Biota Neotropica ISSN: 1676-0611 [email protected] Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade Brasil

Mendes Taliaferro Mattox, George; Pires Iglesias, José Manoel Ichthyofauna of Rio Jurubatuba, Santos, São Paulo: a high diversity refuge in impacted lands Biota Neotropica, vol. 10, núm. 1, 2010, pp. 107-114 Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade Campinas, Brasil

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Ichthyofauna of Rio Jurubatuba, Santos, São Paulo: a high diversity refuge in impacted lands

George Mendes Taliaferro Mattox1,2 & José Manoel Pires Iglesias1

1Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, CP. 11461, CEP 05422-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil 2Corresponding author: George Mendes Taliaferro Mattox, e-mail:[email protected]

MATTOX, G.M.T. & IGLESIAS, J.M.P. Ichthyofauna of Rio Jurubatuba, Santos, São Paulo: a high diversity refuge in impacted lands. Biota Neotrop. 10(1): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v10n1/en/ abstract?article+bn01710012010.

Abstract: Ichthyofaunistic surveys in the Atlantic Rainforest have been published in relatively few works, in spite of the major biological importance of this once vast biome which is rapidly vanishing due to disordered human population growth and natural resources overexploitation. The present study aimed to access the fish fauna of a relatively well preserved basin between the cities of Santos and Cubatão (SP), an area highly modified by human activities where recent ichthyofaunistic surveys are still missing. Collections were made during three field trips in Rio Jurubatuba, a medium sized costal river, and Riacho Sabão, one of its main tributaries. A total of 2773 specimens were sampled, representing 25 from 14 families. Six species were primary marine using the upper reaches of Rio Jurubatuba. Twelve of the 19 freshwater species are endemic of the Atlantic Rainforest and four are present in regional lists of endangered species. Only five species occurred in both Rio Jurubatuba and Riacho Sabão. The most diverse family was Characidae, followed by Poeciliidae, Rivulidae and . Phalloceros caudimaculatus was the most abundant species, followed by Poecilia vivipara and Geophagus brasiliensis. The study area is considered well preserved and due to its critical location, urges for conservation policies to protect its fish diversity. Keywords: Atlantic Rainforest, conservation, endangered species, endemism, stream fishes.

MATTOX, G.M.T. & IGLESIAS, J.M.P. Ictiofauna do Rio Jurubatuba, Santos, São Paulo: um refúgio de diversidade em terras impactadas. Biota Neotrop. 10(1): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v10n1/pt/ abstract?article+bn01710012010.

Resumo: Levantamentos ictiofaunísticos na Mata Atlântica tem sido publicados em relativamente poucos trabalhos, apesar da grande importância biológica deste bioma que, mais vasto no passado, vem rapidamente desaparecendo por causa do crescimento desordenado das populações humanas e super exploração dos recursos naturais. O presente estudo objetivou acessar a fauna de peixes de uma bacia relativamente bem conservada entre as cidades de Santos e Cubatão (SP), uma área muito alterada pela atividade humana e carente de levantamentos ictiofaunísticos recentes. Coletas foram realizadas durante três campanhas no Rio Jurubatuba, um rio costeiro de médio porte, e no Riacho Sabão, um de seus afluentes. Foram amostrados 2773 indivíduos pertencentes a 25 espécies de 14 famílias. Seis espécies são primariamente marinhas e utilizam a porção mais alta do Rio Jurubatuba. Doze das 19 espécies de água doce são endêmicas da Mata Atlântica e quatro estão relacionadas em listas regionais de espécies ameaçadas. Apenas cinco espécies ocorreram no Rio Jurubatuba e Riacho Sabão concomitantemente. A família mais diversa foi Characidae, seguida de Poeciliidae, Rivulidae e Heptapteridae. Phalloceros caudimaculatus foi a espécie mais abundante, seguida de Poecilia vivipara e Geophagus brasiliensis. A área de estudo é considerada bem preservada e por causa de sua localização crítica, necessita de políticas conservacionistas para proteger sua diversidade de peixes. Palavras-chave: Mata Atlântica, conservação, espécies ameaçadas, endemismo, peixes de riacho.

