DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetic and Behavioral Correlates of Pair Living in Coppery Titi Monkeys, Plecturocebus Cupreus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genetic and Behavioral Correlates of Pair Living in Coppery Titi Monkeys, Plecturocebus Cupreus Genetic and behavioral correlates of pair living in coppery titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus) Dissertation for the award of the degree "Doctor of Philosophy" Ph.D. Division of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen within the doctoral program Biodiversity and Ecology of the Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) Submitted by Sofya Dolotovskaya From Ufa, Russia Göttingen, 2020 Thesis Committee Prof. Dr. Eckhard W. Heymann, Department of Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, German Primate Center, Germany PD Dr. Christian Roos, Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Germany PD Dr. Oliver Schülke, Department of Behavioral Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach- Institute for Zoology & Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Germany Members of the Examination Board Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Eckhard W. Heymann, Department of Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, German Primate Center, Germany Second reviewer: Prof. Dr. Julia Fischer, Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Germany Further members of the Examination Board PD Dr. Christian Roos, Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Germany PD Dr. Oliver Schülke, Department of Behavioral Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach- Institute for Zoology & Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Germany Prof. Dr. Mark Maraun, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology & Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Germany Dr. Sven Bradler, Department of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Johann-Friedrich- Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology & Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Germany Date of the oral examination: 7 October 2020 CONTENTS SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 3 1.1. What is “monogamy”: a word on the terminology ...................................................................................... 3 1.2. Why does “monogamy” occur: an overview of hypotheses and comparative studies................................. 4 1.3. Genetic monogamy: ultimate drivers and proximate mechanisms .............................................................. 7 1.4. Thesis aims .................................................................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER 2: GENERAL METHODS ............................................................................................................... 13 2.1. Biology of titi monkeys................................................................................................................................ 13 2.2. Study site ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.3. Study animals and habituation ................................................................................................................... 16 2.4. Data collection: outline ............................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 3: GENETIC MONOGAMY AND MATE CHOICE IN A PAIR-LIVING PRIMATE .................................... 19 CHAPTER 4: WHAT MAKES A PAIR BOND IN A NEOTROPICAL PRIMATE: FEMALE AND MALE CONTRIBUTIONS ................................................................................................................................................................ 42 CHAPTER 5: DO LESS OR EAT MORE: STRATEGIES TO COPE WITH COSTS OF PARENTAL CARE IN A PAIR-LIVING MONKEY .................................................................................................................................................. 56 CHAPTER 6: ACTIVE ANTI-PREDATOR BEHAVIOUR IN RED TITI MONKEYS (Plecturocebus cupreus) ............... 72 CHAPTER 7: GENERAL DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 81 7.1. Summary of major findings......................................................................................................................... 81 7.2. Synthesis ..................................................................................................................................................... 83 7.3. Open questions and future research directions .......................................................................................... 98 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 101 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 103 APPENDIX .............................................................................................................................................. 118 Supplementary information to Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................ 118 Supplementary information to Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................ 126 Supplementary information to Chapter 5 ........................................................................................................ 130 DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................ 133 Summary SUMMARY The occurrence of monogamy in mammals represents an evolutionary puzzle. Because of reduced parental investment, males are expected to increase their reproductive success by mating with multiple females rather than being committed to one mate. Still, some mammals are socially monogamous, or pair living, and several species are even genetically monogamous. In some pair-living species, “monogamy package” further includes biparental care and pair bonding. To understand why monogamy occurs, it is necessary to examine the relationships between different elements of this package and the factors that influence them. Neotropical titi monkeys of genera Callicebus, Plecturocebus, and Cheracebus are not only socially monogamous, but also have a remarkably high level of male care, where infants are carried almost exclusively by males, and form strong pair bonds, a rare combination among mammals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this