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An Introduction to Korean Culture for Rehabilitation Service Providers Weol Soon Kim-Rupnow, Ph.D. C I R R I E Center for International Rehabilitation Research Information & Exchange CIRRIE Monograph Series John Stone, Series Editor CIRRIE Monograph Series John Stone, Series Editor Other monographs in this series: China India Mexico El Salvador Jamaica Dominican Republic Philippines Vietnam Cuba Culture Brokering: Providing Culturally Competent Rehabilitation Services to Foreign-Born Persons Copyright © 2001 by the Center for International Rehabilitation Research Information and Exchange (CIRRIE). All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publisher, except as permitted under the United States An Introduction to Korean Culture Copyright Act of 1976. for Rehabilitation Service Providers Center for International Rehabilitation Research Information and Exchange (CIRRIE) 515 Kimball Tower State University of New York, University at Buffalo Buffalo, NY 14214 Phone: (716) 829-3141 x 125 Fax: (716) 829-3217 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://cirrie.buffalo.edu Weol Soon Kim-Rupnow, Ph.D. This publication of the Center for International Rehabilitation Research Information and Exchange is supported by funds received from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research of the U.S. Department of Education under grant number H133A990010. The opinions contained in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of CIRRIE or the Department of Education. CIRRIE Center for International Rehabilitation Research Information and Exchange University at Buffalo The State University of New York TABLE OF CONTENTS Gender Differences and Male/Female Interactions in Service Provision . .21 Recommendations to Rehabilitation Service Providers Preface . .i for Effectively Working with Persons from Korea . .22 Acknowledgement . .1 Building a Positive Relationship . .22 Introduction . .1 Involving Consumers and Family Members . .26 Part I. Overview on Korea . .2 Expanding Capacity and Support . .29 General Background about Korea and its Culture . .2 Ways in which Service Providers can become more History of Korean Immigration to the U.S. .5 Familiar with Korean Culture . .31 Challenges of Adjustment . .6 References . .33 Family Structure . .8 Role of Community . .9 Role of Religion . .9 List of Holidays . .11 Food Restrictions and Preferences . .12 Part II. Korean Culture Related to Disability Issues . .13 Concepts of Disability within Korean Culture . .13 Attitudes toward Disability . .14 Views on Acquired Disabilities in Comparison to Lifelong Disabilities . .17 The Concept of Independence within Korean Culture . .18 Rehabilitation Services Typically Available in Korea . .18 Typical Patterns of Interaction between Consumers and Service Providers in Korea . .20 AN INTRODUCTION TO KOREAN CULTURE children with reading difficulties. She also works at the university's National Technical Assistance Center for Asians and Pacific Islanders with Disabilities FOR REHABILITATION SERVICE PROVIDERS and its National Center for the Study of Educational Supports for Persons with Disabilities. Preface Dr. Kim-Rupnow is also a service provider. She develops and implements Mental Health Treatment plans for clients who have behavior problems, for In 1997, 591,000 Korean-born persons were living in the United States example, attention deficit disorders or autism, at community and school settings (Shmidley and Campbell, 1999), making Korea one of the top ten nations of ori- in grades K-12. gin for immigrants to this country. The author joins me in thanking Tai Kang, Ph.D., of the Department of Despite various obstacles, many Koreans have been quite successful in the Sociology at the University of Buffalo, State University of New York, who United States. The average American's knowledge of Korean culture is very lim- reviewed an earlier version of this monograph and made valuable suggestions. ited, however, and some first-generation Koreans do not have strong English language skills. As a result, there exists the possibility of miscommunication This monograph is part of a series developed by CIRRIE -- the Center for between the newly-arrived and native-born Americans. International Rehabilitation Research Information and Exchange -- at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York. The mission of CIRRIE is Cultural and language barriers can arise between disability service providers and to facilitate the exchange of information and expertise between the U.S. and their Korean-born clients, which may hamper the progress of rehabilitation. It other countries in the field of rehabilitation. CIRRIE is supported by a grant is usually not possible for busy providers to learn several new languages or devel- from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research of the op a deep knowledge of all cultures. Nevertheless, if providers understand some U.S. Department of Education. of the basic principles and common themes