INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCE ISSN NO: 0972-1347

Study of Drainage Basin Using Remote Sensing And GIS for Taluka, District,,. Mujawar K C, Mohite Onkar, Shinde Sachin, Sathe Shailesh, Patil Supraja, Mhetre Audumbar, Chavan Ashwin, Karkar Madhura,Unhale Prashant Department of civil Engineering, N B Navale Sinhgad College of Engineering,Kegaon,Solapur

Email:[email protected]

Abstract

The drainage basin is the response slope, bedrock, lithology and climate of that region which determines the characteristics of basin. Hence quantities analysis and them inter relationship are important to support decision for various themes. The methods of quantitative analysis of drainage basin was developed by Horton and modified by strahler in conventional means but recently geographic information system and satellite remote sensing is a complete tool to analyze to update and to correlate the measurement with periodic changes. Therefore, the results are more realistic and the time consuming. This study is to evaluate the nature of the drainage basins and relationship with characters of the terrains and for deriving means to conserve and manage natural resources and combating natural hazards. The study is based on lined, aerial and relief aspects of the catchment area using geographic information system tools. The present study based on spatial analysis of the ambegaon taluka drainage basin using Satellite data along with the field data in a GIS Environment. Using GIS Technique, Thematic layers like lithology, geological structures, slope morphology, geomorphology and land use/land cover for detailed study of ambegaon taluka drainage basin .The weightage rating systems were used for different classes of thematic layers which are based on relative importance of various factors. The study highlight that the majority of the study area falls under moderate and low hazard zones, which further indicates that slope stability and manmade causes are still a major concern when taking up developing activities. The present study will be useful for researcher as well as for planning and implementation of future developmental schemes within ambegaon taluka drainage basin.

Keywords: Ambegaon taluka drainage basin, Morphometric analysis, Thematic Maps, Weightage overlay analysis , GIS. I. INTRODUCTION

The methods of quantitative analysis of drainage basin was developed by Horton and modified by strahler in conventional means but recently geographic information system and satellite remote sensing is a complete tool to analyze to update and to correlate the measurement with periodic changes. Therefore, the results are more realistic and the time consuming. This study is to evaluate the nature of the drainage basins and relationship with characters of the terrains and for deriving means to conserve and manage natural resources and combating natural hazards. The study is soused on linear aspects and LULC of the catchment area using geographic information system tools. Geographic information system (GIS) are and Remote sensing have prove to be efficient tools in delineation of drainage patterns and water resources planning. Geographic information systems (GIS) has been widely used in several geomorphologic, morphometric, flood management, and environmental application (eg .Dawod and Mohamed , 2009 , EI Bastawesy et al , 2010, Rao et al , 2010 , Dawod and Mahamed , 2008 and Dongquan et al , 2009 ) . The drainage basin is the response slope, bedrock, lithology and climate of that region which determines the characteristics of basin. Hence quantities analysis and them inter relationship are important to support decision for various themes. The methods of quantitative analysis of drainage basin was developed by Horton and modified by strahler in conventional means but recently geographic information system and satellite remote sensing is a complete

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tool to analyze to update and to correlate the measurement with periodic changes. Therefore, the results are more realistic and the time consuming. This study is to evaluate the nature of the drainage basins and relationship with characters of the terrains and for deriving means to conserve and manage natural resources and combating natural hazards. The study is based on lined, aerial and relief aspects of the catchment area using geographic information system tools. II. OBJECTIVES

Geo-morphological study of the area To delineate the hazard zones using weighted overlay method To develop a spatial database using remote sensing and GIS To provide a decision support tool for hazard managers and planners

III. STUDY AREA

Ambegaon Taluka of the of Maharashtra State, India. It is located 60 kms towards the north from District Headquarter Pune, 125 kms from the State capital Mumbai. Pune District lies in the Ecologically Sensitive Zone I. Located in the ranges of Sahyadri Mountains having MSL 629-1256 meters. Location map of the study area is shown in Fig 1. The study area is lies between Latitude 73º25‟ N to 74º15‟ N and Longitude 18º50‟ E to 19º20‟ E . The topology of the area has been characterized by mountain, terraces and flood plains covering area 987 sq. km. Geologically the study area comprise of volcanic rock of Deccan trap with alternating layers of compact massive basalt and vesicular amygdaloidal basalts formed during the Cretaceous- Eocene times. „Aa‟ and „pahoehoe‟ lava flows of varying thickness constitute the lithology of the study area.