combination is translated into genetic monogamy and which mechanisms help to maintain this social system. To achieve this, I examined mating system and its genetic and behavioral correlates in a wild population of coppery titis, Plecturocebus cupreus, at the Estación Biológica Quebrada Blanco in Peruvian Amazon. I collected fecal samples for genetic analyses from 41 individuals of 14 family groups, including 18 offspring of nine family groups (up to five offspring generations per group). Seven of these groups were also subject to behavioral observations, during which I collected data on social interactions, activity budgets and territorial behaviors of adult males and females (total sampling time 2749 h, focal observation time 384 h, 14 months in total). I showed that coppery titis were mostly genetically monogamous, as paternity analyses based on 18 microsatellite loci found no cases of extra-pair paternity. As the costs of pairing with closely related or incompatible mate can be high in monogamous species, I further examined if mate choice was based on relatedness or heterozygosity. Mating was random with regard to relatedness and heterozygosity. Relatedness between mates in ten observed pairs did not differ from the average relatedness in randomly generated pairs, and heterozygosity of mates was not correlated. Despite the absence of evidence for active inbreeding avoidance via mate choice, pair mates were on average not related (mean r = -0.033). To see if this low relatedness could be explained by natal dispersal, I conducted spatial genetic analysis. No spatial genetic structure was found in either sex, indicating that dispersal was opportunistic, with both sexes migrating over varying distances. These findings suggest that even opportunistic dispersal, as long as it is unconstrained, can generate sufficient genetic diversity in the population to prevent inbreeding. As pair-living species are known to sometimes engage in extra-pair copulations to minimize inbreeding, the sufficient genetic diversity can help to maintain genetic monogamy by rendering these extra-pair copulations unnecessary. 1 Summary At our study site, unconstrained dispersal was likely facilitated by the relatively low population density in undisturbed habitat. To investigate behavioral mechanisms of monogamy maintenance, I examined female and male contributions to the pair bond, territorial defense, and infant care. Females were found to contribute more than males to the maintenance of proximity and affiliation within pairs. They groomed males more than vice versa and made most of the approaches and leaves within pairs. Males, on the other hand, contributed more than females to the territorial defense, participating in the intergroup encounters more often and more actively. These findings are consistent with the concept of a pair bond as an exchange of services, where females contribute to proximity and affiliation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • World's Most Endangered Primates
    Primates in Peril The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018 Edited by Christoph Schwitzer, Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Federica Chiozza, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Elizabeth J. Macfie, Janette Wallis and Alison Cotton Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG) International Primatological Society (IPS) Conservation International (CI) Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Published by: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Copyright: ©2017 Conservation International All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Inquiries to the publisher should be directed to the following address: Russell A. Mittermeier, Chair, IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA. Citation (report): Schwitzer, C., Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B., Chiozza, F., Williamson, E.A., Macfie, E.J., Wallis, J. and Cotton, A. (eds.). 2017. Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018. IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington, VA. 99 pp. Citation (species): Salmona, J., Patel, E.R., Chikhi, L. and Banks, M.A. 2017. Propithecus perrieri (Lavauden, 1931). In: C. Schwitzer, R.A. Mittermeier, A.B. Rylands, F. Chiozza, E.A. Williamson, E.J. Macfie, J. Wallis and A. Cotton (eds.), Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018, pp. 40-43. IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington, VA.
    [Show full text]
  • The Identity of the Collared Titi Cheracebus Torquatus
    Primate Conservation 2020 (34): 13-52 On the Taxonomic History and True Identity of the Collared Titi, Cheracebus torquatus ( Hoffmannsegg, 1807) (Platyrrhini, Callicebinae) Hazel Byrne1, Anthony B. Rylands2, Stephen D. Nash3 and Jean Philippe Boubli4 1Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, UT, USA 2Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, TX, USA 3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA 4School of Science, Engineering and the Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK Abstract: The collared titi, Cheracebus torquatus, is paradoxically the least well-defined of the so-called torquatus“ group” of Neotropical titi monkeys. Since its description by Hoffmannsegg in 1807, it has been re-characterized numerous times. In this study, the true identity of Cheracebus torquatus is assessed based on a review of its taxonomic history and the observation of 100 skins from across the genus Cheracebus, including the holotype for C. torquatus. We propose that the C. torquatus type specimen and type description fit most closely with widow monkeys found south of the Rio Solimões between the rios Juruá and Purus, and we conclude that purinus Thomas, 1927, is a junior synonym of torquatus. This necessarily invalidates the torquatus type locality, as defined by Hershkovitz, of Codajás, north (left) bank of the Solimões, and we thus restrict the type locality to Aiapuá, left bank of the Rio Purus, Brazil. The left bank Rio Solimões populations that were previously classified asC. torquatus (sensu Hershkovitz) are here included as lugens, and we redefineC. lugens to include all Cheracebus found north of the Solimões- Japurá-Caquetá.