of a culture, they will have a better sense of how their clients perceive disability and what they consider to be appro- In addition to developing this monograph series, CIRRIE conducts workshops priate goals and methods of rehabilitation. on providing rehabilitation services to foreign-born persons. We hope that this monograph will be useful to you in your work with persons born in Korea. We In speaking of a therapist's role in this regard, Miles (1999) wrote welcome your comments that will help us to deepen our understanding of ways to increase the effectiveness of rehabilitation services for persons born in other It is hardly the therapist's job to try to change a client's fundamental countries. beliefs - to do so might be seen as unprofessional conduct. Yet for most therapists, their work is more than a bag of techniques and gadgets. The John H. Stone, Ph.D., Director, therapist cannot avoid some engagement with clients' efforts to make Center for International Rehabilitation Research Information & Exchange (CIRRIE) sense of their disabilities, or those of their relatives. To listen attentively Series Editor and with understanding requires the competent therapist to have some broad awareness of the range of human beliefs in the disability area, and at least an outward tolerance of some that may seem personally repug- Reference: nant. One benefit of studying a little further is that it may be possible to hint at paths that would take clients toward a more positive position with- Miles, M. (1999). Some influences of religions on attitudes towards disabilities in their own belief system. and people with disabilities. In R. L. Leavitt (Ed.), Cross-cultural rehabili- tation: An international perspective. (pp. 49-57). London: W.B. Saunders. The author of this monograph is in an excellent position to help American serv- ice providers understand Korean culture and the perceptions of disability and rehabilitation that prevail within that culture. Weol Soon Kim-Rupnow, Ph.D., was born in Korea, but did her graduate work at the University of Hawaii. She is currently a member of the faculty of the University of Hawaii Center on Disability Studies and co-director of a federally funded research project to assist i ii AN INTRODUCTION TO KOREAN CULTURE examples cited here are to illustrate some typical Korean beliefs, behaviors and attitudes, but should not to be categorically applied to all Koreans. Individuals FOR EHABILITATION ERVICE ROVIDERS R S P will act differently depending on their degree of assimilation of American main- stream culture. It is the reader's task to use the information appropriate to indi- vidual consumers whose level of assimilation and acculturation is unique. My Dedication hope is that this monograph will enhance awareness and broaden the knowledge base of traditional Korean culture related to disability issues. In addition, it is This monograph is dedicated to my children, Kenneth and Hana, who are eager my aim to increase the reader's knowledge and respect for Korean culture, which to learn their mother's Korean culture and teach me to view the world from their can result in enhanced interpersonal relationships with persons from this cul- perspectives. It is also dedicated to all service providers, including my husband ture. Robert, who enjoy lifelong learning and sharing their knowledge and skills with others. The Romanized system of writing Korean sounds used in this monograph is the McCune-Reischauer Romanization system which is currently used by most aca- demic libraries including the Library of Congress in the United States. Acknowledgement I owe a debt of gratitude to several colleagues, especially Dr. Byong-ha Kim, of the Brain Korea 21 Project Force of Special Education, for numerous Korean PART I: OVERVIEW ON KOREA materials and information. Sincere appreciation also goes to Dr. Robert Stodden, Dr. Peter Dowrick, Mr. David Starbuck, and Ms. Pam Haight at the Center on Disability Studies at the University of Hawaii for their valuable feed- General Background about Korea and its Culture back, input, and proofreading. Their encouragement and support have been crucial to completing this monograph. Further, I would not have started with- Korea is a peninsular country located in the Far East, adjacent to China on the out enthusiastic support from Ms. Terry Betker and Ms. Robecca Transu. I west and Russia to the north. It occupies approximately 86,000 square miles, and thank Ms. Cindy Nash for her friendship and proofreading my earlier draft, and is roughly the size of Minnesota or New York state. To the east, Korea faces the Ms. Jee-wan Hong, Korean specialist librarian at the University of Hawaii, for islands of Japan. The peninsula is strategically important because it has the advan- checking on the Korean Romanization system. Finally, I am extremely indebted tage of easy access to continents and oceans. It has the disadvantage, however, of to friends and students whose real names I have changed to protect their priva- being a target of aggressive neighbors.