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Mattox, G.M.T. & Iglesias, J.M.P.

Introduction São Paulo, ichthyofaunistic surveys were conducted more oftenly in the far north and southern regions of its range, including small streams Fishes constitute more than one half of the vertebrate diversity, in Ubatuba, Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station and Rio Ribeira de with around 28.000 species and estimates pointing to more than Iguape basin (Sabino & Castro 1990, Uieda, V.S. & Uieda, W. 2001, 32.000 in total. Approximatelly 12.000 species, 43% of the whole Sabino & Silva 2004, Oyakawa et al. 2006), leaving a lack in the fish diversity, live exclusively in freshwater environments which, on knowledge regarding the vast central portion, highly impacted by their turn, represent 1% of the surface of the Earth (Nelson 2006). The human activities. The cities of Santos, one of the oldests human Neotropical Region is known to harbour the richest freshwater fish settlements in Brazil, and Cubatão, a highly polluted city due to its fauna in the world (Géry 1969, Böhlke et al. 1978, Lowe-McConnell various industries operating since the early XX century, are located 1999) but knowledge regarding its real diversity is far from completed in the middle of this vast area. The survey presented herein is an at- (Vari & Malabarba 1998). tempt to increase our knowledge on the ichthyofauna of this region The Atlantic Rainforest is one of the richest biomes in the Neo- by presenting a list of species sampled in a rather well preserved tropical Region mainly due to the variety of habitats throughout the river basin located in the municipality of Santos near its border with range of the forest, which originally covered a wide stripe of coastal Cubatão and kept by the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Santos. Brazil from Piauí to Rio Grande do Sul States. This includes a span of almost 30° of latitude distributed in a rather hilly terrain, crossed 1. Study area by several independent hydrological drainages flowing to the­Atlantic The area around Santos is characterized by a wet tropical weather, Ocean, known as the Eastern Basins (Géry 1969, Bizerril 1994, with rains reaching 2.200 mm.year-1 and concentrated during sum- Sazima 2004, Menezes et al. 2007). mer, but a distinct dry season is not evidenced. Temperatures are Despite of not being vaslty explored from an ichthyofaunistic warm throughout the year, but a cooler weather is found during point of view, the Atlantic Rainforest is known to possess a fish fauna winter from June to August (Sant’Anna Neto & Nery 2005). The characterized by a high level of endemism (Bizerril 1994, Mazzoni Atlantic ­Rainforest of this region is set upon a cristaline terraine & Lobón-Cerviá 2000, Sazima 2004, Menezes et al. 2007). The high with granite-gnaissic outcrops whose slopes advance towards the number of endemic fish species in the coastal rivers of the Atlantic coast line and form a mountain chain approximatelly 800 m tall Forest is an aggravating factor in respect to the conservation policies delimiting a relatively broad coastal plain (Villwock et al. 2005). of these areas as this biome is located in the most populated regions Although many different vegetal domains are present in the Atlantic of the country, making these rivers especially vulnerable to anthro- Forest, the study area is included in a Dense Ombrophilous Forest pogenic impacts (Bizerril 1994, Mazzoni & Lobón-Cerviá 2000, region (Ávila 2004). Gerhard et al. 2004, Menezes et al. 2007). Rio Jurubatuba (23° 51’ 50” S and 46° 17’ 51” W) is a typi- Different aspects of the biology of a few fish species from the cal Atlantic Forest river, with upper reaches located in the Parque Atlantic Rainforest coastal streams have been approached in the Estadual da Serra do Mar in the coastal slopes forming the Serra literature, such as their reproduction (e.g. Menezes & Caramaschi do Mar. It flows from the mountain chain through a steep portion 1994, Aranha & Caramaschi 1999, Mazzoni & Iglesias-Rios 2002a, forming waterfalls and rapids on a rocky bottom gathered to form 2007, Mazzoni et al. 2002, 2005, Mazzoni & Silva, 2006 Vitule the main river. Its medium portion crosses a less steep terrain and et al. 2007, 2008a, Braga et al. 2008), feeding habits (e.g. Aranha & covers a wider area where sampling efforts were focused. Some ­Caramaschi 1999, Aranha et al. 2000, Vitule & Aranha 2002, Mazzoni smaller streams enter Rio Jurubatuba along its medium portion, and & Rezende 2003, Rezende & Mazoni 2003, 2006, Barreto & Aranha efforts were also concentrated on its largest tributary, Riacho Sabão. 