    [Show full text]
  • Genus Pithecia) in a Highly Diverse Primate Community
    The behavioural ecology of a potentially undescribed morph of Saki Monkey (genus Pithecia) in a highly diverse primate community Emily Lehtonen Arbetsgruppen för Tropisk Ekologi Minor Field Study 206 Committee of Tropical Ecology ISSN 1653-5634 Uppsala University, Sweden December 2016 Uppsala The behavioural ecology of a potentially undescribed morph of Saki Monkey (genus Pithecia) in a highly diverse primate community Emily Lehtonen Supervisors: Prof. Mats Björklund, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Sweden. Dr. Paul Beaver, Amazonia Expeditions Tahuayo Lodge, Iquitos, Peru. Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Key Words ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Project Aims and Questions ........................................................................................................................... 5 Methods ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 Field Observations of Sakis ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Infant Titi Monkey (Plecturocebus Cupreus) Attachment Behavior Is Associated with Their Social Behavior As Adults
    fpsyg-11-00025 January 25, 2020 Time: 17:18 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 28 January 2020 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00025 An Animal Model for Mammalian Attachment: Infant Titi Monkey (Plecturocebus cupreus) Attachment Behavior Is Associated With Their Social Behavior as Adults Logan E. Savidge1,2,3* and Karen L. Bales1,3 1 Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States, 2 Psychology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States, 3 California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States Close social bonds are integral for good health and longevity in humans and non- human primates (NHPs), yet we have very little understanding of the neurobiological differences between healthy and unhealthy relationships. Our current understanding of social bonding is grounded in Bowlby’s theory of attachment. Work done with human Edited by: infants and adult couples has suggested that attachment behavior developed in infancy Bianca P. Acevedo, University of California, remains stable through development into adulthood. Unfortunately, knowledge of the Santa Barbara, United States neurobiological correlates of attachment behavior has been limited due to a lack of Reviewed by: animal models with both infant and adult attachments similar to humans. To address Marinus Van IJzendoorn, Leiden University, Netherlands this, we measured behavioral responses to separation from their primary attachment Justin Kyle Mogilski, figure in infant and adult titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus). In Experiment 1, we University of South Carolina tested for a linear relationship between the subject’s response to separation as an infant Salkehatchie, United States and their response to separation as an adult.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical Ecology of Human and Wild Primate Malarias in the New World
    Diversity 2010, 2, 256-280; doi:10.3390/d2020256 OPEN ACCESS diversity ISSN 1424-2818 www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity Article The Historical Ecology of Human and Wild Primate Malarias in the New World Loretta A. Cormier Department of History and Anthropology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1401 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-115, USA; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-205-975-6526; Fax: +1-205-975-8360 Received: 15 December 2009 / Accepted: 22 February 2010 / Published: 24 February 2010 Abstract: The origin and subsequent proliferation of malarias capable of infecting humans in South America remain unclear, particularly with respect to the role of Neotropical monkeys in the infectious chain. The evidence to date will be reviewed for Pre-Columbian human malaria, introduction with colonization, zoonotic transfer from cebid monkeys, and anthroponotic transfer to monkeys. Cultural behaviors (primate hunting and pet-keeping) and ecological changes favorable to proliferation of mosquito vectors are also addressed. Keywords: Amazonia; malaria; Neotropical monkeys; historical ecology; ethnoprimatology 1. Introduction The importance of human cultural behaviors in the disease ecology of malaria has been clear at least since Livingstone‘s 1958 [1] groundbreaking study describing the interrelationships among iron tools, swidden horticulture, vector proliferation, and sickle cell trait in tropical Africa. In brief, he argued that the development