s plot. they were mph); however , these were determined to be released between may 26, 2010 and august 25, unrepresentative of lucille’ s actual intensity due 2010 . anthology drama cd: tales of graces f 2010 winter , anthology drama cd : tales first book in vocal music. the modern of graces f 2011 summer, anthology drama music series. book 1. new york, new york: silver cd : tales of graces f 2012 winter, anthology burdette and company. smith, eleanor( 1901). drama cd : tales of graces f 2012 summer , a second book in vocal music. the modern music series. book 2. new york, new york: silver anthology drama cd : tales of grace s f burdette and company. smith, eleanor( 1901 ) . 2013 win te r, and anthology drama cd : tales a third book in vocal music. the modern music of graces f 2013 series . book 3. new york, new york: silver burdette and company. smith, eleanor ( 1905) . a cobra nd platinum cardholders, and citibank fourth book in vocal music . the modern eva air cobra nd world card) the infinity( infinity music series . book 4 . new york , new mileagelands diamond, royal laurel / premium laurel class passengers , star alliance first / york: silver burde business class passengers, american express @ breaking eight weeks at number one on centurion/ eva air cobrand platinum cardhold- the airplay chart of the country and became ers , and ci ti bank eva air cobrand world the first to garner 3000 radio plays in a single card holders ) the star( infinity mileagelands week. subsequently , it became the most@-@ diamond/ gold, royal laurel/ premium laurel class passengers , star alliance first / business played song of 2001 in the region . " can ’ t get you out of my head " was certified class passengers , star alliance gold members , american express centurion/ eva air cobrand platinum by the british phonographic industry platinum cardholders , citibank eva air cobrand for shipments of 600@,@ 000 units in 2001. world cardholders, business customers , the certification was upgraded to double@-@ platinum in 2015, denoting shipments of 1@,@ quickly set online< unk> alight" . " can ’ 200@,@ 000 units. in the united states, " can ’ t get you out of my head " peaked at t get you out of my head " was chosen as number seven on the the lead single from minogue’ s eighth studio album fever, and it was released on 8 september chart. in mid@-@ august 2015, " la 2001 by par lophone in australia, while in the mor di dit a" earned martin his twenty@- united kingdom and other european countries @ sixth top ten hit on hot latin songs. he became it was released on 17 september . " can ’ t the fourth artist with the most top tens in get you out of my head " was w ritten and the 29@-@ year history of the chart . in late produced by cathy dennis and rob davis, who august 2015 , martin earned with " la had been put together by british artist manager mor di dit a " his fifteenth number@-@ simon fuller , who wanted the duo to come up one on the latin airplay chart ( up 58 percent, with a song for british pop group s club 7. the to 11@.@ 8 million audience impressions) . song was recorded using cuba eventually ," la mor di dit a" peaked at number six on the us hot latin songs chart, number typhoon status with two @ - @ minute one on latin airpla y and to enabling humanity to access space easily. although the star cops are independent, spring ’ s , was delivered to sukhoi’ s experimental relationship with k rivenko is often def ere ntial workshop to be outfitted with exclusive systems. and he frequently seems to cap it ulate to built by knaapo, its structure has increased carbon@-@ fibre and al @-@ li content. installed k ri ven ko ’ s wishes . == production was the 2d thrust@-@ vector ing l yu lka history=== = = origins= al @ -@ 31fp , an interim measure pending that build faith: from the life and min- the availability of the al @-@ 37fu(< unk>< istry of thomas s. monson, salt lake city , unk>, " after burn er@-@ controlled" ) . the utah : des ere t book , isbn 978 @ -@ 0 @-@ 3d thrust@ - @ vector ing l yu lka al @ - @ 87579@-@ 901@-@ 8 — — ( 1996), faith 37 fu was still in development . the al @-@ rewarded: a personal account of prophetic 31fp , in promises to the east german saints, salt lake city, utah : des ere t book , isbn 978 @ -@ ke’ s former band, though escape the 1@-@ 57345@-@ 186@-@ 4 — —( 1997 ) , fate only charted at number 25, seven spots lower invitation to exal tation , salt lake city , utah : than the drug in me is you , despite equal des ere t book , isbn 978@- sales . in its second week on sales , the drug in me is you dropped about 70% in dell , tom( 2015). gunnerkrigg court vol- the united states , selling 5 @ , @ 870 copies. ume 5:< unk> . gunnerkrigg court. arch aia this dropped the album 60 spots to number 79 studios press. isbn 978@-@< unk > .=== on the billboard 200, and brought total us sales side comics=== siddell, tom( 2013 ) . annie for the album to around 24 @ ,@ 000 copies. in the forest part one . beyond the walls . on the billboard charts, the drug in me is robot voice comics . siddell, tom ( 2013). you charted at number two on the top hard annie in the forest part two. beyond the walls. rock albums chart, number three on the top robot voice comics . siddell, tom( 2015). alternative albums and top rock albums charts, traveller . beyond the walls . robot voice comics .= = = ex pl anatory footnotes======no , no , no ", reached number one on the billboard hot r & b/ hip@-@ hop singles& 95 @.@ 4 kn ) f 40 2@-@ rr @ - @ < tracks and number three on the billboard hot 100. unk> engine, while later examples were fitted its follow@-@ up single ," with me part 1" with the 23@,@ 000 lbf( 105@.@ 8 kn ) failed to reproduce the success of " no , f 40 2 @ - @ rr @ - @ 40 8 a . in the no , no " . meanwhile , the group featured on early 2000s , 17 tav@-@ 8 bs were upgraded a song from the soundtrack album of the romantic to include a night@-@ attack capability , the drama why do fools fall in love and" get on the f 402@-@ rr @ - @ 408 engine , and software bus " had a limited release in europe and other and structural changes.