2006, Leitão et al. 2007, Mazzoni & Costa 2007, Vitule et al. 2008b), The lower portion of Rio Jurubatuba reaches a large estuary receiv- population structure (e.g. Braga et al. 2007) and spatial distribution ing waters from several other drainages and is located between the (e.g. Aranha & Caramaschi 1997, Menezes & Caramaschi 2000, coastal slopes with its jungle and the coast line occupied by part of Mazzoni & Iglesias-Rios 2002b, Mazzoni et al. 2004). Besides these the city of Santos (Figure 1). studies, an important volume was published around ten years ago The sampled area in Rio Jurubatuba (Figure 2) is approximately (Caramaschi et al. 1999) which included seminal papers regarding one meter deep in average and 10-15 m wide. Bottom is covered by the origin and evolution of this ichthyofauna (Castro 1999), aspects of rocks and large stones near its upper reaches and gradually covered its historical biogeography (Buckup 1999), trophic structure (Esteves by sand and sparse stones towards the esturarine portion. Riparian & Aranha 1999) and fish production (Mazzoni 1999), among others. vegetation and macrophyte benches are abundant along the studied Nevertheless, studies aiming to survey the ichthyofauna of certain area. Some anostomosed channels with muddy bottoms are formed portions of the biome and produce list of species in the Atlantic For- along the river, originating small islands and sandbanks. The portion est coastal streams are still not as common as they should be given studied was influenced by tidal fluctuations, with tidal ranges of -ap the accelerating process of environmental degradation influencing proximately 1.5 meter per 6-hours cycle and a salt wedge detected by these watersheds. its warm temperature around half meter deep in a few collections. This unique system represents a highly threatened environment Riacho Sabão (Figure 3) is one of the main tributaries of Rio whose ichthyofauna was not frequently explored by ecological studies ­Jurubatuba within the studied area. It is a course of water also coming focusing on the whole fauna, yielding a still poor knowledge of its from the coastal slopes of the Serra do Mar flowing through a river bend stream fishes (Castro & Menezes 1998, Vilella et al. 2004, Menezes of rocks and stones. In the coastal plain, its slope is nearly flat, with low et al. 2007, Serra et al. 2007). Detailed publications regarding fish energy and sandy bottom. Much vegetal debris composes the landscape communities of the Atlantic Rainforest include basins from the states and large amounts of dead leaves gather along its curves. The stream is of Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul quite long and meanders through the plain until it reaches Rio Jurubatuba. (Costa 1987, Buck & Sazima 1995, Araújo 1996, Aranha et al. 1998, Some areas are shallow with more water flow and approximatelly 50 cm Mazzoni & Lobón-Cerviá 2000, Esteves & Lobón-Cerviá 2001, deep while others are more than one meter deep and form natural pools. Fogaça et al. 2003, Vilella et al. 2004, Barreto & Aranha 2005, The stream average width is around 1-3 m, with some portions being less ­Mazzoni et al. 2006, Ribeiro et al. 2006, Sarmento-Soares et al. 2007, wide and fitting deeper in the terrain. Several small tributary channels 2008, 2009, Serra et al. 2007, Abilhoa & Bastos 2009). In the State of a few centimeters deep flow into Riacho Sabão and some of them were http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v10n1/en/abstract?article+bn01710012010 Biota Neotrop., vol. 10, no. 1 109