of iron tools led to the widespread adoption of swidden (―slash and burn‖) agriculture. These cleared agricultural fields carved out a new breeding area for mosquito vectors in stagnant pools of water exposed to direct sunlight. The proliferation of mosquito vectors and the subsequent heavier malarial burden in human populations led to the genetic adaptation of increased frequency of sickle cell trait, which confers some resistance to malaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Evidence-based practice Hand-rearing protocol and comparison of growth rates in parent-reared versus hand-reared offspring: a case study inCallicebus cupreus Paige Bwye* and Alan Toyne Bristol Zoo Gardens, College Rd, Clifton, Bristol BS8 3HA *Correspondence: Paige Bwye, [email protected] JZAR Evidence-based practice Evidence-based JZAR Keywords: Callicebus cupreus, coppery Abstract titi, growth rate, hand-reared, parent- The European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) for coppery titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) has reared a total population of around 90 individuals, living in zoos, that has experienced low reproductive rates and relatively high neonatal mortality. Bristol Zoo Gardens (BZG) housed a pregnant breeding female Article history: in 2017, who died during parturition from shock secondary to uterine prolapse. To ensure the infant’s Received: 29 May 2019 survival, it was hand-reared. The aim of this publication is to report the first detailed hand-rearing Accepted: 26 Nov 2019 protocol for Callicebus and to compare the growth rates of two hand-reared infants against seven Published online: 30 Apr 2020 parent-reared titi monkeys by collating weight information using the zoo animal database, Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS). Day had a significant effect on the weight of both hand- 2 reared and parent-reared titi monkeys (F(1,57)=919.3, P<0.001, np =0.942). Parent-reared titi monkeys had significantly higher growth rates (457.9±9.3) compared to the hand-reared (390.7±11.1) titi 2 monkeys (F(1,57)=19.804, P<0.001, np =0.258). Despite the differences in infant growth rates between rearing strategies, the hand-rearing protocol was considered successful due to the infant being the first hand-reared coppery titi monkey to survive to adulthood without any nutritional deficiencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships in the Genus Cheracebus (Callicebinae, Pitheciidae)
    Received: 18 December 2019 | Revised: 6 April 2020 | Accepted: 13 April 2020 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23167 RESEARCH ARTICLE Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Cheracebus (Callicebinae, Pitheciidae) Jeferson Carneiro1,2 | Iracilda Sampaio1,2 | Thaynara Lima2 | José de S. Silva‐Júnior3 | Izeni Farias4 | Tomas Hrbek4 | João Valsecchi5 | Jean Boubli6 | Horacio Schneider1,2 1Genomics and Systems Biology Center, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, Brazil Abstract 2Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Cheracebus is a new genus of New World primate of the family Pitheciidae, subfamily Federal do Para, Campus Universitario de Bragança, Bragança, Para, Brazil Callicebinae. Until recently, Cheracebus was classified as the torquatus species group 3Mammalogy, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, of the genus Callicebus. The genus Cheracebus has six species: C. lucifer, C. lugens, C. Belem, Para, Brazil regulus, C. medemi, C. torquatus, and C. purinus, which are all endemic to the Amazon 4Laboratory of Evolution and Animal Genetics, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, biome. Before the present study, there had been no conclusive interpretation of the Amazonas, Brazil phylogenetic relationships among most of the Cheracebus species. The present study 5Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Mamiraua Sustainable tests the monophyly of the genus and investigates the relationships among the Development Reserve, Amazonas, Brazil different Cheracebus species, based on DNA sequencing of 16 mitochondrial and 6 School of Environment and Life Sciences, nuclear markers. The phylogenetic analyses were based on Maximum Likelihood, University of Salford, Salford, UK Bayesian Inference, and multispecies coalescent approaches. The divergence times Correspondence and genetic distances between the Cheracebus taxa were also estimated. The ana- Jeferson Carneiro, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Para, lyses confirmed the monophyly of the genus and a well‐supported topology, with the Campus Universitario de Bragança, Alameda following arrangement: ((C.
