DOCSLIB.ORG

South Tarawa Renewable Energy Project

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
South Tarawa Renewable Energy Project Project Number: 49450-021 November 2020 Pacific Renewable Energy Investment Facility Republic of Kiribati: South Tarawa Renewable Energy Project This document is being disclosed to the public in accordance with ADB's Access to Information Policy. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 9 November 2020) Currency unit – Australian dollar/s (A$) A$1.00 = $0.73 $1.00 = A$1.37 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank BESS – battery energy storage system COVID-19 – coronavirus disease GHG – greenhouse gas GWh – gigawatt-hour km2 – square kilometer kWh – kilowatt-hour MFED – Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MW – megawatt MWh – megawatt-hour MWp – megawatt-peak O&M – operation and maintenance PAM – project administration manual PUB – Public Utilities Board TA – technical assistance tCO2e – ton of carbon dioxide equivalent NOTE In this report, "$" refers to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. Vice-President Ahmed M. Saeed, Operations Group 2 Director General Leah Gutierrez, Pacific Department (PARD) Deputy Director Emma Veve, PARD General Director Olly Norojono, Energy Division (PAEN), PARD Team leader Cinderella Tiangco, Principal Energy Specialist, PAEN, PARD Team members Rafayil Abbasov, Energy Specialist, PAEN, PARD Cynthia Ambe, Operations Assistant, PAEN, PARD Chandra Arora, Procurement Specialist; Procurement Division 2, Procurement, Portfolio and Financial Management Department Cindy Bryson, Safeguards Specialist, Portfolio, Results, and Quality Control Unit (PAOD-PRQ), PARD Faith Joy Buentipo, Senior Operations Assistant, PAEN, PARD Christian Ellerman, Senior Climate Change Specialist, Climate Change & Disaster Risk Management Division, Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department (SDCC) Jane Fantilanan, Associate Project Analyst, PAEN, PARD Lily Anne Homasi, Senior Economics Officer, Pacific Subregional Office (SPSO), PARD Roshan Ouseph, Senior Counsel, Office of the General Counsel Eun Young So, Energy Specialist, PAEN, PARD Ritu Verma, Principal Social Development Specialist (Gender and Development), PARD Jean Williams, Principal Environment Specialist, PAOD-PRQ, PARDa Peer reviewer David Elzinga, Senior Energy Specialist, Energy Sector Group, SDCC a Outposted to Pacific Subregional Office in Suva, Fiji In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CONTENTS Page PROJECT AT A GLANCE MAP I. BACKGROUND 1 II. THE PROJECT 1 A. Rationale 1 B. Project Description 4 C. Value Added by ADB 5 D. Summary Cost Estimates and Financing Plan 5 E. Implementation Arrangements 6 III. DUE DILIGENCE 7 A. Technical 7 B. Economic and Financial Viability 8 C. Sustainability 8 D. Governance 9 E. Poverty, Social, and Gender 10 F. Safeguards 10 G. Summary of Risk Assessment and Risk Management Plan 11 IV. ASSURANCES 12 V. THE PRESIDENT’S DECISION 12 APPENDIXES 1. Design and Monitoring Framework 13 2. List of Linked Documents 16 Project Classification Information Status: Complete PROJECT AT A GLANCE 1. Basic Data Project Number: 49450-021 Project Name South Tarawa Renewable Energy Project Department/Division PARD/PAEN Country Kiribati Executing Agency Ministry of Finance and Recipient Government of Kiribati Economic Development Country Economic https://www.adb.org/Documents/LinkedDocs/ Indicators ?id=49450-021-CEI Portfolio at a Glance https://www.adb.org/Documents/LinkedDocs/ ?id=49450-021-PortAtaGlance 2. Sector Subsector(s) ADB Financing ($ million) Energy Energy sector development and institutional reform 0.20 Renewable energy generation - solar 7.80 Total 8.00 3. Operational Priorities Climate Change Information Addressing remaining poverty and reducing inequalities GHG reductions (tons per annum) 4,633 Accelerating progress in gender equality Climate Change impact on the Medium Tackling climate change, building climate and disaster resilience, and Project enhancing environmental sustainability Strengthening governance and institutional capacity ADB Financing Adaptation ($ million) 0.22 Mitigation ($ million) 5.61 Cofinancing Adaptation ($ million) 0.18 Mitigation ($ million) 4.52 Sustainable Development Goals Gender Equity and Mainstreaming SDG 1.4, 1.5 Effective gender mainstreaming (EGM) SDG 5.5 SDG 7.2 Poverty Targeting SDG 10.3 General Intervention on Poverty SDG 13.a 4. Risk Categorization: Low . 5. Safeguard Categorization Environment: B Involuntary Resettlement: B Indigenous Peoples: C . 