Fishes of Rio Jurubatuba, Santos, SP

Figure 1. Map of the region of Santos and Cubatão, southeastern coast of Brazil, State of São Paulo, with main cities and hydrographic features. Shaded areas represent urbanized centers. Larger arrow indicates area of study in Rio Jurubatuba and smaller arrow indicates aproximate location of Riacho Sabão. Figura 1. Mapa da região de Santos e Cubatão, costa sudeste do Brasil, Estado de São Paulo, com principais cidades e características hidrográficas. Áreas sombreadas representam centros urbanizados. A seta maior indica a área de estudo no Rio Jurubatuba e a seta menor indica localização aproximada do Riacho Sabão.

a b

c d

Figure 2. Aspects of Rio Jurubatuba, Santos, São Paulo. a) rapids near the Figure 3. Aspects of Riacho Sabão, Santos, São Paulo. a) rapids in the upper upper reaches; b) rocky bottom portion; c) lateral channel with muddy bottom reaches; b) sandy bottom portion; c) pools with bottom covered by leaves and and stones; and d) sandy bottom portion with marginal vegetation. tree trunks; and d) area with dense riparian forest. Figura 2. Aspectos do Rio Jurubatuba, Santos, São Paulo. a) corredeiras próxi- Figura 3. Aspectos do Riacho Sabão, Santos, São Paulo. a) região da cabeceira mas às cabeceiras; b) trecho com fundo de pedras; c) canal lateral com fundo encachoeirada; b) região com fundo de areia; c) poções em remansos com lodoso e pedras; e d) trecho com fundo de areia e vegetação marginal. fundo de folhiço e troncos; and d) áreas com vegetação ripária densa. http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v10n1/en/abstract?article+bn01710012010 http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br 110 Biota Neotrop., vol. 10, no. 1

Mattox, G.M.T. & Iglesias, J.M.P. completely dry trenches in part of the year. Marginal vegetation is dense Each unit was complemented by three gill nets measuring 10, 10 and along most portions of the stream, which is partly obstructed by fallen 15 m in length and with 25 mm of internode distance in the former and tree trunks in several spots. 50 mm of internode in the latter two, which operated during a 12 hour period during the night. The hand nets and trawl seine were used in the Materials and Methods exact same manner for each sampling unit in Riacho Sabão. Due to its Three field trips were taken, each lasting five days, in March, natural characteristics, however, gill nets were not used in this rather October and December of 2007. Both water bodies, Rio Jurubatuba small stream, substituted by three fish traps baited with comercial dog and its tributary Riacho Sabão, were sampled with nine sampling units and cat food operating during a 12 hour period. each (three units in each river per month). Each sampling unit in Rio Sampled fishes were collected and fixed in 4% formalin for 72 hours, Jurubatuba was represented by an active search of four hours using transferred to 70% ethanol, identified and counted. Identifications fol- two hand nets circa of half a square meter in area and a trawl seine of lowed the works of Britski (1972), Géry (1977), Figueiredo & Menezes 3 × 1 m and 5 mm of internode distance. This part of the sampling unit (1978, 1980), Menezes & Figueiredo (1985), Barletta & Corrêa (1992) was carried out by two persons during the daytime, who traded between and Menezes et al. (2007). Classification of species follows Menezes et al. hand nets and trawl seine aiming to explore the environment as a whole. (2003), Nelson (2006) and Buckup et al. (2007). Samples were deposited

