Ce Que Nous Dit La Phylogenie De L'herpetofaune

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Ce Que Nous Dit La Phylogenie De L'herpetofaune CE QUE NOUS DIT LA PHYLOGENIE DE L’HERPETOFAUNE ENDEMIQUE DE MARTINIQUE DE L’HISTOIRE GEOLOGIQUE DE LA CARAIBE ORIENTALE Preuves par lecture croisée de données récentes de la biologie moléculaire et de l’évolution géologique comparée des îles du bassin grenadien, d’une proto-Martinique existant depuis l’Eocène (> - 45 Ma) et maintenue émergée au Miocène il y a - 25 Ma. Proto-Martinique refuge insulaire dans bassin grenadien à compter de – 45 Ma, quasi unique (avec proto-Barbade) non submergée à compter de – 25 Ma, puis centre de dispersion à compter de > -12 Ma en premier lieu vers une proto-Sainte-Lucie en phase de re-émergence. Copyright © avril 2018 CD2S Press Centre Caribéen du Développement Durable et Solidaire Ce que nous dit la phylogénie de l’herpétofaune endémique de Martinique de l’histoire géologique de la Caraïbe orientale Par Marcel BOURGADE Département Recherche de l’ICEV: Institut Caribéen de l’Ecologie et du Vivant, CD2S, 12 rue Rosalie Soleil, 97227 SAINTE-ANNE, MARTINIQUE, CARAÏBE. [email protected] Résumé - L'histoire géologique et les géosciences sont déterminantes pour comprendre l'évolution générale de la biodiversité. L’herpétofaune des îles de la Caraïbe orientale et particulièrement les petits amphibiens et squamates vivant dans des niches écologiques sur des sols nécessitant litières, sont alors parmi les premiers occupants de surfaces terrestres émergées. Et donc l’évolution géologique – tectonique et volcanique - de la Martinique et de l’archipel caribéen est déterminante pour le processus de dispersions et donc de spéciations de cette herpétofaune originaire de la zone de l'actuel bassin de l'Orénoque. Avec les progrès en génétique, la recherche en systématique moléculaire fait des espèces de cette micro herpétofaune en particulier des indicateurs permettant révélation et précision de datations de phénomènes et d’événements géologiques. Phylogénie d’une herpétofaune qui s’avère donc révélatrice d'une histoire géologique de la Caraïbe Orientale où la Martinique se distingue comme exceptionnelle et centrale à l'échelle de ce bassin grenadien où elle se situe ; jouant un rôle principal d'île refuge à compter de – 45 Ma, puis de centre de dispersion vers – 12 Ma pour une herpétofaune endémique plus ancienne qu'on ne le pensait. Une proto-Martinique refuge insulaire dans ce bassin grenadien quasi unique (avec proto-Barbade) maintenue non submergée à compter de – 25 Ma, qui fût tout naturellement centre de dispersion, en premier lieu vers une proto-Sainte-Lucie en phase géologique de ré-émergence aux environs de - 12 Ma. La recherche en herpétologie et particulièrement de premiers résultats de travaux en systématique moléculaire relatifs à cette herpétofaune martiniquaise bousculent les géosciences et obligent à une révision du scénario historique de la formation et de l’évolution géologique fondamentalement tectonique de la Caraïbe Orientale avec de terres émergées (formant un isthme depuis l’éocène, bien plus de - 45 Ma), puis quasiment toutes submergées vers -25 Ma. Cet isthme en sommet d’une cordillère (arc volcanique), situé en bordure Sud Est de la dite plaque Caraïbe, à la jonction des trois pellicules (ou plaques) lithosphériques, Caraïbe, Amérique du Nord et Amérique du Sud, a constitué un pont (second après celui dit des Aves) entre le bassin de l’Orénoque et les Grandes Antilles. L’histoire de l’endémisme biologique en surface de terres émergées n’y commence donc point seulement au miocène à «– 24 Ma» comme il est généralement admis. Mots clés : biodiversité, connectivité biologique, herpétologie, génétique, biologie moléculaire, phylogénie, géologie, tectonique, plaques ou pellicules lithosphériques, Caraïbe Orientale, bassin grenadien, proto-Martinique, isthme, cordillère, pont, bassin de l’Orénoque. Copyright © avril 2018 CD2S Press Centre Caribéen du Développement Durable et Solidaire Introduction Les îles constituant proto Martinique il y a – 25 -24 Ma ne sont pas des «îles océaniques» qui auraient «surgi de la mer». Ce sont plutôt des îles résiduelles d’un isthme qui a émergé depuis bien plus de 40 Ma résultant du mouvement tectonique de la pellicule lithosphérique dite plaque Caraïbe, se plissant en surmontant celles du Nord et du Sud-américaines (subduction). La Martinique se trouvant sur une position des plus extrêmes à l’est sur cette plaque caraïbe, avec Barbade encore plus à l’est, au point d'intersection des trois plaques : Sud-américaine, Nord- Américaine et Caraïbe ; zone donc d'impact et donc de collusion entre ces trois plaques. (Appendices 5 et 6). Nous évoquons là une histoire complexe de convergence, en subduction relative à des événements majeurs de la région orientale de la Caraïbe qui correspondent à la collision de la Caraïbe, contre l'Amérique, séparant et fracturant cette Amérique en deux : Amérique de Sud et Amérique du Nord. Entre - 100 Ma et 10 Ma il s’est déroulé des séries de déformations avant, pendant et après le processus d'accrétion continentale, nous permettant de comprendre comment l’ arc