6. Financing Modality and Sources Amount ($ million) ADB 8.00 Sovereign Project grant: Asian Development Fund 8.00 Cofinancing 5.70 Government of New Zealand - Project grant (Full ADB Administration) 2.00 Strategic Climate Fund - SREP - Project grant (Full ADB Administration) 3.70 Counterpart 1.00 Government 1.00 Total 14.70 Currency of ADB Financing: US Dollar Source: Asian Development Bank This document must only be generated in eOps. 25082020174634974490 Generated Date: 06-Oct-2020 11:09:36 AM o o o 180 00’ 160 00'W 173 00'E KIRIBATI Buariki SOUTH TARAWA RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECT Tearinibai Nuatabu Tebwangaroi P A C I F I C O C E A N Taratai N O R T H T A R A W A Eretibou 1 o 30'N 1 o 30'N GILBERT GROUP Abaokoro Marenanuka Teraina Northern L A G O O N Kainaba Nabeina Makin Butaritari Tabuaeran T A R A W A A T O L L Tabiteuea Abaiang Marakei Abatao TARAWA N O R T H P A C I F I C O C E A N Kiritimati Buota Maiana Bikeman 0o Abemama 0o Bonriki Kuria Nonouti S O U T H T A R A W A Bikenibeu Aranuka Beru Betio Taborio Eita Tabiteuea Nikunau LINE GROUP Temaiku Banaba Onotoa Kanton Nanikai Banraeaba Enderbury Tamana Arorae McKean Birnie Malden Bairiki Teaoraereke Rawaki o Nikumaroro Orona 173 00'E Manra Starbuck Filippo Reef PHOENIX GROUP (RAWAKI) Millennium 10 o 00'S 10 o 00'S Vostok Southern Flint 160 o 00'W ADB'S DEVELOPING MEMBER COUNTRIES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS HAWAII N GUAM MARSHALL ISLANDS N O R T H P A C I F I C O C E A N FEDERATED STATES 0 500 1000 REPUBLIC OF OF MICRONESIA PALAU Kilometers NAURU PAPUA K I R I B A T I NEW GUINEA SOLOMON TUVALU ISLANDS SAMOA National Capital VANUATU COOK Town ISLANDS FRENCH FIJI POLYNESIA International Airport NIUE TONGA International Boundary NEW A U S T R A L I A CALEDONIA Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative. Source: Satellite views of Bonriki, Google Earth S O U T H P A C I F I C O C E A N 200858A 20KIR ABV 20KIR 200858A (accessed 16 September 2020) This map was produced by the cartography unit of the Asian Development Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the Asian Development N E W Z E A L A N D Bank, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries, colors, denominations, or information. 180o 00’ I. BACKGROUND 1. On 22 June 2017, the Board of Directors of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved the Pacific Renewable Energy Investment Facility. 1 The facility finances renewable energy 2 projects in the 11 smaller Pacific island developing member countries (PIC-11).F Upon approval, the Board delegated authority to the President to approve loans and/or grants to targeted countries for qualifying projects of up to $200 million in cumulative ADB financing. 2. The facility will finance a grant to Kiribati for the South Tarawa Renewable Energy Project, ADB’s first project in the Kiribati energy sector. The Strategic Climate Fund3 and the Government of New Zealand’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade will provide grant cofinancing, to be administered by ADB. Through the installation of a solar photovoltaic and a battery energy storage system (BESS) and capacity building, the project will help the Government of Kiribati (i) expand access to clean energy; (ii) improve the reliability and climate resilience of service; (iii) reduce reliance on fossil fuels for power generation; (iv) reduce greenhouse gas emissions; (v) reduce the cost of power generation; and (vi) improve the capacity of energy sector stakeholders. II. THE PROJECT A. Rationale 3. Country context. Kiribati is a small island nation in the central Pacific. It comprises 32 atolls and a coral island with a total land area of 810 square kilometers (km2) widely dispersed over an exclusive economic zone of 3.5 million km2 and spread across three island groups and time zones. Kiribati’s remoteness from major markets and limited resources lead to high import costs, while its low elevation—averaging only 2 meters above sea level—creates severe vulnerability to sea-level rise and other climate change impacts and natural hazards. Like many other small Pacific islands, Kiribati’s electricity generation relies heavily on imported diesel fuel, transported by sea over long distances and subject to weather and climate-change-related supply disruptions. This dependence exposes Kiribati to high and fluctuating oil prices and has resulted in among the region’s highest costs of power generation. 4 The government has prioritized strengthening fuel security and reducing carbon emissions. The investments in renewable energy, energy storage, and distributed technologies are expected to improve the country’s energy security, increase grid reliability, and reduce fossil fuel consumption. 4. Sector context. Grid-connected electricity in Kiribati’s capital, South Tarawa, is generated and distributed by the Public Utilities Board (PUB), a state-owned electricity, water, and sewerage utility. The PUB’s installed capacity of 7.01 megawatts (MW) comprises several diesel generators totaling 5.45 MW and recently completed grid-connected solar photovoltaic systems totaling 1.56 megawatt-peak (MWp). These supply an annual peak demand of close to 6.0 MW to government, commercial, and residential customers. The photovoltaic systems account for 22% of installed capacity but supply only about 9% of demand on South Tarawa; diesel generation supplies the remaining 91%.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Maiana Social and Economic Report 2008