Table 1. Classification of species sampled in Rio Jurubatuba (JUR) and Riacho Sabão (SAB), Santos, SP, with total number of individuals from each species sampled in the whole study, including the Frequency of Occurrence (%) of each species. One asterisk after name indicates Atlantic Rainforest endemic species and three asterisks indicate primary marine species. Tabela 1. Classificação das espécies amostradas no Rio Jurubatuba (JUR) e Riacho Sabão (SAB), Santos, SP, com número total de indivíduos de cada espécie amostrados no estudo como um todo e Freqüência de Ocorrência (%) de cada espécie. Um asterisco após o nome indica espécie endêmica de Mata Atlântica e três asteriscos indicam espécies primariamente marinhas. Taxon March October December Total % 2007 2007 2007 JUR SAB JUR SAB JUR SAB Characiformes CHARACIDAE: Astyanax taeniatus (Jenyns, 1848) * 12 10 - 52 24 11 109 83.4 Hollandichthys multifasciatus (Eigenmann & Norris, 1900) * - 10 - 22 - 6 38 50.0 Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Ellis, 1911 * 4 - 7 - 6 - 17 50.0 Hyphessobrycon griemi Hoedeman, 1957 * 20 - 30 - 2 - 52 50.0 Oligosarcus hepsetus (Cuvier, 1829) * 3 - - - - - 3 16.7 ERYTHRINIDAE : Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) - - 1 - - - 1 16.7 Siluriformes : Schizolecis guntheri (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) * - 25 - 83 - 65 173 50.0 HEPTAPTERIDAE: Acentronichthys leptos Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889* - 3 - 4 - 1 8 50.0 Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) - - - 2 - 1 3 33.4 Rhamdioglanis transfasciatus Miranda Ribeiro, 1908 * - 1 - 4 - 1 6 50.0 ARIIDAE: Genidens genidens (Cuvier, 1829) *** 1 - - - - - 1 16.7 Gymnotiformes GYMNOTIDAE: Gymnotus pantherinus (Steindachner, 1908)* - 2 - 4 - 5 11 50.0 Cyprinodontiformes RIVULIDAE: Kryptolebias caudomarginatus (Seegers, 1984) * 9 - 9 - 8 - 26 50.0 Kryptolebias ocellatus (Hensel, 1868) - - 3 - - - 3 16.7 Rivulus santensis Köhler, 1906 * - 1 - - 3 - 4 33.4 POECILIIDAE: Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Hensel, 1868) 105 25 658 73 517 86 1464 100.0 Phalloptychus januarius (Hensel, 1868) * 39 11 83 - 106 - 239 66.7 Poecilia vivipara Bloch & Schneider, 1801 19 - 52 - 207 - 278 50.0 Gasterosteiformes : lineatus (Kaup, 1856) *** - - 5 - - - 5 16.7 Pseudophallus mindii (Meek & Hildebrand, 1923) *** 20 - 17 - 10 - 47 50.0 Synbranchiformes SYNBRANCHIDAE: Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795 - 1 - - - - 1 16.7 Perciformes CENTROPOMIDAE: Centropomus parallelus Poey, 1860 *** 24 - 2 - 1 - 27 50.0 CICHLIDAE: Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 98 - 65 5 76 - 244 66.7 ELEOTRIDAE: Dormitator maculatus (Bloch, 1792) *** 3 - 1 - 3 - 7 50.0 GOBIIDAE: Awaous tajasica Lichtenstein, 1822 *** 3 - - - 3 - 6 33.4 http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v10n1/en/abstract?article+bn01710012010 Biota Neotrop., vol. 10, no. 1 111