IV. METHODOLOGY & DATABASE

1.To prepare base map from SOI toposheets with 1:50.000 scales. Drainage, Contour and are digitized and thus the thematic layers are created from the SOI toposheets using Arc GIS software. 2. Contour map is used to generate DEM for the study area. (30m) 3. Use Satellite image sentinel 2A to create land use and land cover map which is processed using ERDAS 2011 imagine software. 4. Based on the Geo-Technical survey of India, weightages and ranking are given to each and every thematic layer create for the study area. After this all the thematic maps created are analysed using overlay analysis. Digitization work was carried out for entire analysis of drainage morphometry. The fundamental parameters namely, stream length, area, perimeter, number of streams and basin length were derived from the drainage layer. The morphometric parameters namely, stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, drainage frequency, relief ratio, elongation ratio, circularity ratio and compactness constant have been calculated based on the formula suggested by Horton (1945), Strahler (1964), Schumm(1956) and Miller (1953). SOFTWARE Arc GIS 10.0, Erdas 2011, DATA:- Satellite imagery (ASTER-1), Sentinel -2A

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Fig.no.1 Location map of the study area

V. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS

According to Clarke (1966), morphometry is the measurement and mathematical analysis of the configuration of the earth surface, shape and dimension of its landform. The morphometric analysis is carried out through measurement of linear, aerial and relief aspects of the basin and slope contribution. LINEAR ASPECTS: Linear aspects include the measurement of linear features of drainage such as stream order, Mean stream length, stream length ratio, bifurcation ratio, mean bifurcation ratio, stream length, length of overland flow, basin parameter, basin length (table 1). STREAM ORDER: The ambegaon village basin is sixth order stream covering an area of 987 Km2. The first step in drainage basin analysis is designation of stream orders, following a system introduced into the United State by Hoston (1956) and slightly modified by strahler (1964) assuming that one has available drainage network map including all intermittent and permanent flow lines located in clearly defined villages, the smallest tributaries are designated as order 1. STREAM NUMBER: The count of stream channel in its order is known as stream number. The number of stream segments decreases as the order increases. The higher amount stream order indicates lesser permeability and infiltration. It is obvious that the number of stream of any given order will be longer than for the next lower order but more numerous than for the next higher order. The number of stream decreases as the stream order increases. MEAN STREAM LENGTH (LSM): The mean stream length is presented in table 1. It is seen that Lsm value exhibits variation from 0.56 to 20.83. Lsm of the given order is greater than that of the lower order stream length shows linear graph when plotted against stream order which shows stream number usually decreases in geometric progression as the stream order increases.

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STREAM LENGTH RATIO(RL): Stream length ratio (Rl)- Horton‟s law (1945) of stream length states that mean stream length segments of each of the successive orders of a basin tends to approximate a direct geometric series with stream length increasing towards higher order of streams. The RL between streams of different order in the study area reveals that there is a variation in RL in watershed (Table no 1). This variation is due to changes in slope and topography. The stream length ratio has an important relationship with the surface water flow discharge and the erosional stage of the basin. The length ratio in the basin area is ranging from 0.29 to 0.39 AERIAL ASPECT: Arial aspects (Au) of a water shed of given order u is defined as the total area projected upon a horizontal plane contributing overland flow to the channel segment of the given order and includes all tributaries of lower order. Area of basin (A) and perimeter (p) are the most important parameters in quantitative morphology. Different morphometric parameters such as drainage density, stream frequency, drainage texture, form factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio and length of overland flow are presented in Table no 1 and are discussed as below. DRAINAGE DENSITY (DD): Horton (1932), introduced the drainage density (D) is an important indicator of the linear scale of land form element in stream eroded topography. It is the ratio of total channel segment length cumulated for all orders within a basin area, which is un pressed in term of mil/sq. Mi or km/ sq. Km. It is expressed as Dd=Lu/A. Low drainage density leads to coarse drainage texture while high drainage density leads to fine drainage texture (strahaler 1964). Drainage density is controlled by the type of formation in the basin areas with impervious formation will have higher drainage density than those with pervious formations (Gokhle, 2005). In the study area Drainage density is 2.99. The drainage density is governed by the factor like rock type, run off intensity, soil type, infiltration capacity and percentage of rocky area (fig.no.2). DRAINAGE TEXTURE: According to Horton (1945) drainage texture is the total number of stream segments of all orders per perimeter of the area. Smith (1954) classified drainage density into five different classes of drainage texture i.e. < 2 indicates very coarse, between 2 and 4 is coarse, between 4 and 6 is moderate, between 6 and 8 is fine and greater than 8 is very fine drainage texture. High relief ratio brings high discharge of surface water in a short duration. Small relief ratio indicates the erosional development of the drainage basin. The value of drainage texture of the study area is 20.44 and it shows the very fine drainage texture. FORM FACTOR RATIO (RF): Form factor may be defined as the ratio of the area of the basin and square of basin length (Horton, 1932). It can be formulated by Rf = A / L. The value of form factor would always be greater than 0.78 for perfectly circular basin. Smaller the value of form factor, more elongated will be the basin. The form factor of the study area is 0.77 it shows the circular basin. ELONGATION RATIO (Re): Schumm (1956) defined elongation ratio (Re) as the ratio between the diameter of the circle of the same area as that of the drainage basin and the maximum length of the basin. Values of Re generally vary from 0.6 to 1.0 over a wide variety of climatic and geologic conditions. Re values close to unity correspond typically to regions of low relief, whereas values in the range 0.6 – 0.8 are usually associated with high relief and steep ground slope (Strahler, 1964). These values can be grouped into three categories namely (a) circular (>0.9), (b) oval (0.9-0.8), (c) less elongated (<0.7). The Re values in the study area 0.49. Thus watershed is elongated in shape. Elongation ratio is the ratio of diameter of the circle of the same areas in the basin to the maximum basin length. The elongation ratio of the study area is 0.49 and it generally shows the highly elongated shape. A circular basin is more efficient in the discharge of the run-off than an elongated basin (Singh and Singh, 1997).

