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Sistematika I Ekologija Lekovitog Bilja

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Sistematika I Ekologija Lekovitog Bilja SISTEMATIKA I EKOLOGIJA LEKOVITIH BILJAKA SISTEMATSKA BOTANIKA • Sistematika biljaka je naučna disciplina koja se bavi svrstavanjem poznatih biljaka u određene sisteme. • Kriterijumi na osnovu kojih se biljke svrstavaju u sisteme mogu biti različiti, pa se na osnovu toga razlikuju dati sistemi. • Sistemi koji se baziraju na međusobnim srodničkim odnosima između pojedinih živih bića, nazivaju se prirodni ili filogenetski sistemi. • Naučna disciplina koja se bavi proučavanjem međusobnih srodničkih ili filogenetskih odnosa izmešu živih bića naziva se filogenija, sistematika koja se zasniva na filogeniji je filogenetska sistematika. • Najvažnije metode filogenetske sistematike su: paleobotanička, komparativno-morfološka, ontogenetska, geografska, citogenetska, serološka, molekularno-biološka i biohemijska. Pr. Familije Papaveraceae (alkaloide) i Brassicaceae (glikozide). Red Papaverales Red Capparidales Nučnici Tahtadžjan (SSSR), Cronquist (Kanada) i Zimmerman (SR Nemačka), 1966. godine ustanovili su univerzalnu nomenklaturu koja se danas koristi. HIJERARHIJSKI SISTEMI (logički uređeni sistemi) Carstvo (Regnum) Razdeo (Divisio) -phyta Klasa (Klassis) class. -psida Red (Ordo) -ales Porodica (Familia) fam. -aceae Rod (Genus) gen. Vrsta (Species) sp. Klasična klasifikacija • Danas su sva živa bića podeljena u šest carstva: Pretpostavljena Pretpostavljena Carstvo Poznato gornja granica donja granica Virusi 4000 1000000 50000 Monera 4000 3000000 50000 Protista 80000 1200000 210000 Fungi 72000 2700000 200000 Plantae 270000 500000 300000 Animalia 1300000 10320000 2725000 Ukupno 1730000 18720000 3535000 U flori naše zemlje zvanično je registrovano oko 400 vrsta sa lekovitim svojstvima, što je u proseku oko 10% u odnosu na ukupnu floru Jugoslavije od oko 4280 vrsta. Prema savremenom sistemu klasifikacije biljak, zasnovanom na njihovom filogenetskom poreklu, carstvo biljaka (Plantae) se uslovno deli na dva podcarstva: niže biljke (Thallophyta) i više biljke (Cormophyta, Embriophyta). Nadrazdeo Bryophyta (mahovine) • Višegodišnje zeljaste biljke. • Ne razlikuju se tipična tkiva i organi (parenhimatičnu građu). • Funkciju korena-rizoidi. • Vegetativno telo-taloidno ili diferencirano na kauloid i listiće filoide. • Nadrazdeo Bryophyta obuhvata tri razdela embriofita (Anthocerotophyta, Marchantiophyta i Bryophyta). Klasifikacija razdela Klasifikacija razdela Marchantiophyta (Goffinet, Shaw, 2008) Klasifikacija razdela Anthocerotophyta (Duff et Bryophyta (Goffinet, Shaw, al., 2007) Haplomitriopsida Treubiales ed., 2008) Leiosporocerotopsida Haplomitriales Takakiopsida Leiosporocerotales Marchantiopsida Sphagnopsida Anthocerotopsida Blasiales Andraeopsida Anthocerotales Sphaerocarpales Andraeobryopsida Notophyladales Marchantiales Oedipodiopsida Phymatocerales Jungermaniopsida Polytrichopsida Dendrocerotales Pelliales Tetraphidopsida Fossombrionales Bryopsida Metzgeriales Pleuroziales Porellales Jungermaniales Marchantia polymorpha • Raste na vlažnom zemljištu ili vlažnim stenama. • Ranije su je upotrebljavali prilikom oboljenja jetre (jetrenjača), kao i za lečenje