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Redalyc.Translation Norms in Gabriel García Márquez's Cien Años De Revista Folios ISSN: 0123-4870 [email protected] Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Colombia Bolaños Cuéllar, Sergio Translation Norms in Gabriel García Márquez’s Cien años de soledad Translations into English, German, French, Portuguese, and Russian Revista Folios, núm. 31, enero-junio, 2010, pp. 133-147 Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=345932034010 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Translation Norms in Gabriel García Márquez’s Cien años de soledad Translations into English, German, French, Portuguese, and Russian Normas de traducción en las versiones inglesa, alemana, francesa, portuguesa y rusa de Cien años de soledad de Gabriel García Márquez Sergio Bolaños Cuéllar1 Abstract In this paper I have attempted to review the general translation norms that were applied in the translations of Cien años de soledad into English, German, French, Portuguese, and Russian. First I have discussed the concept of norms from a socio-cultural perspective in order to propose a definition of translation norms that could be used as a guiding concept in the analysis of the different translated texts. The discussion takes place within the framework of modern empirical Translation Studies that is based on the actual textual comparison of original and translations. Finally, some conclusions are drawn accordingly. Key Words: Translation norms, translation studies, domesticating, foreignizing, adaptation. Resumen En este artículo propongo revisar las normas generales de traducción que se emplearon en las traducciones inglesa, alemana, francesa, portuguesa y rusa de Cien años de soledad. En primer lugar, discuto la noción de normas desde un enfoque socio-cultural con el fin de proponer una definición de normas de traducción que pueda servir de concepto central en el análisis de las diversas traducciones. La discusión se lleva a cabo en el marco de los Estudios de la Traduc- ción Modernos, con carácter empírico, que se basan en la comparación textual del original y las traducciones. Por último, se presentan las conclusiones respectivas. Palabras clave: Normas de traducción, estudios de la traducción, domesticación, extranjerización, adapta- ción. Artículo recibido el 15 de febrero de 2010 y aprobado el 30 de abril de 2010 1 Doctor en Lingüística (Universidad de Hamburgo). Profesor Asociado y actualmente Vicedecano Académico de la Facultad de Ciencias Humanas de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Director del grupo de investigación Comunicación, Bilingüismo y Traducción. [email protected] FOLIOS • Segunda época • N.o 31 • Primer semestre de 2010 • pp. 133-147 133 Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Introduction Thus, it is my view that translation norms are ‘Translation norms’ is a useful concept in modern made up of linguistic norms and socio-cultural Translation Studies, for it helps us to understand the canons. Linguistic norms, in turn, comprise sys- reason why a text has been translated properly or if temic and textual typological norms (cf. infra). some dramatic changes have occurred in the process Socio-cultural canons contain aesthetic-literary, so that the translated text can be best labelled as religious, ideological as well as target language ‘adaptation’, ‘summary’, ‘parody’, or any other similar translation-related expected values: ‘a translation text transformation. Before dealing with the topic should be faithful to the original’, ‘avoid the in- of translation norms stricto sensu, it is important troduction of new literary genres’, ‘domesticate as to clarify first the meaning of norms from a wider, much as possible’, fereignize as much as possible’, socio-cultural perspective. ‘embellish as much as possible’, ‘avoid profanity at Members of a community acquire or learn the all costs’, ‘respect the original’s content and form’, norms which are valid in their environment during ‘adapt partially’, etc. (ibid. 157). their process of socialization (Hermans, 2000:12). Between linguistic norms and socio-cultural If norms are broken it is likely that social sanctions canons there appears to exist a relationship of take place2. Not all norms have the same binding dependence: the realization of linguistic (systemic force and and textual, cf. infra) means in the translated text depends on the socio-cultural canons which are “The institutions or agents who exercise norma- perceived as valid by the translator in order to fulfil tive control tend to occupy positions of power the commissioner’s or initiator’s communicative and dominance in the particular field where the purpose at any given time. norms