    M AIANA ISLAND 2008 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE PRODUCED BY THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS, WITH FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM THE UNITED NATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM, AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FROM THE SECRETARIAT OF THE PACIFIC COMMUNITY. Strengthening Decentralized Governance in Kiribati Project P.O. Box 75, Bairiki, Tarawa, Republic of Kiribati Telephone (686) 22741 or 22040, Fax: (686) 21133 MAIANA ANTHEM MAIANA I TANGIRIKO MAIANA I LOVE YOU Maiana I tangiriko - 2 - FOREWORD by the Honourable Amberoti Nikora, Minister of Internal and Social Affairs, July, 2007 I am honored to have this opportunity to introduce this revised and updated socio-economic profile for Maiana island. The completion of this profile is the culmination of months of hard-work and collaborative effort of many people, Government agencies and development partners particularly those who have provided direct financial and technical assistance towards this important exercise. The socio-economic profiles contain specific data and information about individual islands that are not only interesting to read, but more importantly, useful for education, planning and decision making. The profile is meant to be used as a reference material for leaders both at the island and national level, to enable them to make informed decisions that are founded on accurate and easily accessible statistics. With our limited natural and financial resources it is very important that our leaders are in a position to make wise decisions regarding the use of these limited resources, so that they are targeted at the most urgent needs and produce maximum impact. In addition, this profile will act as reference material that could be used for educational purposes, at the secondary and tertiary levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Shyama Pagad Programme Officer, IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group
    Final Report for the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development Compile and Review Invasive Alien Species Information Shyama Pagad Programme Officer, IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group 1 Table of Contents Glossary and Definitions ................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4 SECTION 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Alien and Invasive Species in Kiribati .............................................................................................. 7 Key Information Sources ................................................................................................................. 7 Results of information review ......................................................................................................... 8 SECTION 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Pathways of introduction and spread of invasive alien species ................................................... 10 SECTION 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 12 Kiribati and its biodiversity ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Second Visit to Wallis and Futuna, 4 November 1983 to 22
    SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION UNPUBLISHED REPORT No. 10 REPORT ON SECOND VISIT TO KIRIBATI 1 April – 5 September 1984 and 31 October – 19 December 1984 by P. Taumaia Masterfisherman and P. Cusack Fisheries Development Officer South Pacific Commission Noumea, New Caledonia 1997 ii The South Pacific Commission authorises the reproduction of this material, whole or in part, in any form provided appropriate acknowledgement is given This unpublished report forms part of a series compiled by the Capture Section of the South Pacific Commission's Coastal Fisheries Programme. These reports have been produced as a record of individual project activities and country assignments, from materials held within the Section, with the aim of making this valuable information readily accessible. Each report in this series has been compiled within the Capture Section to a technical standard acceptable for release into the public arena. However, they have not been through the full South Pacific Commission editorial process. South Pacific Commission BP D5 98848 Noumea Cedex New Caledonia Tel.: (687) 26 20 00 Fax: (687) 26 38 18 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.spc.org.nc/ Prepared at South Pacific Commission headquarters, Noumea, New Caledonia, 1997 iii SUMMARY The South Pacific Commission's Deep Sea Fisheries Development Project (DSFDP) visited the Republic of Kiribati for the second time between April and December 1984. The visit was conducted in two distinct phases; from 1 April to 5 September the Project was based at Tanaea on Tarawa in the Gilbert Group and operated there and at the islands of Abaiang, Abemama, Arorae and Tamana.