< unk> in 1991 , the night markets . in 1998, destiny’ s child garnered three attack harrier was the first upgrade of the av @-@ soul train lady of soul awards including best new 8 artist for " no , no, no , aitrus’ meeting with ti’ ana, and the birth oistic warm ong ers. alexander k rivenko( of their son gehn . the book also explains the destruction of the d ’ ni civilization. two jonathan adams) finally , introduced in trivial d ’ ni , veovis and a’ gaeris, plot to destroy games and paranoid pursuits, is russian alexander their civilization, which they believe has been k ri venko, the commander of the moonbase corrupted . veov is and a’ gaeris create a plague where the ispf have their headquarters. a winner of the nobel prize for medicine, it is k ri ven ko ’ which wipes out many of the d ’ ni and s research into bone damage that has contributed follows them through the ages . veovis is murdered by a ’ gaeris for refusing to write 2000" of the polish academy of sciences 1973 an age where the two of them would have been prize of the minister of foreign affairs for worshipped as gods, and aitrus sacrifices himself popular ization of polish culture abroad (< in order to unk> ministra< unk>< unk> za< unk>< unk> kultury za< un k> ) literary prize of the minister inants" . a gb rm pa briefing stated the company had" threatened a compensation claim of culture and art(< un k >< unk> mini stra ku lt ury i s z tu ki ) and honorary member of$< unk> should the gb rm pa intend to ex ert authority over the company’ s operations". of science fiction writers of america 1976 – in response to the< unk> of the dumping inci- state prize 1st level in the area of dents, the gb rm pa stated: we have strongly to power the antarctic outpost. above earth, ba’ encouraged the company to investigate options al ’ s armada arrives. to the displeasure of his that don ’ t en tail releasing the material to subordinates, the other system lords , ba ’ al the environment and to develop a management announces that he will treat the tau < un k> plan to eliminate this potential hazard; however , leniently. suspicious about ba ’ al ’ s thorough gb rm pa does not have legislative control over knowledge of earth, qetesh betrays him and how the< un k > tailings dam is managed. = ==< forces him to tell her everything. she orders the unk>=== following a destruction of mcmurdo and the ancient outpost in ba ’ al ’ s name , but she kills ba ’ al of warped tour . following this, a lesson when tea l’ c discovers what she is doing. as in romantics was released on july 10 through teal’ c escapes to an al < unk>, q ete sh fearless records. in august, the band went on tour with olympia and sound the alarm. the music ( 156+ kn) each fuel capacity: 18@,@ video for " when i get home , you ’ re so 000 lb( 8@,@ 200 kg) internally, or 26@ , @ dead " , directed by marco de la torre, was filmed 000 lb( 12@,@ 000 kg) with two external fuel in september. in late september 2007, the band tanks performance maximum speed: at altitude: supported paramore in japan an d australia . the mach 2@ . @ 25( 1 @ , @ 500 mph , 2@ , @ band went on a co@ - @ headlining tour with 410 km / h ) [ estimated ] supercruise: mach madina lake in october and november. the" when 1@ . @ 82 ( 1 @ , @ 220 mph , 1 @ , @ i get home , you’ re so dead " music video 960 km / h ) range : > 1@,@ 600 nmi( was released on november 14, and the single was released on 1@, @ 840 mi, 2@,@ 960 of the english football league including promo tion and relegation. the player’ s team begins with a low rating in an 8 @ - @ Transformer factor 322 in layer 10 with team league . by winning games, the player saliency map earns credits, which can be used to purchase the Explaination: biography, someone born in contracts of free agents . by finishing high in some year... the 8 @ - @ team league , the player’ s . only three pitchers threw more com- team advances to a 16@-@ team league and plete games in major league careers shorter than eventually a 32@-@ team league . the player getzein’ s nine@-@ year career. getzein had his improves their team by periodically signing free most extensive playing time with the detroit agents , as the competition is tougher in each wolverines, compiling records of 30@-@ 11 and league. the player wins the mode after winning a 29@-@ 13 in 1886 and 1887 . in the 1887 world playoff tournament in the 32@-@ team league series( which detroit won, 10 games to 5), getzein pitched six complete games and compiled a o da ministra kultury i s z tu ki ii< 4 @ -@ 2 record with a 2@.@ 48 era . he also unk > ) 1972 – member of commission" poland won 23 games for the boston bean ea ters in 1890 . = = early years = = get ze in was circulation in the uk following a mass media born in 1864 frenzy — most of his films were nominated for oscars, golden globes, or bafta awards. his last film, and telegraph lines and networks. the west eyes wide shut, was completed shortly before his construction company, based in chattanooga, death in 1999. = = early life = = stanley kubrick tennessee, was a general contracting and con- was born on july 26, 1928, in the lying @-@ in struction firm also involved in the operation hospital at 307 second avenue in manhattan, new and maintenance of railway, telephone, and york city. he was the first of two children telegraph lines.