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in the ichthyological collection of Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Phalloptychus ­januarius and G. brasiliensis. Six species showed low de São Paulo (MZUSP). relative frequency of occurrence (16.7%), each only sampled once Simple fauna descriptors were calculated based on measures throughout the survey: Hoplias malabaricus, Oligosarcus hepsetus, suggested by Magurran (1996) for this kind of ecological survey, Genidens genidens, Kryptolebias ocellatus, Microphis lineatus and namely the Margalef Diversity Index, Simpson Dominance Index Synbranchus marmoratus (Table 1). Six species (two characids, and Jaccard Similarity between the two sampled rivers. Besides these two poeciliids and two primary marine species) are illustrated in indeces, the Frequency of Occurence Index (Sabino & Castro 1990) Figure 4. was also calculated for each species. In order to know if the collecting Even after three field trips aiming to survey the ichthyofauna effort was enough to survey the ichthyofauna in the Rio Jurubatuba of Rio Jurubatuba system, the collector’s curve for the whole area system, sample-based rarefaction curves were produced (Gotelli & (Figure 5) shows just a little tendency towards an asymptote. The Colwell 2001, Colwell et al. 2004) considering Rio Jurubatuba and same can be said if Rio Jurubatuba and Riacho Sabão are considered Riacho Sabão both as a whole and as separate units, with the use of separatedly (Figure 6), specially in regard to Rio Jurubatuba, which the software EstimateS 7.5 (Colwell 2005). As mentioned above, each is both more diverse and unknown than its tributary Riacho Sabão. It site was sampled with three collecting units per month, resulting in is evident hence that although the ichthyofauna of this portion of Rio nine collecting units for each stream for the entire period. Jurubatuba can now be considered relatively known, further sampling efforts may increase this already enriched list of species. Results and Discussion The species richness registered in the Rio Jurubatuba system The list of species recorded in the Rio Jurubatuba system is was relatively high with 25 species from 14 families. Excluding presented in Table 1. A total of 2773 individuals were sampled, the primary marine fishes, 19 freshwater species from nine families representing 25 species, 14 families and seven orders. The best rep- were sampled. Studies conducted in similar systems in the Atlantic resented orders in number of species were Cyprinodontiformes and Rainforest accounted 15-26 freshwater species from 11 families Characiformes, followed by Siluriformes. The most diverse family (Costa 1987, Aranha et al. 1998, Mazzoni & Lobón-Cerviá 2000, was ­Characidae, followed by the cyprinodontiforms ­Poeciliidae Esteves & Lobón-Cerviá 2001, Vilella et al. 2004, Sarmento-Soares and ­Rivulidae and the siluriform Heptapteridae. The most abundant species was the poecilid Phalloceros caudimaculatus, followed Template de Figuras - Biotaby ­Poecilia Neotropica vivipara and the cichlid Geophagus brasiliensis. P. ­caudimaculatus was the only species to occur in 100% of the sample * Fontes Arial (Regular)/ Symbol (Medium)units, tamanho followed 7. in frequency of occurrence by Astyanax taeniatus, * "Cenário" - linhas com 0.5 de Stroke. * Linhas pertencente a "Dados gráficos" com 0.6 de Stroke. a b * Sempre que houver rosa dos ventos na imagem original, substituir pela padrão (Paleta Symbols). * Todas as figuras e gráficos deverão utilizar a escala de cores pré-definidas. * Preencimento de barras coloridas, seguir o padrão de cores da Swatches. * Preencimento de barras de gráficos pb devem ter 10% de preto quando houver texto e 50% quando não. * Dados na tabela ou figura devem estar no mesmo idioma do artigo. * Legendas devem estar dentro de caixas de texto com 2 mm de distância nas extremidades. Figure 5. Sample-based rarefaction curve for samples from the whole studied c d area, Santos, SP. * Texto da figura ou gráfico deve estar em "Sentence case". Figura 5. Curva de rarefação baseada em amostragem para as coletas reali- * Escala dos mapas deverá ter 1 ponto de Stroke. zadas na área estudada, Santos, SP. * Letras que representam figuras ex: a , devem estar no canto superior direito com 2 mm de distância das extremidades da figura.

e f

Figure 4. Six of the species sampled in the present study, most of them observed exclusively in Rio Jurubatuba (except for P. januarius). All photos taken from aquarium a few hours after capture. a,b,f) Photos by Samuel E. Betkoviski and c,d,e) photos by Martha Lange. a) Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus; b) H. griemi; c) Phalloptychus januarius, female above, male below; d) Poecilia vivipara, male; e) Microphis lineatus; and f) Dormitator maculatus. Figura 4. Seis das espécies amostradas no presente estudo, quase todas obser- vadas exclusivamente no Rio Jurubatuba (com exceção de P. januarius). Todas Figure 6. Sample-based rarefaction curves for samples from Rio Jurubatuba as fotos obtidas em aquário algumas horas após a captura. a,b,f) Fotos de Samuel and Riacho Sabão considered separatedly, Santos, SP. E. ­Betkoviski e c,d,e) fotos de Martha Lange. a) Hyphessobrycon ­bifasciatus; Figura 6. Curvas de rarefação baseada em amostragem para as coletas re- b) H. griemi; c) Phalloptychus januarius, fêmea acima, macho abaixo; d) ­Poecilia alizadas no Rio Jurubatuba e no Riacho Sabão consideradas separadamente, vivipara, macho; e) Microphis lineatus; e f) Dormitator maculatus. Santos, SP.

