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Staff Advice Report Staff Advice Report June 2021 Advice to the Decision-making Committee on APP204242 Application code: APP204242 Application type and sub-type: Statutory determination Applicant: idverde Bomendienst B.V. Date application received: 28 May 2021 Purpose of the Application: Information to support the consideration of the determination of Verticillium nonalfalfae Inderb., H.W.Platt, R.M.Bostock, R.M.Davis & Subbarao (2011) Executive Summary Application APP20242 submitted by idverde Bomendienst B.V. seeks a determination on the organism status of Verticillium nonalfalfae in New Zealand. The applicant provided evidence that the microorganism V. nonalfalfae (formerly known as V. albo-atrum) has been found and collected in various crops across New Zealand since before 1998. After reviewing the information provided by the applicant and information found in scientific literature, EPA staff recommend that V. nonalfalfae is not a new organism for the purpose of the HSNO Act. Introduction 1. On 28 May 2021, idverde Bomendienst B.V. applied to the EPA under section 26 of the HSNO Act seeking a determination on the new organism status of Verticillium nonalfalfae. 2. Section 2A(1) of the HSNO Act prescribes that a new organism is, in part, an organism belonging to a species that was not present in New Zealand immediately before 29 July 1998. It is against that criterion that we evaluated the evidence available for the microorganism in the application. Purpose of this document 3. This document has been prepared by the EPA staff to advise the Committee of our assessment of application APP204242 submitted under the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 (the Act). This document discusses information provided in the application and other sources. 4. The decision path for this application can be found in Appendix 3. The application 5. The applicant, idverde Bomendienst B.V., developed a bio-control vaccine called Dutch Trig containing the fungus Verticillium nonalfalfae, an elicitor of the elm tree’s self-defence mechanism against Dutch elm disease. 6. The species previously known as V. albo-atrum was split into three distinct species in 2011 (V. albo-atrum sensu lato, V. alfalfae and V. nonalfalfae) following a phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences. The applicant provided evidence that samples of V. albo-atrum isolated in New Zealand before 29 July 1998 were later identified as V. nonalfalfae. 7. Our assessment includes information contained within the application and any other relevant information found in the scientific literature or elsewhere. Organism description 8. Verticillium nonalfalfae (Table 1) is a soil-borne fungus belonging to the order Hypocreales. It is a plant pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt on a wide range of species including hops, kiwifruits, potatoes and eggplants. It infects its hosts through roots and spreads in the plant’s xylem. 9. The species V. nonalfalfae was formerly known as V. albo-atrum (Mellow et al. 2019). Verticillium albo-atrum was split into three species: V. albo-atrum sensu stricto, V. alfalfae and V. nonalfalfae based on molecular systematics work. The three species are difficult to differentiate based on their morphological characters (Inderbitzin et al. 2011). Table 1: Taxonomic description of Verticillium nonalfalfae Taxonomic Unit Classification Order Hypocreales Family Plectosphaerellaceae Genus Verticillium Species V. nonalfalfae Inderb., H.W.Platt, R.M.Bostock, R.M.Davis & Subbarao (2011) 2 Review of information 10. The evidence of V. nonalfalfae’s (formally V. albo-atrum until 2011) continuous presence in New Zealand found in the application form and literature is summarised in Table 2. Presence of Verticillium albo-atrum 11. The fungus V. albo-atrum was found in tomato and potato crops around the country between 1947 and 1957 (Smith 1965). In 1956, an outbreak of wilt, identified as V. albo-atrum, in Nelson was observed (Christie 1956). 12. The applicant also provided evidence that V. albo-atrum was isolated from diseased plants in March 1973 in Pukekohe, then in 1977 from rockmelon in Hamilton, in 1979 from globe artichoke in Pukekohe and in 1981 from eggplant in the Waikato region (Hill 1982). The fungus was also isolated between 1979 and 1981 from lucerne (Hawthorne 1983). 13. The samples were not analysed after the split of the species in 2011, however, it is reasonable to believe that some of these specimens might have been V. nonalfalfae. Presence of Verticillium nonalfalfae Figure 1: Distribution of Verticillium nonalfalfae in New Zealand. Source: GBIF. 14. The applicant provided evidence of Verticillium samples isolated from New Zealand crops between 1968 and 1978 that were later identified as V. nonalfalfae (MWLR 2021). The same data are used on GBIF to show the wide distribution of V. nonalfalfae across the South Island and the North Island (Figure 1). 