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Table no.1- Illustrates the morphometric parameter from the study area

Sr No. Morphometric Parameter Formula References Values Obtained for Aprupa Nala Basin

1 Stream Order and their no. Hierarchial Rank Strahler I II III IV V VI 1964 3383 795 171 38 6 1 2 Total Stream length in each Hierachial Rank Strahler I II III IV V VI order 1964 1901.44 551.64 304.71 116.66 53.27 20.83

3 Mean Stream Length(Lsm) LSM=Lu/Nu Strahler I II III IV V VI Where LSM=Mean Stream 1964 0.56 0.69 1.78 3.07 8.87 20.83 Length Lu=Total stream Length of order „u‟ Nu=Total no.of stream segments of order‟u‟ 4 Basin Length(Lb) Total length of the Basin Horton 1945 35.81 Km 5 Stream Length Ratio(RL) RL=Lu/Lu-1 Horton II/I III/II IV/III V/IV VI/V Where,RL=stream Length 1945 0.29 0.55 0.38 0.45 0.39 Ratio Lu=Total stream length of orders „u‟ Lu-1=Total stream length of its next lower order 6 Bifurcation Ratio(Rb) Rb=Nu/Nu+1 Schumm I/II II/III III/IV IV/V VI/V Where,Nu=total no.of 1956 4.25 4.64 4.5 6.33 6 stream segments of orders „u‟ Nu+1=Number of Segments of next higher order 7 Mean Bifurcation Ratio(Rbm) Rbm=average of Bifurcation Strahler 1957 5.14 Ratios of all orders 8 Drainage Density (D) D=Lu/A Horton 1932 2.99 Where,D=Drainage Density Lu=Total Stream length of all orders A=Area of Basin 9 Stream Frequency(Fs) Fs=Nu/A Horton 1932 4.45 Volume 6, Issue 3, March 2019 133 http://ijics.com Where, Fs=Stream INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCE ISSN NO: 0972-1347

frequency Nu=Total no of streams of all orders A=Area of basin 10 Drainage Texture(Rt) Rt=Nu/p Horton 1945 20.44 Where,Rt=Drainage Texture Nu=Total no. of stream segments of order „u‟ P=Perimeter(Km) 11 Circularity ratio(Rc) Rc=4×π×A/p2 Miller 1953 0.26 Where,Rc=Circularity Ratio π =Pi value i.e.3.14 A=area of Basin P2-perimeter square 12 Elongation Ratio(Re) Re=√(A/π)/Lb Schumn 1956 0.49 Where,Re=Elongation Ratio A=Area of Basin π =pi value i.e 3.14 Lb=Basin Length 13 Form Factor Rf = A / L2 Strahler 1968 0.77

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Fig. no.2.- Illustrates the drainage map of the study area

CIRCULATORY RATIO (Rc): The circulatory ratio is mainly concerned with the length and frequency of stream, geological structure, land use / land cover, climate, relief and slope of basin. It is the ratio of the area of the basins to the area of circle having the same circumference as the parameter of the basin (Miller, 1953). It can be expressed as Rc = 4π A / P2. It is the significant ratio which indicates the stage of dissection in the study region. Their low, medium and high values are correlated with youth, mature and old stage of the cycle of the tributary watershed of the region and the value obtained. The circulatory ratio of the study area is 0.26.