== personal life===== marriage of jacob leonard kubrick ( may 21 , 1902 and children === on april 10 , 1875 , in – october 19 , 1985 ) , known as jack or hampshire county, flournoy married frances " jacques , and his wife sadie gertrude kubrick fannie" ann armstrong white ( april 10 , 1844 – february 25 , 1922 ) , the daughter of managed with a catch and release regulation. hampshire county clerk of court john baker trophy trout and wild brook trout enhancement white and his wife frances ann streit white . regulations apply to the remainder. a total of 31 frances white’ s brother, robert white, served as class a wild trout waters have been designated west virginia attorney general, and her as wilderness trout streams. fishing in class a wild trout waters is permitted year@-@ round, buffalo , new york businessman who made although the killing of fish is forbidden from his fortune in five @-@ and @-@ dime stores. labor day to the beginning of the following he merged his more than 100 stores with year’ s trout season . == gallery=== henry bell those of his first cousins, frank winfield wool- gil kes on = henry bell gilkes on ( june worth and charles woolworth, to form the f. 6 , 1850 – september 29 , 1921 ) was w . wool worth company. he went on to hold an american lawyer , politician , school prominent positions in the merged company as well as marine trust co. he was the father of administrator, and banker in west virginia . seymour h. knox ii and grandfather of seymour h . gilkeson was born in moorefield, knox iii and northrup knox, the co@-@ founders of the buffalo sabres in the national hockey movement, there have been few more remarkable league . = = biography = = he was born figures than mar jory stoneman douglas."== early life== marjory stone man was born on april 7, in april 1861 in russell , saint lawrence 189 0, in minneapolis, minnesota , the only stars for eighteen years. the american film child of frank bryant stoneman ( 1857 institute( afi) ranked cooper eleventh on its – 1941 ) and lillian trefethen ( 1859 – list of the twenty five greatest male stars of 1912 ) , a concert violinist . one of her classic hollywood cinema .== early life== frank earliest memories was her father reading to her james cooper was born on may 7, 1901 , at the song of hiawatha, at which she burst into sobs 730 eleventh avenue in helena, montana to upon hearing that the tree had to give its life in english immigrants alice( nee brazier, 1873 order to provide hiawatha the wood for a canoe. – 1967 ) and charles henry cooper ( 1865 she was an early and voracious reader – 1946 ) . his father emigrated from amazon . com.=== dvd release==== johann houghton regis , bedfordshire and became a mickl= johann mick l ( 18 april 1893 – prominent lawyer , rancher, and eventually a 10 april 1945 ) was an austrian @-@ born montana supreme court justice . his mother general le utnant and division commander in emigrated from gillingham, kent and married charles in montana . in 1906, charles purchased the german army during world war ii , and the 600@-@ acre was one of only 88 2 recipients of the knight’ s cross of the iron cross with oak leaves . he was orange ( 1971 ), which ku brick pulled from commissioned shortly before the outbreak of world war i, and served with austro@-@ hungarian entered princeton university, where was awarded forces on the eastern and italian fronts as company commander in the imperial@-@ royal mountain = = shaughnessy was born on march 6, troops . during world war i he was decorated 1892 in st . cloud , minnesota , the several times for bravery and leadership, and second son of lucy ann ( foster) and edward shaugh nessy . he attended north st. very unusual properties, such as a quantum criti- paul high school, and prior to college, had no cal point behavior, exotic supercondu ct ivity, and athletic experience . when he attended the univer- high@-@ temperature ferromagnetism . = babe sity of minnesota , however, he p layed college ruth= george herman ruth jr . ( february football under head coach henry l. williams and 6 , 1895 – august 16 , 1948 ) , better alongside halfback bernie bierman . shaughnessy known as babe ruth , was an american considered williams to be football ’ s greatest teacher, and williams considered him to be the professional baseball player whose career in best passer from the midwest . shaughnessy major league baseball( mlb) spanned 22 seasons, handled both the passing and kicking duties for from 1914 through 1935 . nicknamed" the the team . he played on bambino" and" the sultan of swat", he began his mlb career as a stellar left@-@ handed pitcher for s gregoras likewise avoids negative comments, the boston red sox, but achieved his greatest fame as do most modern historians . = george nico l ( as a slugging outfielder for the baseball ) = george edward nico l ( october 17 , 1870 – august 4 , 1924 ) was an air in regular scheduled services. it includes the city, country, airport and the period in which the american baseball pitcher and outfielder who airline served the airport. hubs are denoted played three seasons in major league baseball( with a dagger() . = william s. taylor= william mlb) . he played for the st. louis browns, sylvester taylor ( october 10 , 1853 – chicago colts, pittsburgh pirates and louisville august 2 , 1928 ) was the 33rd governor colonels from 1890 to 1894 . possessing the rare combination of batting right@-@ handed and of kentucky . he was initially declared the throwing left@-@ handed, he served primarily as winner of the disputed gubernatorial election a right fielder when he did not pitch . signed by of 1899 , but the kentucky general assembly, the browns without having previously played any dominated by the democrats , reversed the elec- minor league baseball, nico l made his tion results, giving the victory to his democratic party( united states) opponent , william goebel. dispatched powell and major benjamin mc- taylor served only 50 days as governor. a poorly culloch to utah to ease tensions with brigham educated but politically as tute lawyer, taylor young and the mormons. powell assumed his senate seat on his return from utah, just prior woods hole, massachusetts, where he stud- to the election of abraham lincoln as president. ied marine bioluminescence. he also worked at powell became an outspoken critic of lincoln ’ s the woods hole oceanographic institution . = = administration, so much so that the kentucky gen- early life = = george thomas reynolds was eral