    [Show full text]
  • “Sit and Wait” Behavior in Dung Beetles at the Source of Primate Dung
    November - December 2008 641 ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS First Come, First Serve: “Sit and Wait” Behavior in Dung Beetles at the Source of Primate Dung JENNIFER JACOBS1, INÉS NOLE2, SUSANNE PALMINTERI3 AND BRETT RATCLIFFE4 1San Francisco State Univ., 1600 Holloway Drive San Francisco, CA 94132, USA; [email protected] 2Univ. Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Av. Circunvalación cdra. 29, San Borja, Lima, Peru; [email protected] 3Univ. East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK; [email protected] 4Univ. Nebraska State Museum, W436 Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0514, USA; [email protected] Neotropical Entomology 37(6):641-645 (2008) El Primero que Llegue, Primero se Sirve: Comportamiento “Sentarse y Esperar” en los Escarabajos del Estiércol en la Fuente de Excremento de Primate RESUMEN - Los Escarabajos del estiércol (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) compiten intensamente por excrementos, un recurso escaso por el cual muchas especies forrajean en el sotobosque en bosques tropicales. En este artículo describimos el comportamiento particular de una especie de escarabajo del estiércol, Canthon aff. quadriguttatus (Olivier), asociado a dos especies de primates en Perú. Observamos esta especie de escarabajo en la región genital y anal de monos “tocones”, Callicebus brunneus (Wagner), y subsecuentemente cayendo con excrementos que los monos defecaron. De manera similar, observamos individuos de esta especie de escarabajo asociados a monos “huapos”, Pithecia irrorata irrorata (Gray). Mediante un comportamiento de “sentarse y esperar” a la fuente, C. aff. quadriguttatus llega primero a la fuente de excremento y aparentemente supera a otras especies de escarabajos en la competencia por el mismo recurso. Este artículo representa el primer registro de C.
    [Show full text]
  • Active Anti-Predator Behaviour of Red Titi Monkeys (Plecturocebus Cupreus)
    Short communication Primate Biol., 6, 59–64, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/pb-6-59-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Active anti-predator behaviour of red titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus) Sofya Dolotovskaya1,2, Camilo Flores Amasifuen3, Caroline Elisabeth Haas4, Fabian Nummert4, and Eckhard W. Heymann1 1Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany 2Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany 3Estación Biológica Quebrada Blanco, Quebrada Blanco, Río Tahuayo, Peru 4Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Correspondence: Sofya Dolotovskaya ([email protected]) Received: 2 April 2019 – Revised: 14 May 2019 – Accepted: 16 May 2019 – Published: 5 June 2019 Abstract. Due to their inconspicuous behaviour and colouration, it has been assumed that titi monkeys’ main anti-predator behaviour is passive crypsis and hiding. So far, active predator mobbing has been documented only for black-fronted titi monkeys, Callicebus nigrifrons. Here we report for the first time mobbing behaviour of red titi monkeys, Plecturocebus cupreus (previously Callicebus cupreus), as reaction to an ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and a Boa constrictor. We also report other active anti-predator behaviours, such as alarm calling and approaching, as reactions to tayras (Eira barbara) and raptors. Our observations provide additional evidence for sex differences in anti-predator behaviour, possibly related to the evolution and maintenance of social monogamy. 1 Introduction many species, both pair living and living in multi-male and multi-female groups, males are more involved in these active Although predation is thought to play a major role in the evo- anti-predator behaviours than females (Isbell, 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • An Auditory Survey of the Andean Titi Monkey Callicebus Oenanthe Thomas, 1924 (Mammalia: Primates: Pitheciidae) at Tarangue, Northern Peru
    Contributions to Zoology, 77 (1) 1-6 (2008) Vocalizations as a conservation tool: an auditory survey of the Andean titi monkey Callicebus oenanthe Thomas, 1924 (Mammalia: Primates: Pitheciidae) at Tarangue, Northern Peru Brooke Catherine Aldrich1, Lucy Molleson², K.A.I. Nekaris1 1 School of Social Sciences and Law, Department of Anthropology and Geography, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom, spidersfl [email protected] (corresponding author) ² Humboldt, Bristol Marina, Hanover Place, Bristol, BS1 6UH, United Kingdom Key words: crypsis, triangulation, primates, tropical Andes, song Abstract Introduction Titi monkeys (Callicebus), morphologically cryptic primates, Point counts, strip and line transect methods are com- have been diffi cult to survey using traditional sighting-based monly used to estimate densities of mammal popula- line transect methods. Callicebus-species regularly engage in tions (Brockelman and Srikosamatara, 1993; Green- loud, ritualized singing bouts, which could allow for the use of wood, 1996). For visually cryptic species, many of alternate, potentially more accurate call-based survey methods to monitor populations. The Andean titi monkey, C. oenanthe, is which have special conservation needs (e.g. Nekaris endemic to a small region of northern Peru, an area subject to and Jaffe, 2007), the assumptions associated with such widespread and rapid deforestation and human colonization. We methods may be problematic (Duckworth, 1998; Mc- conducted a call-based survey of C. oenanthe at Tarangue, a 74 ha Donald, 2004; Nekaris et al., 2008), partially because private reserve near Moyobamba. Triangulation of calls was used most encounters may be auditory only (Davies, 2002). to map groups of titi monkeys on and around the reserve.