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Mattox, G.M.T. & Iglesias, J.M.P. et al. 2007). Characiformes, Siluriformes and Cyprinodontiformes, March, being restricted to the larger river in the remaining sampled the most diverse and dominant fish groups in South American fresh- periods. It is also worth noticing the abundance fluctuation of the waters (Lowe McConnell 1999) were the most representative of the three poeciliids. Phalloceros caudimaculatus, the dominant species present study. It is worth highlightening the family Characidae, the in this study, shows a prominet increase in number of individuals most diverse in the present study, which holds great importance in sampled in October, which may indicate that the spawning season streams of the Atlantic Rainforest (Menezes et al. 2007). The Margalef for this species is somewhere between March and October. As for Diversity Index calculated for the whole study area was 3.15, while Phalloptychus januarius and Poecilia vivipara, both species show this value was 2.33 and 1.76 in Rio Jurubatuba and Riacho Sabão, a gradual increase in number of individuals culminating in high respectively, when these streams are considered separatedly. These values in December. This increase was a little more pronounced in values are in accordance to what Gerhard et al. (2004) registered for P. vivipara than in P. januarius. Live-bearers poeciliids such as these the Rio Ribeira de Iguape system, with their highest value (3.14) (especially P. caudimaculatus and P. vivipara) are commonly known obtained in the Rio Iporanga watershed. to adopt r-strategies in their life-cycles, which can be related to their The Simpson Dominance Index values were 0.31 for the whole dominant nature in many streams of the Neotropical region. The same area and 0.37 and 0.27 for Rio Jurubatuba and Riacho Sabão alone, was detected in the Rio Jurubatuba system. respectively. In spite of the rather large population of Phalloceros Twelve out of the 19 freshwater species sampled in the present ­caudimaculatus that apparently dominated the present study, other study are endemic of the Atlantic Rainforest, a rather large propor- five species also accounted for high number of individuals in the tion of the whole diversity registered. It is outstanding that all sam- samples (circa of 100-300 individuals each), although not as abun- pled Characidae species, for instance, are restricted to these costal dantly as P. caudimaculatus. There are seven other species follow- drainages. Almost all Siluriformes sampled are also endemic of the ing in number of individuals, with 10-55 specimens sampled each. Atlantic Rainforest. This well illustrates the high endemism of fishes Twelve species had less than ten specimens sampled, being Hoplias in this biome pointed out by many authors (Bizerril 1994, Mazzoni malabaricus, Genidens genidens and Synbranchus marmoratus the & Lobón-Cerviá 2000, Sabino & Silva 2004, Sazima 2004, Oyakawa only species represented by a single individual sampled in the whole et al. 2006, Menezes et al. 2007). Besides the high endemism of the study. When both streams are considered separatedly, Rio Jurubatuba ichthyofauna in the study area, four species are listed as vulnerable or presented a higher dominance index value than Riacho Sabão, mainly in danger in local lists, including Hollandichthys multifasciatus (Rio reflecting the large population of P. caudimaculatus in that river. In Grande do Sul), Acentronichthys leptos (Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Riacho Sabão, on the other hand, the sizes of the sampled populations Santo), Kryptolebias caudomarginatus and K. ocellatus (both in Rio of P. caudimaculatus and Schizolecis guntheri are similar, the two de Janeiro) (Buckup et al. 2007). being the most abundant species in this stream. Historically, the coastal rivers of São Paulo State were explored In the spatial context, Rio Jurubatuba presented higher number by the first naturalists to set foot in the region. This is reflected in the of species and abundancy of individuals (18 and 2259, respec- description of some species based on material collected from these