    [Show full text]
  • WOMEN and BUSINESS in the PACIFIC Anyone Seeking to Support Pacifi C Women and Contribute to Entrepreneurship, Business Development, and Private Sector Growth
    Women and Business in the Pacifi c This book provides a current and comprehensive analysis of the context in which Pacifi c women engage in the private sector, as well as a detailed list of strategies to increase their participation in business. Drawing on research and data from seven Pacifi c countries, it o ers a diversity of innovative and pragmatic ways to empower women and enhance their economic opportunities. Jointly undertaken by the Asian Development Bank’s Pacifi c Private Sector Development Initiative and the Government of Australia, this study is valuable for WOMEN AND BUSINESS IN THE PACIFIC WOMEN anyone seeking to support Pacifi c women and contribute to entrepreneurship, business development, and private sector growth. About the Asian Development Bank ADB is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacifi c, while sustaining its e orts to eradicate extreme poverty. Established in , it is owned by members— from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. WOMEN AND About the Pacifi c Private Sector Development Initiative PSDI is a technical assistance program undertaken in partnership with the Government BUSINESS of Australia, the Government of New Zealand, and the Asian Development Bank. PSDI supports ADB’s Pacifi c developing member countries to improve the enabling environment for business and to support inclusive, private sector-led economic growth. The support of the Australian and New Zealand governments and ADB IN THE PACIFIC has enabled PSDI to operate in the region for years and assist with more than reforms.
    [Show full text]
  • Kiribati Fourth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity
    KIRIBATI FOURTH NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Aranuka Island (Gilbert Group) Picture by: Raitiata Cati Prepared by: Environment and Conservation Division - MELAD 20 th September 2010 1 Contents Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF BIODIVERSITY, STATUS, TRENDS AND THREATS .................................................... 8 1.1 Geography and geological setting of Kiribati ......................................................................................... 8 1.2 Climate ................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Status of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Soil ................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.3.2 Water Resources ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Participatory Diagnosis of Coastal Fisheries for North Tarawa And
    Photo credit: Front cover, Aurélie Delisle/ANCORS Aurélie cover, Front credit: Photo Participatory diagnosis of coastal fisheries for North Tarawa and Butaritari island communities in the Republic of Kiribati Participatory diagnosis of coastal fisheries for North Tarawa and Butaritari island communities in the Republic of Kiribati Authors Aurélie Delisle, Ben Namakin, Tarateiti Uriam, Brooke Campbell and Quentin Hanich Citation This publication should be cited as: Delisle A, Namakin B, Uriam T, Campbell B and Hanich Q. 2016. Participatory diagnosis of coastal fisheries for North Tarawa and Butaritari island communities in the Republic of Kiribati. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish. Program Report: 2016-24. Acknowledgments We would like to thank the financial contribution of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research through project FIS/2012/074. We would also like to thank the staff from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community and WorldFish for their support. A special thank you goes out to staff of the Kiribati’s Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Environment, Land and Agricultural Development and to members of the five pilot Community-Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) communities in Kiribati. 2 Contents Executive summary 4 Introduction 5 Methods 9 Diagnosis 12 Summary and entry points for CBFM 36 Notes 38 References 39 Appendices 42 3 Executive summary In support of the Kiribati National Fisheries Policy 2013–2025, the ACIAR project FIS/2012/074 Improving Community-Based