organa za disanje. • Izaziva mokrenje. Marchantia polymorpha • Svi pretstavnici roda Sphagnum žive na vlažnim mestima i formiraju treset. • Koristi se pri lečenju gnojnih rana. • U biljci se nalazi materija- sfagnol, koja ima antiseptičko dejstvo. Sphagnum sp. Nadrazdeo Pteridophyta (papratnice) • Obuhvata četri razdela: prečice (Lycopodiophyta), koje čine zasebnu granu filogenetskog drveta, rastavići (Equisetophyta), primitivne papratnice (Psilotophyta) i prave paprati (Polypodiophyta). Lycopodium clavatum Dryopteris filix-mas Equisetum arvense Razdeo Lycopodiophyta (prečice) • Višegodišnje zeljaste (u paleozoiku su živeli i drvenasti oblici), često zimzelene biljke. Korenovi su prisutni, dihotomo granati, adventivni, sa endarhnim protoksilemom. Stabla najčešće kratka, retko, kod visećih epifitskih formi, dostižu 1 m. Kod većine vrsta stabla uspravna i polaze sa puzećih stolona ili podzemnog izdanka, koji podseća na rizom. Stabla su sa egzarhnim protoksilemom. Listovi (likofili) su jednostavni, uglavnom mali (mikrofili), sa središnjim negranatim (retko slabo granatim) nervom. Raspored listova na stablu je spiralan, ređe pršljenast ili naspraman. Sporangije su unilokularne, pojedinačne u pazusima listova (sporofili), uglavnom grupisane u strobiluse. Među prečicama ima izospornih i heterospornih oblika. Gametofit je mikorizičan. Prečice mogu biti terestrične, akvatične ili epifitske. Lycopodium clavatum Sistematski pregled prečica • Dodatak dečijem puderu i za Classis Lycopodiopsida posipanje zguljene ili raspucale Ordo Lycopodiales kože. Familia Lycopodiaceae Classis Isoetopsida • U narodnoj medicini se koristi Classis Selaginellopsida nadzemni deo biljke kao diuretik i Ordo Selaginellales kod oboljenja bubrega. Familia Selaginellaceae Selaginella • U nekim zemljama kao lek protiv alkoholizma. Razdeo Equisetophyta (restavići) • Rastavići su zeljaste, višegodišnje biljke, ponekad visoke i do 1 m. Rizom je člankovit, veoma razgranat, sa adventivnim korenovima. Stablo je člankovito, sa tankim, člankovitim granama raspoređenim u pršljenove. Na čvorovima stabla su pršljenasto raspoređeni listovi, koji grade rukavac. Sporangije rastavića nalaze se na posebnim tvorevinama – sporangioforima, koji su sakupljeni na vrhu stabla, gde formiraju sporofilni klas. Classis Equisetopsida Equisetum arvense L. Ordo Equisetales Familia Equisetaceae Rod Equisetum • Koristi se nadzemni de biljke. • Deluje kao diuretik, protiv upale mokraćne bešike. • Arterioskleroze i hipertonije. • Za bolje varenje. Equisetum palustre sadrži toksične alkaloide (palustrin i druge), pa se ne koristi kao lekovita. Ostale vrste su nedovoljno proučene. Equisetum arvense Razdeo Polypodiophytae (paprati) • Mogu se naći kako patuljaste, tako i drvenaste forme. Korenovi su adventivni na podzemnom izdanku rizomu. Stablo uglavnom monopodijalno. Laminarni oblik listova. Najčešće perasto deljen, kod nekih predstavnika i višestruko, ali može biti i ravan, režnjevit, dihotom. Kod sporotrofofila, na naličju lista se nalaze sorusi. Divisio Polypodiophyta Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Subdiv. Eusporangiatae Classis Marattiopsida • Koristi se rizom (Filicis maris rhizoma). Subcl. Marattiidae • Upotreba: antihelmintik (protiv pantljičare). Subdiv. Leptosporangiatae