15. Evidence of V. nonalfalfae’s presence after 29 July 1998 is supported by its classification as ‘present’ in the New Zealand Organisms Register (NZOR ND), based on the Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research-curated New Zealand Fungi database (MWLR 2021). In 2019, the fungus was considered to have been present in the country for many years in a study on Verticillium spp. on kiwifruit in New Zealand (Mellow et al. 2019). 16. Verticillium nonalfalfae is also listed as present in New Zealand by the United Kingdom Plant Health Risk Register (Department for Environment 2020) and the European Food Safety Authority (Health 2014), however, the original source of the information is unknown. 3 17. In addition to the specimens found in New Zealand, the applicant noted that the fungus was widely spread around the world including Canada, the USA, China, Cuba, Japan, Middle Asia, Belgium, Slovenia, the Netherlands and the UK on common crop species. Table 2: Samples containing Verticillium nonalfalfae and V. albo-atrum in New Zealand. Year Sample Reference 1947 to 1957 V. albo-atrum isolated from tomato and potato crops (Smith 1965) throughout New Zealand 1956 V. albo-atrum was isolated from the diseased hops (Christie 1956) following an outbreak of wilt in a hop garden in the Tadmor district (Nelson) 1968, 1969, Potato (Alexandra, Invercargill), cucumber (MWLR 2021) 1974, 1977, (Whangarei, Auckland), lucerne (Hawkes Bay), 1979, 1984 tomato (Gisborne, Auckland, Nelson), tobacco (Motueka). Subsequently reclassified as V. nonalfalfae after molecular analysis of stored samples. 1973, 1977, V. albo-atrum isolated from diseased plants (Hill 1982) 1979, 1981 (Pukekohe), rockmelon (Hamilton), artichoke (Pukekohe), eggplant (Waikato) 1979 to 1981 V. albo-atrum isolated from lucerne (Taupo, (Hawthorne 1983) Canterbury and Central Otago) 1986 Present in New Zealand (EPPO Global Database ND) 2003 V. albo-atrum isolated from kiwifruit (Te Puke) (Mellow et al. 2019) ND V. albo-atrum (V. nonalfalfae under the new (Health 2014) taxonomy) confirmed to be present in New Zealand ND Presence of V. nonalfalfae but not the highly (Mellow et al. 2019) pathogenic strain found in Chile ND Listed as present in New Zealand (Department for Environment 2020) ND Listed as present in New Zealand (NZOR ND) 18. Due to the wide distribution of V. nonalfalfae pre-1998 in New Zealand on various crops and its presence post-1998 in the country, we considered that the fungus is highly likely to have had a continuous presence in New Zealand since before the 29 July 1998 when the Act came into force. Evaluation against legislative criteria 19. For an organism to be determined as “not new” under section 26 of the Act, the organism must be shown to lie outside the definition of a new organism as defined in section 2A(1) of the Act: 20. A new organism is- a. an organism belonging to a species that was not present in New Zealand immediately before 29 July 1998: b. an organism belonging to a species, subspecies, infrasubspecies, variety, strain, or cultivar prescribed as a risk species, where that organism was not present in New Zealand at the time of promulgation of the relevant regulation: 4 c. an organism for which a containment approval has been given under this Act: d. an organism for which a conditional release has been given: e. a qualifying organism approved for release with controls: f. a genetically modified organism: g. an organism that belongs to a species, subspecies, infrasubspecies, variety, strain, or cultivar that has been eradicated from New Zealand. 21. The decision pathway for a section 26 determination is outlined in Appendix 3. 22. Section 2A(1)(a) of the Act states that a new organism must belong to “a species that was not present in New Zealand immediately before 29 July 1998”. We have evaluated the information regarding V. nonalfalfae against this criterion. Comments from Agencies 23. In accordance with section s26(5) of the Act, and the Methodology, the Department of Conservation (DOC) and the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) were notified and provided with the opportunity to provide further information on the application. 24. DOC noted that samples collected in New Zealand prior to 1998 were recently identified as V. nonalfalfae therefore this fungus is not a new organism (Appendix 1). 25. MPI supports the applicant’s contention that Verticillium nonalfalfae is not a new organism under the HSNO Act and believes that there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the species was present in New Zealand immediately prior to 29 July 1998 (Appendix 2). Effect on New Zealand’s international obligations 26. It is not considered that any international obligations may be affected by this determination. Recommendation 27. After completing our assessment of the information that was submitted by the applicant, as well as our own findings, we consider that V. nonalfalfae was present in New Zealand immediately before 29 July 1998 and has had an ongoing presence in New Zealand. 28. A new organism is defined in section 2A of the Act, and includes: (a) An organism belonging to a species that was not present in New Zealand immediately before 29 July 1998.
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