apply, or indeed in higher-level fields, i.e. Translation norms then should be understood fields closer to the overreaching center of power as patterns for translation behaviour, which are in the community” (ibid:13). established by diverse powerful instances in a socio-historical context of the Target Language (TL) An additional characteristic of norms is that they community, change constantly as the community’s are historically determined, i.e. they change as the values do, and are enforced linguistically by tell- individuals’ and communities’ predominant values ing translators how to produce texts which are not change, a process which indeed can take a long time only systemically correct (what is grammatically to complete. It is also important to bear in mind that permitted in a given language), and text typologi- several diverse norms may be competing at a given cally appropriate (according to existing text types, period of time; they can and actually do co-occur. modifying and/or introducing new text types), but Thus, we can say that the main characteristics of above all translationally appropriate (according to socio-cultural norms in general (being dictated by valid conceptions about what the different transla- the powerful instances in the community, displaying tion text types should be: faithful to the original’s a prescriptive force of what is ‘correct’ or ‘proper’ form and content, to its form, to its content, to its and therefore ‘should’ be done, co-occurring and overall ‘motive’; overall domesticating, overall for- changing as the community changes its values) also eignizing, domesticating and foreignizing; adapting, apply to linguistic and translation norms as they are summarizing, paraphrasing, etc.), (ibíd, p. 159). part of the complex network of socio-cultural norms This conception of translation norms would help (Bolaños, 2008:154). to explain the fact that diverse and mutually exclusi- ve translation norms have prevailed over the history of translation. For instance, as Robinson (2000, p.15) 2 In toury’s words: “norms are acquired by the individual during his/ claims, “For ancient Rome, translation was strict, her socialization and always imply sanctions – actual or potential, negative as well as positive”. (1995, p.55). slavish literalism; any liberties the rewriter might be 134 FOLIOS n.o 31 Facultad de Humanidades inclined to take with the source text were by defini- French, Portuguese, and Russian texts. I will round tion beyond the limits of translation.” Talking about up the text with some conclusions drawn from the the age of the so-called belles infidèles, especially previous discussion. in France during the 17th century, Albrecht (1998, p.76) considers that “domesticating translation as a Brief Presentation and Contextualization cultural norm prevailed, a trend only a few dared to of the Novel escape”, whereas during the Age of Romanticism, According to Eligio García Márquez (2001, p.14), One Hundred Years of Solitude was first printed in “Foreignizing translation began to be seen as a Buenos Aires, Argentina, by the publishing house highly welcome possibility to help the reader to Sudamericana on May 30th 1967. It was available overcome the linguistic barrier, but at the same in bookstores and newsstands on Monday July 5th time without depriving him of ‘the foreign’ which 19675. Some of the twenty ‘chapters’ or ‘sections’ of usually emerges when contact is made with a the novel –which are untitled and unnumbered in different culture.”3 (Bolaños, 2008, p.160). the original- had been previously published in dif- ferent Latin American literary magazines and the At present, Shveitser (1988, p.176) postulates the Colombian newspaper El Espectator. The Peruvian existence of a general translation norm: “The modern magazine Amarú included chapter twelve where norm of translation differentiates itself by its great Remedios the Beauty began to rise; Eco, from Bo- severity, a clearer orientation towards recreation of gotá, published chapter seventeenth about the death the original which reflects the author’s communi- of Úrsula, Rebeca and the twin brothers Aureliano cative intention.”4 I subscribe Shveitser’s view and Segundo and José Arcadio Segundo; also in Bogotá, consider that modern literary translation would tend the literary magazine Magazín Dominical of the to be, as a rule, faithful to the original, i.e. the trans- newspaper El Espectador included the first chapter lator would attempt to recreate the communicative about Mequíades, alchemy and the discovery of purpose of the original author. However this does not ice; Diálogos, a Mexican magazine of art, literature mean that a translator should use one
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