tively) than its tributary, Riacho Sabão (12 and 514, respectively). areas that grants them the status of type-localities. Hollandichthys In Rio ­Jurubatuba, the most abundant species were Phalloceros multifasciatus, for instance, was first described in 1900 from coastal ­caudimaculatus, Poecilia vivipara and Geophagus brasiliensis. streams in Cubatão. Gymnotus pantherinus and Rivulus santensis Six primary marine species were registered in Rio Jurubatuba: the were both described from costal streams of Santos (Menezes et al. marine catfishGenidens genidens, the pipe-fishesMicrophis lineatus 2007). This represents the great historical importance of these areas, and Pseudophallus mindii, the gobiid Awaous tajasica, the eleot- and measures to protect them are strongly recommended. rid Dormitator­ maculatus and the snook Centropomus paralellus The study area includes a high amount of endemic species (two- (­Table 1). They are all typically estuarine species that use the upper thirds of the freshwater fishes) and four species listed as vulnerable freshwater reaches in parts of their life cycles benefiting from the salt in regional lists. Allied to these facts is the geographic location of wedge formed from time to time (Figueiredo & Menezes 1978, 1980, the study area, which is in the vincinities of a major industrial pole Menezes & Figueiredo 1985). Riacho Sabão had no primary marine and one of the oldest cities in Brazil. These stand as good enough fishes, with the most abundant species being P. caudimaculatus, reasons to implement conservation measures to the study area as Schizolecis guntheri and Astyanax taeniatus. Both Rio Jurubatuba and soon as possible, as it represents an island of diversity in a nearly Riacho Sabão had seven freshwater species sampled exclusively in deserted land. each area. Among the 25 species sampled, only five occurred in both Rio Jurubatuba and Riacho Sabão: A. taeniatus, P. ­caudimaculatus, Acknowledgements Phalloptychus januarius, Rivulus santensis and G. brasiliensis. This was responsible for the low value in Jaccard Similarity Index calcu- This survey was financed by Anglo American Cubatão. The au- lated between both rivers: 0.20. thors are grateful to Roque de Gaspari and Fernando de Gaspari from The distribution of species in the seasonal context revealed Ambiens, in charge of the Environmental Studies in the study area. groups of species exclusive of a given period (Table 1). Oligosarcus This work greatly benefited from discussions with Flávio C. T. Lima hepsetus, Genidens genidens and Synbranchus marmoratus were and Osvaldo T. Oyakawa (MZUSP), Carlos C. Gallardo (IB-USP) and only sampled in March, a transition between the rainy summer and Patricia T. M. Cunningham (IO-USP). The authors would also like to beginning of fall, while Hoplias malabaricus, Kryptolebias ocellatus aknowledge Martha Lange and Samuel E. Betkoviski for taking the and Microphis lineatus were found exclusively in October, during pictures in Figure 4. Two anonymous reviewers greatly contributed spring time. It should be noted, however, that the seasonal pattern to this article with valuable suggestions to an earlier version of the described above involves species with low abundance which may manuscript. GMTM is currently financed by a Doctoral Fellowship be naturally more difficult to sample and, therefore, must be used in of Recent Groups (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvi- with caution when associated with a given pattern. Expansions of mento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq) and JMPI is financed by a populations were also related to season. Phalloptychus januarius Master Fellowship from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado and Geophagus brasiliensis, two of the most common species in de São Paulo (FAPESP). Permission for collections was given by Rio Jurubatuba, were only sampled in the tributary Riacho Sabão in IBAMA (# 104/2006 DIFAP/IBAMA, 19/10/2006). http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v10n1/en/abstract?article+bn01710012010 Biota Neotrop., vol. 10, no. 1 113

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