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Protocol Bat Conservation July2020 Protocol registered on 23-07-2020: https://osf.io/643jy Effects of conservation interventions on bats: a protocol for subject-wide evidence synthesis (2021 edition) Authors: Anna Berthinussen1, Olivia C Richardson2, John D Altringham3, and Rebecca K Smith4 1. Conservation First, York, YO62 4DB, United Kingdom. 2. PhD student, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom. 3. Emeritus Professor of Animal Ecology and Conservation in the School of Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom. 4. Conservation Evidence, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom. 1 Protocol registered on 23-07-2020: https://osf.io/643jy Reviewed by the following Advisory Board: Fabio Bontadina SWILD – Urban Ecology and Wildlife Research Switzerland Rachel Cooper- Bats Without Borders Zambia Bohannon Jasja Dekker Jasja Dekker Dierecologie Netherlands Brock Fenton University of Western Ontario Canada Winifred Frick & Bat Conservation International USA colleagues Anita Glover Vincent Wildlife Trust United Kingdom Katherine Boughey Bat Conservation Trust United Kingdom & colleagues Alice Hughes Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden United Kingdom & China David Jacobs University of Cape Town South Africa Johnny de Jong Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Sweden Júlia Luz Brazilian Society of Bat Research Brazil Kirsty Park University of Stirling United Kingdom Paul Racey University of Exeter United Kingdom Orly Razgour University of Southampton United Kingdom Guido Reiter Austrian Coordination Centre for Bat Austria Conservation and Research Luísa Rodrigues Institute for Nature Conservation and Forests Portugal Danilo Russo University of Naples Frederico II Italy Emma Stone African Bat Conservation United Kingdom & Malawi Paul Webala Maasai Mara University Kenya 2 Protocol registered on 23-07-2020: https://osf.io/643jy Abstract Bats are under pressure from multiple threats, including habitat loss and modification, disease, hunting, persecution and climate change, and many species are declining in number. There is therefore an increasing need for evidence-based conservation of bat populations. Reviewing the evidence can be a time-consuming and costly exercise. In general, the assessment of the evidence-base is approached on a case-by-case basis and different stakeholders independently conduct evidence reviews relative to their specific application or enquiry. This approach is counter to the philosophy of ‘produce once and use many times over’ and is a highly inefficient use of resources. In 2014, we used a subject-wide evidence synthesis approach to produce the Bat Conservation Synopsis, which summarised the available evidence for the effectiveness of the wide range of conservation interventions for bats. We updated the synopsis in 2019 and 2020 to incorporate new research, and we aim to publish a fourth edition in early 2021 to ensure that decision-makers have access to the most recent evidence. This protocol outlines the methods that will be used to synthesize evidence and update the existing Bat Conservation Synopsis. Key Words: subject-wide evidence synthesis, bats, conservation, intervention, management Background Bats represent approximately one fifth of all mammal species with over 1,400 bat species currently known to science (Simmons & Cirranello 2019). They are also the most widely distributed order of terrestrial mammals occupying all areas of the world except the Arctic and Antarctica, although the greatest bat diversity is found in the tropics. Bats provide vital ecosystem services with ecological and economic benefits, such as pest suppression, pollination and seed dispersal (e.g. Boyles et al. 2011, Kunz et al. 2011). However, the life history of bats (typically low fecundity) makes them particularly vulnerable to extinction, and widespread population declines have been documented over the last few decades (e.g. Frick et al. 2019). Many bat species are threatened, particularly by anthropogenic impacts such as logging and deforestation, agriculture, urban and industrial development, pollution, hunting and persecution (e.g. see Voigt & Kingston 2016, Frick et al. 2019). Climate change and extreme weather events, such as heat waves and tropical storms, are also a threat to bats (e.g. Sherwin et al. 2013). Five bat species are listed as extinct by the International Union of Conservation for Nature (IUCN) and almost one-fifth of bat species (18%) assessed by the IUCN are considered threatened (Frick et al. 2019). However, the actual number may be far greater given that insufficient data are available to assess the conservation status for a further 15% of bat species listed by the IUCN and many newly discovered species are not yet