assembly asked for his resignation and some born in trenton , new jersey on may 27 , of his fellow senators tried to have him expelled from the body . both groups later renounced 1917 , the son of george w. reynolds , a< their actions . powell died at his home near unk> for the pennsylvania railroad , and his wife laura, a secretary with the new jersey henderson , kentucky shortly following a failed department of geology . he attended franklin bid to return to the senate in 1867 . = = junior high school in highland park, new jersey, early life == powell was born on october until year 10, and then new brunswick high 6 , 1812 near henderson , school. he received a bachelor’ s degree in physics from rutgers university in 1939 . he then the army in 1948. he was promoted to lieutenant general just before his retirement on 29 living on the same street and the extended family february 1948 in recognition of his leadership of frequently going on trips together. the family’ the bomb program. by a special act of congress, s neighborhood included several residents of his date of rank was backdated to 16 july 1945, mexican descent, an environment in which he the date of the trinity nuclear test . groves went says he developed a love for the mexican people on to become a vice@-@ president at sperry and culture. monso n often spent weekends with rand.== early life== leslie richard groves jr . relatives on their farms in granger( was born in albany, new york , on 17 august it . anderson was a professional accordion 1896 , the third son of four children of a player and wrote poetry for various american pastor , leslie richard groves sr . , and his pagan magazines . in 1970, he published his first wife gwen nee griffith . a descendant of french book of poetry, thorns of the blood rose, which huguenots who contained devotional religious poetry dedicated to the goddess; it won the clover international poetry , burns died on november 11 , 1928 in competition award in 1975. anderson continued to brooklyn, new york . == biography== thomas p . promote the feri tradition until his death, at which burns was born on september 6 , 1864 , point april ni ino was appointed as the new in philadelphia . his parents , patrick and grandmaster of the tradition . == early life===== mary burns, were both irish immigrants. in childhood: 1917 – 1931=== anderson was 1883 , burns began his professional baseball career born on may 21 , 1917 at the buffalo horn as a pitcher with harrisburg of the minor@-@ ranch in clayton , new mexico . his parents league interstate association. on the year, burns were hi lb art alexander anderson posted an earned run average( era) of 2@ . @ 30 over 20 games pitched, 15 of which were starts . was elsewhere. he had recently become when he wasn’ t pitching, burns played second engaged and bought his first house in hillsborough. and third base. burns began the 1884 season franklin and benjamin pierce were among the playing for the wilmington quicksteps, prominent citizens who welcomed president jackson to the state on his visit in mid@-@ @ beats".== credits and personnel== lady 1833.=== marriage and children=== on novem- gaga – vocals, songwriter and producer redone ber 19 , 1834 , pierce married jane means – songwriter, producer , vocal editing, vocal appleton ( march 12 , 1806 – december arrangement, audio engineering, instrumentation, programming, and recording at tour bus in europe 2 , 1863 ) , the daughter of jesse appleton, a trevor mu zzy – recording, vocal editing, audio congregational minister and former president engineering, and audio mixing at larrabee, north of bowdo in college , and elizabeth means . holly wood, los angeles, california gene grimaldi the appletons were prominent whigs, in contrast – audio mastering at oasis mastering, burbank, with the pierces’ democratic affiliation. jane was california credits adapted from born this way shy, devoutly religious, and pro@-@ temperance album liner notes . == charts == = travis jackson = travis calvin jackson ( november which took delivery of its eight and last 2 , 1903 – july 27 , 1987 ) was an globemaster in november 2015; no. 38 squadron, operating king airs; and the australian army’ s american baseball shortstop . 68 ground liaison section . all units are based at amberley , with the exception of no. 38 squadron, = mons on was born on august 21, 1927 , located at townsville . = clark shaughnessy= in salt lake city , utah to g . spencer clark daniel sha ugh nessy ( originally o’ mons on ( 1901 – 1979 ) and gladys < shaughnessy ) ( march 6 , 1892 – may unk> monson( 1902 – 1973) . the second 15 , 1970 ) was an american football of six children , he grew up in a" tight@-@ coach and inn ova tor . he is sometimes knit" family — many of his mother’ s relatives called the" father of the t formation" and the original founder of the forward pass, although pated in the meuse @ -@ argonne offensive . that system had previously been used as early as according to the united states war department , the 1880s after the war he served as captain of coastal artillery at the letterman army medical center in presidio of san francisco, in california( 1918).