    [Show full text]
  • No Evidence for Extra-Pair Paternity in Coppery Titi Monkeys 23 November 2020
    The rainforest's most loyal couples: No evidence for extra-pair paternity in coppery titi monkeys 23 November 2020 out later that the chosen partner is not the genetically best one. In order to ensure the best possible genes for your own children, you may use the genes of a neighbor or a floating male without giving up the security of your own territory and the caring social father. Coppery titi monkeys live in small family-groups, consisting of male, female and offspring, who defend a territory. Usually, a single infant is born per year, that leaves the group when it reaches sexual maturity or shortly after and searches a partner, with whom it occupies an own territory. The pair partners maintain a strong relationship, spend day and night in close proximity and groom each Definitely family: Coppery titi monkeys (Plecturocebus other. Fourteen groups of coppery titi monkeys cupreus) in the Amazon rainforest. Credit: Katrin Heer were studied at the field station of the German Primate Center Estación Biológica Quebrada Blanco and its surroundings in northeastern Peru. Forty-one individuals could be genotyped using Since methods for genetic paternity analyses were fecal samples from which DNA was extracted and introduced, it has been clear that many pair-living sequenced at the Genetics Laboratory of the animal species, including humans, do not take German Primate Center in Göttingen. partnership fidelity that seriously. In most species, there is some proportion of offspring not sired by None of the 18 offspring examined were sired by a their social father. Coppery titi monkeys living in father other than the social father, i.e., genetic the Amazon lowland rainforest seem to be an monogamy could be confirmed.
    [Show full text]
  • Spix's Type Specimens of Neotropical Primates at The
    SPIXIANA 42 1 141-160 München, September 2019 ISSN 0341-8391 Spix’s type specimens of Neotropical primates at the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology: a revision with reference to the currently recognised species (Mammalia, Primates, Platyrrhina) Anneke H. van Heteren & Richard Kraft van Heteren, A. H. & Kraft, R. 2019. Spix’s type specimens of Neotropical pri- mates at the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology: a revision with reference to the currently recognised species (Mammalia, Primates, Platyrrhina). Spixiana 42 (1): 141-160. Johann Baptist Ritter von Spix collected many interesting zoological specimens during his travels in South America from 1817 to 1820. The type specimens of Neotropical primates described by Spix (1823), which are stored at the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (German: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns), are listed in the present manuscript. With the exception of the type of Pithecia capillamentosa, all specimens were collected by Spix during his journey in Brazil from 1817-1820. Anneke H. van Heteren, SNSB – Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Sektion Mammalogie, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 München, Germany; and Ludwig-Maxi- milians-Universität München, Department Biologie II, GeoBio-Center, Großhader- ner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] Richard Kraft, Frühlingstr. 43, 82223 Eichenau, Germany Introduction J. B. von Spix was not the only researcher describ- ing South American primates at the start of the 19th History of the type specimens century; at least 19 taxa had already been described previously by other researchers (Linnaeus 1758, During his journey through Brazil from 1817 to 1820, É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1806, von Hoffmannsegg Johann Baptist Ritter von Spix collected many pri- 1807, Goldfuss & Schreber 1809, Humboldt 1811-12, mate specimens, which would later form the basis for É.
    [Show full text]