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities Supplementary Material
    FINAL DRAFT Chapter 4 Supplementary Material IPCC SR Ocean and Cryosphere Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities Supplementary Material Coordinating Lead Authors: Michael Oppenheimer (USA), Bruce Glavovic (New Zealand) Lead Authors: Jochen Hinkel (Germany), Roderik van de Wal (Netherlands), Alexandre K. Magnan (France), Amro Abd-Elgawad (Egypt), Rongshuo Cai (China), Miguel Cifuentes-Jara (Costa Rica), Robert M. Deconto (USA), Tuhin Ghosh (India), John Hay (Cook Islands), Federico Isla (Argentina), Ben Marzeion (Germany), Benoit Meyssignac (France), Zita Sebesvari (Hungary/Germany) Contributing Authors: Robbert Biesbroek (Netherlands), Maya K. Buchanan (USA), Gonéri Le Cozannet (France), Catia Domingues (Australia), Sönke Dangendorf (Germany), Petra Döll (Germany), Virginie K.E. Duvat (France), Tamsin Edwards (UK), Alexey Ekaykin (Russian Federation), Donald Forbes (Canada), James Ford (UK), Miguel D. Fortes (Philippines), Thomas Frederikse (Netherlands), Jean-Pierre Gattuso (France), Robert Kopp (USA), Erwin Lambert (Netherlands), Judy Lawrence (New Zealand), Andrew Mackintosh (New Zealand), Angélique Melet (France), Elizabeth McLeod (USA), Mark Merrifield (USA), Siddharth Narayan (US), Robert J. Nicholls (UK), Fabrice Renaud (UK), Jonathan Simm (UK), AJ Smit (South Africa), Catherine Sutherland (South Africa), Nguyen Minh Tu (Vietnam), Jon Woodruff (USA), Poh Poh Wong (Singapore), Siyuan Xian (USA) Review Editors: Ayako Abe-Ouchi (Japan), Kapil Gupta (India), Joy Pereira (Malaysia) Chapter
    [Show full text]
  • Anadara Fishing Supports Urban Households in Tarawa, Kiribati and Suva, Fiji Lilian Fay,1 Veikila Vuki,2 Samasoni Sauni3 and Temakei Tebano4
    SPC Women in Fisheries Information Bulletin #17 – December 2007 19 Anadara fishing supports urban households in Tarawa, Kiribati and Suva, Fiji Lilian Fay,1 Veikila Vuki,2 Samasoni Sauni3 and Temakei Tebano4 Introduction two countries, the extent to which women in urban areas support their families through subsistence Women dominate the subsistence fisheries sector use and alternative means of earning income, were throughout the Pacific Islands region (Mathews also examined. 1993). In recent years, women’s fishing activities have changed from subsistence-oriented to semi- Study areas commercially focused fisheries (Vunisea 1997). This shift in fishing practices has been influenced Tarawa, Kiribati primarily by monetary needs generated by overall modernisation and by corresponding changes in South Tarawa comprises the islets along the south- lifestyle and diet. ern rim of the atoll, all of which are inter-connected by causeways, allowing easy commuting between Women’s participation in inshore fisheries activi- communities and employment opportunities in the ties in Pacific Island states, contribute significantly main urban centres of Bairiki and Betio. Tarawa’s to food security and small-scale income generation very large population is directly or indirectly de- for households. Many Pacific Island countries rely pendent on coastal marine resources. Anadara in on nearshore marine resources to feed their fami- this case is one of the more accessible resources for lies. Marine invertebrates, such as shellfish, form a women and households. significant portion of women’s catch (Keough et al. 1993). Shellfish, especially ark shells (Anadara spp.), The islets on Tarawa are fronted by a largely inter- are an example of a species that is often harvested tidal reef platform (a few hundred meters wide) on because it is found in intertidal areas where women the ocean side, and a wide sand flat on the lagoonal fish.