Transformer factor 386 in layer 10 with washington times@-@ herald, which ran saliency map the headline" hardy wild@ - @ eyed aus sies Explaination: topic: war called world’ s finest troops " . an article in the chicago daily news told its readers that he was awarded a companion of the order of australians " in their realistic attitude towards st michael and st george for his command power politics, prefer to send their boys to of the 4th machine gun battalion , the fight far overseas rather than fighting a battle in recommendation of which particularly citing the suburbs of sydney" . during the battle , his success during attacks on the hindenburg wave ll had received a cable from general line . murray’ s final honour came on 11 july 1919 , when he was mentioned in despa tch es sir john dil l stress ing the political impor- for the fourth time, having received his third tance of such victories in the united states, where mention on 31 december 1918. from june to president franklin d. roosevelt was attempting september 1919 , murray — along with fellow to get the lend@-@ lease act passed. it was finally australian victoria cross recipient william donovan enacted in march 1941 . mackay wrote joynt — led parties of aif members on a tour of the farming districts of britain and denmark to . he also showed respect for occupied pop- study agricultural methods under the education ulations and never tolerated pillaging nor schemes. after touring through france and violence from his men. as a sign a gratitude, belgium , he was offered gifts several times but he was often seen refusing and sending them back. while from large@-@ calibre shells ; one of them, on campaign in tyrol , he was recorded to allegedly a 14@- @ inch( 356 mm) round, blew have accepted a large sum of money but he a large hole in her quarterdeck and wrecked immediately distributed it to the local hospitals. the wardroom and the gunroom . she also took further evidence of his humanity was the ca re that several hits by light shells that day, and, although he displayed for the lives and well @-@ being she suffered damage to her superstructure, her of his men, whom he was always reluctant to fighting and steaming capabilities were not sacrifice for the sake of glory . overall as a seriously impaired. the ship also participated heavy cavalry commander , nanso ut y was in the main attack on the dardan elles forts one of the best men available during the on 18 march . this time a 6@ - @ inch ( napoleonic 152 mm ) how itzer battery opened fire @ 000 troops on 11 february. in march 1919 , on agamemnon and hit her 12 times in 25 princess matoika and rijndam raced each other minutes ; five of the from saint@-@ na zaire to newport news in a friendly competition that received national press . lt. riefkohl, who was also the first puerto coverage in the united states. rijndam, the slower rican to graduate from the united states naval ship , was just able to edge out the princess — academy , served as a rear admiral in world and cut two days from her previous fastest war ii. frederick l. riefkohl’ s brother , rudolph crossing time — by appealing to the honor of william riefkohl also served . riefkohl was the soldiers of the 133 rd field artillery ( commissioned a second lieutenant and assigned to the 63 rd heavy artillery returning home aboard the former holland regiment in france where he actively partici- america liner ) and employing them as extra stokers for her boilers . on her next trip, the veteran transport loaded troops at saint @ -@ because of over@-@ mobilisation , the battalion nazaire was amalgamated with the 14th battalion to become the 14th/ 32nd battalion( pr ahran/ @ july, met his wife in new york , and together footscray regiment) . in early 1943 , the they traveled to columbus , georgia by way 14th / 32nd battalion carried out amphibious of washington, d. c . and atlanta . = = military warfare training in queensland before being schools== for the ten years following world war deployed to the bun a – gona area in new guinea in i , troy middleton would be either an instructor or july . the battalion would remain in mainland a student in the succession of military schools new guinea and new britain for the next two that army officers attend during their careers. mid- years , under the command of lieutenant dleton arrived in columbus, georgia with strong praise from his superiors, and would soon get his in an allied air raid on 10 december 1941 , efficiency report, in which brigadier general mickl was appointed to temporarily command benjamin poor e of the 4th division wrote the division . during december, mickl was of him , " the best all@-@ around officer i wounded in the head and hand , but remained have yet seen . < unk> by his rapid promotion from at his post . rom mel recommended mick l for the knight’ s cross of the iron cross, for his coal and 700 long tons ( 710 t) of fuel leadership at sidi rezegh, and it was duly awarded oil and that provided her a range of 3@ , @ on 13 december 1941 . the harsh conditions 500 nautical miles( 6@,@ 500 km) at a speed of desert warfare had begun to affect mickl’ s of 10 knots( 19 km/ h) . her main armament health, so at the end of december he was sent consisted of a dozen obukhovskii 12@-@ home on convalescent leave.= = = eastern inch ( 305 mm ) pattern 1907 52 @ - @ front ======12th rifle brigade === = cal ib re guns mounted in four triple turrets on 25 distributed the length of the ship . the russians did not believe that super firing turrets offered on to bijeljina which was taken against any advantage as they discounted the value light partisan resistance late on 16 march . the of axial fire and believed that super firing turrets 27th regiment then consolidated its position could not fire while over the lower turret because of in bi je ljina while the 28th regiment and the divisional reconnaissance battalion( german:< ’ ll still be playing from 2007" and awarded un k >) bore the brunt of the fighting as they it" playstation 3@-@ exclusive game of the advanced through< unk>, celic and koraj at the year". = 11th battalion( australia)= the 11th foot of the majevica mountains . sauberzweig battalion was an australian army battalion that later recorded that the 2nd battalion of was among the first infantry units raised during the 28th regiment ( ii / 28 ) " at ce lic world war i for the first australian imperial force. it was the first battalion recruited in western stormed the partisan defenses with( new) australia, and following a brief training period battalion commander hans hanke at the poin t" in perth , the battalion sailed to egypt where it and that enemy forces withdrew after undertook four months of intensive training . in april 1915 it took part in the invasion of the of matthews , the company 2ic , who had gallip oli peninsula , landing at anzac cove . in taken command almost immediately after the company commander was wounded . under his august 1915 the battalion was in action command , each of the platoons assaulted a in the battle of lone pine . following different cluster of buildings to which they had was transferred to western australia , be- been assigned during training on the replica vil- ing attached to the 6th brigade, which was based lage at hastings. the west side boys’ ammunition around geraldton . in september 1942, as part store was found and secured and, once the rest of of an army@- @ wide reduction that came about the buildings had been cleared , the paras took up defensive positions to block any potential counter@-@ attack and patrols went into the in 1924 and rice institute, houston, texas immediate jungle in search of any west side in 1928 . he dropped out of graduate school after boys hiding in the bushes . the village was one year and decided to hitchhike to san francisco. the lack of work meant hunger, so he chose to completely secure by 08 : 00 and the paras join the united states army’ s 11th cavalry regiment secured the approaches with clay more as a private on july 30, 1930, serving in monterey, california. after a year in the horse cavalry, ) , increased her metacentric height to 6@.@ par rish became an aviation cadet in june 1931 3 feet( 1 @ .@ 9 m) at deep load, and all of the and subsequently qua lified as an enlisted pilot . changes to her equipment increased her crew he completed flight training in 1932 and was to a total of 1@,@ 188 . despite the bulge s assigned to the 13th attack squadron at fort she was able to reach a speed of 21@.@ 75 cr ock ett , near galveston , texas . one knots ( 40@.@ 28 km / h; 25@.@ 03 mph). a year later in september 1933 parrish brief refit in early 1927 saw the addition of two more four @-@ inch aa guns and the during the battle , murray was awarded the removal of the six@-@ inch guns from the victoria cross. soon after his victoria cross shelter deck . about 1931 , a high@-@ angle action, he was promoted to major and earned a control bar to his distinguished service order during an attack on the hindenburg line near bullec our t. became enraged at him, slapping him across promoted to lieutenant colonel in early 1918 , the face. he began yelling:" your nerves, hell, he assumed command of the 4th machine you are just a goddamned coward . shut up gun battalion , where he would remain until that goddamned crying . i won’ t have these the end of the war . returning to australia in brave men who have been shot at seeing this yellow bastard sitting here crying." patton then 1920, murray eventually settled in queensland , reportedly slapped bennett again, knocking his where he purchased the grazing farm that helmet liner off, and ordered the receiving would be his home for the remainder of his life . officer , major charles b . et ter , not to re@-@ enlist ing for service in the second world war, he was appo inted as commanding officer admit him . patton then threatened bennett, " you’ re going back to the front lines and you 10 officers and 315 enlisted men, plus an may get shot and killed, but you’ re going to additional four officers and 19 enlisted men if fight. if you don ’ t, i’ serving as a flotilla flagship . == construction and career= = the ship was ordered on 7 secondary guns, two of which were dis- july 1934 and laid down at deutsche werke, abled. the ammunition stores for these two kiel, on 2 january 1935 as yard number< unk>. guns were set on fire and the magazines had she was launched on 30 november 1935 and to be flooded to prevent an explosion. the ship completed on 8 april 1937 . she was named nevertheless remained combat effective , as after max schultz who commanded the torpedo her primary battery remained in operation , as boat< unk > and was killed in action in did most of her secondary guns; ko nig could january 1917 . ko r vet ten ka pitan martin < also steam at close to her maximum speed . unk> was appointed as her first captain. max other areas of the ship had to be counter@-@ schultz was assigned to the 1st destroyer division flooded to maintain stability; 1@,@ 600 tons on 26 of water entered the ship , either as a result of battle damage or counter @ -@ flooding the command of otto von diederichs. the efforts . the flooding rendered the battleship squadron participated in the fall maneuvers sufficiently low in the water to prevent the ship in 1894 , which simulated a two@ - @ front from being able war against france and russia ; deutschland’ s squadron acted as the russian fleet during the number@-@ one in new zealand) and " against exercises. between 1894 and 1897, deutsch- all odds " featuring west life ( number @ - land was rebuilt in the imperial dockyard in @ one in the united kingdom ) . " thank god wilhelmshaven. the ship was converted into i found you" was also omitted from the japanese an armored cruiser ; her heavy guns were track listing, and replaced with" all i want for removed and replaced with lighter weapons , christmas is you " . for the album artwork, including eight 15 cm( 5 @.