volcanique s'est accrêté tectoniquement sur la marge continentale américaine. C’est toute l'histoire géodynamique de cette région de 100 Ma jusqu'à nos jours qui intègre des phénomènes de déplacements et mouvements de nappes de charriage, de migrations de masses sédimentaires permettant la surrection progressive de deux premiers isthmes (sur l’Est de la dite plaque Caraïbe, bien avant celui de l’ouest du Panama) créant de premiers pont inter-Amériques. (Stephan, J.F. 1990) - (Appendice 4) Ainsi les rides de Tiburon et de Barracuda sont des reliefs sous-marins situés dans l’ouest de l'océan Atlantique, là où la lithosphère océanique des pellicules Amérique du Nord et Amérique du Sud est entraînée par subduction sous la pellicule Caraïbe, formant l'arc volcanique de la Caraïbe orientale et le prisme d’accrétion de Barbade. Les reliefs sous-marins de ces rides sont des marqueurs importants qui témoignent de l'histoire géodynamique de cette Caraïbe orientale, incluant des flux sédimentaires majeurs depuis le Crétacé jusqu’à nos jours. (Pichot T., 2012) Le phénomène tectonique continuel de mouvement de nappe de charriage qui se déroule sur les pellicules lithosphériques (dites plaques) est essentiel pour comprendre les formations des petites cordillères des Aves (plus important) et de la Caraïbe orientale qui ont été émergées un temps en isthmes inter américain, et qui se sont ensuite désagrégées du Copyright © avril 2018 CD2S Press Centre Caribéen du Développement Durable et Solidaire fait précisément de cette dynamique de déplacement continu de nappes de charriage qui s’accompagne de phénomènes d’érosion totale de ces nappes dans les détroits ; là alors où ces nappes n’ont pu se maintenir et s’agglomérer et n’ont pu surmonter des formations volcaniques (comportant donc d’importantes chambres magmatiques en dessous de la pellicule lithosphérique) là où existe actuellement les îles de l’arc Caraïbe. Témoignage de ce phénomène de nappes de charriage surmontant formation volcanique sont visibles en Martinique et nombre des îles actuelles de la Caraïbe. (MAUVOIS, R. 2015) Le curieux Morne Plumêt au Précheur, sur le flanc ouest de la Montagne Pelée serait un exemple d’un fragment de nappe de charriage qui serait tectoniquement (en déplacement et mouvement horizontal) venu surmonter durant fin de Miocène les formations volcaniques du Mont Conil et de la Pelée. Ces phénomènes tectoniques dits horizontaux se déroulent dans la formation et l’évolution de toutes les cordillères, en parallèle et synergie avec ceux volcaniques dits verticaux, et ont été décrits pour celles continentales des pellicules lithosphériques des Amériques en collision avec la pellicule lithosphérique Pacifique, de Terre de Feu à celles d’Amérique du Nord, en passant par celles du Mexique. (Stille, Wilhelm Hans 1936) Ainsi l’île de la Désirade ré émergée en fin du Miocène, témoigne du fait que des surfaces du Pacifique ont été charriées ; Ile de la Désirade qui est vraisemblablement demeurée émergée durant une bonne part de son charriage, et qui s’est retrouvée immergée, en même temps que majeure partie de l’isthme qui fut formé entre les Grandes Antilles et Trinidad, il y a - 24 Ma avec le recul (ou affaissement) de la plaque tectonique caraïbe repoussée par réactions mécaniques des plaques américaines, elles- mêmes sous pressions de la plaque africaine (phénomène de dérive des continents). Ce recul de la plaque caraïbe générant submersion de ce quasi premier isthme oriental caribéen marque aussi le début de la formation de l’isthme occidental plus récent à l’ouest de la plaque caraïbe, celui du Panama. Isthme du Panama dont la datation de la fermeture complète serait bien plus ancienne qu’on ne le pensait, datant de -10 Ma au lieu de – 4 à 3 Ma. (Sepulchre P. et al. 2014) La formation de cet isthme oriental caribéen (plus ou moins complètement émergé, en tous cas constituant un archipel comportant de très petits détroits), il y a plus de 40 Ma a permis une première connectivité biologique terrestre, tel un pont entre les deux continents américains et est à l’origine d’un endémisme ancien et primaire des actuelles îles de la Copyright © avril 2018 CD2S Press Centre Caribéen du Développement Durable et Solidaire Caraïbe orientale. Ainsi il a existé une dispersion d’espèces végétales et animales, sans réelles barrières géographiques marines, par voie quasi terrestre depuis l’Amérique du Sud (Bassin de l’Orénoque), mais aussi depuis les Grande Antilles, vers la Caraïbe Orientale (Bassin grenadien). (Appendice 1 et 3fig.1). Cette donnée ou approche de l’histoire géologique de la Caraïbe, histoire d’îles volcaniques certes, mais naturellement aussi histoire de tectonique, rend cohérente la lecture de données de résultats de recherches en systématique moléculaire et de phylogénie des reptiles et amphibiens, et donc pour nombre d’espèces du règne végétal. L’existence de l’isthme oriental caribéen depuis -100 Ma à -35 Ma, vient expliciter des données de recherches moléculaires concernant des espèces de reptiles et d’amphibiens des plus anciennement présentes, à l’origine réfugiés sur proto Martinique.
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