    [Show full text]
  • Norfolk Island Review of the Annual Reports of the Department of Transport and Regional Services and the Department of the Environment and Heritage
    The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia Norfolk Island Review of the Annual Reports of the Department of Transport and Regional Services and the Department of the Environment and Heritage Joint Standing Committee on the National Capital and External Territories July 2004 Canberra © Commonwealth of Australia 2004 ISBN 0 642 78480 9 Contents Foreword................................................................................................................................................... vi 40th Parliament .......................................................................................................................................viii Membership of the Committee................................................................................................................viii Terms of reference................................................................................................................................... ix List of abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. x List of recommendations.......................................................................................................................... xi 1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 1 The Purpose of the Inquiry............................................................................................................1 The Role of the Committee............................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Countries and Their Capital Cities Cheat Sheet by Spaceduck (Spaceduck) Via Cheatography.Com/4/Cs/56
    Countries and their Capital Cities Cheat Sheet by SpaceDuck (SpaceDuck) via cheatography.com/4/cs/56/ Countries and their Captial Cities Countries and their Captial Cities (cont) Countries and their Captial Cities (cont) Afghani​ stan Kabul Canada Ottawa Federated States of Palikir Albania Tirana Cape Verde Praia Micronesia Algeria Algiers Cayman Islands George Fiji Suva American Samoa Pago Pago Town Finland Helsinki Andorra Andorra la Vella Central African Republic Bangui France Paris Angola Luanda Chad N'Djamena French Polynesia Papeete Anguilla The Valley Chile Santiago Gabon Libreville Antigua and Barbuda St. John's Christmas Island Flying Fish Gambia Banjul Cove Argentina Buenos Aires Georgia Tbilisi Cocos (Keeling) Islands West Island Armenia Yerevan Germany Berlin Colombia Bogotá Aruba Oranjestad Ghana Accra Comoros Moroni Australia Canberra Gibraltar Gibraltar Cook Islands Avarua Austria Vienna Greece Athens Costa Rica San José Azerbaijan Baku Greenland Nuuk Côte d'Ivoire Yamous‐​ Bahamas Nassau Grenada St. George's soukro Bahrain Manama Guam Hagåtña Croatia Zagreb Bangladesh Dhaka Guatemala Guatemala Cuba Havana City Barbados Bridgetown Cyprus Nicosia Guernsey St. Peter Port Belarus Minsk Czech Republic Prague Guinea Conakry Belgium Brussels Democratic Republic of the Kinshasa Guinea-​ Bissau Bissau Belize Belmopan Congo Guyana Georgetown Benin Porto-Novo Denmark Copenhagen Haiti Port-au​ -P‐​ Bermuda Hamilton Djibouti Djibouti rince Bhutan Thimphu Dominica Roseau Honduras Tegucig​ alpa Bolivia Sucre Dominican Republic Santo
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Adaptation Mainstreaming Implementation in Kiribati
    Institutions and Values: Climate Change Adaptation Mainstreaming Implementation in Kiribati Felicity Prance August 2016 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy Discipline of Anthropology and Development Studies, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences The University of Adelaide 1 Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Thesis declaration .................................................................................................................................. 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 8 List of acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter One - Introduction ................................................................................................................ 11 The problem...................................................................................................................................... 14 Purpose and case selection............................................................................................................... 15 Methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 17 Analytical framework and argument
    [Show full text]
  • North Tarawa Social and Economic Report 2008 2 of 2
    - 41 - 3.5.7. Community involvement to improve standard of education Normally the community does not interfere with the school curriculum, as it is the responsibility of Government to design them to suit the ages being taught to and ensure their effective implementation. However the community, through the school committee, often takes the initiative to address a wide range of other issues, such as children and teachers comfort, security, staffing, sports, and even school infrastructure. In a lot of cases, the teachers have to take the initiative and assign each pupil a specific task to do for a class activity or a school project at which times, the children always seek and are given help and support from families. This kind of help and support from individual families can take the form of money, food or their own involvement such as in the building of a school ‘mwaneaba’ or singing in a school dancing practice and competition etc. Over the past years the community has assisted both the primary and junior secondary schools especially in performing critical maintenance work on classrooms, offices and teacher residences. These buildings are by right the responsibility of Government who, in many cases has been very slow in providing the financial support needed to keep school infrastructure in good shape. North Tarawa is not an exception in these slow provisions of financial support from the Government, Despite this, the community continue to support their school children and their schools by being guardians of the school property as well as in provision of pupil/student’s school needs for school activities or other school requirements as may arise from time to time.
    [Show full text]