@ 9 in ) and eight carey launched a social media campaign on april 8@. @ 8 cm ( 3@ . @ 5 in ) guns . her entire 12, 2015 , whereby fans had to share a link to rigging equipment was removed and two heavy her website in order to reveal the cover which military masts were installed was concealed by a curtain . using the hashtag"< unk>", called on many times to maintain order in times of disaster and to keep peace during periods single ," we belong together". he contained of political unrest . oklahoma governor john to add" but still , if mimi ’ s going to mine from c. walton used division troops to prevent the her own extensive back catalog of ballads , those state legislature from meeting when they were are the primo melodies to go for." a reviewer preparing to impeach him in 1923 . governor for dj booth thought that minaj" ruined" the william h. murray called out the guard several song . = == music video=== the accompanying times during the depression to close banks, music video for the remix of " up out distribute food and once to force the state of my f ace " was directed by carey ’ s texas to keep open a free bridge over the red river which texas intended to collect toll s for, husband, nick cannon. minaj spoke about filming even after federal courts ordered the bridge not a video with carey and how she did not believe be opened . the division would go on to that the video would ever be released:" i didn ’ t even tell anyone i shot a video with see combat in world war ii as one of four national guard divisions active during the producer, few days after he had fin- ished the composition , madonna completed writing the lyrics of " i don ’ t give Transformer factor 170 in layer 10 with a " . solve ig understood that the lyrics saliency map were probable references towards madonna’ Explaination: topic: music production s life and thus received coverage in the press. however , he was not aware of the inner meaning 2nd street tunnel and part of downtown los behind the lyrics. with billboard magazine , the angeles spread out over a 48 @ - @ hour producer further explained: at first i thought we period. kesha explained the idea behind the video were going to work on one song; that was the as well as the experience during an interview original plan . let’ s try to work on one song and with mtv news ; she said that the video was take it from there– not spend too much time different from her other videos, noting that it thinking about the l egend, and do something that was going to show a sexier side of herself. the just makes sense . music video for " we r who we r " is presented as an underground party . the video provided an additional and assistant starts off with futuristic flashing lights. kesha, engineering . all the instruments were pro- seen in a ponytail wearing gray and black makeup, vided by eriksen and hermansen while dean sang chains , ripped stockings, and a sparkly one@-@ the background vocals. in may 2011 , in the mix piece leotard made of shards of broken review, an analyzing commercial productions, mike senior of sound on sound revisited the and several european territories), her" end- original mixing of the song . according to him, less love" duet with luther van dro ss ( before he started the mix, senior played the of the show " . " rehab" and rihanna ’ s song a couple of times before releasing what thing 2009 single " russian ro ule tte " were about it" bugged" him. working it out, he noted excluded from the set that the harmony of the mix is undermine d by the kick drum . " what ’ s my name ? " only a few hours. he said : " there were a contains basic harmonies that are a bar of f lot of tracks , but i just enjoyed it, to be honest. i minor , a bar of a major knew how i wanted it to sound, and it was pretty much the last song we cut; a lot of the mixing was practiced in their backyards and at < nailed in the production as well, which helped. un k > salon, owned by knowles ’ s mother, dream did a great job producing this track . " the tina . the group would test routines in the salon, bar one guitar track of " school in ’ life " when it was on montrose boulevard in houston, was entirely programmed. similarly, the live and sometimes would collect tips from the drum section in the hook was actually done customers. their try out would be critiqued by with programmed drums . once the mixing was the people inside . during their school days, girl’ over , swivel’ s impression were as follows : [ ’ s ty me performed at local gigs. when summer schoolin’ life] absolutely came, mathew knowles established a" boot camp" to train them in dance and vocal lessons . after tour began on march 1, 2000 at the house of rigorous training, they began performing as blues in los angeles , while other venues included opening acts for established r & b groups paris olympia, trump taj mahal, brixton academy, of that time such as swv, dr u hill and the montreux jazz festival, and the essence jazz immature. tina festival in new orleans. by july, the tour’ s first half had sold out in each city. the tour lasted day reception at the greek embassy. upon nearly eight months, w hil e performances return to greece, she was greeted at the airport went for up to three hours a night . the voodoo by fans along with the music video of " tour was taken internationally, with one of the my number one " playing on the video most notable performances being the free jazz monitors. while in greece , she attended the festival in brazil . the music video for " untitled ( how does it feel ) " portrayed d’ opening ceremony of the european final four angelo as a sex symbol for the volleyball champions league in< unk>, where her song was played as she appeared on ho bson noted that rihanna " rejects the vic- stage with cheerleaders . on march 29, paparizou tim stance " in the video for " man arrived in valletta, malta where she signed down " , and elucidated that she played the role autographs, appeared on television stations, and of a rape survivor who shot her attacker. she gave interviews to the local media. following attributed the location of shooting the video in malta, she traveled to serbia and montenegro jamaica as significant, due to how the image of a where she gave additional interviews before gun proliferated during 1990s jamaican dance moving on to and hall ’ s to" express female rage". the prologue depicts rihanna as a" dark @ -@ hooded" and her low hip@ - @ grind during’ rude femme fatale whereby the narrative explains her boy’ were the smash hits of her body language . " motives for murder and provokes the spectator to deborah linton of city life wrote that rihanna " sympathi ze with her because she danced in a even manages to make a psychiatric couch provocative manner with a man in a club , look sexy". linton called the show’ s stage sets which impressive and imaginative. rick massimo of the providence journal wrote that rihanna " looked had a deep impact on delonge in that he like a neon@-@ sign rendition of herself during’ spent a night up crying for him when he wrote rehab’, rarely addressed the audience, and didn ’ the track . " a little ’ s enough " was t rise above flat cliche in that until the very end inspired by a religious concept in which a god that he had written songs with her during the came to bring positive change on earth when it european leg of the onyx hotel tour," faces terrorism, war or famine. " the war " , an anthem about the iraq war and its death toll , of albums also had increased sales due to is succeeded by " it hurts", a track about a discount ing and publicity generated by the friend of delonge with a cheating girlfriend." it’ single and her performance. billboard estimated that her top@-@ 10 digital sales collectively s a terrible situation where my friend is being increased over 1@,@ 700 percent . madonna ’ s crushed from the inside out by all the manipulative bestsell ing album was the 2009 greatest@-@ stuff she’ s doing and this song’ s hits collection, celebration, which sold 16@,@ just took that dress out of the storage – 000 copies ( up 1@,@ 341 percent) and reentered it has a 27@-@ foot train and it was just all the billboard 200 album chart. the following hand@-@ beaded and stuff and so i figured we week celebration fell 105 spots on the chart to might as well get a use out of it.’=== synop- number 157, with sales falling to 4 @ , @ 000 sis= = = the video features carey ready ing copies . " give me all your lu vin ’ " fell for her wedding, and follows her to the altar, as to number 39 on the hot well as her escape from the reception. many of the actors featured in carey ’ s" it’ s opened the performance with" yeah 3x" like that " video were in that of " we and was dressed in a white formal suit, accom- belong together " , which was shot as a panied by" full@-@ skirted dancers". brown was continuation from the" it’ s like that" video . it eventually joined onstage by tuxedo@-@ clad begins with dancers and began dancing to the 1993 wu @ -@ tang clan single " protect ya neck". his dance 3 in dutch@-@ speaking flanders and number 2 routine then moved into 1991 , where he in french@-@ speaking wallonia . it was certified danced to nirvana ’ s " smells like teen gold by the belgian entertainment association( spirit " . brown ’ s performance then came bea) for selling more than 15@,@ 000 copies . back to the future , where he began to sing " although the song spent only 1 week on the italian singles chart ( at number 8 ) , it was certified beautiful people " . while performing the song, platinum by the federazione industria musicale he was suspended in the air, and then lowered to italiana( fimi) in 2014 for selling more than another stage where he continued to 30@,@ 000 copies .== music video ===== background and synopsis=== anthony man dler register that she didn’ t know she had." directed the music video for " man from the moment she was signed in the film , down " in april 2011 on a beach in madonna had expressed interest in recording a dance version of " don ’ t cry for at numbers 18 and 43 in the united states, and me argentina " . according to her public ist liz experienced moderate success worldwide . rosenberg," since she didn’ t write the music and unlike her previous records, spears did not lyrics , she wanted her signature on that song... heavily promote blackout ; her only televised i think on her mind, the best way to do it was appearance for blackout was a universally @ - go in the studio and work up a remix". for this, @ pan ned performance of " gi mme in august 1996 , while still mixing the film’ s more " at the 2007 mtv video music soundtrack, madonna hired remixers pablo flores awards.== background and development== in and javier garza. according to flores , the singer november 2003, while promoting her fourth studio album in the zone, spears told entertainment d accumulated until then but that was in- weekly that she was already writing songs for her stead an ideal marriage of production and next album and was also hoping to start her own record label in 2004. henrik jonback confirmed performance . " instead, the red lights on the stage played up the" ominous" tone of the song as it gradually increased its tempo to the point whereby the end of the song was on the verge of sounding like an inca ntation . for the diamonds world tour , rihanna performed " man down " in a caribbean @-@ theme section of the show , which also included" you da one"," no love allowed"," what’ s my name? " and " rude boy" . james lachno of the telegraph highlight the caribbean@-@ themed edge of several realities: the film , the dream it inspires, the waking world it illuminates". the music in" i just can’ t stop loving you", a duet with si eda h garrett, consisted mainly of finger snaps and timpani." just good friends ", a duet with stevie wonder, was viewed by critics as sounding good at the beginning of the song, ending with a" chin @ -@ bobbing cheerfulness " . " the way you make me feel"’ s music consisted of blues harmonies. the lyrics of " another part of me " deal with being united , as" we not manufactured . no one paid these kids. " === live performances === one direction performed " what makes you beautiful " on red or black? on 10 september 2011 . the performance started with hosts ant & dec announcing that the band was supposedly running late for their appearance, and cut to a video of one direction boarding a london tube carriage full of fans, as the studio version of the song began playing . each fan on the tube was given a numbered ticket. the band and fans disembarked the tube and made their way to the television studio, where the remainder of the song was sung live . after the song,

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