Fig. no.3.- Illustrates the LU/LC map of the study area

LAND USE / LAND COVER ANALYSIS: - The Land Use and Land Cover map of the study area shows the total area under study is 987 sq.km, contain total built up coverage at about 43.58 sq.km. High concentration of settlement situated which covers East side of the study area. The water bodies that are present in the study area are which covers area 24.06 sq.km. Which is situated in centre of the map and. Agricultural land occupies 464.98 sq km, reserve forest occupies 451.96 area, west land occupies 2.57 sq km. Fig. no.(2.3). Vegetation cover is an important factor which influences the occurrence and movement of the rainfall which triggers the landslides. DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL(DEM): Digital elevation model of ambegaon taluka shows the high relief features and low relief features of the area which gives the altitutde of the total arearanges between 1256 to 619 meter from MSL. ASPECT MAP:

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Aspect map of ambegaon taluka shows the direction to which a mountain slope faces. The aspect map is a very important parameter to understand impact of sun on local climate of the area. Generally west facing slope showing the hottest time of day in the afternoon and in most cases a west-facing slope will be warmer than sheltered an east-facing slope. Aspect map has major effects on the distribution of vegetation type of area. The aspect map derived from digital elevation model represents the compass direction of the aspect. 0_ is true north; a 90_ aspect is to the east (Fig. 5). The watershed shows east-facing slopes and therefore, these slopes have higher moisture content and higher vegetation compared to west facing slope. Aspect has a great influence on vegetation. Parameter of aspect such as exposure to sunlight, drying winds, rainfall and discontinuities may control the occurrence of landslides.

Fig. no.4-Illustrates the digital elevation model of Ambegaon

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Fig. no.5.- Illustrates the aspect map of the study area

VI. CONCLUSION

The ambegaon village basin is sixth order stream covering an area of 987 Km2..The stream length ratio has an important relationship with the surface water flow discharge and the erosional stage of the basin. The stream length ratio in the basin area is ranging from 0.29 to 0.39. The drainage pattern of the study area shows dendritic to sub parallel in nature. The value of drainage texture of the study area is 20.44 and it shows the very fine drainage texture. The value of form factor would always be greater than 0.78 for perfectly circular basin. The form factor of the study area is 0.77 it shows the basin is not circular. The elongation ratio of the study area is 0.49 and it generally shows the highly elongated shape. A circular basin is more efficient in the discharge of the run-off than an elongated basin (Singh and Singh, 1997). Digital elevation model of ambegaon taluka shows the high relief features and low relief features of the area which gives the altitutde of the total arearanges between 1256 to 619 meter from MSL. Aspect map of ambegaon taluka shows the direction to which a mountain slope faces. The aspect map is a very important parameter to understand impact of sun on local climate of the area. The drainage basin shows east-facing slopes and therefore, these slopes have higher moisture content and higher vegetation compared to west facing slope. The study reveals that Toposheet data and GIS based approach in evaluation of drainage morphometric parameters and their influence on landforms, drainage characteristics at Watershed basin level is more appropriate than the conventional methods. GIS based approach facilitates analysis of different morphometric parameters and to explore the relationship between the drainage morphometry and properties of landforms. The morphometric analyses were carried out through measurement of linear, arial aspects of the basin with morphometric parameters.GIS study allows reliable most accurate and most updated database on land resources. It has also been very useful in deriving geomorphometric parameters. In the present study GIS software are used to preparation of Base map, elevation map and aspect map of ambegaon drainage basin. Drainage morphometry of basin reflects hydro-geologic maturity. GIS techniques characterized by very high accuracy of mapping and measurement prove to be a competent tool in morphometric analysis. The present drainage basin study is important for planning, hazard mitigation, water resource development and management programs. The morphometric characteristics of the basin show their relative characteristics with respect to the hydrologic

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response of the watershed. Based on the results, it is concluded that the implementation of erosion control measures for high altitude areas of the basin.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are very much thankful to Hon.Principal Dr S D Nawale for his support,Head of department Prof. P P Tapkir for his valuable guidance and Prof. P L Unhale ,Solapur University for preparation of maps .We also thanks to Lokmangal agricultural college,Wadala for soil sample analysis.

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Mujawar KC,Gajul MD,PrabhakarP”,Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Balatira Watershed, Atpadi Taluka, Sangli District, Maharashtra.”In the International Journal of Engineering Science Invention(IJESI).Dec-2017,Vol- 6,Issue-12,pp-06-13.

MujawarKC,Unhale PL,”Morphometric Analysis of Dhubdhubi Watershed using GIS technique, District Solapur, Maharashtra” In the International Journal of Scientific Research and Review, Vol-7 Issue-3,Mar-2018 pp-349-357.

MujawarKC,et.al,”Geomorphological And Land Use / Land Cover Studies Of Aprupa Watershed Basin: Taluka Sangola,District Solapur, Maharashtra” In the Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), Vol-5 Issue-11,Nov-2018 pp-166-173.

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