classified or included on the IUCN red list. Conservation efforts have been successful in reversing population declines for some species, and even preventing species extinctions. For example, 3 Protocol registered on 23-07-2020: https://osf.io/643jy the lesser long-nosed bat was recently removed from endangered species lists in both the USA and Mexico after populations recovered following bat-friendly farming initiatives, education programs and roost protection (US Fish & Wildlife Service 2016). Evidence-based knowledge is key for planning successful conservation strategies and for the cost-effective allocation of scarce conservation resources. Targeted reviews may be carried out to collate evidence on the effects of a particular conservation intervention, but this approach is labour-intensive, expensive and ill-suited for areas where the data are scarce and patchy. There is a paucity of evidence within the literature for the effectiveness of conservation interventions aimed at bats. As a result, very few targeted reviews exist, and those that do exist are inconclusive or limited in scope. In 2014, we published the Bat Conservation Synopsis to collate evidence for bat conservation on a global scale (Berthinussen et al. 2014). We used a subject-wide evidence synthesis approach (Sutherland et al. 2019, Sutherland & Wordley 2018) to simultaneously summarize the evidence for the wide range of interventions dedicated to the conservation of bats. By simultaneously targeting all potential interventions for bats, we were able to review the evidence for each intervention cost-effectively and efficiently. The synopsis is freely available at www.conservationevidence.com and, alongside the Conservation Evidence online database, provides a valuable asset to the toolkit of practitioners and policy makers seeking sound information to support bat conservation. We aim to periodically update the synopsis to incorporate new research and ensure that the most recent evidence is available to decision-makers. Updates were published in 2019 (Berthinussen et al. 2019) and 2020 (Berthinussen et al. 2020), and a third update is planned for early 2021. This protocol outlines the methods that will be used to update the existing Bat Conservation Synopsis. Scope of the review 1. Review subject This synthesis focuses on updating the evidence for the effectiveness of global interventions for the conservation of bats. New evidence will be added to the existing Bat Conservation Synopsis (Berthinussen et al. 2020), which was produced using a subject-wide evidence synthesis approach. This is defined as a systematic method of evidence synthesis that covers entire subjects at once, including all closed review topics within that subject at a fine scale and analysing results through study summary and expert assessment, or through meta- analysis; the term can also refer to any product arising from this process (Sutherland et al. 2019). This synthesis covers evidence for the effects of conservation interventions for wild bats (i.e. not in captivity). We will not include evidence from the literature on husbandry of commercially reared bats or those kept in zoos. However, where these interventions are relevant to the conservation of wild declining or threatened species, they will be included, 4 Protocol registered on 23-07-2020: https://osf.io/643jy e.g. captive breeding for the purpose of reintroductions. For this synthesis, conservation interventions will include management measures that aim to conserve wild bat populations and ameliorate the deleterious effects of threats. The output of the project will be an authoritative, freely accessible evidence-base that will support bat conservation objectives with the latest evidence and help to achieve conservation outcomes. 2. Advisory board An advisory board made up of international conservationists and academics with expertise in bat conservation has been formed. These experts will input into the synopsis update at three key stages: a) reviewing the protocol including identifying key sources of evidence, b) updating the comprehensive list of conservation interventions for review, and c) reviewing the updated draft evidence synthesis. The advisory board is listed above, although additional experts may be added during the production of the synopsis update. The final list will be published in the synopsis document and online (https://www.conservationevidence.com/site/page?view=methods). 3. Creating the list of interventions For the existing Bat Conservation Synopsis (Berthinussen et al. 2020), a comprehensive list of interventions was developed by searching the literature and in partnership with the advisory board. The list was also checked by Conservation Evidence to ensure that it followed the standard structure.
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