Classis Polypodiopsida Subcl. Marsileidae Subcl. Salviniidae Subcl. Polypodiidae Adiantum capillus-veneris L. • Koristi se zeljasti deo biljke. • Upotrebljava se kao slab ekspektorans, diuretuk, adstrigens. • U narodu je poznat u lečenju organa za disanje, mokraćnih puteva i uređivanje menstruacije. Polypodium vulgare L. • Koristi se rizom (Polypodii rhizoma). • Upotreba: ekspektorans, antiasmatik i diuretik. • Narodni lek protiv kašlja i astme. Polypodium vulgare Ceterach officinarum DC. (Asplenium ceterach L.) • Koristi se list (Ceterach folium). • Upotreba: narodni lek protiv proliva, katara pluća i bešike. Asplenium ceterach Scolopendrium vulgare Sm. (Asplenium scolopendrium L.) • Koristi se: list (Scolopendrii folium). • Upotreba: narodni lek, diuretik, adstrigens. Asplenium scolopendrium Nadrazdeo Spermatophyta (semenice) • Za semenice je karakteristična heterosporna smena generacije. Dobro su razvijeni svi delovi biljke (koren, stablo i listovi). Glavni koren je nastao od korenka klice. Poseduju bočno grananje. Prisutna je eustela. Sekundarno rastu u debljinu. Poseduju cvet, plod i seme. Razdeo (Divisio) Klasa (Classis) Cycadophytina Liginopteridopsida Cycadopsida Pinophyta Bennetitopsida (Gymnospermae) Gnetopsida golosemenice Ginkgopsida Pinopsida Coniferophytina Magnoliophyta (Angiospermae) Magnoliopsida skrivenosemenice Liliopsida Razdeo Pinophyta (golosemnice) • Dominira sporofit, gametofit nesamostalan, redukovan. Mikrosporofili su sa polenovim kesicama – mikrosporangijama, u kojima se nalaze polenova zrna. Megasporofili su sa semenim zamecima, koji predstavljaju megasporangije obavijene integumentom. Welwitschia myrabilis Cycas revoluta Gnetum gnemon • Rod Ephedra obuhvata više Ephedra manje kserofilne i polukserofilne biljke koje rastu u pustinjama, polupustinjama, stepama, kamenjarima… • Obuhvata veći broj vrsta koje sadrže alkaloid EFEDRIN. Ovaj alkaloid se danas veštački sintetiše. Efedrin se koristi za regulaciju krvnog pritiska, reumatizam i dizenteriju. • Rod Ginkgo je nekada bio široko Ginkgo rasprostranjen, a danas se u prirodi može naći samo u Kini. • Lekovi od ginka zaustavljaju arteriosklerotične promene na sudovima, trombozu dubinskih vena, Alchajmerove bolesti, astme, odstranjuje nesanicu, dobar je antioksidans itd. Klasa Pinopsida (četinari) • Većinom drveće, ređe žbunje sa monopodijalnim grananjem. Listovi igličasti ili ljuspičasti, spiralno, naspramno, a vrlo retko pršljenasto raspoređeni. Na poprečnom preseku se razlikuju kora i masivno drvo u kojem je srž. Mikro i makrosporofili su grupisani u šišarke, jednopolne i jednodome, ređe dvodome. Razlikuju se muška i ženska šišarka. Oplođenje se obavlja pomoću vetra. Razviće semenog zametka je sporo (traje čak i godinu dana). Javlja se poliembrionija. • Cordaitales • Pinales Pinaceae Cupressaceae • Taxales Taxaceae Taxus Cordaites baccata Abies alba Mill. • Koristi se etarsko ulje četina (Abietis albae aetheroleum) i etarsko ulje šišarica (Abietis fructum aetheroleum). Ulja se dobijaju destilacijom pomoću vodene pare. • Upotreba: etarsko ulje je sastojak mirisnih esencija, sredstava za inhaliranje kod oboljenja organa za disanje, lekova za utrljavanje kod reumatizma, išijasa, nekih kožnih Abies alba
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